EVALUATION OF BIOETHANOL DERIVED FROM RIPE MANGO (MANGIFERA

INDICA L.) PEELS AS AN ADDITIVE TO AVIATION KEROSENE FOR AN

AVIATION FUEL

A Proposal Study

Presented to the Faculty of Petroleum Engineering Department

College of Engineering

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University

Alangilan Campus

Alangilan, Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the degree in

Bachelor of Science in Petroleum Engineering

Atienza, Roma Angela M.

Beruela, Genghis
Bughaw, Krizah Ashley N.
Cabacis II, Ramon S.
Mendoza, Nicko P.

May 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Page No.

TITLE PAGE i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF EQUATIONS vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii

I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 2

Research Objectives 5

Research Hypothesis 6

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 7

Importance of the Study 9

Definition of Terms 10

ii
 II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Conceptual Literature 15

Related Literature 30

Synthesis 39

III. DESIGN AND METHODS

Conceptual Framework 49

Technical Design and Procedure 51

Data Collection and Treatment 53

Equipment/Facilities/Programs 74

Budget Requirements 78

Expected Output 79

Gantt Chart 80

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY

V. APPENDICES

A. Curriculum Vitae

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

No. Name Page

1 Budget Requirements 71

2 Gantt Chart 73

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

No. Name Page

1 Mangifera Indica L. 15

2 Production of Mangifera Indica L.in 18

the Philippines

3 Maturity Index 18

4 Paradigm of the study 49

5 Schematic diagram of the study 49

6 Mortar and Pestle 67

7 Microwave 68

8 Agilent 8890 gas spectroscopy mass 68

spectrometer

9 4 Liters water bottle 69

10 Sketch of RC Plane 73

v
 LIST OF EQUATIONS

No. Name Page

1 Conversion Factor 54

2 Theoretical Yield 55

3 Fermentation Efficiency 55

4 Ethanol Concentration 56

5 Percent Yield 56

7 Concentration of Ethanol Sample 64

vi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATION DEFINITION

AFTA Alternative Fuel Vehicles/Engines

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

ASL Analytical Service Laboratory

DOE Department of Energy

DOST Department of Science and Technology

DSC Department of Trade and Industry

DTI Differential Scanning Calorimetry

EAUE Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

EIS Enzyme-Assisted Ultrasound Extraction

FID Flame Ionization Detector

GC Gas Chromatography

HPLC HIgh-Performance Liquid Chromatography

ITDI Industrial Technology Development Institute

NSIC National Seed Industry Council

PNS Philippine National Standards

SAF Solid-State Fermentation

SFE Supercritical Fluid Extraction

SSF Sustainable Aviation Fuild

TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

UAE Ultrasound-Assited Extraction

UPLB University of the Philippines Los Baños

VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds

vii
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Department of Energy (DOE) in the Philippines has not extensively

studied the production of aviation fuel from biomass or biomaterials, representing a

significant knowledge gap in the nation's renewable energy portfolio. This critical

absence emphasizes the urgent need for innovative approaches to develop

sustainable and renewable fuel sources, particularly within the aviation sector where

traditional fossil fuels dominate. Bioethanol, a renewable alternative derived from the

fermentation of sugars, presents a promising avenue for producing sustainable

aviation fuel (SAF), offering potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and

decreased reliance on finite fossil fuel resources.

However, the utilization of bioethanol in aviation faces substantial challenges,

primarily related to ensuring the quality and compatibility of bioethanol with

conventional jet fuel. Bioethanol derived from various sources often requires

extensive purification and refining processes to meet the rigorous specifications

mandated for aviation use. Additionally, the availability and sustainability of

feedstocks for bioethanol production are critical considerations, particularly in

regions like the Philippines where biomass resources are abundant but underutilized.

In this context, this study addresses these challenges by exploring the

feasibility of utilizing ripe mango peels, a common agricultural waste product

abundant in the Philippines, as a renewable feedstock for bioethanol production.

1
 Bioethanol, a bio-derived alternative fuel produced from the fermentation of

sugars, plays a vital role in the production of SAF through various processing

pathways (Emmanouilidou, 2023). Bioethanol offers a promising renewable source

for aviation fuel, potentially reducing dependence on fossil fuels and their associated

environmental consequences. Importantly, the bioethanol derived from this process

will be used as an additive to conventional jet fuel rather than as a complete

replacement, enhancing the overall sustainability of the fuel blend.

While conventional bioethanol production relies on feedstocks like corn and

sugarcane, exploring alternative sources with lower land-use change impacts is

crucial. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peels, a potential source of cellulosic biomass,

have emerged as a promising alternative feedstock due to their abundance and low

lignin content (Tarrsini, 2019). The Philippines, for instance, is one of the world's

leading producers of mangoes, generating a significant amount of peel waste (DTI,

2018). Being a major mango producer, the country generates substantial quantities

of mango peels as a byproduct of consumption and processing. This waste stream, if

not managed effectively, could contribute to landfill overflow or other environmental

issues if improperly disposed of. Utilizing this waste for bioethanol production offers

a sustainable solution for waste management and fuel production.

Analysis of the dried mango peels revealed a high content of reducing sugars,

reaching up to 45% (w/v). In addition, aqueous extraction yielded a significantly

lower sugar content. This difference might be attributed to the presence of pectin

within the mango peels. Pectin acts as a binding agent, holding onto the sugar

molecules and preventing their release through simple water extraction (Reddy et al.,

2011). However, the presence of additional enzymes like amylase and cellulase

2
within the crude pectinase solution might hold promise. These enzymes have the

potential to hydrolyze their respective substrates (starch and cellulose), potentially

leading to a higher sugar concentration in the extract.

The process of transforming mango peels into an aviation fuel additive

employs a series of physicochemical and biochemical transformations to achieve this

objective. The initial stage involves the physical and chemical pretreatment of the

mango peels, which includes size reduction through grinding or milling, followed by

treatment with steam or dilute acid/alkali solutions. The goal of pretreatment is to

enhance the accessibility of the complex carbohydrates within the peels, facilitating

their subsequent conversion into fermentable sugars. The selection of enzymes and

the optimization of process conditions are crucial for efficient sugar extraction

tailored to the specific composition of sugars present in the mango peels.

The extracted sugars then undergo fermentation in a controlled environment.

Here, a specific yeast strain, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is introduced to

convert the sugars into ethanol. Optimizing fermentation parameters like

temperature, pH, and nutrient availability is essential for maximizing ethanol

production.

Distillation subsequently purifies the fermented broth by separating the

ethanol, which has a lower boiling point than water, through a distillation column.

This process removes non-volatile components and yields a higher concentration of

ethanol.

3
 Pervaporation, a membrane separation technique, serves to further purify the

ethanol by selectively removing any remaining water molecules. This step ensures a

highly concentrated ethanol stream.

The process employs hydroprocessing, which involves treating the oligomers

with hydrogen gas under high pressure and temperature in the presence of a

catalyst. Hydroprocessing refines the oligomers by removing impurities like oxygen

and sulfur. Additionally, it helps adjust the distribution of hydrocarbon chain lengths

to align with the specifications of jet fuel.

As a final refinement step, the hydrotreated product undergoes mild

hydrotreating. This involves exposing the product to hydrogen under milder

conditions compared to the previous stage. Mild hydrotreating serves to remove

trace impurities and ensure that the final jet fuel meets the stringent quality and

safety standards mandated for aviation use.

However, bioethanol derived from lignocellulosic biomass like mango peels

requires additional purification steps to meet the quality specifications for aviation

fuel (Yusuf, 2019). Pervaporation, a membrane separation technique, has shown

promise in the efficient purification of ethanol from fermentation broths (Khalid,

2019). Moreover, mild hydrotreating can further upgrade bioethanol by removing

impurities like sulfur and oxygenates, making it compatible with aviation fuel

blendstocks.

This study investigates the potential of bioethanol derived from ripe mango

peels discarded as waste by the Max Mango franchise within Lipa City, Batangas.

This local collaboration aims to establish a consistent supply for the peels,

4
minimizing waste generation within the franchise and supporting the local

community. Researchers will assess the feasibility of converting these peels into

bioethanol and the derived bioethanol will then be evaluated for its usability as an

aviation fuel additive, with considerations including the fuel's calorific value,

combustion efficiency, and alignment with standard aviation fuel specifications. The

project's scope might also include the economic viability of large-scale bioethanol

production from mango peels. A successful outcome could create new economic

opportunities and potentially attract biofuel-focused businesses. Furthermore, the

environmental impact will be assessed, considering factors such as energy

consumption during processing, potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

compared to traditional jet fuel, and responsible waste management practices

throughout the production.

Despite the potential benefits, there is a lack of research investigating the

usability of using ripe mango peels specifically for bioethanol production as a

precursor to SAF. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by evaluating the

effectiveness of bioethanol derived from mango peels after pervaporation and mild

hydrotreating as a potential feedstock for SAF production in the Philippines.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the ethanol from ripe Mangifera

indica L. peels as an aviation fuel.

1. Extract glucose from ripe mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel by

physicochemical pretreatment.

1.1 Glucose Content

5
 1.2 Glucose Yield

2. Ferment glucose extracted from ripe mango (Mangiera Indica L.) peels into

ethanol considering the following parameters:

2.1 Yeast Fermentation

2.2 Fermentation Temperature

2.3 Fermentation Efficiency

2.4 Fermentation Time

2.5 Percent Yield

3. Evaluate the bioethanol produced from mango peels fermentation through

distillation, pervaporation hydroprocessing, and mild hydrotreating

considering the following properties.

3.1 Calorific Value & Water Content

3.2 Volatility

3.3 Corrosiveness

4. Combine bioethanol derived from mango peels to a kerosene fuel.

4.1 Proportion Test

5. Evaluate the combined kerosene and purified bioethanol as an aviation fuel

using ASTM D1655-22a to determine the following:

5.1 Physical Properties

5.1.1 Boiling point

5.1.2 Density

5.1.3 Viscosity

5.1.4 Freezing point

5.1.5 Flash point

6
 5.1.6 Ph Level

5.2 Fuel Quality

5.3 Stability Test

5.4 Emission Test

6. Provide an experimental set up which compares the Bio-Jet Fuel produced

from Bioethanol derived from Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) with standard aviation

fuel available in the market.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following null hypothesis was formulated and will be tested in the study.

1. Mixing bioethanol derived from ripe Mangifera indica L. peels with

kerosene does not significantly alter the fuel properties (including

physical properties, calorific value, volatility, corrosiveness, fuel quality,

stability, and emissions) compared to standard aviation fuel.

2. The fuel quality and stability of the combined bioethanol-kerosene fuel

do not significantly differ from standard aviation fuel as measured by

ASTM D1655-22a.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The project study evaluates the potential of bioethanol, derived from the peels

of ripe mangoes (Mangifera indica L.), as an alternative to conventional aviation fuel.

The scope of this study covers the entire process from the initial preparation of the

mango peels to the final characterization of the produced bio-jet fuel.

The study focuses on the preparation of the feedstock, specifically, the

extraction of glucose from the peels of ripe mangoes using established methods for

7
physicochemical pretreatment. The first step in this process is to separate the

cellulose from the polymers of the mango peels. The second step is to make the

cellulose easier for enzymes to break down into sugars that can be fermented.

It then proceeds into the production of bioethanol, investigating the

fermentation of the extracted glucose into bioethanol and analyzing the effects of

glucose concentration and purity on the yield and efficiency of the fermentation

process.

The properties of the bioethanol will be evaluated after undergoing purification

processes, including pervaporation and mild hydrotreating.

The purified bioethanol will be characterized to assess its suitability as an

aviation fuel. This includes evaluating the purity and yield of the bioethanol, its

physical properties such as color, pH, boiling point, density, viscosity, and freezing

point, as well as its energy and water content, volatility, and corrosiveness.

Lastly, the quality of the bioethanol as a fuel is evaluated using the ASTM

D1655-22a standard to determine its quality, stability, and emission profile.

However, the study has certain delimitations. It mainly focuses on ripe mango

peels as the feedstock for bioethanol production, excluding other potential

feedstocks. The research employs established methods for pretreatment and does

not explore alternative techniques. Standard processes are used for fermentation,

pervaporation, and mild hydrotreating without any optimization. The study also

excludes a life cycle assessment and a techno-economic feasibility analysis,

focusing only on the characterization of bioethanol and its potential as an aviation

fuel. Lastly, the application testing of the bio-jet fuel is limited to laboratory testing.

The laboratory testing process of producing ethanol from mango peels begins

with the use of 75 grams of powdered carabao mango peel. This is subjected to

8
enzymatic saccharification from BIOTECH at the University of the Philippines Los

Baños. The goal is to achieve a glucose yield of 40 to 46 percent through yeast

fermentation. The resulting product is then sent to the BIOTECH Central Analytical

Service Laboratory at the University of the Philippines Los Baños for further analysis

of the glucose content. The purification of the produced ethanol involves several

steps including distillation, hydroprocessing, and mild hydrotreating. The physical

properties of the purified ethanol such as pH level, boiling point, density, viscosity,

freezing point, and flash point are then evaluated. Other factors such as the calorific

value, water content, volatility, corrosiveness, purity of ethanol, yield, ethanol

concentration, and purification efficiency are also assessed to ensure the quality and

efficiency of the bioethanol production process. This comprehensive analysis allows

for the optimization of the process and the production of high-quality bioethanol from

mango peels. These scope and delimitations clearly define the boundaries of the

study, allowing for a focused investigation into the potential of bioethanol derived

from ripe mango peels as a possible alternative aviation fuel. This ensures that the

research remains academic yet accessible, with terms and concepts that are simple

and easy to understand.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The primary focus of this study was the evaluation of bioethanol derived from ripe

Mangifera indica L. peels as additives to a diesel as an aviation fuel after perforation

and mild hydrotreating.Additionally, the insights gained from the research may find

practical applications in various situations:

To the Community. This research benefits the community by potentially improving

aviation fuel, which are commonly used to power aircraft such as private aircraft,

9
military flights, commercial airliners, and helicopters. If successful, it could lead to

facilitating secure and effective global air transportation.

To Batangas State University. This study reflects positively on the university's

commitment to research and innovation. It shows the institution's dedication to

exploring sustainable and eco-friendly solutions, as ripe Mangifera indica L. peels

are a natural resource. It also enhances the university's reputation as a center for

scientific inquiry and discovery.

To the Petroleum Engineering Department. While the study is directly related to

petroleum engineering, it highlights the associative nature of research. It

demonstrates the department's responsiveness and willingness to explore its fields

and technologies, which can be valuable for change the department's research

portfolio.

To the Researchers. For the researchers involved in this study, it provides an

opportunity for personal and professional growth. They gain experience in

conducting experiments, data analysis, and potentially contributing to advancements

in battery technology. It also opens doors for collaborations and future research

opportunities in related fields.

To the Future Researchers. This study serves as a foundation for future research

in the area of bioethanol and their applications. It provides a strategy for further

investigations, potentially inspiring future researchers to build upon this work and

make even more significant discoveries. It encourages the pursuit of sustainable and

environmentally friendly technologies.

10
DEFINITION OF TERMS

ASTM D1655-22. A standard developed by ASTM International, detailing

requirements for aviation turbine fuels. This standard covers critical characteristics

like energy content, volatility, freezing point, and flash point, essential for ensuring

fuel performance and safety in aviation. (ASTM International, 2022). In this study, the

bioethanol derived from Mangifera indica L. peels is evaluated against the

specifications of ASTM D1655-22.

Boiling Point. The temperature at which bioethanol vapor pressure equals

atmospheric pressure, signifying the transition from liquid to gas (Kumar & Senan,

2020). In this study, it is in the distillation process for purifying bioethanol, where

controlling the temperature at the boiling point ensures the effective separation and

concentration of bioethanol, making it suitable for aviation fuel use.

Concentration of Glucose. Refers to the amount of glucose present in a given

volume of solution. It's a key factor in the bioethanol production process, especially

during fermentation. Glucose concentration directly affects the rate and efficiency of

fermentation, as microorganisms like yeast convert glucose into ethanol. Doran

(2015). In this study, determining the right concentration of glucose extracted through

pretreatment and saccharification steps is essential for efficient fermentation and

subsequent ethanol production.

Corrosiveness. Corrosiveness is a critical property to consider in the evaluation of

bioethanol as an aviation fuel, as it can significantly impact the integrity and lifespan

of fuel storage and engine components (Speight, 2011). In this study, corrosiveness

11
is assessed by exposing these materials to the bioethanol under controlled conditions

and observing any chemical or physical changes over time.

Density. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. (Freedman, 2012)

Density is a fluid's resistance to flow (Munson et al., 2013). In this study, Density is

measured using tools like hydrometers, determining the mass per unit volume. This

ensures the bioethanol aligns with aviation fuel standards for energy content and

storage requirements.

Viscosity. Viscosity is assessed using a viscometer, measuring the fluid's flow

resistance at different temperatures. This confirms the bioethanol's suitability for use

in aircraft engines, considering fuel injection and operational temperature ranges.

Distillation. distillation is a process used to separate components in a liquid mixture

based on differences in their boiling points (Perry, 2008). In this study, the fermented

mixture containing ethanol and other components undergoes distillation.

Water Content. Energy content is the amount of energy that can be derived from a

fuel, measured in units like joules or calories (Demirbas, 2009), and Water Content

refers to the percentage of water in a substance (Balat and Balat, 2009). In this

study, the measurement of energy content involves calorimetric analysis of the

bioethanol determining its capability to produce energy. Water content is quantified

through techniques like Karl Fischer titration, ensuring that the bioethanol meets the

stringent requirements for water content permissible in aviation fuels.

Fermentation. refers to a biochemical process where sugars are converted into

ethanol and carbon dioxide by the action of yeast or bacteria (Hall, 2013). In this

stdy, fermentation is the specific stage where the glucose extracted from the

12
Mangifera indica L. peels is transformed into bioethanol. This involves culturing yeast

or bacteria in the glucose solution under controlled conditions—temperature, pH, and

oxygen levels—to maximize ethanol production.

Fermentation Efficiency. refers to the effectiveness with which microorganisms,

like yeast or bacteria, convert sugars into ethanol during the fermentation process.

(Walker, 2018). In this study, the efficiency is calculated by comparing the actual

amount of ethanol produced to the theoretical maximum amount of ethanol that

could be produced from the given quantity of glucose, under ideal conditions.

Freezing Point. Refers to the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid

Speight, 2011). In this study, the freezing point of bioethanol is measured to ensure it

remains fluid under aviation operational temperatures.

Fuel Quality and Stability Tests. Evaluations of properties like oxidative stability

and compatibility (Eman, 2014). In this study, various standardized tests are

conducted to ascertain the bioethanol's reliability for aviation use.

Hydroprocessing. A refining technique using hydrogen to remove impurities

(Kaiser, 2007). In this study, hydroprocessing is applied to enhance the bioethanol's

quality and suitability as an aviation fuel.

Mild hydrotreating. Refers to A less intensive form of hydroprocessing (Gary,2007).

In this study, it's used to refine the bioethanol, focusing on removing specific

impurities.

Percent Yield. Refers to the efficiency of converting inputs to desired products

(Smith, 2005). In this study, the percent yield of ethanol from glucose is calculated to

evaluate the process's efficiency.

13
Pervaporation. A membrane technique for enhancing purity by removing water

(Wijmans & Baker, 2015). In this study, pervaporation is used post-distillation to

achieve higher ethanol concentration.

Physicochemical Pretreatment. Refers to the usage of physical and chemical

methods for preparing biomass (Sun & Cheng, 2002). In this study, this involves

treating Mangifera indica L. peels to enhance sugar release for fermentation.

Purity of Ethanol. Refers to the concentration of ethanol in a mixture (Lynd et al.,

2011). In this study, the purity of the produced bioethanol is measured to ensure it

meets fuel standards.

Volatility. Refers to how easily a liquid vaporizes (Stace, 2013). In this study, the

volatility of bioethanol is assessed to ensure appropriate fuel behavior in engine

conditions.

14
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The present research proposal is substantiated by pertinent studies and

published articles that have been deemed useful in their analysis. This chapter was

divided into three sections: synthesis, conceptual literature, and research literature

from both local and foreign studies.

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE

This section provided introductory explanations of the key concepts and

principles that are specific to this study.

Mango (Mangifera Indica L.)

One of the flowering plant species that belongs to the family Anacardiaceae is

Figure 1 the Mangifera indica, more popularly referred to as the mango. Two

separate genetic populations can be found in modern mangoes. These populations

are referred to as the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type."The mango is

widely considered to be the most important and covered fruit in terms of commercial

production, and it is often referred to as the "king of fruits."

Figure 1. Mango (Mangifera Indica L.)

Source:Ajila, C. M., & Rao, U. P. (2013)

15
 In addition to having a distinctive and unusual flavor, it also has a high

nutritious value, which contributes to its widespread acceptance. In addition to being

a high source of carbs, soluble fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, mango is

also a nutritionally beneficial fruit. Polyphenols and carotenoids, both of which have

been shown to have positive impacts and advantages on health, are present in

abundant amounts in this substance. It is well recognized that the fruit possesses

antioxidant activity in addition to a wide variety of other health benefits, including

anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenicity, heptoprotective, and antibacterial activity,

amongst others. In terms of health promotion and general well-being, mangoes have

the potential to serve as functional foods.Mango is a very popular tropical fruit.

Mangiferin is a strong antioxidant that is made up of polyphenols and glucosyl

xanthones. It also helps the immune system, lowers blood pressure, heals wounds,

stops cell death, and fights diabetes.

Characteristics of Mangifera Indica L.

Mangifera indica, which is generally known as a mango, has unique

characteristics. It turns into a big, green tree that can get up to 30 meters tall. The

leaves are thick and dark green. They are usually 15 to 35 cm long and are arranged

spirally along the branches. Depending on the variety, mango fruits come in a wide

range of colors, from green, yellow, orange, red, and even purple. They are big and

oval-shaped. They can be anywhere from 5 to 15 cm long and weigh anywhere from

150 grams to 2 kilograms. There is one big seed or stone inside the fruit that is

flattened and long. Mango trees have small, fragrant flowers that grow in groups

named panicles. The flowers are usually pink or white.

16
 Mangoes also have a number of chemical properties which are effective

antioxidants, including mangiferin, quercetin, gallotannins, and even more. Their

carbohydrate content is mostly made up of sugars like fructose and sucrose, which

gives fruits their typical sweetness. Mangoes also have organic acids in them, such

as citric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid, which make them taste better. They smell

and taste great because they are infused with mild essential oils. Mangoes have

bright colors because of pigments like beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, which

give them their yellow to orange tones. Anthocyanins, on the other hand, give some

types their red and purple tones.

Mangifera Indica L. production in the Philippines

It was determined that 182 mango trees from various regions in the

Philippines were subjected to an on-site study in order to find trees that were

exceptional enough to be registered as varieties. Following the initial study, one

selection was found to possess promising horticultural traits. This selection was then

studied for an additional two years in order to check the stability and consistency of

trait expression. The National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) has officially recognized

this selection as the NSIC 2018 Mn 14 'Mangoming' selection. The tree is 28 years

old, has a height of more than 10 meters, and has a growth habit that is

approximately 11 meters in the spreading direction. The fruit of the tree is produced

twice a year, with the peak of fruiting occurring between the months of June and July

and between December and January if the environmental circumstances are

favorable. This tree is extremely fruitful, since it produces more than one hundred kg

of fruit each and every season.

17
 Figure 2. Production of Mangifera Indica L. in the Philippines

Source: Statistica Research Department (2023)

The mangifera indica L. production was increased to its highest peak in

2015, it was followed by the year 2014 and 2013 and its lowest production was in the

year 2018 and another almost same level of production was in 2019-2022.

Maturity Index of Mango

Figure No.3 Maturity Indexes (Fama,2016)

18
 According to the study of Fama (2016), the maturity index 5 which is light

yellow and maturity index 6 which is yellow orange is considered as ripped mango.

The available mango peels in Max Mango Business are light yellow and yellow

orange which is in the range of Maturity index 5 and 6.

R.A. 9367 – Biofuels Act of 2006

The "Biofuels Act of 2006" manages the use of biofuels by creating the Biofuel

Program, allocating funds correctly, and serving other goals. In line with long-term

economic growth, it says that the State's strategy is to rely less on fuels that are

brought in from other countries while protecting public health, the environment, and

natural ecosystems. To do this, biofuels must be used to create local renewable

energy sources, lower greenhouse gas and toxic emissions, boost jobs and income

in rural areas, and make sure there is access to alternative and renewable energy

that doesn't harm the natural ecosystem, biodiversity, or food reserves. The Act

defines important words like AFTA, Alternative Fuel Vehicles/Engines, Bioethanol,

Biodiesel, Bioethanol Fuel, Biofuel, Biomass, DA, and Diesel. This creates a

complete plan for putting biofuel policies and rules into action.

Ethanol

A chemical molecule represented by the formula CH₃CH₂OH, is a

transparent liquid that has become known for its odor similar to wine, and its

combustible properties. It is produced by fermentation or petrochemical procedures

such as ethylene hydration and provides several roles by operating as both a solvent

and a fuel source which is used in various industrial applications because of its use

19
as an intoxicating agent in alcoholic beverages, medical applications like disinfection,

flexibility as a chemical solvent, and its significance as an additive in fuel.

When left in an open container, it has a high tendency for evaporation. The

chemical formula of ethanol is C2H6O. According to Dorry (2017), the composition of

this substance consists of nine atoms, including two carbon atoms, six hydrogen

atoms, and one oxygen atom.

Bio-Ethanol

In the area of environmental conservation, one of the most important things

that bioethanol fuel could achieve is help reduce global warming and protect fossil

fuels. Alcohol is made from sugars during the process of fermentation. That waste or

biomass can be turned into bioethanol is one way to cut down on the amount of

crude oil used and the pollution that is released into the world People are also

working on using lignocellulosic biomasses, like corn, sugar, syrup, and other similar

materials, as fuel to make ethanol. These biomasses come from things that aren't

food, like trees and grass. Bioethanol is similar to ethanol in both its chemical as well

as physical characteristics. The only thing that makes them different is that different

resources are needed to make bioethanol. When bioethanol is completely pure, it is

a clear, colorless liquid with a slight smell that is typical of it. It freezes at -112

degrees Celsius and boils at 78 degrees Celsius.

Physical properties of Bioethanol

Bioethanol is a useful alcohol that is made from fermentation of biomass

sources. It has distinct physical characteristics. A clear, colorless liquid with a

unique, slightly sweet smell is what it looks like. Ethanol easily evaporates in mild

20
heat because its boiling point is around 158°C (316.4°F). It is fluid because its

density, which was found to be about 0.789 g/cm³ at 20°C, makes it so. However,

ethanol has remarkable absorption properties because it mixes easily with water in

any amount. It also dissolves easily in cold organic solvents, which makes it even

more useful in a wide range of industry and lab applications.

Chemical Properties of bioethanol

There are chemical qualities that characterize ethanol, as well as reactions

that happen in its molecules. It is made up of two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms,

and one hydroxyl (-OH) functional group, as shown by its chemical formula,

C2H5OH. Because it has this hydroxyl group, ethanol is a main alcohol. Additionally,

ethanol is very flammable; its flash point is around 13°C (55°F), which makes it a

useful fuel. Because ethanol is polar, it can dissolve in a wide range of substances

and make processes easier. In its pure state, ethanol has a pH of about 7, which

makes it slightly acidic. When ethanol is burned, it goes through oxidation, which

releases heat energy as carbon dioxide and water.

Bio-Ethanol Production in the Philippines

The bio-ethanol production system in the Philippines is currently experiencing

a development that is characterized by initiatives to increase the amount of ethanol

in both gasoline and biodiesel. However, the industrial process is still facing

challenges due to limitations in feedstock and limited local supply. According to

Rivera (2023), Despite the expectations, ethanol fuel production would remain stable

at 375 million liters in 2023, there is an estimated 12% increase in the need for

imported ethanol reaching over 310 million liters. The lack of glucose, which is the

21
main raw material used, presents a challenge, leading to the need to consider

importing it during times when it is not being used for milling. While the demand for

fuel ethanol is expected to expand by 8% and the consumption of biodiesel by 14%,

this increase is caused by the development of fuels rather than higher blending

rates. However, there are still difficulties in increasing sugarcane production for

ethanol feedstock. The Department of Agriculture and Department of Energy have

been given the responsibility of finding appropriate regions for feedstock production

under the Philippine Development Plan 2023-2028. However, the challenge of

increasing local feedstock supply remains. Thus, the existing levels of bio-ethanol

production and blending are limited due to limitations of feedstock and a strong

dependence on imports. This has resulted in measures to address problems and

increase local feedstock supply.

Conversion of Biomass to Sugar

Physicochemical pretreatment

Physicochemical pretreatment is a group of methods used to get

lignocellulosic biomass (like grasses, wood, and food waste) ready to be

turned into fuels or chemicals.There are three main parts that make up

lignocellulosic biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Getting

lignocellulosic material to break down is hard, which is one of the biggest

problems in making biofuels. According to Badal (2011) this problem

mostly happens because cellulose has a very crystalline structure and is

tightly woven into a framework of polymers, which includes lignin and

hemicellulose. This structure arrangement makes the biomass very

22
 resistant to chemical or enzymatic processes that would normally break it

down. This makes it very hard to get energy from lignocellulosic

sources.The main goal of pretreatment in biofuel production is to deal with

the resistance of lignocellulosic waste. The first step in this process is to

separate the cellulose from the framework polymers. The second step is

to make the cellulose easier for enzymes to break down into sugars that

can be fermented. It is easier to turn cellulose into energy after

pretreatment because it breaks down the structural barriers in the

biomass. Studies have shown that good pretreatment methods can greatly

increase sugar yields. Some investigations state that over 90% of the

theoretical yield can be achieved for different types of biomass. These

results show how important pretreatment is as an important step in the

process of making biofuels. They also show how to better use

lignocellulosic feedstocks for long-term energy output.

Conversion of Sugar to Bioethanol

Pervaporation

One effective membrane-based separation method is

pervaporation, in which solutes move across membranes made of sturdy

materials. Basically, the way compounds interact with membranes is what

makes mass movement possible. This means that the type and make-up

of the membrane material are very important in determining how well it

works. In the process of pervaporation, the sample mixture in liquid form is

the feed stream, and the permeate is collected as a vapor because of the

vacuum.The liquid that goes through the membrane goes through the

23
upstream side, while a vacuum is put on the downstream side of the

membrane. The liquid that passes through the membrane turns into gas

somewhere between the upstream and downstream sides of the

membrane. A solution-diffusion model can also explain how things move

through the pervaporation membrane if we assume that the pressure

stays the same but that the solubility and diffusivity change a lot across

the membrane because the amount of polymer swelling changes from the

wet side upstream to the dry side downstream.

Mild hydrotreating

Mild hydrotreating, known as mild hydrocracking includes a partial

change of feedstock, commonly pressure gas oil at conditions that are

typically mild. During mild hydrotreating, the feedstock produces cracking

at moderate temperatures and pressures, specifically at 343°C and 50-85

bar, resulting in a cracking rate of approximately 20-60%. The primary aim

of this procedure is to generate cat cracker feedstocks of high quality

while minimizing the presence of sulfur. Mild hydrotreatment is a practical

substitute for complete hydrocracking units, providing refiners with a more

economical approach to enhance the quality of their products, in particular

in dealing with following clean fuel laws and reducing of sulfur levels. The

enhancement of processes and maximization the amount of high-quality

fuel production with low sulfur content from each barrel of crude oil

processed are the priority for refiners.

24
ASTM D1655-22

This standard covers obtaining aviation turbine fuel under a contract and is

mostly meant for use by agencies that buy things. This specification doesn't list all

fuels that work well in reciprocating aircraft turbine engines. Instead, it lists the

following kinds of aviation fuel that can be used for civil purposes: There is Jet A and

Jet A-1. The fuels must be properly sampled and tested to see if they meet specific

standards for their make-up, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, temperature

stability, contaminants, and additives. The ASTM D1655-22 document outlines the

basic properties that Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel must have. It also

includes a list of acceptable additives that can be used in both civilian and military

aircraft and engines. Specification D1655 was first made for civilian uses, but military

planes have also started to use it. It is possible to find advice on how to use Jet A

and Jet A-1 in specific situations in the appendix.

Aviation fuel

Aviation fuel is more than just a way of powering an airplane, it's what keeps

them flying. It was made to work well with flying machines at different heights and

weather conditions because it was especially made for them. According to Dobos

(2023), aviation fuel is made up of a specific mix of fuels that work together to give

you the energy you need, keep your engine clean, and keep carburetors from

freezing up.

Common types of aviation fuel

Jet Fuel (Jet A and Jet A-1)

Jet fuel, which comes in two different types, Jet A and Jet A-1, is

specially made for turbine-powered planes like regional jets, most commercial liners,

25
and many big business jets. The history of jet fuel goes back to the middle of the

20th century, when jet engines were first made. As airplane engines changed from

piston-driven systems to more powerful and efficient jet turbines, they needed a

different kind of fuel to run.In the 1940s and 1950s, when jet travel was just getting

started, the fuel wasn't as polished as it is now. Over time, as the flight industry grew

and safety and efficiency became more important, jet fuel formulas were changed to

better meet the needs of jet turbine engines. One difference between Jet A and Jet

A-1 is that Jet A-1 has higher freezing points and different operating needs. Jet A-1

can be used in colder places or at higher altitudes because its freezing point is lower

than that of Jet A. Although these fuels have low freezing points, which makes them

useful for travel at high altitudes, they also have high flash points, which make them

safer to handle and use. As the business grew, there was a constant push to make

the fuel more stable, have a higher energy density, and have fewer impurities. These

changes made it possible for planes like the Boeing 747 and Gulfstream G650 to fly

farther and faster. Our guide on the most fuel-efficient private jets is a great resource

for people who are interested in private aviation and want to learn more about how

Jet A and Jet A-1 affect the performance of modern aircraft. The way jet fuel has

changed over the years shows how dedicated the business is to new ideas, safety,

and caring for the environment.

Aviation Gasoline (AvGas)

Aviation gasoline, or AvGas, is different from jet fuel because of what it is

used for and what it is made of. Aviation gasoline has been around since the early

days of flying, when piston-engine planes were the norm. Charles Lindbergh and

Amelia Earhart were among the first people to fly an airplane, and AvGas drove their

26
trips.The high octane number of AvGas, which is made especially for piston engines,

stops knocking and keeps the engine running smoothly. Over the years, it has been

made better in many ways. The first fuel used in airplanes had a lot of problems, like

engine knocking and inconsistent combustion. As airplane technology improved, so

did the need for fuels that burned better and had a higher octane level. By the middle

of the 20th century, AvGas had gone through many changes for the better. Lead was

added to it to raise its octane levels, which made engines run better.

Biofuel in Aviation

Biofuels are more than just an alternative fuel, they show that the aviation

business is taking steps to be more environmentally friendly. Concerns about carbon

pollution and environmental effects grew in the late 20th century and early 21st

century, which is when the push for biofuels really took off. But these fuels don't

come from crude oil. Instead, they come from algae, jatropha plants, or used cooking

oil, which are all natural and reusable. The switch to biofuels isn't just a change in

where the fuel comes from; it's also a change in how people think about the airline

industry's role in protecting the environment. Even though biofuels are still being

developed, airlines and plane makers are already using them in test trips to show

that they can work. The ultimate goal is for biofuels to work with existing fleets

without any problems. This would lower the carbon footprint of the aviation business.

At the moment, people are talking about "drop-in" biofuels, which can be used in

current engines without any changes, making the switch easier.

27
Sugarcane Bagasse Bioethanol

Sugarcane bagasse, the fibrous byproduct of sugar production, has become a

key player in the bioethanol industry. Its prominence is due to several factors that

combine for efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective bioethanol production. Firstly,

sugarcane's rapid growth ensures a readily available and renewable source of

bagasse. Secondly, its high cellulose content, a readily convertible sugar, makes it

ideal for bioethanol production. Thirdly, the existing machines for sugarcane

cultivation, processing, and waste management can be adapted for bioethanol

production, minimizing investment needs. The environmental benefits are significant

as well. Bioethanol from bagasse reduces dependence on fossil fuels and promotes

a way of recycling a biomass by transforming waste into clean-burning fuel.

Microalgae Bioethanol

Emerging as a contender for sustainable bioethanol production, microalgae

offer a different set of advantages. These microscopic aquatic organisms can be

cultivated in controlled environments using recycled wastewater and sunlight,

minimizing their environmental footprint and land-use requirements. Unlike traditional

crops competing for land, microalgae can thrive in specific areas and even integrate

into existing industrial processes, utilizing waste streams like CO2 for cultivation.

Furthermore, specific types of microalgae can be engineered to be high producers of

sugars or lipids, both readily convertible into bioethanol. This characteristic allows for

targeted breeding programs to optimize bioethanol yield and overall production

efficiency. While challenges like developing cost-effective large-scale production

28
methods remain, advancements in biotechnology hold immense promise for

microalgae.

Corn Starch Bioethanol

Corn starch has become a commercially prominent bioethanol feedstock in

the US, particularly due to its convenient features. The high starch content in corn

kernels makes them ideal for conversion into bioethanol through well-established

technologies. Furthermore, the existing infrastructure for corn farming and

processing in the US shows a readily available supply chain and minimizes

investment needs for bioethanol production. However, corn-based bioethanol faces

criticism due to the "food vs. fuel" debate. Concerns lie in the potential competition

with food production, raising food prices and impacting food security. Large-scale

corn production practices can also have negative environmental issues. Heavy

reliance on fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation can lead to water overuse, soil

erosion, and water pollution. Moving forward, exploring alternative biomass sources

and sustainable farming practices is crucial. Developing corn types with higher

yields and lower fertilizer needs can be a start for a better bioethanol production.

While cornstarch offers advantages, its sustainability requires ongoing evaluation

and development of more responsible practices.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This research section provides published studies and developments on the

project design from both local and foreign researchers.

29
FOREIGN

A study of Yesmin et al. (2023) discusses the effects of selected fermentation

parameters on bioethanol production from ripe carabao mango (Mangifera indica)

peelings. It is stated that in the rapidly developing nation of Bangladesh, the growing

population and expanding industrial sector have led to a significant increase in the

demand for energy. This demand surpasses the current output, primarily sourced

from fossil fuels. In this context, bioethanol emerges as an appealing alternative.

This renewable and environmentally friendly fuel is viewed as one of the suitable

substitutes for fossil fuels. Bangladesh, being an agricultural country, produces a

more than enough quantity of mangoes every year. In fact, it ranks among the top

mango-producing countries globally. This load of mangoes, particularly the ripened

ones that are often discarded, presents a new source for bioethanol production. The

focus of the research was to explore the potential for bioethanol production from

various ripen mango varieties native to Bangladesh. The process involved blending a

sample of mango pulp with distilled water, followed by sterilization. A culture of

yeast, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was then added and the mixture was

incubated for a period of time. The study assessed five local mango varieties for their

bioethanol production potential. Among these varieties, Khershapat, a variety of

Mangifera indica L., was found to yield the highest amount and purity of bioethanol.

This research tackles the promising opportunity that Bangladesh has in producing

bioethanol from over-ripened mangoes. It highlights the potential for turning a

commonly wasted resource into a valuable resource, contributing to the country’s

energy needs while also promoting environmental sustainability.

30
 The extraction of bioactive molecules from the agro-industrial waste of mango

peels are explored in a study by Sharif et al. (2021). It states that Mangifera indica

L., more commonly known as the mango, is a tropical fruit that is highly valued for its

rich nutrient content. Researchers have explored innovative extraction methods,

such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Enzyme-Assisted Ultrasound

Extraction (EAUE), to harness these nutrients from mango peels, which are often

considered as waste. These extraction strategies were optimized to maximize yield

and are environmentally sustainable. The extracts obtained showed high amounts of

phenolic contents and polyphenolics, indicating a rich presence of bioactive

compounds. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated a high antioxidant capacity. The

study concludes that EAUE is an effective technique for extracting and recovering

bioactive compounds from natural resources. This research highlights the potential

of utilizing waste, like mango peels, into a valuable resource, contributing to

environmental sustainability and health benefits.

Additionally, a study by Bello et al. (2023) discusses the blending of mango

peel extract with biodiesel to improve the fuel’s oxidative stability. A complete

investigation into the Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of waste from mango peels

was conducted in the said study. The extraction process was carried out under

specific experimental conditions, involving a certain flow rate of CO2, a fixed

pressure, and a range of temperatures over varying extraction times. High-

Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate target bioactive

compounds from the mango peels, including quercetin, beta-carotene, and gallic

acid. The quantities of these compounds were estimated and recorded. The

researchers also explored the application of various models, including Elovich’s,

Hyperbolic, and Pseudo second-order models, to study the extraction kinetics of the

31
liquid extracts derived from the SFE of mango peels. The experimental data were

best fitted by the Hyperbolic model, followed by the Pseudo second-order and

Elovich’s model. The study also scooped into the thermodynamics parameters of

the extraction process. The entropy change and enthalpy change values were

positive, while the Gibbs’ free energy value was negative. This indicates that the

extraction process is irreversible. The research concluded by highlighting the

potential of mango peel liquid extracts as a low-cost and sustainable source of

antioxidants. These antioxidants can be used to improve the oxidative stability of

biodiesel, by means of contributing to the development of more sustainable energy

sources.

In addition, a study by Trinidad (2021) evaluates the potential of agro-

industrial wastes, specifically mango peels, for bioethanol production. In the study,

the researchers evaluated the fermentation performance and behavior of a specific

yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034, in the pulp and peel of Mangifera

indica L., also known as the mango. The mango, a fruit abundant in Mexico and

known for its high sugar content, was the focus of this research. The researchers

prepared the substrate and the YPD medium, a nutrient-rich medium used for the

growth of yeast. The yeast strain, S. cerevisiae Y2034, was then grown in this

medium. This was followed by the alcohol fermentation and distillation processes.

The raw materials used in the study consisted of a majority of pulp and a smaller

portion of peels and seeds. The maximum growth of yeast was observed in the

treatment of pulp and peel with a certain amount of initial reducing sugar. All the

experiments were carried out multiple times to ensure the accuracy and reliability of

the results. The study provides valuable insights into the potential of using mango

pulp and peel for ethanol production, highlighting the role of the yeast strain

32
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 in this process. This research contributes to the

broader understanding of sustainable biofuel production.

A study by Memon et al. (2021) describes the preparation and catalytic

activity evaluation of synthesized hydrothermal carbon catalysts for biodiesel

production using mango peels (Mangifera indica L.) using concentrated sulfuric acid

at various time intervals. The study of research into the preparation and evaluation of

the catalytic activity of newly synthesized hydrothermal carbon catalysts, with the

aim of utilizing them for biodiesel production. These catalysts were prepared through

a process known as sulfonation, which involved the use of mango peels, specifically

those of the Mangifera indica L. species, and concentrated sulfuric acid. This

process was carried out over various time intervals. The catalysts were then

characterized using advanced analytical techniques. These techniques allowed the

researchers to analyze various aspects of the catalysts, including their surface area,

the functional groups present, their form, and the density of acid sites. One catalyst,

prepared over a specific time interval, displayed a high density of proton switchable

or acidic sites attached to the carbon surface. This catalyst also exhibited a large

surface area, well-ordered porosity, and a large pore volume. The researchers then

determined the catalytic activity by examining the performance of the catalyst for the

process of fatty acid esterification. This process is used to produce methyl ester, a

type of biodiesel. The catalyst prepared over a specific time interval demonstrated

the maximum catalytic activity due to its high acid density and large surface area.

The researchers also conducted a kinetic study for the esterification of oleic acid by

the catalyst. This study confirmed that the reaction followed a first-order reaction,

which is typical for homogeneous esterification reactions. The recyclability of the

catalyst was also assessed. The researchers found that the catalyst had the

33
potential to be recycled multiple times without any reactivation step and without any

loss of activity. After a certain number of cycles, the catalyst could be regenerated.

The results of the study revealed that the catalyst exhibits high stability, high catalytic

activity, and reusability. The researchers concluded that the prepared catalyst could

prove to be an innovative development in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. This

research contributes to the broader understanding of sustainable biofuel production.

LOCAL

According to the study of Magbuhos et al. (2017), This study aimed to explore

the potential of repurposing soda pop waste as a primary material for ethanol

production. It delved into understanding how the composition of soda pop waste

could influence the process of bioethanol production and investigated the

fermentation process through Saccharification. Factors such as operating

temperature and levels of yeast were considered in this study and the

Saccharification process that operates without the presence of oxygen, produces

carbon dioxide and ethanol as by-products and the particular yeast strain such as

Saccharomyces cerevisiae obtained from the Philippine repository of microscopic life

was obtained for manufacturing needs on scaling. On the other hand, the

parameters such as pH and nutrient composition were observed to increase the

fermentation conditions, and the distillation was employed to get bioethanol where it

will be evaluated. Nonetheless, the research shows the properties of the resulting

bioethanol, including auto-ignition temperature, lower heating value, and density, at

the Adamson University Technology Research and Development Center where they

blend the ethanol with gasoline at concentrations of five to ten percent and was

tested in a grass cutter.

34
 Meanwhile, In the study of Articuna et al. (2017), The jackfruit rind aimed to

assess its potential as a feedstock for bioethanol production through enzymatic

saccharification and it shows that jackfruit rind contain high percentages of cellulose,

hemicellulose, and holocellulose, making it suitable for enzymatic saccharification.

Alkaline pretreatment proved effective in enhancing the accessibility of jackfruit rind

to enzymatic hydrolysis. The study revealed that increasing the amount of cellulase

and time led to higher ethanol yields, although sugar concentration saturation after

60 hours exhibited competitive inhibition with cellulase, deactivating it. Continuous

saccharification and fermentation improved bioethanol yield and its saccharification

rate. The physicochemical properties of extracted ethanol from jackfruit rind showed

great potential for bioethanol production and the lamp testing indicated that ethanol

burned faster and illuminated for a longer duration compared to kerosene.

Recommendations in this study include promoting renewable energy sources like

jackfruit rind for bioethanol production, exploring alternative pretreatment methods

and enzymes, employing different microorganisms for continuous saccharification

and fermentation, utilizing better temperature control in distillation units, and

experimenting with various techniques to enhance yield percentages.

According to Rivera et al. (2015), They produce bioethanol from sweet

sorghum stalks via fermentation and distillation methods and assess its suitability as

a blending agent for gasoline, comparing it with Petron XCS gasoline. Sweet

sorghum stalks from Batac City, Ilocos Norte, were used, with 225kg being

processed. The stalks were peeled, milled using a movable milling machine, and

then subjected to pasteurization, fermentation, and distillation process, and the

bioethanol produced was blended with gasoline at varying proportions of ten, fifteen,

and twenty percent according to Republic Act 9367, which mandates a ten percent

35
ethanol blend in gasoline. The physicochemical properties of the extracted ethanol

were evaluated at SGS Philippines, Makati, adhering to PNS/DOE standards. The

performance testing involved assessing grass cutter engine performance at Golden

Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, while emission testing occurred at TESDA

Batangas City. In addition, The study also examined the impact of blended

bioethanol on grass cutter fuel efficiency. The extraction process involved milling the

sorghum stalks, sterilizing the extracted juice, and ensuring a sugar content for

optimal bioethanol production.

In the study of Demafelis et al. (2020), The objective of the study was to

improve the effectiveness of producing second-generation bioethanol by performing

simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of rice straw and banana

stem, which are important agricultural byproducts in the Philippines. This was

achieved using commercial enzymes and the yeast Kluyveromyces Marxianus.

Before solid-state fermentation (SSF), the residues were subjected to chemical

treatment. An investigation was conducted to determine the possibility of using

banana stem and rice straw as bioethanol feedstocks with K. Marxianus. The

findings indicated that the pseudostem exhibited the greatest ethanol concentration

at 5.35 L-1, when subjected to an enzyme loading of 30 FPU g-1, a temperature of

35°C, and a reaction duration of 24 hours. A concentration of 6.30 g L-1 was

observed for rice straw after 48 hours, using the same enzyme loading and a solid-

state fermentation (SSF) temperature of 45°C. The ethanol content was shown to

be highly influenced by reaction time, exhibiting an inverse relationship. The

pseudostem exhibited a peak ethanol concentration after a duration of 24 hours,

while the pretreated rice straw reached its peak concentration after 48 hours. While

the impact of temperature on ethanol concentration was found to be negligible, it was

36
observed that K. Marxianus exhibited its capacity to generate ethanol within the

designated operational parameters. Furthermore, it was determined that both

biomass sources were appropriate for the manufacture of bioethanol.

According to the study of Bataller et al. (2019), The bioethanol industry in the

Philippines experiences two main challenges which are the limited availability of raw

materials and high domestic ethanol costs due to ineffective operations. In order to

address these problems and choose good alternative feedstock for sugarcane, it is

necessary to evaluate crops and their waste products according to standards of

social, economic, and environmental sustainability. It is essential to engage in

discussions with farmers in order to provide recommendations for optimal farming

practices and harvesting plans, considering different variables such as substrate

content. To ensure the right amount of crops as raw materials, it is important to use

production improvements and engage in plant development. The grant of policy

support from agencies such as the National Biofuels Board is critical for the

development of projects related to renewable energy. Although the Biofuels Act of

2006 required a 10% bioethanol blend in petrol, the demand has not been satisfied

because there is limited local supply, which has led to the need for imports. The

Department of Energy (DOE) has formulated a strategic plan and set of guidelines to

address feedstock problems which involve enhancing sugarcane production and

conducting research on alternative feedstocks. Sweet sorghum, rice straw, and

macroalgae are recommended for bioethanol production based on characteristics

such as resources, availability, and production cost. Among these, sweet sorghum is

identified as a good alternative feedstock to sugarcane. In order to achieve the

potential of alternative biomass sources, it is necessary to use appropriate

techniques for conversion and improve stages of the process.

37
SYNTHESIS

FOREIGN

Several studies highlight the potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) peels as

a sustainable resource for biofuel production and bioactive compounds.

Yesmin et al. used fermentation for bioethanol yield, while this study

investigates the process of transforming these peels into a valuable product,

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). The key differences lie in focus and scope. Yesmin

et al. explored general bioethanol production from various ripe mango varieties in

Bangladesh, whereas this study concentrates on bioethanol production specifically

from ripe mango peels in the Philippines for conversion to SAF. Furthermore,

Yesmin et al. focused on optimizing fermentation parameters for bioethanol yield,

while this research studies the whole conversion process from mango peels to SAF,

including crucial purification steps like purification and mild hydrotreating. This study

supports the knowledge from Yesmin et al. (2023) and expands upon it by exploring

the zone of biofuel production for the aviation industry. It tackles the challenges of

purifying bioethanol for jet fuel standards and explores its potential as a sustainable

alternative aviation fuel source in the Philippines.

Similar to the focus on mango peels as a feedstock in the current research,

Bello et al. (2023) recognize the potential within this waste product. They utilize a

specific technique called Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) to extract valuable

compounds from mango peels. This environmentally friendly method employs CO2

under controlled pressure and temperature conditions. Bello et al. (2023) further

differentiate their work by identifying specific bioactive compounds within the mango

peel extracts, including quercetin, beta-carotene, and gallic acid. These compounds

38
are known for their antioxidant properties. Their research goes beyond simply

extracting the compounds. Bello et al. (2023) explore optimizing the extraction

process by comparing different mathematical models to understand the kinetics

(rate) of extraction. They also studied the thermodynamics of the process, analyzing

factors like entropy and enthalpy changes to understand its efficiency and

spontaneity.

The study concentrates on converting the peels into bioethanol, a potential

feedstock for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) while Bello et al. (2023) focus on

specific bioactive compounds using Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Despite

these differences, both studies show remarkable potential of transforming a waste

product into valuable resources. Both studies highlight the possibilities of extracting

various valuable products from mango peels, contributing to a more sustainable

future across multiple sectors. Furthermore, the concept of improving fuel stability

through antioxidants in Bello et al. (2023) connects to the potential use of bioethanol

derived from mango peels used for SAF, emphasizing the broader contribution of

both studies to developing sustainable transportation fuels.

Sharif et al. (2021) focused on mango peels, a byproduct of the mango

industry often discarded as waste. Their study explored sustainable extraction

methods, like Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Enzyme-Assisted

Ultrasound Extraction (EAUE), to recover bioactive compounds from these peels.

Importantly, they optimized these techniques to maximize yield while minimizing

environmental impact.

The findings revealed that mango peels are a rich source of phenolic

compounds and polyphenolics, known for their antioxidant properties. This indicates

39
significant potential for using these extracts for health benefits. The study highlights

EAUE as an efficient technique for extracting valuable bioactive molecules from

natural resources like mango peels, promoting waste valorization and contributing to

a more sustainable future.

While both the study and the research by Sharif et al. (2021) focus on mango

byproducts, they explore different angles for waste valorization. Sharif et al. (2021)

focused on bioactive molecules, utilizing innovative extraction techniques to recover

health-promoting antioxidants from mango peels. Their research highlights the

potential of transforming this waste into a source of nutraceuticals or functional food

ingredients.

This study, on the other hand, takes a different approach. It concentrates on

converting another mango byproduct which is the ripe mango peels, into bioethanol,

a potential precursor for Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). Here, the focus shifts from

health benefits to environmental sustainability. By utilizing waste for bioethanol

production, this research aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lessen

greenhouse gas emissions within the aviation industry.

Trinidad (2021) investigated the fermentation performance of a specific yeast

strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034, using both mango pulp and peel. This

research provided valuable insights into the potential of this entire waste stream, not

just pulp, but also peels as a possible feedstock for bioethanol production.

The current study builds upon the discovery of Trinidad (2021), and explores

the conversion of bioethanol derived from mango peels into a specific type of biofuel:

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). While Trinidad (2021) focused on optimizing the

initial bioethanol production process through yeast strain selection and fermentation

40
parameter adjustments, this current research goes into the subsequent steps

required for creating a usable aviation biofuel. These additional processes, such as

pervaporation and mild hydrotreating, play a role in ensuring the final bioethanol-

derived product meets the specific quality and safety standards for powering

airplanes.

This study takes advantage of the knowledge gained from Trinidad (2021) on

utilizing mango waste for bioethanol production and expands upon it by going into

the area of biofuel production specifically for the aviation industry. This shift in focus

from general bioethanol production to SAF development highlights the growing

urgency for sustainable alternatives in the transportation sector. Air travel is a

significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and the development of SAF

derived from renewable resources like mango peels offers a promising solution.

The study and the research of Memon et al. (2021) take the same approach

to biofuel production using a common source which is the mango peels. While the

study focuses on converting the peels into bioethanol, a precursor for sustainable

aviation fuel (SAF), Memon et al. (2021) develop catalysts for biodiesel production.

Despite these differing goals, both studies promote waste valorization and contribute

to sustainable transportation fuels.

The differences lie in the end product and conversion process. Thie study

utilizes fermentation to convert sugars in the peels to bioethanol, while Memon et al.

(2021) create catalysts through a process called sulfonation for biodiesel production.

The characterization techniques used by Memon et al. (2021) could be applied to

optimize pretreatment for bioethanol production. Additionally, their findings on

41
catalyst reusability offer valuable insights for cost-effective recycling of peels during

bioethanol production in this research.

Optimizing bioethanol production through pretreatment methods, fermentation

parameters, and potentially co-fermenting with other waste streams are also areas

for further exploration. Life cycle assessments for both bioethanol and biodiesel

production processes would be valuable to compare their environmental impact to

traditional fuels. Both studies contribute significantly to developing a more

sustainable biofuel industry by exploring different pathways and highlighting the

potential of utilizing readily available agricultural waste products like mango peels.

LOCAL

In the current study, the researchers focus on bioethanol production using

mango peels as the feedstock. Their goal is to create an alternative aviation fuel

through a fermentation process involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Notably,

they employ pervaporation and mild hydrotreating techniques for fuel purification. On

the other hand, Magbuhos et al. (2017) conducted a study titled “Exploring the

Potential of Soda Pop Waste as a Primary Material for Bioethanol Production.” Their

research centers around bioethanol derived from soda pop waste, with the aim of

blending it into gasoline. Similar to the current study, they also utilize

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast for fermentation. Despite their differences, both

studies contribute to the advancement of bioethanol production from waste

materials. The current study introduces a novel feedstock (mango peels) for potential

aviation fuel applications, while Magbuhos et al. (2017) investigates soda pop waste

as an alternative source. Further research is necessary to compare the efficiency

and environmental impact of these bioethanol production processes.

42
 In the comparative analysis between the study conducted by Articuna et al.

(2017) and the project study, several similarities and differences emerge. Firstly,

both studies share a common objective: the exploration of unconventional

feedstocks for bioethanol production. While Articuna et al. focus their attention on

jackfruit rind, the project study investigates mango peels—both materials rich in

cellulose, hemicellulose, and holocellulose, rendering them suitable candidates for

enzymatic saccharification. Additionally, both studies employ the yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the fermentation process to convert sugars into

bioethanol. However, the research stands apart due to its incorporation of

pervaporation and mild hydrotreating for fuel purification, whereas Articuna et al. do

not explicitly specify downstream processing methods, emphasizing enzymatic

saccharification. Furthermore, while the study under discussion specifically targets

aviation fuel, Articuna et al. explore a broader application, potentially blending their

bioethanol with gasoline. Despite these differences, both studies significantly

contribute to advancing sustainable bioethanol sources. Recommendations include

promoting renewable energy sources like jackfruit rind, exploring alternative

pretreatment techniques and enzyme optimization, investigating diverse

microorganisms for continuous saccharification and fermentation, and implementing

strategies to enhance overall efficiency.

Meanwhile, Rivera et al. (2015) focusing on bioethanol from sweet sorghum

stalks for gasoline blending, and the research investigating bioethanol derived from

ripe mango peels (Mangifera indica L.) as aviation fuel after pervaporation and mild

hydrotreating have some similarities and differences. Both studies share common

ground in exploring biomass conversion into bioethanol. While Rivera et al. (2015)

utilized sweet sorghum stalks as feedstock, the research focused on mango peels,

43
presenting a potential waste-to-fuel solution. Both processes involve fermentation

and distillation for bioethanol production, with Rivera et al. (2015) extending

evaluations to the physicochemical properties, engine performance, and emissions

of the blended fuel. However, notable differences arise in feedstock source and end-

product application. Sweet sorghum stalks are cultivated, while mango peels

represent a potential waste product. Furthermore, Rivera et al. (2015) aimed for a

gasoline blendstock, while the research targets aviation fuel, necessitating additional

processing steps like pervaporation and mild hydrotreating to meet aviation fuel

quality standards. Future considerations suggest exploring regulatory compliance

and compatibility with aviation fuels for the research, inspired by Rivera et al.

(2015)'s emphasis on adherence to regulations for bioethanol blending in gasoline.

Additionally, investigating the feasibility of integrating Rivera et al. (2015)'s

bioethanol production method as a pre-processing step for mango peel-derived

bioethanol presents an intriguing avenue for further exploration. In conclusion, both

studies contribute significantly to the advancement of bioethanol from renewable

sources, with Rivera et al. (2015) showcasing sweet sorghum stalks for gasoline

blending, and the research opening possibilities for waste mango peels as a source

of aviation biofuel.

Demafelis et al. (2020) investigated bioethanol production from rice straw and

banana stem using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with

Kluyveromyces Marxianus yeast, achieving promising results, particularly with

banana pseudostem. In contrast, the research in question focuses on evaluating

bioethanol derived from mango peels as a substitute aviation fuel, likely employing

techniques such as pervaporation and mild hydrotreating. The key differences and

potential connections between the two studies lie in feedstock and bioethanol

44
production methods. While Demafelis et al. (2020) utilized agricultural waste, the

research in question explores fruit peels as a feedstock. Moreover, while Demafelis

et al. (2020) used SSF, the research in question likely employs different techniques

for purification and upgrading to meet aviation fuel standards. Despite these

differences, both studies contribute to the development of bioethanol from

unconventional sources. Demafelis et al. (2020) validate the use of agricultural

residues, while the research in question explores the potential of fruit peels. The high

ethanol concentrations achieved in Demafelis et al. (2020) suggest promise for

optimization and integration with the purification and upgrading techniques of the

research in question for aviation fuel applications. In conclusion, both studies aim to

advance biofuel production from renewable sources, with potential for combining

their findings to optimize bioethanol production and its utilization in aviation fuels.

Lastly, the study by Bataller et al. (2019) shares a common objective of

evaluating alternative bioethanol feedstocks to contribute to the sustainability of the

bioethanol industry. While the research in question focuses on investigating ripe

mango peels (Mangifera indica L.) as a potential feedstock, Bataller et al. (2019)

explore established alternatives such as sweet sorghum, rice straw, and macroalgae

to address current feedstock limitations. However, notable differences emerge

between the studies. While the research in question delves into the novel use of

mango peels and assesses the potential of bioethanol derived from them for aviation

fuel, Bataller et al. (2019) concentrate on bioethanol for conventional fuel

applications. Additionally, the methodologies employed vary, with the research in

question likely involving pervaporation and mild hydrotreating for bioethanol

purification, while Bataller et al. (2019) do not specify conversion methods for their

alternative feedstocks. Despite these differences, similarities between the studies

45
are apparent. Bataller et al. (2019)'s findings on suitable conversion techniques for

various feedstocks could inform the optimization of bioethanol production from

mango peels in the research in question. Conversely, the investigation into mango

peel-derived bioethanol’s feasibility for aviation biofuel in the research in question

could provide insights for future studies on alternative feedstock development, as

explored by Bataller et al. (2019). Overall, both studies contribute significantly to

advancing bioethanol production by exploring alternative feedstocks and conversion

methods, addressing challenges related to feedstock availability and production

costs to promote the sustainability and economic viability of the bioethanol industry.

46
 CHAPTER III

DESIGN AND METHODS

Conceptual Framework

The input of the study initiates by focusing on the efficient and responsible

extraction of glucose from ripe mango peels. Essential input knowledge includes

mango (Mangifera Indica L.) peels, physicochemical pretreatment, pervaporation,

mild hydrotreating, hydroprocessing, and fuel quality and stability test.

The process of the study is the extracted glucose is then fermented into

ethanol. This stage involves several parameters such as yeast fermentation,

fermentation temperature, fermentation efficiency, fermentation time, and percent

yield. The produced ethanol is then purified through a series of processes including

distillation, hydroprocessing, and mild hydrotreating. The physical properties of the

purified ethanol such as pH level, boiling point, density, viscosity, freezing point, flash

point, calorific value, water content, volatility, corrosiveness, purity of ethanol, yield,

ethanol concentration, and purification efficiency are evaluated.

The output of the research is an experimental set up for the comparison

analysis of Bio-Jet Fuel produced from Bioethanol derived from Mango (Mangifera

Indica L.) With standard aviation kerosene available inthe market. The output aims

to deliver bioethanol derived from ripped Mangifera Indica L. peels tailored for

aviation fuel purposes. The output includes high-quality bioethanol meeting aviation

fuel standards, thus offering a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based fuels.

47
Figure 4. Paradigm of the study

48
Technical Design and Procedure

The study used an experimental approach in the evaluation of ethanol from

ripe Mangifera indica L. peels as an aviation fuel after pervaporation and mild

hydrotreating.

Preparation of Mango peels

Extraction of glucose from ripe Mango peel

Fermentation of glucose extracted from ripe mango peels

Purification of ethanol produced from the fermentation of

mango peels

Property evaluation of Bio-ethanol derived from ripe

Mango peel

Final testing with ASTM D1655-22

Providing an experimental set up for the Bio-Jet Fuel produced from

Bioethanol derived from Mango peels with standard aviation kerosene

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the study

Figure 5 discusses the possibility of the potential of bioethanol, derived from

the peels of ripe mangoes, as a sustainable alternative to conventional aviation fuel.

49
The procedure begins with the collection and preparation of the mango peels

followed by the extraction of glucose from the peels of ripe mangoes. This is

accomplished through established methods for physicochemical pretreatment,

ensuring the procurement of high-quality raw materials. Following the extraction, the

research proceeds into the fermentation process. The extracted glucose undergoes

fermentation to produce bioethanol. The study analyzes the effects of glucose

concentration and purity on the yield and efficiency of this process. Upon the

production of bioethanol, the study proceeds to the purification phase. The bioethanol

produced from the fermentation of mango peels undergoes purification processes,

including pervaporation and mild hydrotreating. This step ensures the production of

pure and high-quality bioethanol. The next phase involves the characterization of the

purified bioethanol. The study evaluates the properties of the bioethanol derived from

ripe mango peels, assessing its suitability as an aviation fuel. This includes an

examination of the purity and yield of the bioethanol, its physical properties, and its

energy and water content. The research then moves to the final testing phase, where

the bioethanol is subjected to testing using the ASTM D1655-22 standard. This step

is crucial in determining the fuel quality, stability, and emission profile of the

bioethanol. The study concludes an experimental set up for the bio-jet fuel fuel

prodcued from bioethanol derived from mango peels (mangifera indica L.) with

standard aviation kerosene availablle in the market for the comparison anaylsis. This

research journey, while academic, is designed to be accessible, with terms and

concepts that are simple and easy to understand, ensuring that the potential of

bioethanol derived from ripe mango peels as an aviation fuel is explored in a

comprehensive yet understandable manner.

Data Collection and treatment

50
This study is an experimental type of research which consists of eight procedures

namely the physicochemical pretreatment, fermentation, distillation, pervaporation,

hydroprocessing, and mild treatment to produce a light weight bio ethanol.

1. Preparation of raw materials

The raw material that is used is ripe Mangifera indica L peel with maturity color

index of 5 to 6 (Fama, 2016). It will be donated by Max Mango Business located in

Lipa City, Batangas. 21kg of peel samples will be carefully washed using running

water at least three times and put to the oven at 50 degree celsius for 3 hrs and will

be grinded using a mortar.

Pretreatment of ripe mango peel waste

The prepared mango peels will undergo dilute acid hydrolysis to extract

sugars. First, a 3M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution is prepared by mixing 320 mL of

concentrated muriatic acid (29.1% HCl) with 680 mL of distilled water. Similarly, a 3M

sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is made by dissolving 120 grams of caustic soda

in 1 liter of distilled water (caution: exothermic reaction) and cooling it to room

temperature.

Next, 750 mL each of the 3M HCl and NaOH solutions are combined in a

steel container (exothermic reaction). Powdered mango peels are then added to the

mixture in the steel container. To ensure even mixing and prevent gas build-up, the

mixture is stirred every 5 minutes for 30 minutes.

Following this, the mixture undergoes hydrolysis at a temperature between

60°C and 100°C for 10 minutes. If bubbles accumulate during hydrolysis, additional

51
mixing is recommended. Finally, the mixture is cooled to room temperature, and its

pH is adjusted to a range between 4 and 6.

1.1 Methods of determining the concentration of glucose

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) provides a

breakdown of the sugars present in your mango peel, including glucose. The

testing will be conducted in De Lasalle University, Manila using their

Chromatography Laboratory’s Analytical High-Performance Liquid

Chromatography with Gel Permeation Chromatography/Size Exclusion

Chromatography capabilities (HPLC/GPC).

For the method of testing, a 2mL vial of samples are provided by the

researchers where the mango peel slurry will be filtered to remove any

particles that could clog the HPLC column. To identify the sugars in the

sample, there is a need to calibrate the system. This involves preparing

solutions with known concentrations of glucose (and potentially other expected

sugars) using the same solvents your HPLC uses. Once calibrated, a

measured volume of the filtered mango peel slurry will be injected into the

HPLC instrument. The system separates the different sugars in the given

sample based on how they interact with the column. A detector then measures

these separated components, generating a chromatogram with peaks

corresponding to each sugar.

1.2 Glucose Yield

52
 To produce bioethanol from glucose derived from mango peels, the

researchers need to produce 40 to 46 percent of glucose through yeast

fermentation and will be sent to the BIOTECH Central Analytical Service

Laboratory in the University of the Philippines Los Baños to further analyze

the glucose content.

2. Fermentation of glucose extracted from ripe mango peel

2.1 Yeast Fermentation

To activate the yeast, warm distilled water will be used that does not

exceed to 40 degrees celsius. 90g of saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast will be

weighed and added to 900 ml of warm water, followed by 3/8 tsp of white

sugar to help in activating. After mixing, the solution will be covered and left for

20 minutes to activate the yeast. For fermentation, the activated yeast will be

added to the sample and will be transferred to a 4L container. The container

will be left open for 24 hours to ease the pressure buildup and then the

container's hole will be sealed with plastic to create an anaerobic environment.

Fermentation was carried out across three different times namely four, eight,

and twelve days.

2.2 Methods of determining Fermentation Temperature

To monitor and ensure the fermentation temperature within this optimal

range, the researchers will use a thermometer probe every 24 hours for 12

53
days. The optimal temperature range for yeast fermentation is 28 to 32

degrees Celsius (Liu, 2019). This range is ideal because it promotes the

activity of yeast cells, focusing on the fermentation process and enhancing the

production of desired compounds like alcohol or carbon dioxide.

2.3 Methods of determining the fermentation Efficiency

This method compares the theoretical maximum ethanol yield with the

actual amount produced. To calculate the theoretical yield, you'll need to

analyze the initial sugar concentration in the mango peel (primarily glucose)

before fermentation. Once you have the initial sugar concentration (typically

expressed in grams per liter or mg/mL), you can utilize the stoichiometry of

the fermentation reaction and a conversion factor to calculate the theoretical

ethanol yield. The simplified equation for the complete conversion of glucose

(the primary sugar in mango peels) to ethanol is:

From the balanced equation, we see that 1 mole of glucose (180 g/mol)

theoretically produces 2 moles of ethanol (2 x 46 g/mol = 92 g). Therefore:

Equation 1. Conversion Factor

With the initial sugar concentration and the conversion factor, you can

calculate the theoretical maximum yield of ethanol using the following formula:

54
 Equation 2. Theoretical Yield

The fermentation efficiency (%) is then calculated using the following formula:

Equation 3. Fermentation Efficiency

2.4 Methods of determining Fermentation Time

In the study of the potential of carabao grass (Paspalum Conjugatum)

as bioethanol feedstock by Rosie (2019), The researchers use 3 different

durations in fermenting the glucose which are the 4, 8, and 12 days duration.

After evaluation, the result showed that the 12 days is the suitable

fermentation duration for yeast fermentation.

2.5 Methods of determining Percent Yield

The following steps detail the procedure for determining the ethanol

yield from mango peels using Gas Chromatography (GC) from De Lasalle

University’s Chromatography laboratory.

To quantify the ethanol yield using Gas Chromatography (GC), the

researcher prepares an internal standard solution (1% n-propanol) to ensure

accurate measurement. A 1mL distillate is then diluted with the internal

standard solution in a known ratio of 1:1 based on the expected ethanol

concentration and the GC's dynamic range. This diluted sample is finally

filtered using a 0.22 µm syringe filter to remove any particu lates that could

clog the GC column.

55
 The GC analysis itself requires referring to the specific instrument

manual for operational details. A 1 µL of the prepared sample is injected into

the GC equipped with a capillary column suitable for separating ethanol, such

as HP-INNOWAX, and a flame ionization detector (FID). The GC separates

and detects the ethanol and internal standard, generating a chromatogram

with corresponding peaks. By comparing these peaks to retention times from

standard solutions or library data, the researcher can identify the ethanol

peak.

To calculate the ethanol concentration in the diluted sample, the

researchers used the following equation:

Equation 4. Ethanol Concentration

With the ethanol concentration in the diluted sample determined, the

researcher can finally calculate the percent yield of ethanol using the following

equation, assuming the sugar composition of the mango peels is primarily

glucose (theoretical yield factor for glucose = 0.51):

Equation 5. Percent Yield

3. Purification of the ethanol produced from mango peels

The purification of bioethanol derived from the mango peels will undergo the

56
distillation, pervaporation, hydroprocessing, and mild hydrotreating process, to

remove impurities like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide which can help to reduce

the weight of bioethanol.

Distillation

The distillation procedure for bioethanol involves separating and

refining ethanol derived from the fermentation process where the fermented

water mixture containing only a few percent of ethanol is heated and then

concentrated until the ethanol concentration is 90%. The 900 ml will be sent to

the BIOTECH Central analytical laboratory for the procedure of bioethanol

distillation.

This membrane-based separation technique is highly effective for

removing water and achieving the high ethanol purity required for fuel

applications. During pervaporation, the bioethanol mixture is passed through a

selective membrane that is permeable primarily to water while retaining

ethanol. This process takes advantage of the chemical potential gradient

between the two sides of the membrane. Also, this separation process is

driven by the difference in concentration of ethanol and water across the

membrane, effectively increasing the ethanol purity beyond the azeotropic

limit of approximately 95.6% ethanol by weight at standard atmospheric

pressure.

Pervaporation

This will be conducted in Batangas State University Laboratory

57
Alangilan Campus where the researchers will be placing a glass wool into a

boiling tube and adding 2 cm^2 of bioethanol to wet the glass wool then

researchers will add 3 grams of porcelain chips as a catalyst in the mid

section of the glass tube. Then, the bioethanol will undergo a heating phase

at 170°C to remove carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.

Hydroprocessing

Hydroprocessing is a method used in the production of biofuels like

bioethanol. It involves the treatment of organic materials, such as fruit peels,

under high pressure and temperature in the presence of hydrogen to convert

them into valuable products like bioethanol. The hydroprocessing will be

conducted at Linde Philippines, Inc. in Mandaluyong.

The researchers will use 150 ml of fermented Bioethanol derived from

ripe mango peels. This bioethanol, produced through the fermentation

process, holds promise as a sustainable alternative fuel source, particularly for

aviation purposes. By harnessing the bioethanol derived from mango peels,

the study contributes to the utilization of agricultural waste for eco-friendly

energy production, aligning with the global shift towards renewable and

environmentally conscious fuel sources.

Mild hydrotreating

The process of mild hydrotreating will be conducted to refine organic

waste utilizing moderate pressure, temperature, and hydrogen. This method

facilitates the conversion of waste into valuable products such as bioethanol,

offering potential for sustainable energy, notably in aviation. In this study, 100

58
 ml of the bioethanol derived from fermented mango peels was utilized. The

mild hydrotreating procedure will be conducted at Linde Philippines, Inc. in

Mandaluyong to enhance the quality of the bioethanol for its application as

aviation fuel.

3.1 Methods of determining the Calorific Value and Water Content

The bioethanol will be sent to SGS located in Makati, Manila for the energy

and water content. The energy content, or calorific value, is typically measured using

a bomb calorimeter. In this process, a small, precisely measured sample of

bioethanol is combusted in a high-pressure container, and the heat released during

combustion will be measured. This heat, after necessary corrections for temperature

and other factors, indicates the energy content of the bioethanol. It’s essential to

know this value as it directly relates to the fuel's efficiency and performance in

aviation engines. On the other hand, the water content in bioethanol is crucial as

excessive water can reduce fuel efficiency and cause operational issues in aircraft

engines. To measure water content, the Karl Fischer titration will be used. This

method involves adding the bioethanol sample to a reagent that reacts specifically

with water. The amount of reagent consumed indicates the amount of water in the

sample. Precise measurement of both the energy and water content is vital to ensure

that the bioethanol meets the necessary standards for use as aviation fuel,

considering that both energy efficiency and safety are paramount in aviation

applications. Accurate assessment of these parameters helps in evaluating the

suitability of mango peel-derived bioethanol as a sustainable and effective alternative

to conventional aviation fuels.

59
3.2 Methods of determining Volatility

The 50 mL of bioethanol will be examined at SGS located in Makati, Manila for

volatile testing and the process for testing volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

consists of measuring the weight percentage of volatile content that can be reduced

by solvents and water using the ASTM D2369 and EPA standards. In the terms of

alcohol testing, the volatile testing process for ethanol involves using a

diluter/dispenser and headspace gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/mass

spectrometer (HSS-GC-FID-MS) to assess the ethanol concentration in both

aqueous and biological samples. The strategy employed in this study depends on the

statistical sampling plan used by the alcohol testing department.

3.3 Methods of determining the Corrosiveness

The 50 mL of bioethanol will undergo Electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS) available in the University of the Philippines Diliman because it

can be used to evaluate the corrosiveness of bioethanol and its effect on the

durability of materials used in automotive components. The electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS) graphs show two different flows across all materials.

The highest-frequency arc refers to the dielectric reaction of the fuel mixes, while the

second arc shows the properties and changes in the metal/fuel interaction. The

transfer resistance (Rt) obtained from the second arc of the electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements is useful as an indicator of the

materials' sensitivity to corrosion.

60
4. Methods in combining bioethanol derived from mango peel to kerosene fuel

In combining the bioethanol derived from mango peel to the kerosene,

researchers will used erlenmeyer flash to measure 20 percent or 200 mL of

bioethanol (Xie, 2024), and it will be mixed slowly to the 1 liter of S&W nitro fuel

kerosene using a glass steering rod. This procedure will be conducted in the

laboratory of Batangas State University, Alangilan City.

5. Evaluate the combined kerosene and purified bioethanol as an aviation fuel

using ASTM D1655-22a to determine the following:

To evaluate the purified bioethanol derived from mango peel as an aviation fuel, the

researchers will use ASTM D1655-22 because it is used as a standard specification

for aviation fuel. A 100 mL of bioethanol will be sent to SGS Makati, Metro Manila to

inspect the quality for aviation fuel.

5.1 Method of determining the Physical Properties

5.1.1 Methods of determining the Boiling point

The researcher will determine the boiling point of Kerosene

mixed with Bioethanol from mango peel using the capillary method

in Batangas State University Laboratory Alangilan. This

experimental approach involves using a capillary tube to measure

the boiling point of the bioethanol sample. To determine the boiling

point of ethanol using the capillary method, a specific procedure is

followed. First, a 20 ml sample of kerosene mixed with bioethanol

61
 is obtained and a capillary tube is prepared by sealing one end by

holding it in a flame and rotating it for 2-3 minutes. Next, a small

amount of the substance is transferred into a fusion tube. The

sealed end of the capillary tube is then dipped into the ethanol in

the fusion tube, ensuring it is facing upwards and then the capillary

tube and a thermometer are inserted into an aluminum block,

which is placed on a tripod and heated using a kerosene burner.

As the aluminum block is heated, the temperature is carefully

monitored. The boiling point of kerosene mixed with bioethanol is

recorded as soon as a continuous stream of bubbles emerges

from the ethanol in the fusion tube, indicating the transition from a

liquid to a gas state. This observation will allow for the accurate

determination of the boiling point of ethanol using the capillary

method.

5.1.2 Methods of determining the Density

A pycnometer is a scientific instrument used to precisely

measure the density of liquids. It's a small, sealed container with a

known volume and a special stopper. To determine the density of

liquids, the pycnometer is first weighed empty. Then, it's carefully

filled with 50 ml of kerosene mixed with bioethanol, ensuring no air

bubbles get trapped. After wiping off any excess liquid on the

outside, the filled pycnometer is weighed again. The density is

calculated using the difference between the empty and filled

weights, along with the known volume of the pycnometer. The

62
 testing will be done at DOST to ensure the accuracy and precision

of the values that are being measured.

5.1.3 Methods of determining the Viscosity

For the determination of the viscosity, the use of Cannon-

Fenske Opaque Viscometer from ASTM D445 will be used. It is a

reverse-flow type of viscometer suitable for measuring the

kinematic viscosity of opaque liquids. It works by measuring the

time it takes for a specific volume of fluid to flow through a

calibrated capillary tube under gravity. The higher the viscosity, the

longer the flow time. The testing will be done by the Department of

Science and Technology.

5.1.4 Methods of determining the Freezing point

The determination of freezing point will be conducted in the

ADMATEL Bicutan, Taguig. The cooling curve method is expected

to be the typical approach to be used. In this method, the

bioethanol sample will be gradually cooled in a controlled

environment, and its temperature will be recorded over time. As

the sample starts to freeze, the release of latent heat is anticipated

to cause a plateau or even a slight increase in temperature,

signaling the onset of freezing. The temperature at which the

temperature curve stabilizes before dropping again will be

recorded as the freezing point of the kerosene with bioethanol.

63
 5.1.5 Methods of determining the Flash point

The ASTM D56 is the most suitable method in determining

the flashpoint; this test method will be used in a controlled

laboratory setting to measure and describe the manner in which

materials, products, or assemblies react to heat and flame. Based

on the following characteristics about the closed-cup flash point of

liquids: a viscosity of 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at 40°C (104°F); a

viscosity of 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at 25°C (77°F); a flash point

of 93°C (200°F) or higher; a tendency to form a film on the surface

under test conditions; or solids that are suspended in the fluid. The

test will be conducted in The Industrial Technology Development

Institute (ITDI) one of the DOST's RDIs (research and

development institutes) in Bicutan, Taguig City, Philippines

5.1.6 Methods of determining the Ph Level

In determining the pH level of the substance, the researcher

will send a 50 mL sample of kerosene mixed with bioethanol to the

testing analysis laboratory of DOST in Taguig City for the

determination of pH level. This method will determine the acidity

and alkalinity of the substance.

5.2 Methods of determining the Fuel Quality

The process of determining the quality of the 50 ml kerosene mixed

with bioethanol fuel in the Philippines includes a variety of testing services

offered by companies such as SGS Makati, Manila and Intertek. These

64
services include conducting tests on biofuel components according to ASTM

D6751 and EN 14214 standards, verifying petrol and diesel according to

EN228 and EN590 standards, determining and characterizing biofuel

components in mineral fuels, performing microbiological analysis, improving

processes, and determining additive treatment to enhance product quality. In

addition, biofuels undergo physical testing to analyze their qualities and

ensure adherence to quality requirements.

5.3. Methods in determining Stability Test

To determine the stability of the substance, the researcher will prepare

a 50 mL sample of kerosene mixed with bioethanol and will be sent to the

Intertek Laboratory in Quezon City, Philippines. Interktek Laboratory will use

ASTM D1655 to accurately determine the stability of the substance and this

procedure will also provide insight to the researchers about the autoxidation

properties of the sample.

5.4 Methods of determining Emission Test

SGS Philippines offers a comprehensive evaluation of testing services

for biofuels, including bioethanol. The services provided include the

investigation of raw biomass products, the certification for emissions trading,

and the supply of products for the aviation and marine transportation

industries. SGS offers certification services for biofuel components by the

ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Additionally, they provide certification

for gasoline and diesel products according to the EN228 and EN590

standards.

65
6. Methods in building an experimental set up for the Bio-Jet Fuel produced

from Bioethanol derived from Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) with standard

aviation kerosene available in the market.

The researcher will provide an experimental setup to compare the produced

bio-jet fuel from bioethanol derived from mango peels with the available aviation

kerosene in the market. BAMECH Electronics offer a range of services including

Robotics, Programming, Prototyping, Web Development, Image Processing,

Electronic Design, Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Fabrication. The fabrication

will span 3 months, including the testing and calibration of the experimental setup.

The radio-controlled (RC) aircraft model that will use for the experimental set

up is a 1/3 scale version, featuring a wingspan of 141 inches (3580 mm) and a wing

area of 2821 square inches (182 square decimeters), which denote its considerable

size. The aircraft weighs 28.5 pounds (13000 grams) and possesses a fuselage

length of 91 inches (2310 mm). It is powered by an 80cc kerosene/gasoline engine,

which is suitable for its scale and intended flight operations. Uniquely, the fuel that

will use is a bioethanol-kerosene blend, with the bioethanol derived from mango

peels, showcasing an innovative approach to sustainable fuel sources. The control

mechanism includes a 5-channel radio system complemented by eight high torque

servos, which are essential for the effective management of the aircraft's flight

controls.

However, in various countries often set specific altitude limits to ensure safe

airspace operations and avoid conflicts with manned aircraft. In the United States,

the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) generally restricts RC aircraft to a

maximum altitude of 400 feet above the ground level when flown within uncontrolled

66
(Class G) airspace and away from airports to prevent interference with other aircraft.

This regulatory framework is designed to maintain safety in increasingly crowded

skies (FAA, 2021).

Equipment/Facilities/Programs

This section contains the equipment, facilities, and programs that will be used

to evaluate the bioethanol derived from ripe Mango Peels (Mangifera L.)

1. Mortar and pestle

Will be used to powderize the dry mango peel samples before

proceeding to acid hydrolysis.

Figure 6. Mortar and pestle

Source: Home Science Tools, n.d.

2. Microwave

Will be used to dry the mango peel samples.

67
 Figure 7. Microwave

Source: Fisher Scientific, 2019.

3. Agilent 8890 gas spectroscopy mass spectrometer

Will be used to identify the purity of bioethanol and glucose.

Figure 8. Agilent 8890 gas spectroscopy mass spectrometer

Source: Agilent, n.d.

4. 4 liters of plastic bottle

Will be used as a storage container during the fermentation process.

68
 Figure 9. 4 Liters Plastic bottle

Source: Dynaplas Ltd., n.d.

Data Collection and Treatment

The researcher plans to gather data from several facilities and use different

methods for the evaluation of bioethanol derived from ripe Mangifera indica L as an

aviation fuel. The Chemical Laboratory of the Department of Science and Technology

(DOST) will be used for the pretreatment process where a acid hydrolysis method will

be used to extract glucose from the mango peel waste and the Analytical Service

Laboratory (ASL) at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) will evaluate

various properties of the bioethanol derived from the mango peels which includes

measuring pH levels, determining the freezing point, evaluating energy content,

assessing water content, and testing for corrosiveness using variety of techniques

like Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). On the other hand, the

69
Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI), part of DOST's Research and

Development Institutes (RDIs), will contribute by evaluating the density, viscosity,

color, boiling point, and conducting various physical tests on the bioethanol samples.

In testing the final parameters, the SGS Philippines, located in Makati, Manila, will

conduct tests for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), fuel quality, stability, and

emissions testing, ensuring the quality for international standards.

Budget Requirements

Material Quantity Price

70
 Ripe Mango (Mangifera 3 kg 500

indica) peels

Yeast 1 550

Gas chromatography Test 3 hr 8100

Viscosity Index Test 3 3960

Hydrometer 3 900

Purify ethanol test 1 5680

ASTM D56 Test 2 1400

ASTM D2369 Test 1 500

HPLC 1 3100

Emission test 1 600

Fermentation testing 1 3850

Mild Hydrotreating 1 1320

Experimental Setup 1 40 000

TOTAL PHP 70,460.00

Table 1. Budget Requirements

The table provided above presents the estimated expenses and prices

associated with the different materials necessary for the evaluation and testing. The

raw materials and other testing procedure and cost are also indicated.The overall

71
expenses of the research study reach PHP 70,460.00

Expected Output

The expected output of the researcher is to produce a llightweight bioethanol

derived from ripe Mangifera indica L. peels and will be mixed to aviation kerosene. It

72
aims to enhance the performance and efficiency of produced aviation fuel to power

aircraft engines. Evaluate the characteristics and properties of bioethanol mixed with

kerosene and provide experimental set up which compares the Bio-Jet Fuel

produced from Bioethanol derived from Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) with standard

aviation fuel available in the market.

For the experimental set up, the expected output is an RC (radio controlled)

plane designed to a 1/3 scale, boasting a wingspan of 141 inches (3580 mm) and a

wing area of 2821 square inches (182 square decimeters). This substantial model

weighs 28.5 pounds (13000 grams) and has a fuselage length of 91 inches (2310

mm). It is equipped with an 80cc gasoline engine, optimized for its size and the

specific flight operations intended. Additionally, this model will use a bioethanol-

kerosene blend as fuel. Control is managed through a 5-channel radio system with

eight high torque servos, essential for precise flight control.

Figure 10. Sketch of RC Plane

73
GANTT CHART

TASK NAME LOCATION

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY
WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Conceptualizing Alangilan,
Batangas City
Collection of materials Batangas City
Preparation of the Batangas City
materials
Extraction of glucose
in ripe mangifera
indica L. peels

Conduct preliminary Makati, Metro

testing Manila

Conduct final testing Makati, Metro

Manila
Finalization of paper Alangilan,
Batangas City
Oral defense Alangilan,
Batangas City
Revision of the Paper Alangilan,
Batangas City

74
Bibliography

75
Bello, U., et al. (2023). Characterization, bioactivity evaluation, thermo-kinetic

studies of mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel extract, and its

applicability in oxidative stabilization of biodiesel. Biomass Conversion

and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03973-9

Central Analytical Services Laboratory - BIOTECH (2024) BIOTECH. Available

at: https://biotech.uplb.edu.ph/laboratory-services/casl/ (Accessed: 7

April 2024).

Department of Trade and Industry (2018). The Philippines in the Mango Global

Value Chain. [online] Available at: https://dtiwebfiles.s3.ap-southeast-

1.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/11/2018-02-The-Philippines-in-the-

Mango-Global-Value-Chain.pdf.

Emmanouilidou, E., Mitkidou, S., Agapiou, A. and Kokkinos, N.C. (2023). Solid

waste biomass as a potential feedstock for producing sustainable

aviation fuel: A systematic review. Renewable Energy, [online] 206,

pp.897–907. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.113.

Karim, A. et al. (2022) ‘Conversion pathways for biomass-derived aviation fuels’,

Elsevier eBooks, pp. 1–25. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-

0-323-85715-4.00003-3.

76
Khalid, A., Aslam, M., Qyyum, M.A., Faisal, A., Khan, A.L., Ahmed, F., Lee, M.,

Kim, J., Jang, N., Chang, I.S., Bazmi, A.A. and Yasin, M. (2019).

Membrane separation processes for dehydration of bioethanol from

fermentation broths: Recent developments, challenges, and

prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105,

pp.427–443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.002.

Laboratory Services (2024) SGSCorp. Available at:

https://www.sgs.com/en-ph/service-groups/laboratory-services

(Accessed: 7 April 2024).

Memon, S. S, et al. (2021). An excellent sulfonated hydrothermal carbon catalyst

from Mangifera indica L. (mango peels) for biodiesel production:

preparation, characterization, optimization, and kinetic study. Biomass

Conversion and Biorefinery, 12(1), 141–151.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01535-5

Overton, J. (2022). Fact Sheet: the Growth in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from

Commercial Aviation | White Papers | EESI. [online] www.eesi.org.

Available at: https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-the-growth-

in-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-commercial-aviation.

Proximate and Ultimate Analysis (2024) SGSCorp. Available at:

https://www.sgs.com/en-ph/services/proximate-and-ultimate-analysis

(Accessed: 7 April 2024).

77
Sharif, T., et al. (2021). Recovery of high-value bioactive phytochemicals from

agro-waste of mango (Mangifera indica L.) using enzyme-assisted

ultrasound pretreated extraction. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery,

13(8), 6591–6599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01589-5

Tarrsini, M., Teoh, Y.P., Shuit, S.H., Ooi, Z.X., Ng, Q.H. and Kunasundari, B.

(2019). Evolution toward the utilization of mango leaves as

lignocellulosic material in bioethanol production: A review of process

parameter and integrated technologies. Environmental Progress &

Sustainable Energy, 38(6). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13233.

Trinidad, S. S. (2021). Evaluation of agro-industrial wastes to produce bioethanol:

case study - Mango (Mangifera indica L.). www.academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/58454027/Evaluation_of_Agro_industrial_

Wastes_to_Produce_Bioethanol_Case_Study_Mango_Mangifera_Indi

ca_L_

Xu, Z.-L. (2017) ‘Heavy Nonferrous Metals’, Elsevier eBooks, pp. 101–149.

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803410-1.00004-9.

Yesmin, N., et al. (2023). Bioethanol Production from Different Varieties of Over-

ripen Mango (Mangifera indica L.) of Bangladesh. www.academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/100445289/Bioethanol_Production_from_D

ifferent_Varieties_of_Over_ripen_Mango_i_Mangifera_indica_i_L_of_

Bangladesh

78
Yoo, E., Lee, U. and Wang, M. (2022). Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of

Sustainable Aviation Fuel through a Net-Zero Carbon Biofuel Plant

Design. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 10(27), pp.8725–

8732. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00977.

Yusuf, A. and Inambao, F. (2019). bioethanol production techniques from

lignocellulosic biomass as alternative fuel: a review. Article ID:
IJARET_10_03_026 International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, [online] 10(3), pp.259–288. Available at:
https://iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJARET/VOLUME_1
0_ISSUE_3/IJARET_10_03_026.pdf [Accessed 6 Apr. 2024]

79
 CURRICULUM VITAE

ATIENZA, ROMA ANGELA M.

Sinisian West, Lemery, Batangas
09975542281
romaangelaatienza@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth : December 1, 2002

Place of Birth : Lemery, Batangas
Age : 20
Gender : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Father : Rolando M. Atienza
Mother : Maria Victoria M. Atienza

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY : Batangas State University - Alangilan Campus

Alangilan, Batangas City
Bachelor of Science in Petroleum Engineering
2021 - Present

SECONDARY : Lemery Senior High School

Lemery, Batangas
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) Strand Academic Track
2019-2021

: Governor Feliciano Leviste M.N.H.S

Lemery, Batangas
2015 - 2019

PRIMARY : Saint Raphael Archangel Parochial School

Calaca, Batangas
2006 - 2015

ORGANIZATION AFFILIATION

● Member, Society of Petroleum Engineers, BatState-U Chapter, SPE (2021 –

Present)
● I hereby declare that all information contained herein is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge.

80
 CURRICULUM VITAE

BERUELA, GENGHIS
Balagtas, Batangas City
09455804644
genghisberuela23@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth : October 1, 2002

Place of Birth : San Pablo City, Laguna
Age : 21
Gender : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Father : Lito P. Guevarra
Mother : Mardie R. Beruela

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY : Batangas State University - Alangilan Campus

Alangilan, Batangas City
Bachelor of Science in Petroleum Engineering
2021 - Present

SECONDARY : Tanauan Institute Inc.

Tanauan City, Batangas
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) Strand Academic Track
2019-2021

: San Jose National High School

San Jose, Batangas
2015 - 2019

PRIMARY : Francisco Balagtas Elementary School

Santa Cruz, Manila
2006 - 2015

ORGANIZATION AFFILIATION

● Member, Society of Petroleum Engineers, BatState-U Chapter, SPE (2021 –

Present)
I hereby declare that all information contained herein is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge.

81
 CURRICULUM VITAE

BUGHAW, KRIZAH ASHLEY N.

Tanguay,Lipa, City,Batangas
09385793137
ashleybughaw1603@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : October 16, 2002
Place of Birth : San Jose, Batangas
Age : 20
Gender : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Father :Elmer D. Bughaw
Mother : Edelrose N. Bughaw

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY : Batangas State University - Alangilan Campus
Alangilan, Batangas City
Bachelor of Science in Petroleum Engineering
2021 - Present
SECONDARY : Saint Joseph Academy of San Jose Batangas Inc.
San Jose, Batangas City
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) Strand Academic Track
2019- 2021
:Saint Joseph Academy of San Jose Batangas Inc.
San Jose, Batangas City
2015-2019
PRIMARY : Padre Imo Luna Memorial Elementary School
San Jose, Batangas City
ORGANIZATION AFFILIATION

● Member, Society of Petroleum Engineers, BatState-U Chapter, SPE (2021 –

Present)
I hereby declare that all information contained herein is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge.

82
 CURRICULUM VITAE

CABACIS II, RAMON S.

Address: 210 Brgy. Parian Calamba city, Laguna
Contact No. 09983057178
E-mail Address: ramonthegreatbearer@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth : October 2, 2002

Place of Birth : 210 Brgy. Parian Calamba City, Laguna
Age : 21 years old
Status : Single
Sex : Male
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Iglesia Ni Cristo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College Education Bachelor of Science in Petroleum

Engineering
Batangas State University, Main Campus – II
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas
City
(2021 – Present)

Secondary Education St. John Colleges

Brgy 3 Calamba, Laguna
(2015-2021)

Elementary Calamba Adventist Elementary School

Elepaño 2 Subd., Calamba City, Laguna
(2009-2015)

ORGANIZATION AFFILIATION

● Member, Society of Petroleum Engineers, BatState-U Chapter, SPE (2021 –

Present)
I hereby declare that all information contained herein is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge.

83
 CURRICULUM VITAE

MENDOZA, NICKO P.
Address: Brgy. San Gregorio, San Pablo City, Laguna
Contact No. 09694447303
E-mail Address: nickomendoza2002@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth : June 22, 2002

Place of Birth : Sta. Rosa City, Laguna
Age : 21 years old
Status : Single
Sex : Male
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College Education Bachelor of Science in Petroleum
Engineering
Batangas State University, Main Campus – II
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas
City
(2021 – Present)

Secondary Education San Pablo City Science Integrated High

School
Brgy. San Jose Malamig, San Pablo City,
Laguna
(2019 – 2020)

Elementary San Pablo City Central School

A. Mabini Street, San Pablo City, Laguna
(2008 – 2014)

ORGANIZATION AFFILIATION

● Member, Society of Petroleum Engineers, BatState-U Chapter, SPE (2021 –

Present)

84
I hereby declare that all information contained herein is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge.

85