Nobility

16/07/2024, 17:57 Nobility - Wikipedia
Nobility
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have
an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below
royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with
many exclusive functions and characteristics. The
characteristics associated with nobility may constitute
substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles or
simply formal functions (e.g., precedence), and vary by
country and by era. Membership in the nobility, including
rights and responsibilities, is typically hereditary and
patrilineal.
Membership in the nobility has historically been granted by

a monarch or government, and acquisition of sufficient
power, wealth, ownerships, or royal favour has occasionally
enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility.[1] The House of Lords is the upper
legislature of the Parliament of the
There are often a variety of ranks within the noble class. United Kingdom and is filled with
Legal recognition of nobility has been much more common members that are selected from the
in monarchies, but nobility also existed in such regimes as aristocracy (both hereditary titleholders
the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), the Republic of Genoa and those ennobled only for their
(1005–1815), the Republic of Venice (697–1797), and the individual lives).
Old Swiss Confederacy (1300–1798), and remains part of

the legal social structure of some small non-hereditary
regimes, e.g., San Marino, and the Vatican City in Europe. In Classical Antiquity, the nobiles
(nobles) of the Roman Republic were families descended from persons who had achieved the
consulship. Those who belonged to the hereditary patrician families were nobles, but plebeians
whose ancestors were consuls were also considered nobiles. In the Roman Empire, the nobility
were descendants of this Republican aristocracy. While ancestry of contemporary noble families
from ancient Roman nobility might technically be possible, no well-researched, historically
documented generation-by-generation genealogical descents from ancient Roman times are known
to exist in Europe.
Hereditary titles and styles added to names (such as "Prince", "Lord", or "Lady"), as well as
honorifics, often distinguish nobles from non-nobles in conversation and written speech. In many
nations, most of the nobility have been untitled, and some hereditary titles do not indicate nobility
(e.g., vidame). Some countries have had non-hereditary nobility, such as the Empire of Brazil or
life peers in the United Kingdom.
History
The term derives from Latin nobilitas, the abstract noun of the adjective nobilis ("noble but also
secondarily well-known, famous, notable").[2] In ancient Roman society, nobiles originated as an
informal designation for the political governing class who had allied interests, including both
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility 1/27
patricians and plebeian families (gentes) with an ancestor who

had risen to the consulship through his own merit (see novus
homo, "new man").
In modern usage, "nobility" is applied to the highest social class in

pre-modern societies.[3] In the feudal system (in Europe and
elsewhere), the nobility were generally those who held a fief, often
land or office, under vassalage, i.e., in exchange for allegiance and
Nobility offered protection in
various, mainly military, services to a suzerain, who might be a
exchange for service. higher-ranking nobleman or a monarch. It rapidly became a
hereditary caste, sometimes associated with a right to bear a
hereditary title and, for example in pre-revolutionary France,
enjoying fiscal and other privileges.
While noble status formerly conferred significant privileges in

most jurisdictions, by the 21st century it had become a largely
honorary dignity in most societies,[4] although a few, residual
privileges may still be preserved legally (e.g. Spain, UK) and
some Asian, Pacific and African cultures continue to attach
French aristocrats, c. 1774.
considerable significance to formal hereditary rank or titles.
(Compare the entrenched position and leadership expectations
of the nobility of the Kingdom of Tonga.) More than a third of British land is in the hands of
aristocrats and traditional landed gentry.[5][6]
Nobility is a historical, social, and often legal notion, differing from high socio-economic status in
that the latter is mainly based on pedigree, income, possessions, or lifestyle. Being wealthy or
influential cannot ipso facto make one noble, nor are all nobles wealthy or influential (aristocratic
families have lost their fortunes in various ways, and the concept of the 'poor nobleman' is almost
as old as nobility itself).
Although many societies have a privileged upper class with substantial wealth and power, the
status is not necessarily hereditary and does not entail a distinct legal status, nor differentiated
forms of address. Various republics, including European countries such as Greece, Turkey, and
Austria, and former Iron Curtain countries and places in the Americas such as Mexico and the
United States, have expressly abolished the conferral and use of titles of nobility for their citizens.
This is distinct from countries that have not abolished the right to inherit titles, but which do not
grant legal recognition or protection to them, such as Germany and Italy, although Germany
recognizes their use as part of the legal surname. Still, other countries and authorities allow their
use, but forbid attachment of any privilege thereto, e.g., Finland, Norway, and the European
Union, while French law also protects lawful titles against usurpation.
Noble privileges
Not all of the benefits of nobility derived from noble status per se. Usually privileges were granted
or recognized by the monarch in association with possession of a specific title, office or estate.
Most nobles' wealth derived from one or more estates, large or small, that might include fields,
pasture, orchards, timberland, hunting grounds, streams, etc. It also included infrastructure such
as a castle, well and mill to which local peasants were allowed some access, although often at a
price. Nobles were expected to live "nobly", that is, from the proceeds of these possessions. Work
involving manual labor or subordination to those of lower rank (with specific exceptions, such as in
military or ecclesiastic service) was either forbidden (as

derogation from noble status) or frowned upon socially. On the
other hand, membership in the nobility was usually a
prerequisite for holding offices of trust in the realm and for
career promotion, especially in the military, at court and often
the higher functions in the government, judiciary and church.
Prior to the French Revolution, European nobles typically

commanded tribute in the form of entitlement to cash rents or
usage taxes, labor or a portion of the annual crop yield from
commoners or nobles of lower rank who lived or worked on the
noble's manor or within his seigneurial domain. In some
countries, the local lord could impose restrictions on such a
commoner's movements, religion or legal undertakings. Nobles
A French political cartoon of the
exclusively enjoyed the privilege of hunting. In France, nobles
three orders of feudal society
were exempt from paying the taille, the major direct tax. (1789). The rural third estate carries
Peasants were not only bound to the nobility by dues and the clergy and the nobility.
services, but the exercise of their rights was often also subject
to the jurisdiction of courts and police from whose authority
the actions of nobles were entirely or partially exempt. In some parts of Europe the right of private
war long remained the privilege of every noble.[7]
During the early Renaissance, duelling established the status of a respectable gentleman and was
an accepted manner of resolving disputes.[8]
Since the end of World War I the hereditary nobility entitled to special rights has largely been
abolished in the Western World as intrinsically discriminatory, and discredited as inferior in
efficiency to individual meritocracy in the allocation of societal resources.[9] Nobility came to be
associated with social rather than legal privilege, expressed in a general expectation of deference
from those of lower rank. By the 21st century even that deference had become increasingly
minimized. In general, the present nobility present in the European monarchies has no more
privileges than the citizens decorated in republics.
Ennoblement
In France, a seigneurie (lordship) might include one or more
manors surrounded by land and villages subject to a noble's
prerogatives and disposition. Seigneuries could be bought, sold
or mortgaged. If erected by the crown into, e.g., a barony or
countship, it became legally entailed for a specific family, which
could use it as their title. Yet most French nobles were untitled
("seigneur of Montagne" simply meant ownership of that
lordship but not, if one was not otherwise noble, the right to
use a title of nobility, as commoners often purchased Opening of the Hungarian Diet
lordships). Only a member of the nobility who owned a (Országgyűlés) with the members of
countship was allowed, ipso facto, to style himself as its comte, hungarian nobility in the Royal
Palace, 1865.
although this restriction came to be increasingly ignored as the
ancien régime drew to its close.
In other parts of Europe, sovereign rulers arrogated to themselves the exclusive prerogative to act
as fons honorum within their realms. For example, in the United Kingdom royal letters patent are
necessary to obtain a title of the peerage, which also carries nobility and formerly a seat in the
House of Lords, but never came with automatic entail of land nor rights to the local peasants'
output.
Rank within the nobility

Nobility might be either inherited or conferred by a fons
honorum. It is usually an acknowledged preeminence that is
hereditary, i.e. the status descends exclusively to some or all of
the legitimate, and usually male-line, descendants of a
nobleman. In this respect, the nobility as a class has always
been much more extensive than the primogeniture-based titled
nobility, which included peerages in France and in the United
Polish magnates 1576–1586. Kingdom, grandezas in Portugal and Spain, and some noble
titles in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Prussia and
Scandinavia. In Russia, Scandinavia and non-Prussian
Germany, titles usually descended to all male-line descendants
of the original titleholder, including females. In Spain, noble
titles are now equally heritable by females and males alike.
Noble estates, on the other hand, gradually came to descend by
primogeniture in much of western Europe aside from
Germany. In Eastern Europe, by contrast, with the exception of
Polish magnates 1697–1795.
a few Hungarian estates, they usually descended to all sons or
even all children.[10]
In France, some wealthy bourgeois, most particularly the members of the various parlements,
were ennobled by the king, constituting the noblesse de robe. The old nobility of landed or knightly
origin, the noblesse d'épée, increasingly resented the influence and pretensions of this parvenu
nobility. In the last years of the ancien régime the old nobility pushed for restrictions of certain
offices and orders of chivalry to noblemen who could demonstrate that their lineage had extended
"quarterings", i.e. several generations of noble ancestry, to be eligible for offices and favours at
court along with nobles of medieval descent, although historians such as William Doyle have
disputed this so-called "Aristocratic Reaction".[11] Various court and military positions were
reserved by tradition for nobles who could "prove" an ancestry of at least seize quartiers (16
quarterings), indicating exclusively noble descent (as displayed, ideally, in the family's coat of
arms) extending back five generations (all 16 great-great-grandparents).
in the typical dress of the Hungarian nobility, 18th century
This illustrates the traditional link in many countries between heraldry and nobility; in those
countries where heraldry is used, nobles have almost always been armigerous, and have used
heraldry to demonstrate their ancestry and family history. However, heraldry has never been
restricted to the noble classes in most countries, and being armigerous does not necessarily
demonstrate nobility. Scotland, however, is an exception.[12] In a number of recent cases in
Scotland the Lord Lyon King of Arms has controversially (vis-à-vis Scotland's Salic law) granted
the arms and allocated the chiefships of medieval noble families to female-line descendants of
lords, even when they were not of noble lineage in the male line, while persons of legitimate male-
line descent may still survive (e.g. the modern Chiefs of Clan MacLeod).
In some nations, hereditary titles, as distinct from noble rank,

were not always recognised in law, e.g., Poland's Szlachta.
European ranks of nobility lower than baron or its equivalent,
are commonly referred to as the petty nobility, although
baronets of the British Isles are deemed titled gentry. Most
nations traditionally had an untitled lower nobility in addition
to titled nobles. An example is the landed gentry of the British
Isles.[13][14] Unlike England's gentry, the Junkers of Germany,
the noblesse de robe of France, the hidalgos of Spain and the
nobili of Italy were explicitly acknowledged by the monarchs of
those countries as members of the nobility, although untitled.
In Scandinavia, the Benelux nations and Spain there are still
untitled as well as titled families recognised in law as noble.
In Hungary members of the nobility always theoretically Hungarian prince Ferenc József.
enjoyed the same rights. In practice, however, a noble family's
financial assets largely defined its significance. Medieval
Hungary's concept of nobility originated in the notion that nobles were "free men", eligible to own
land.[15] This basic standard explains why the noble population was relatively large, although the
economic status of its members varied widely. Untitled nobles were not infrequently wealthier
than titled families, while considerable differences in wealth were also to be found within the titled
nobility. The custom of granting titles was introduced to Hungary in the 16th century by the House
of Habsburg. Historically, once nobility was granted, if a nobleman served the monarch well he
might obtain the title of baron, and might later be elevated to the rank of count. As in other
countries of post-medieval central Europe, hereditary titles were not attached to a particular land
or estate but to the noble family itself, so that all patrilineal descendants shared a title of baron or
count (cf. peerage). Neither nobility nor titles could be transmitted through women.[16]
Some con artists sell fake titles of nobility, often with impressive-looking documentation. This may
be illegal, depending on local law. They are more often illegal in countries that actually have
nobilities, such as European monarchies. In the United States, such commerce may constitute
actionable fraud rather than criminal usurpation of an exclusive right to use of any given title by an
established class.
Other terms
"Aristocrat" and "aristocracy", in modern usage, refer colloquially and broadly to persons who
inherit elevated social status, whether due to membership in the (formerly) official nobility or the
monied upper class.
Blue blood is an English idiom recorded since 1811 in the Annual Register [17] and in 1834 [18] for
noble birth or descent; it is also known as a translation of the Spanish phrase sangre azul, which
described the Spanish royal family and high nobility who claimed to be of Visigothic descent,[19] in
contrast to the Moors.[20] The idiom originates from ancient and medieval societies of Europe and
distinguishes an upper class (whose superficial veins appeared blue through their untanned skin)
from a working class of the time. The latter consisted mainly of agricultural peasants who spent
most of their time working outdoors and thus had tanned skin, through which superficial veins
appear less prominently.
Robert Lacey explains the genesis of the blue blood concept:

It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion

that an aristocrat's blood is not red but blue. The
Spanish nobility started taking shape around the
ninth century in classic military fashion, occupying
land as warriors on horseback. They were to
continue the process for more than five hundred
years, clawing back sections of the peninsula from
its Moorish occupiers, and a nobleman
demonstrated his pedigree by holding up his sword
arm to display the filigree of blue-blooded veins
beneath his pale skin—proof that his birth had not
been contaminated by the dark-skinned enemy.[21]
Africa
Africa has a plethora of ancient lineages in its various Count Carl Robert Mannerheim
constituent nations. Some, such as the numerous sharifian (1835–1914), a Finnish aristocrat,
families of North Africa, the Keita dynasty of Mali, the businessman, and the father of
Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia, the De Souza family of Benin, Baron C. G. E. Mannerheim, the
Marshal of Finland.
the Zulfikar family of Egypt and the Sherbro Tucker clan of
Sierra Leone, claim descent from notables from outside of the
continent. Most, such as those composed of the descendants of Shaka and those of Moshoeshoe of
Southern Africa, belong to peoples that have been resident in the continent for millennia.
Generally their royal or noble status is recognized by and derived from the authority of traditional
custom. A number of them also enjoy either a constitutional or a statutory recognition of their high
social positions.
Ethiopia
Ethiopia has a nobility that is almost as old as the country
itself. Throughout the history of the Ethiopian Empire most of
the titles of nobility have been tribal or military in nature.
However the Ethiopian nobility resembled its European
counterparts in some respects; until 1855, when Tewodros II
ended the Zemene Mesafint its aristocracy was organised
similarly to the feudal system in Europe during the Middle
Ages. For more than seven centuries, Ethiopia (or Abyssinia, as Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
it was then known) was made up of many small kingdoms, (center) and members of the
principalities, emirates and imamates, which owed their imperial court.
allegiance to the nəgusä nägäst (literally "King of Kings").
Despite its being a Christian monarchy, various Muslim states
paid tribute to the emperors of Ethiopia for centuries: including the Adal Sultanate, the Emirate of
Harar, and the Awsa sultanate.
Ethiopian nobility were divided into two different categories: Mesafint ("prince"), the hereditary
nobility that formed the upper echelon of the ruling class; and the Mekwanin ("governor") who
were appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the nobility (cf. the
Ministerialis of the Holy Roman Empire). In Ethiopia there were titles of nobility among the
Mesafint borne by those at the apex of medieval Ethiopian society. The highest royal title (after
that of emperor) was Negus ("king") which was held by hereditary governors of the provinces of
Begemder, Shewa, Gojjam, and Wollo. The next highest seven titles were Ras, Dejazmach,
Fit'awrari, Grazmach, Qenyazmach, Azmach and Balambaras. The title of Le'ul Ras was
accorded to the heads of various noble families and cadet branches of the Solomonic dynasty, such
as the princes of Gojjam, Tigray, and Selalle. The heirs of the Le'ul Rases were titled Le'ul
Dejazmach, indicative of the higher status they enjoyed relative to Dejazmaches who were not of
the blood imperial. There were various hereditary titles in Ethiopia: including that of Jantirar,
reserved for males of the family of Empress Menen Asfaw who ruled over the mountain fortress of
Ambassel in Wollo; Wagshum, a title created for the descendants of the deposed Zagwe dynasty;
and Shum Agame, held by the descendants of Dejazmach Sabagadis, who ruled over the Agame
district of Tigray. The vast majority of titles borne by nobles were not, however, hereditary.
Despite being largely dominated by Christian elements, some Muslims obtained entrée into the
Ethiopian nobility as part of their quest for aggrandizement during the 1800s. To do so they were
generally obliged to abandon their faith and some are believed to have feigned conversion to
Christianity for the sake of acceptance by the old Christian aristocratic families. One such family,
the Wara Seh (more commonly called the "Yejju dynasty") converted to Christianity and eventually
wielded power for over a century, ruling with the sanction of the Solomonic emperors. The last
such Muslim noble to join the ranks of Ethiopian society was Mikael of Wollo who converted, was
made Negus of Wollo, and later King of Zion, and even married into the Imperial family. He lived
to see his son, Lij Iyasu, inherit the throne in 1913—only to be deposed in 1916 because of his
conversion to Islam.
Madagascar
The nobility in Madagascar are known as the Andriana. In
much of Madagascar, before French colonization of the island,
the Malagasy people were organised into a rigid social caste
system, within which the Andriana exercised both spiritual and
political leadership. The word "Andriana" has been used to
denote nobility in various ethnicities in Madagascar: including
the Merina, the Betsileo, the Betsimisaraka, the Tsimihety, the
Bezanozano, the Antambahoaka and the Antemoro.
The word Andriana has often formed part of the names of

Malagasy kings, princes and nobles. Linguistic evidence
suggests that the origin of the title Andriana is traceable back
to an ancient Javanese title of nobility. Before the colonization
by France in the 1890s, the Andriana held various privileges,
including land ownership, preferment for senior government
posts, free labor from members of lower classes, the right to
King Radama I of Madagascar was
have their tombs constructed within town limits, etc. The from the Andriana stratum of the
Andriana rarely married outside their caste: a high-ranking Merina people.
woman who married a lower-ranking man took on her
husband's lower rank, but a high-ranking man marrying a
woman of lower rank did not forfeit his status, although his children could not inherit his rank or
property (cf. morganatic marriage).
In 2011, the Council of Kings and Princes of Madagascar endorsed the revival of a Christian
Andriana monarchy that would blend modernity and tradition.
Nigeria
Contemporary Nigeria has a class of traditional notables which
is led by its reigning monarchs, the Nigerian traditional rulers.
Though their functions are largely ceremonial, the titles of the
country's royals and nobles are often centuries old and are
usually vested in the membership of historically prominent
families in the various subnational kingdoms of the country.
Membership of initiatory societies that have inalienable

functions within the kingdoms is also a common feature of The Emir of Kano, Muhammadu
Nigerian nobility, particularly among the southern tribes, Sanusi II, on his throne in 2016.
where such figures as the Ogboni of the Yoruba, the Nze na
Ozo of the Igbo and the Ekpe of the Efik are some of the most
famous examples. Although many of their traditional functions have become dormant due to the
advent of modern governance, their members retain precedence of a traditional nature and are
especially prominent during festivals.
Outside of this, many of the traditional nobles of Nigeria continue to serve as privy counsellors and
viceroys in the service of their traditional sovereigns in a symbolic continuation of the way that
their titled ancestors and predecessors did during the pre-colonial and colonial periods. Many of
them are also members of the country's political elite due to their not being covered by the
prohibition from involvement in politics that governs the activities of the traditional rulers.
Holding a chieftaincy title, either of the traditional variety (which involves taking part in ritual re-
enactments of your title's history during annual festivals, roughly akin to a British peerage) or the
honorary variety (which does not involve the said re-enactments, roughly akin to a knighthood),
grants an individual the right to use the word "chief" as a pre-nominal honorific while in Nigeria.
Asia
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal

Historically Rajputs formed a class of aristocracy associated with warriorhood, developing after the
10th century in the Indian subcontinent. During the Mughal era, a class of administrators known
as Nawabs emerged who initially served as governors of provinces, later becoming independent. In
the British Raj, many members of the nobility were elevated to royalty as they became the
monarchs of their princely states, but as many princely state rulers were reduced from royals to
noble zamindars. Hence, many nobles in the subcontinent had royal titles of Raja, Rai, Rana, Rao,
etc. In Nepal, Kaji (Nepali: काजी) was a title and position used by nobility of Gorkha Kingdom
(1559–1768) and Kingdom of Nepal (1768–1846). Historian Mahesh Chandra Regmi suggests that
Kaji is derived from Sanskrit word Karyi which meant functionary.[22] Other noble and
aristocratic titles were Thakur, Sardar, Jagirdar, Mankari, Dewan, Pradhan, Kaji etc.
China
In East Asia the system was often modelled on imperial China,

the leading culture. Emperors conferred titles of nobility.
Imperial descendants formed the highest class of ancient
Chinese nobility, their status based upon the rank of the
empress or concubine from which they descend maternally (as
emperors were polygamous). Numerous titles such as Taizi
(crown prince), and equivalents of "prince" were accorded, and
due to complexities in dynastic rules, rules were introduced for
Imperial descendants. The titles of the junior princes were
gradually lowered in rank by each generation while the senior
heir continued to inherit their father's titles.
It was a custom in China for the new dynasty to ennoble and

enfeoff a member of the dynasty which they overthrew with a
title of nobility and a fief of land so that they could offer
A Maratha Durbar showing the Chief
sacrifices to their ancestors, in addition to members of other
(Raja) and the nobles (Sardars,
preceding dynasties.
Jagirdars, Istamuradars & Mankaris)
of the state.
China had a feudal system in the Shang and Zhou dynasties,
which gradually gave way to a more bureaucratic one beginning
in the Qin dynasty (221 BC). This continued through the Song
dynasty, and by its peak power shifted from nobility to
bureaucrats.
This development was gradual and generally only completed in

full by the Song dynasty. In the Han dynasty, for example, even
though noble titles were no longer given to those other than the
emperor's relatives, the fact that the process of selecting Illustration of Nair nobles in 18th
officials was mostly based on a vouching system by current century Kerala, India. The Nair
officials as officials usually vouched for their own sons or those caste was a martial nobility, similar
to the Samurai of Japan.
of other officials meant that a de facto aristocracy continued to
exist. This process was further deepened during the Three
Kingdoms period with the introduction of the Nine-rank
system.
By the Sui dynasty, however, the institution of the Imperial

examination system marked the transformation of a power
shift towards a full bureaucracy, though the process would not
be truly completed until the Song dynasty.
Titles of nobility became symbolic along with a stipend while

governance of the country shifted to scholar officials. In Korea, royalty and yangban
aristocrats were carried in litters
In the Qing dynasty titles of nobility were still granted by the called gama. A Korean gama,
emperor, but served merely as honorifics based on a loose c. 1890.
system of favours to the Qing emperor.
Under a centralized system, the empire's governance was the responsibility of the Confucian-
educated scholar-officials and the local gentry, while the literati were accorded gentry status. For
male citizens, advancement in status was possible via garnering the top three positions in imperial
examinations.
The Qing appointed the Ming imperial descendants to the title

of Marquis of Extended Grace.
The oldest held continuous noble title in Chinese history was

that held by the descendants of Confucius, as Duke Yansheng,
which was renamed as the Sacrificial Official to Confucius in
1935 by the Republic of China. The title is held by Kung Tsui- An aristocratic family in Lhasa, Tibet
chang. There is also a "Sacrificial Official to Mencius" for a in 1936.
descendant of Mencius, a "Sacrificial Official to Zengzi" for a
descendant of Zengzi, and a "Sacrificial Official to Yan Hui" for
a descendant of Yan Hui.
The bestowal of titles was abolished upon the establishment of

the People's Republic of China in 1949, as part of a larger effort
to remove feudal influences and practises from Chinese society.
Korea
Unlike China, Silla's bone nobles were much more aristocratic
and had the right to collect taxes and rule over people. They
also thought of the king as Buddha and justified their rule
through the idea that status was determined by birth.[23][24]
However, this strict sense of social status gradually weakened
Emperor Farrukhsiyar Bestows a
due to the introduction of Confucianism and opposition from
Jewel on a Nobleman.
the lower class, and even in Silla, opportunities were given to
people of low social status through Confucian tests such as '독
서삼품과(讀書三品科)'.
However, the still strict status order of Silla caused opposition

from many people and collapsed when the country moved to
Goryeo. In Goryeo, powerful families along with existing nobles
became nobles, claiming a new lineage nobility. And in Goryeo,
dissatisfied lower class people confronted the nobles and took
power for a short period of time. Goryeo also had many
Maratha Peshwa Madhavrao II,
hereditary families, and they were more aristocratic than surrounded by nobles in his court in
Confucian bureaucrats, forcibly collecting taxes from the 18th-century India.
people being slaughtered by the Mongolian army, killing those
who rebelled, and writing poetry ignoring their situation.
As Goryeo weakened and nobles pursuing Joseon appeared, Goryeo's nobility could not stand
against them and chose to be absorbed into yangban. However, since the Korean nobility had never
experienced defeat by commoners like Han Gaozu Liu Bang, the aristocratic character was not
completely extinguished even in Joseon, which began to actively introduce Han Chinese rule. So, in
the early days, there were quite a few hereditary powerful noblemen like the Jeju Ko.[25] However,
as Confucian reforms continued, it became difficult for yangbans to obtain political positions if
they did not pass the exam. Each of them was usually still superior to ordinary people, but was not
recognized unless it passed the test. So now, in order to become a yangban, it was essential for the
members to pass the exam.
Islamic world
In some Islamic countries, there are no definite noble titles (titles of hereditary rulers being
distinct from those of hereditary intermediaries between monarchs and commoners). Persons who
can trace legitimate descent from Muhammad or the clans of Quraysh, as can members of several
present or formerly reigning dynasties, are widely regarded as belonging to the ancient, hereditary
Islamic nobility. In some Islamic countries they inherit (through mother or father) hereditary
titles, although without any other associated privilege, e.g., variations of the title Sayyid and
Sharif. Regarded as more religious than the general population, many people turn to them for
clarification or guidance in religious matters.
In Iran, historical titles of the nobility including Mirza, Khan,

ed-Dowleh and Shahzada ("Son of a Shah), are now no longer
recognised. An aristocratic family is now recognised by their
family name, often derived from the post held by their
ancestors, considering the fact that family names in Iran only
appeared in the beginning of the 20th century. Sultans have
been an integral part of Islamic history. See: Zarabi During the
Ottoman Empire in the Imperial Court and the provinces there
were many Ottoman titles and appellations forming a
somewhat unusual and complex system in comparison with the
other Islamic countries. The bestowal of noble and aristocratic
titles was widespread across the empire even after its fall by Aziz Pasha Abaza of the House of
independent monarchs. One of the most elaborate examples is Abaza, Egypt's largest aristocratic
family.
that of the Egyptian aristocracy's largest clan, the Abaza family,
of maternal Abazin and Circassian origin.[26][27][28][29]
Japan
Medieval Japan developed a feudal system similar to the
European system, where land was held in exchange for military
service. The daimyō class, or hereditary landowning nobles,
held great socio-political power. As in Europe, they
commanded private armies made up of samurai, an elite
Japanese samurai (from left the
warrior class; for long periods, these held the real power second and fourth), 1798.
without a real central government, and often plunged the
country into a state of civil war. The daimyō class can be
compared to European peers, and the samurai to European knights, but important differences
exist.
Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868,

feudal titles and ranks were reorgnised into
the kazoku, a five-rank peerage system after
the British example, which granted seats in
the upper house of the Imperial Diet; this
ended in 1947 following Japan's defeat in
World War II.
Philippines Genealogy of the Minamoto—the most powerful and

Like other Southeast Asian countries, many important family of nobility in history of Japan.
regions in the Philippines have indigenous
Left to right: Images from the Boxer Codex illustrating ancient Filipino nobility wearing the distinctive colours of
their social status: [1] a Visayan noble couple; [2] a Visayan royal couple dressed in colours distinctive of their
class (gold or imperial yellow, red and blue), which are also used by royalty in Asia; [3] a native princess; and [4]
a Tagalog royal and his consort.
nobility, partially influenced by Hindu, Chinese, and Islamic custom. Since ancient times, Datu
was the common title of a chief or monarch of the many pre-colonial principalities and sovereign
dominions throughout the isles; in some areas the term Apo was also used.[30] With the titles
Sultan and Rajah, Datu (and its Malay cognate, Datok) are currently used in some parts of the
Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. These titles are the rough equivalents of European
titles, albeit dependent on the actual wealth and prestige of the bearer.
Recognition by the Spanish Crown

Upon the islands' Christianisation, the datus retained governance of their territories despite
annexation to the Spanish Empire. In a law signed 11 June 1594,[31] King Philip II of Spain ordered
that the indigenous rulers continue to receive the same honours and privileges accorded them
prior their conversion to Catholicism. The baptised nobility subsequently coalesced into the
exclusive, landed ruling class of the lowlands known as the Principalía.[32]
On 22 March 1697, King Charles II of Spain confirmed the privileges granted by his predecessors
(in Title VII, Book VI of the Laws of the Indies)[33] to indigenous nobilities of the Crown colonies,
including the Principales of the Philippines, and extended to them and to their descendants the
preeminence and honors customarily attributed to the Hidalgos of Castile.[34]
Filipino nobles during the Spanish era
The Laws of the Indies and other pertinent Royal Decrees were enforced in the Philippines and
benefited many indigenous nobles. It can be seen very clearly and irrefutably that, during the
colonial period, indigenous chiefs were equated with the Spanish Hidalgos, and the most
resounding proof of the application of this comparison is the General Military Archive in Segovia,
where the qualifications of "Nobility" (found in the Service Records) are attributed to those
Filipinos who were admitted to the Spanish Military Academies and whose ancestors were
caciques, encomenderos, notable Tagalogs, chieftains, governors or those who held positions in the
municipal administration or government in all different regions of the large islands of the
Archipelago, or of the many small islands of which it is composed.[35] In the context of the ancient
tradition and norms of Castilian nobility, all descendants of a noble are considered noble,
regardless of fortune.[36]
At the Real Academia de la Historia, there is a substantial number of

records providing reference to the Philippine Islands, and while most
parts correspond to the history of these islands, the Academia did not
exclude among its documents the presence of many genealogical
records. The archives of the Academia and its royal stamp recognized
the appointments of hundreds of natives of the Philippines who, by
virtue of their social position, occupied posts in the administration of
the territories and were classified as "nobles".[37] The presence of
these notables demonstrates the cultural concern of Spain in those
Islands to prepare the natives and the collaboration of these in the
government of the Archipelago. This aspect of Spanish rule in the
Philippines appears much more strongly implemented than in the
Americas. Hence in the Philippines, the local nobility, by reason of Typical costume of a family
charge accorded to their social class, acquired greater importance than belonging to the Principalía
in the Indies of the New World.[38] of the late 19th century
Philippines. Exhibit in the
Villa Escudero Museum,
With the recognition of the Spanish monarchs came the privilege of
San Pablo, Laguna.
being addressed as Don or Doña,[39] a mark of esteem and distinction
in Europe reserved for a person of noble or royal status during the
colonial period. Other honors and high regard were also accorded to the Christianized Datus by the
Spanish Empire. For example, the Gobernadorcillos (elected leader of the Cabezas de Barangay or
the Christianized Datus) and Filipino officials of justice received the greatest consideration from
the Spanish Crown officials. The colonial officials were under obligation to show them the honor
corresponding to their respective duties. They were allowed to sit in the houses of the Spanish
Provincial Governors, and in any other places. They were not left to remain standing. It was not
permitted for Spanish Parish Priests to treat these Filipino nobles with less consideration.[40]
The Gobernadorcillos exercised the command of the towns. They were Port Captains in coastal
towns. They also had the rights and powers to elect assistants and several lieutenants and
alguaciles, proportionate in number to the inhabitants of the town.[41]
Current status questionis

The recognition of the rights and privileges accorded to the Filipino Principalía as Hijosdalgos of
Castile seems to facilitate entrance of Filipino nobles into institutions of under the Spanish Crown,
either civil or religious, which required proofs of nobility.[42]: 235 However, to see such recognition
as an approximation or comparative estimation of rank or status might not be correct since in
reality, although the principales were vassals of the Crown, their rights as sovereign in their former
dominions were guaranteed by the Laws of the Indies, more

particularly the Royal Decree of Philip II of 11 June 1594, which
Charles II confirmed for the purpose stated above in order to satisfy
Heraldic Crown of Hispanic
the requirements of the existing laws in the Peninsula.
Hidalgos.
It must be recalled that ever since the beginning of the colonialization,
the conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi did not strip the ancient
sovereign rulers of the Archipelago (who vowed allegiance to the
Spanish Crown) of their legitimate rights. Many of them accepted the
Catholic religion and were his allies from the very beginning. He only
demanded from these local rulers vassalage to the Spanish Crown,[43]
replacing the similar overlordship, which previously existed in a few
cases, e.g., Sultanate of Brunei's overlordship of the Kingdom of
Maynila. Other independent polities which were not vassals to other
States, e.g., Confederation of Madja-as and the Rajahnate of Cebu,
were more of Protectorates/Suzerainties having had alliances with the
Spanish Crown before the Kingdom took total control of most parts of
the Archipelago.
A pre-colonial Tagalog
couple belonging to the
Datu class or nobility as Europe
depicted in the Boxer
European nobility originated in
Codex of the 16th century.
the feudal/seignorial system that
arose in Europe during the Middle
Ages. [44] Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors
who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight
for him in exchange for an allocation of land (usually together
with serfs living thereon). During the period known as the
Military Revolution, nobles gradually lost their role in raising
and commanding private armies, as many nations created
cohesive national armies.
Russian boyars.
This was coupled with a
loss of the socio-economic
power of the nobility, owing to the economic changes of the
Renaissance and the growing economic importance of the
merchant classes, which increased still further during the
Industrial Revolution. In countries where the nobility was the
dominant class, the bourgeoisie gradually grew in power; a rich
city merchant came to be more influential than a nobleman,
and the latter sometimes sought inter-marriage with families of
the former to maintain their noble lifestyles.[45]
However, in many countries at this time, the nobility retained

substantial political importance and social influence: for
The Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471. instance, the United Kingdom's government was dominated by
Large numbers of English nobility the (unusually small) nobility until the middle of the 19th
perished in the Wars of the Roses.
century. Thereafter the powers of the nobility were
progressively reduced by legislation. However, until 1999, all
hereditary peers were entitled to sit and vote in the House of Lords. Since then, only 92 of them
have this entitlement, of whom 90 are elected by the hereditary peers as a whole to represent the
peerage.
The countries with the highest proportion of nobles were Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (15%
of an 18th-century population of 800,000), Castile (probably 10%), Spain (722,000 in 1768 which
was 7–8% of the entire population) and other countries with lower percentages, such as Russia in
1760 with 500,000–600,000 nobles (2–3% of the entire population), and pre-revolutionary
France where there were no more than 300,000 prior to 1789, which was 1% of the population
(although some scholars believe this figure is an overestimate). In 1718 Sweden had between
10,000 and 15,000 nobles, which was 0.5% of the population. In Germany it was 0.01%.[46]
In the Kingdom of Hungary nobles made up 5% of the population.[47] All the nobles in 18th-
century Europe numbered perhaps 3–4 million out of a total of 170–190 million
inhabitants.[48][49] By contrast, in 1707, when England and Scotland united into Great Britain,
there were only 168 English peers, and 154 Scottish ones, though their immediate families were
recognised as noble.[50]
Apart from the hierarchy of noble titles, in England rising through baron, viscount, earl, and
marquess to duke, many countries had categories at the top or bottom of the nobility. The gentry,
relatively small landowners with perhaps one or two villages, were mostly noble in most countries,
for example the Polish landed gentry. At the top, Poland had a far smaller class of "magnates", who
were hugely rich and politically powerful. In other countries the small groups of Spanish Grandee
or Peer of France had great prestige but little additional power.
Latin America
In addition to the nobility of a variety of native populations in what is now Latin America (such as
the Aymara, Aztecs, Maya, and Quechua) who had long traditions of being led by monarchs and
nobles, peerage traditions dating to the colonial and post-colonial imperial periods (in the case of
such countries as Mexico and Brazil), have left noble families in each of them that have ancestral
ties to those nations' Indigenous and European families, especially the Spanish nobility, but also
the Portuguese and French nobility.
Bolivia
From the many historical native chiefs and rulers of pre-
Columbian Bolivia to the Criollo upper class that dates to the
era of colonial Bolivia and that has ancestral ties to the Spanish
nobility, Bolivia has several groups that may fit into the
category of nobility.
For example, there is a ceremonial monarchy led by a titular

Angélica Larrea, Queen of the Afro-
ruler who is known as the Afro-Bolivian king. The members of Bolivians.
his dynasty are the direct descendants of an old African tribal
monarchy that were brought to Bolivia as slaves. They have provided leadership to the Afro-
Bolivian community ever since that event and have been officially recognized by Bolivia's
government since 2007.[51]
Brazil
The nobility in Brazil began during the colonial era with the
Portuguese nobility. When Brazil became a united kingdom
with Portugal in 1815, the first Brazilian titles of nobility were
granted by the king of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
With the independence of Brazil in 1822 as a constitutional

monarchy, the titles of nobility initiated by the king of Portugal
were continued and new titles of nobility were created by the
emperor of Brazil. However, according to the Brazilian
Constitution of 1824, the emperor conferred titles of nobility,
which were personal and therefore non-hereditary, unlike the
earlier Portuguese and Portuguese-Brazilian titles, being
inherited exclusively to the royal titles of the Brazilian imperial
family.
Portrait of the Marquis of Paraná,
During the existence of the Empire of Brazil, 1,211 noble titles Prime Minister of Brazil.
were acknowledged. With the proclamation of the First
Brazilian Republic, in 1889, the Brazilian nobility was
discontinued. It was also prohibited, under penalty of accusation of high treason and the
suspension of political rights, to accept noble titles and foreign decorations without the proper
permission of the state. In particular, the nobles of greater distinction, by respect and tradition,
were allowed to use their titles during the republican regime. The imperial family also could not
return to the Brazilian soil until 1921, when the Banishment Law was repealed.
Mexico
The Mexican nobility were a hereditary nobility of Mexico,
with specific privileges and obligations determined in the
various political systems that historically ruled over the
Mexican territory.
The term is used in reference to various groups throughout

the entirety of Mexican history, from formerly ruling
indigenous families of the pre-Columbian states of present-
day Mexico, to noble Mexican families of Spanish, mestizo,
and other European descent, which include conquistadors A deputation of members of the Mexican
nobility, presenting the throne of the
and their descendants (ennobled by King Philip II in 1573),
Mexican Empire to the future Maximilian I
untitled noble families of Mexico, and holders of titles of of Mexico in 1863. He was a descendant
nobility acquired during the Viceroyalty of the New Spain of prior Habsburg rulers of the Spanish
(1521–1821), the First Mexican Empire (1821–1823), and Empire, the crown jewel being New Spain
the Second Mexican Empire (1862–1867); as well as (Mexico).
bearers of titles and other noble prerogatives granted by
foreign powers who have settled in Mexico.
The Political Constitution of Mexico has prohibited the state from recognizing any titles of nobility
since 1917. The present United Mexican States does not issue or recognize titles of nobility or any
hereditary prerogatives and honors. Informally, however, a Mexican aristocracy remains a part of
Mexican culture and its hierarchical society.
Nobility by nation
A list of noble titles for different European countries can be found at Royal and noble ranks.
Africa
Botswanan chieftaincy
Kgosi
Burundian nobility
Egyptian nobility
Ethiopian nobility
Ras
Jantirar
Ghanaian chieftaincy
Akan chieftaincy
Malagasy nobility
Malian nobility
Nigerian chieftaincy
Nigerian traditional rulers
Lamido
Hakimi
Oba
Ogboni
Eze
Nze na Ozo
Rwandan nobility
Somali nobility
Zimbabwean chieftaincy
America
Canadian peers and baronets
French-Canadian nobility
Brazilian nobility
Cuban nobility
Kuraka (Peru)
Mexican nobility
Pipiltin
United States – While its constitution bars the federal and state governments from granting
titles of nobility, in most cases citizens are not barred from accepting, holding or inheriting
them. And, since at least 1953, the U.S. requires applicants for naturalization to renounce any
titles.[52]
Asia
Armenian nobility
Chinese nobility
Indian peers and baronets
Kaji (Nepal)
Basnyat family
Kunwar family
Pande family
Rana dynasty
Thapa family
Indonesian (Dutch East Indies) nobility
Japanese nobility
Daimyō
Kazoku
Kuge
Fujiwara family
Minamoto family
Tachibana family
Taira family
Burmese nobility
Burmese Mon nobility
Korean nobility
Vietnamese nobility
Malay nobility
Mongolian nobility
Ottoman titles
Principalía of the Philippines
Thai nobility
Europe
Albanian nobility
Austrian nobility
Baltic nobility – ethnically Baltic German nobility in the modern area of Estonia and Latvia
Belgian nobility
British nobility
British peerage
Peerage of Great Britain
Peerage of the United Kingdom
English peerage
Scottish noblesse
Scottish peerage
Barons
Lairds
Welsh Peers
Irish peerage
Chiefs of the Name
British gentry/minor nobility
Baronets
Knights
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy

Phanariotes
Croatian nobility
Czech nobility
Danish nobility
Dutch nobility
Finnish nobility
French nobility
German nobility
Freiherr
Graf Burmese nobles and servants
Junker
Hungarian nobility
Icelandic nobility
Irish nobility
Italian nobility
Black Nobility
Lithuanian nobility
Maltese nobility
Montenegrin nobility
Norwegian nobility
Polish nobility
Magnates
Portuguese nobility
Russian nobility
Boyars
Ruthenian nobility
Serbian nobility
Spanish nobility
Swedish nobility
Swiss nobility
Oceania
Australian peers and baronets
Fijian nobility
Polynesian nobility
Samoan nobility
Tongan nobles
See also
Almanach de Gotha Nobiliary particle
Aristocracy (class) Noblesse oblige
Ascribed status Noble women
Baig Nze na Ozo
Caste (social hierarchy of India) Ogboni
Debutante Pasha
False titles of nobility Patrician (ancient Rome)
Gentleman Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
Gentry Peerage
Grand Burgher (German: Großbürger) Petty nobility
Heraldry Princely state
Honour Raja
Kaji (Nepal) Redorer son blason
King Royal descent
List of fictional nobility Social environment
List of noble houses Symbolic capital
Magnate
References
1. "Move Over, Kate Middleton: These Commoners All Married Royals, Too" (https://www.vogue.c
om/article/royals-who-married-commoners-kate-middleton-prince-william). Vogue. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20181025031321/https://www.vogue.com/article/royals-who-married-
commoners-kate-middleton-prince-william) from the original on 2018-10-25. Retrieved
2018-10-24.
2. Oliver, Revilo P. (1978). "Tacitean "Nobilitas" " (https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/
2142/11694/illinoisclassica31978OLIVER.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y) (PDF). Illinois
Classical Studies. 3. University of Illinois Press: 238–261. hdl:2142/11694 (https://hdl.handle.n
et/2142%2F11694). JSTOR 23062619 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23062619). Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20180915005240/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/214
2/11694/illinoisclassica31978OLIVER.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y) (PDF) from the original
on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
3. Bengtsson, Erik; Missiaia, Anna; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (12 June 2018). "The Wealth
of the Richest: Inequality and the Nobility in Sweden, 1750–1900" (http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/w
s/files/26235457/LUP_161.pdf) (PDF). Scandinavian Journal of History. Taylor & Francis: 1–28.
doi:10.1080/03468755.2018.1480538 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03468755.2018.1480538).
S2CID 149906044 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149906044). Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20180915042440/http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/26235457/LUP_161.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018 – via Lund
University Libraries.
4. Lukowski, Jerzy (2003). Hall, Lesley; Lilley, Keith D.; MacMaster, Neil; Spellman, W. M.; Waite,
Gary K.; Webb, Diana (eds.). The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20180915084639/https://zodml.org/sites/default/files/%5BJerzy_Lukowski%5D_T
he_European_Nobility_in_the_Eigh.pdf) (PDF). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 243. ISBN 0-333-
74440-3. Archived from the original (https://zodml.org/sites/default/files/%5BJerzy_Lukowski%5
D_The_European_Nobility_in_the_Eigh.pdf) (PDF) on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2018-09-15 – via
Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries.
5. Country Life (magazine), Who really owns Britain? (http://www.countrylife.co.uk/articles/who-re
ally-owns-britain-20219#Yd4CfOEkPZrOr2C0.99) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211
104023512/https://www.countrylife.co.uk/articles/who-really-owns-britain-20219#Yd4CfOEkPZr
Or2C0.99) 2021-11-04 at the Wayback Machine, 16. October 2010.
6. "Half of England is owned by less than 1% of the population" (https://www.theguardian.com/mo
ney/2019/apr/17/who-owns-england-thousand-secret-landowners-author). The Guardian. 17
April 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211030075218/https://www.theguardian.co
m/money/2019/apr/17/who-owns-england-thousand-secret-landowners-author) from the
original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
7. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nobility" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6
dia_Britannica/Nobility). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University
Press. p. 728.
8. Jonathan, Dewald (1996). The European nobility, 1400–1800 (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=-fct5tlRFwEC&pg=PA117). Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-521-42528-X.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220407150531/https://books.google.com/books?id=-f
ct5tlRFwEC&pg=PA117) from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
9. Pine, L.G. (1992). Titles: How the King became His Highness (https://archive.org/details/titlesh
owkingbec0000pine/page/77). New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 77 (https://archive.org/det
ails/titleshowkingbec0000pine/page/77). ISBN 978-1-56619-085-5.
10. "The consolidation of Noble Power in Europe, c. 1600–1800" (http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/1
40393374X.Pdf). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131213182006/http://www.palgrave.
com/PDFs/140393374X.Pdf) from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
11. W. Doyle, Essays on Eighteenth Century France, London, 1995
12. An opinion of Innes of Learney differentiates the system in use in Scotland from many other
European traditions, in that armorial bearings which are entered in the Public Register of All
Arms and Bearings in Scotland by warrant of the Lord Lyon King of Arms are legally "Ensigns
of Nobility", and although the historical accuracy of that interpretation has been challenged (htt
p://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/lordlyon.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201001
09040501/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/lordlyon.htm) 2010-01-09 at the Wayback
Machine, Innes of Learney's perspective is accepted in the Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia
entry, 'Heraldry' (Volume 11), 3, The Law of Arms. 1613. The nature of arms.
13. Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) [first published 1824]. The nobility of the British Gentry or the
political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent (https://
books.google.com/books?id=k04RAQAAIAAJ) (2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham – Simpkin and
Marshall. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130526111940/http://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=k04RAQAAIAAJ) from the original on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
14. Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): "With regard to the words
'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of
Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in
this nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a 'titled nobility' and that the
estait of the Baronage (i.e., Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland".
This title is not, however, a peerage, thus Scotland's noblesse ranks in England as gentry.
15. Ölyvedi Vad Imre. (1930) Nemességi könyv. Koroknay-Nyomda. Szeged, Hungary. 45p.
16. Ölyvedi Vad Imre. (1930) Nemességi könyv. Koroknay-Nyomda. Szeged, Hungary. 85.p
17. "The annual register. v.51 1809" (https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028180845&v
iew=1up&seq=839&q1=valencia). HathiTrust: 813. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0925224310/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028180845&view=1up&seq=839
&q1=valencia) from the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2020-09-15. "The nobility of
Valencia..are, by themselves, divided into three classes, blue blood, red blood, and yellow
blood. Blue blood is confined to families who have been made grandees."
18. Edgeworth, Maria (1857). "Helen" (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8531/8531-h/8531-h.htm).
Project Gutenberg. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200215025305/http://www.gutenb
erg.org/files/8531/8531-h/8531-h.htm) from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
"One in particular, from Spain, of high rank and birth, of the sangre azul, the blue blood, who
have the privilege of the silken cord if they should come to be hanged."
19. The politics of aristocratic empires by John Kautsky (https://books.google.com/books?id=JDwJ
EZGTpVkC&dq=blue+blood+visigoth&pg=PA206). Transaction Publishers. January 1997.
ISBN 9781412838351. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160527172402/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=JDwJEZGTpVkC&pg=PA206&dq=blue+blood+visigoth&as_brr=3) from
the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
20. Malte-Brun, Conrad; Balbi, Adriano (1842). System of universal geography, founded on the
works of Malte-Burn and Balbi; embracing a historical sketch of the progress of geographical
discovery, the principles of mathematical and physical geography, and a complete description
from the most recent sources, of the political and social condition of the world ... (https://www.w
orldcat.org/oclc/33328020) Edinburgh; London: Adam and Charles Black; Longman, Brown,
Green, & Longmans. p. 537. OCLC 33328020 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33328020).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222806/https://www.worldcat.org/title/system-o
f-universal-geography-founded-on-the-works-of-malte-burn-and-balbi-embracing-a-historical-sk
etch-of-the-progress-of-geographical-discovery-the-principles-of-mathematical-and-physical-ge
ography-and-a-complete-description-from-the-most-recent-sources-of-the-political-and-social-c
ondition-of-the-world/oclc/33328020) from the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
"The Spanish community is divided into two great castes, those of pure Gothic or blue blood,
and those of mixed Gothic and Moorish descent, or black blood."
21. Robert Lacey, Aristocrats. Little, Brown and Company, 1983, p. 67
22. Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1979). Regmi Research Series (https://books.google.com/books?id=
jGJDAAAAYAAJ). Nepal. p. 43.
23. "교과서 용어해설 | 우리역사넷" (http://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?treeId=0100&level
Id=tg_001_0320). contents.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
24. "우리역사넷" (http://contents.history.go.kr/front/km/view.do?levelId=km_011_0040_0010&wher
eStr=@where+%7B+IDX_TITLE(HASALL%7C%27%EC%97%85%EC%84%A4%EA%B3%BC
+%EC%9C%A4%ED%9A%8C%27%7C100000%7C0)+or+IDX_CONTENT(HASALL%7C%2
7%EC%97%85%EC%84%A4%EA%B3%BC+%EC%9C%A4%ED%9A%8C%27%7C100%7C
0)+or+IDX_ALL(HASALL%7C%27%EC%97%85%EC%84%A4%EA%B3%BC+%EC%9C%A
4%ED%9A%8C%27%7C1%7C0)+%7D). contents.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
25. 김, 종업, "탐라국 (耽羅國)" (https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0058815), 한국민족문화대백과
사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved
2024-06-08
26. "‫ ـ "األباظية" عائلة الباشوات‬1 ..‫( "عائالت تحكم مصر‬https://www.albawabhnews.com/482311).
albawabhnews.com. 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
27. CBCtwo (May 10, 2014). #‫ حصلنا على لقب العيلة من سيدة شركسية‬: ‫( مساء_الخير | محمود اباظة‬h
ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvj8RNNRpuI). Retrieved 2024-04-03 – via YouTube.
28. "‫( "عائالت بارزة تدفع بأبنائها في االنتخابات لحفظ الميراث النيابي | مصر العربية‬https://web.archive.org/web/201902
20200724/http://www.masralarabia.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D
8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9/746311-%
D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B
2%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%86%D
8%A7%D8%A6%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8
6%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D
8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%8
4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A). 2019-02-20. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.masralarabia.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A
7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9/746311-%D8%B9%D8%
A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D
8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A
6%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D
8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A
7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D
9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A) on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
29. Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (2024-02-24). Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali - Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-
Marsot - Google Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=KCz7N-GYKRcC&q=Abaza+Famil
y%2C+Egypt&pg=PA123). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-28968-9. Retrieved
2024-04-03.
30. The Olongapo Story (http://www.subicbaypi.com/sub_stories_olongapostory.htm) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20200219173144/http://www.subicbaypi.com/sub_stories_olongapost
ory.htm) 2020-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, July 28, 1953 – Bamboo Breeze – Vol. 6, No. 3
31. "It is not right that the Indian chiefs of Filipinas be in a worse condition after conversion; rather
they should have such treatment that would gain their affection and keep them loyal, so that
with the spiritual blessings that God has communicated to them by calling them to His true
knowledge, the temporal blessings may be added and they may live contentedly and
comfortably. Therefore, we order the governors of those islands to show them good treatment
and entrust them, in our name, with the government of the Indians, of whom they were formerly
lords. In all else the governors shall see that the chiefs are benefited justly, and the Indians
shall pay them something as a recognition, as they did during the period of their paganism,
provided it be without prejudice to the tributes that are to be paid us, or prejudicial to that which
pertains to their encomenderos." Felipe II, Ley de Junio 11, 1594 in Recapilación de leyes, lib.
vi, tit. VII, ley xvi. Also cf. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, The Philippine
Islands (1493–1898), Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, 1903, Vol. XVI, pp. 155–156.
32. Scott, William Henry (1982). Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, and Other Essays in Philippine
History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-9711000004. OCLC 9259667 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/9259667), p. 118.
33. "Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias" (http://fama2.us.es/fde/ocr/2006/leyesDeI
ndiasT1.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170328135621/http://fama2.us.e
s/fde/ocr/2006/leyesDeIndiasT1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-28. Retrieved
2015-07-28.
34. Por cuanto teniendo presentes las leyes y cédulas que se mandaron despachar por los
Señores Reyes mis progenitores y por mí, encargo el buen tratamiento, amparo, protección y
defensa de los indios naturales de la América, y que sean atendidos, mantenidos, favorecidos
y honrados como todos los demás vasallos de mi Corona, y que por el trascurso del tiempo se
detiene la práctica y uso de ellas, y siento tan conveniente su puntual cumplimiento al bien
público y utilidad de los Indios y al servicio de Dios y mío, y que en esta consecuencia por lo
que toca a los indios mestizos está encargo a los Arzobispos y Obispos de las Indias, por la
Ley Siete, Título Siete, del Libro Primero, de la Recopilación, los ordenen de sacerdotes,
concurriendo las calidades y circunstancias que en ella se disponen y que si algunas mestizas
quisieren ser religiosas dispongan el que se las admita en los monasterios y a las profesiones,
y aunque en lo especial de que quedan ascender los indios a puestos eclesiásticos o
seculares, gubernativos, políticos y de guerra, que todos piden limpieza de sangre y por
estatuto la calidad de nobles, hay distinción entre los Indios y mestizos, o como descendentes
de los indios principales que se llaman caciques, o como procedidos de indios menos
principales que son los tributarios, y que en su gentilidad reconocieron vasallaje, se considera
que a los primeros y sus descendentes se les deben todas las preeminencias y honores, así
en lo eclesiástico como en lo secular que se acostumbran conferir a los nobles Hijosdalgo de
Castilla y pueden participar de cualesquier comunidades que por estatuto pidan nobleza, pues
es constante que estos en su gentilismo eran nobles a quienes sus inferiores reconocían
vasallaje y tributaban, cuya especie de nobleza todavía se les conserva y considera,
guardándoles en lo posible, o privilegios, como así se reconoce y declara por todo el Título de
los caciques, que es el Siete, del Libro Seis, de la Recopilación, donde por distinción de los
indios inferiores se les dejó el señorío con nombre de cacicazgo, transmisible de mayor en
mayor, a sus posterioridades... Cf. DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las Pruebas de
Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar
Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de «Hidalguia»,
19531–993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Castellano). Madrid: HIDALGUIA, pp. 234-235. (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=MUZiJ2XG_-IC&dq=Vicente%20de%20Cadenas%20y%20Vi
cent%2C%20Las%20Pruebas%20de%20Nobleza%20y%20Genealogia%20en%20Filipinas%2
0y%20Los%20Archivios%20en%20Donde%20se%20Pueden%20Encontrar%20Antecedente
s%20de%20Ellas%20in%20Heraldica%2C%20Genealogia%20y%20Nobleza%20en%20los%2
0Editoriales%20de%20%C2%ABHidalguia%C2%BB%2C&pg=PA28) Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20150623025313/https://books.google.it/books?id=MUZiJ2XG_-IC&lpg=PA232&
ots=XtW6Qoc86n&dq=Vicente%20de%20Cadenas%20y%20Vicent%2C%20Las%20Prueba
s%20de%20Nobleza%20y%20Genealogia%20en%20Filipinas%20y%20Los%20Archivios%20
en%20Donde%20se%20Pueden%20Encontrar%20Antecedentes%20de%20Ellas%20in%20H
eraldica%2C%20Genealogia%20y%20Nobleza%20en%20los%20Editoriales%20de%20%C
2%ABHidalguia%C2%BB%2C&hl=it&pg=PA28) 2015-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
35. Por ella se aprecia bien claramente y de manera fehaciente que a los caciques indígenas se
les equiparada a los Hidalgos españoles y la prueba más rotunda de su aplicación se halla en
el Archivo General Militar de Segovia, en donde las calificaciones de «Nobleza» se encuentran
en las Hojas de Servicio de aquellos filipinos que ingresaron en nuestras Academias Militares
y cuyos ascendientes eran caciques, encomenderos, tagalos notables, pedáneos, por los
gobernadores o que ocupan cargos en la Administración municipal o en la del Gobierno, de
todas las diferentes regiones de las grandes islas del Archipiélago o en las múltiples islas
pequeñas de que se compone el mismo. DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las
Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar
Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia",
1953–1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA.
ISBN 9788487204548, p. 235.
36. Ceballos-Escalera y Gila, Alfonso, ed. (2016). Los Saberes de la Nobleza Española y su
Tradición: Familia, corte, libros in Cuadernos de Ayala, N. 68 (Octubre-Diciembre 2016, p. 4
37. Por otra parte, mientras en las Indias la cultura precolombiana había alcanzado un alto nivel,
en Filipinas la civilización isleña continuaba manifestándose en sus estados más primitivos.
Sin embargo, esas sociedades primitivas, independientes totalmente las unas de las otras,
estaban en cierta manera estructuradas y se apreciaba en ellas una organización jerárquica
embrionaria y local, pero era digna de ser atendida. Precisamente en esa organización local
es, como siempre, de donde nace la nobleza. El indio aborigen, jefe de tribu, es reconocido
como noble y las pruebas irrefutables de su nobleza se encuentran principalmente en las
Hojas de Servicios de los militares de origen filipino que abrazaron la carrera de las Armas,
cuando para hacerlo necesariamente era preciso demostrar el origen nobiliario del individuo.
DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y
Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia
y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia", 1953–1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in
Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA. ISBN 9788487204548, p. 232.
38. También en la Real Academia de la Historia existe un importante fondo relativo a las Islas
Filipinas, y aunque su mayor parte debe corresponder a la Historia de ellas, no es excluir que
entre su documentación aparezcan muchos antecedentes genealógicos… El Archivo del
Palacio y en su Real Estampilla se recogen los nombramientos de centenares de aborígenes
de aquel Archipiélago, a los cuales, en virtud de su posición social, ocuparon cargos en la
administración de aquellos territorios y cuya presencia demuestra la inquietud cultural de
nuestra Patria en aquéllas Islas para la preparación de sus naturales y la colaboración de
estos en las tareas de su Gobierno. Esta faceta en Filipinas aparece mucho más actuada que
en el continente americano y de ahí que en Filipinas la Nobleza de cargo adquiera mayor
importancia que en las Indias.DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las Pruebas de
Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar
Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia",
1953–1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA.
ISBN 9788487204548, p. 234.
39. Durante la dominación española, el cacique, jefe de un barangay, ejercía funciones judiciales
y administrativas. A los tres años tenía el tratamiento de don y se reconocía capacidad para
ser gobernadorcillo. Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana. VII. Madrid: Espasa-
Calpe, S.A. 1921, p. 624.
40. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–
1898. Volume 27 of 55 (1636–37). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward
Gaylord Bourne; additional translations by Arthur B. Myrick. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark
Company. ISBN 978-1-333-01347-9. OCLC 769945242 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769945
242). "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their
history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and
manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those
islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth
century, pp. 296–297.
41. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–
1898. Volume 27 of 55 (1636–37). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward
Gaylord Bourbe; additional translations by Arthur B. Myrick. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark
Company. ISBN 978-1-333-01347-9. OCLC 769945242 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769945
242). "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their
history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and
manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those
islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth
century, pp. 329.
42. DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y
Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia
y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia", 1953–1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=MUZiJ2XG_-IC&q=Vicente%20de%20Cadenas%20y%20Vicent%2
C%20Las%20Pruebas%20de%20Nobleza%20y%20Genealogia%20en%20Filipinas%20y%20
Los%20Archivios%20en%20Donde%20se%20Pueden%20Encontrar%20Antecedentes%20d
e%20Ellas%20in%20Heraldica%2C%20Genealogia%20y%20Nobleza%20en%20los%20Edito
riales%20de%20%C2%ABHidalguia%C2%BB%2C&pg=PA28) (in Spanish). Madrid:
HIDALGUIA. ISBN 9788487204548. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220407150533/h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=MUZiJ2XG_-IC&q=Vicente%20de%20Cadenas%20y%20Vi
cent%2C%20Las%20Pruebas%20de%20Nobleza%20y%20Genealogia%20en%20Filipinas%2
0y%20Los%20Archivios%20en%20Donde%20se%20Pueden%20Encontrar%20Antecedente
s%20de%20Ellas%20in%20Heraldica%2C%20Genealogia%20y%20Nobleza%20en%20los%2
0Editoriales%20de%20%C2%ABHidalguia%C2%BB%2C&pg=PA28) from the original on
2022-04-07. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
43. FERRANDO, Fr Juan & FONSECA OSA, Fr Joaquin (1870–1872). Historia de los PP.
Dominicos en las Islas Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa (Vol.
1 of 6 vols) (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta y esteriotipia de M Rivadeneyra, p. 146
44. Karl Ferdinand Werner, Naissance de la noblesse. L'essor des élites politiques en Europe.
Fayard, Paris 1998, ISBN 2-213-02148-1.
45. Marcassa, Stefania, Jérôme Pouyet, and Thomas Trégouët. "Marriage strategy among the
European nobility." Explorations in Economic History 75 (2020): 101303. online (https://thema.u
-cergy.fr/IMG/pdf/2017-17.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210714131023/https://t
hema.u-cergy.fr/IMG/pdf/2017-17.pdf) 2021-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
46. Jorn Leonhard, and Christian Wieland, eds. What Makes the Nobility Noble?: Comparative
Perspectives from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century (2011).
47. Jonathan, Dewald (1996). The European nobility, 1400–1800 (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=-fct5tlRFwEC&pg=PA25). Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-521-42528-X.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220407150538/https://books.google.com/books?id=-f
ct5tlRFwEC&pg=PA25) from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
48. Jean, Meyer (1973). Noblesses et pouvoirs dans l'Europe d'Ancien Régime, Hachette
Littérature (https://books.google.com/books?id=jXbaAAAAMAAJ). Hachette.
ISBN 9782346228201. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220407150612/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=jXbaAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
49. Jean-Pierre, Labatut (1981). Les noblesses européennes de la fin du XVe siècle à la fin du
XVIIIe siècle (https://books.google.com/books?id=V4e1AAAAIAAJ). Presses universitaires de
France. ISBN 9782130353447. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220407150559/https://
books.google.com/books?id=V4e1AAAAIAAJ) from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved
2020-11-02.
50. Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron (1896). Constitutional History of England since the
Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. Volume I, Chapter 5, pp. 273–281. (http://home.freeuk.
com/don-aitken/emay273.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080622193813/http://h
ome.freeuk.com/don-aitken/emay273.html) 2008-06-22 at the Wayback Machine London:
Longmans, Green and Co.
51. Rodríguez, Andres (19 January 2018). "El retorno del rey negro boliviano a sus raíces
africanas" (https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/01/19/actualidad/1516326396_507680.html). El
País. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032859/https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/0
1/19/actualidad/1516326396_507680.html) from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved
2020-03-07.
52. "Chapter 2 – The Oath of Allegiance" (https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-12-part-j-ch
apter-2). U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 4 April 2023. Retrieved 27 Jan 2024.
External links
WW-Person (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203070622/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erla
ngen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG=engl/F=Karl@Theodor@Maria@Nikolaus@Johann@Jacob@Philipp
@Franz@Joseph@Sylvester/N=v.u.zu@Guttenberg), an on-line database of European noble
genealogy (archived)
Worldroots, a selection of art and genealogy of European nobility (http://www.worldroots.com/)
Worldwidewords (http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-blu1.htm)
Etymology OnLine (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=blue+blood&searchmode=n
one)
Genesis of European Nobility (https://www.tfp.org/nobility/)
A few notes about grants of titles of nobility by modern Serbian Monarchs (https://www.academ
ia.edu/39073822/A_FEW_NOTES_ABOUT_GRANTS_OF_TITLES_OF_NOBILITY_BY_MOD
ERN_SERBIAN_MONARCHS)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobility&oldid=1232780366"

Nobility

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nobility

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

16/07/2024, 17:57 Nobility - Wikipedia

Membership in the nobility has historically been granted by

Old Swiss Confederacy (1300–1798), and remains part of

patricians and plebeian families (gentes) with an ancestor who

In modern usage, "nobility" is applied to the highest social class in

While noble status formerly conferred significant privileges in

military or ecclesiastic service) was either forbidden (as

Prior to the French Revolution, European nobles typically

Rank within the nobility

in the typical dress of the Hungarian nobility, 18th century

In some nations, hereditary titles, as distinct from noble rank,

Robert Lacey explains the genesis of the blue blood concept:

It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion

The word Andriana has often formed part of the names of

Membership of initiatory societies that have inalienable

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal

In East Asia the system was often modelled on imperial China,

It was a custom in China for the new dynasty to ennoble and

This development was gradual and generally only completed in

By the Sui dynasty, however, the institution of the Imperial

Titles of nobility became symbolic along with a stipend while

The Qing appointed the Ming imperial descendants to the title

The oldest held continuous noble title in Chinese history was

The bestowal of titles was abolished upon the establishment of

However, the still strict status order of Silla caused opposition

In Iran, historical titles of the nobility including Mirza, Khan,

Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868,

Philippines Genealogy of the Minamoto—the most powerful and

Recognition by the Spanish Crown

Filipino nobles during the Spanish era

At the Real Academia de la Historia, there is a substantial number of

Current status questionis

dominions were guaranteed by the Laws of the Indies, more

However, in many countries at this time, the nobility retained

For example, there is a ceremonial monarchy led by a titular

With the independence of Brazil in 1822 as a constitutional

The term is used in reference to various groups throughout

Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobility&oldid=1232780366"

You might also like