STRAIN

STRAIN
Is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of the
body.

TYPES OF STRAIN
• NORMAL STRAIN: dimensional changes
• SHEAR STRAIN: distortion (changes in angles)
 NORMAL (AXIAL) STRAIN
Ratio of the axial change in length cause by an applied load,
to the original length.

The normal strain (lowercase Greek epsilon) is defined as the

elongation per unit length.
 TENSILE TEST
The grips are designed so that the load P applied by the machine is axial.
Two gage marks are scribed on the specimen to define the gage length L .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G5kcpcM
 TENSILE TEST

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G5kcpcM
TENSILE TEST
 STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQf6Q8t1FQE&t=186s&ab_channel=TheEfficientEngineer TIME STAMP 4:55

STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM
 STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM

A. PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
The stress-strain diagram is a straight
line from the origin O to a point called
the proportional limit.

This plot is an indicator of Hooke’s law.

Stress is proportional to strain;

𝝈𝝈
𝜺𝜺 =
𝑬𝑬
W here:
E = Yo ung ’s Mo d ulus o r Mo d ulus o f Elasticity (psi, psf a n d Pa)
σ = Str ess
ε = Ho o ke’s La w
STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM
B. ELASTIC LIMIT
A material is said to be elastic if, after
being loaded, the material returns to its
original shape when the load is
removed.

The elastic limit is, at its name implies,

the stress beyond which the material is
no loner elastic.

The elastic limit is slightly larger than

the proportional limit.

However, because of the difficulty in

determining the elastic limit
accurately, it is usually assumed to
coincide with the proportional limit.
STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM
C. YIELD POINT
The point where the stress-strain
diagram becomes almost horizontal is
called the yield point, and the
corresponding stress is known as the
yield stress or yield strength.
Beyond the yield point there is an
appreciable elongation, or yielding, of
the material without a corresponding
increase in load.
STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM
D. ULTIMATE STRESS
The ultimate stress or ultimate
strength, as it is often called, is the
highest stress on the stress-strain
curve.

E. RUPTURE STRESS
The rupture stress or rupture strength
is the stress at which failure occurs.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES (US UNITS)
MATERIAL PROPERTIES (SI UNITS)
WORKING STRESS & FACTOR OF SAFETY
AXIAL DEFORMATION
We assume that the stress caused by P is below the proportional
limit, so that Hooke’s law and deforms uniformly we can say that:
AXIAL DEFORMATION
Limitations:
- Constant cross-section (no change in the area)
- Uniform axial loading
- Within the proportional limit

- If not met use the summation of all the parameters of the

deformation.
A 4mm diameter steel wire, 3.2 m long, carries an axial tensile load P. Find the
maximum safe value of P is the allowable normal stress is 280 MPa and the
elongation of the wire is limited to 4mm. Use E=200 GPa.
The steel propeller shaft ABCD carries the axial loads. Determine the change in
the length of the shaft caused by these loads.