Shifting theorem

If f(t) has the transform F(s) , then the shifted function ,

̂(t) = ( ) ( )= ( )

has the transform,

( ) ( )= ( )

and ( ) ( ) { ( )

to prove it ,
 ( )= ( ) ( ) ( )
∫ =∫

Let ( ) = t then

( ) ∫ ( ) =∫ ( ) ( )

The lower limit of integral can be changed from a to 0 by multiplying

the integrand by the unit step function u(t-a).

This gives ,

( ) ( ) ( )

The Laplace transform of u(t-a) =

This can be estimated as follows ,

( ) =∫ ( )

=∫ +∫ =-

Example(17)

Find the Laplace transform of ,

f(t) =
 2

π 2π 3π 4π t

f(t) =2 u(t) – 2 u(t-π) + u(t- 2π) sint

= 2 u(t) – 2 u(t-π) +u(t- 2π) sin(t-2π) due to periodicity

( )= - +

Example(18)

Find the inverse Laplace transform of ,

F(s) = - + +

f(t) = 2t – 2(t-2) u(t-2) + 4 u(t-2) + cos(t-π) u(t-π)

f(t) = 2t -2t u(t-2) – cost u(t-π)

Example(19)

Find the current i(t) in the circuit shown below if single square wave
with voltage ( ) is applied. The circuit is assumed to be quiescent
before the square wave is applied.
 ( )
R i(t) + = ( )

R i(t) + ∫ ( ) ( )

Where ( ) = [u(t-a) – u(t-b)]

Taking Laplace transform , yield to ,

( )
R I(s) + = [ - ]

I(s) = F(s) [ - ] , where F(s) =

( )=

i(t) = ( )= F(s)] - F(s)]

( ) ( )
= [ u(t-a) - u(t-b)]

i.e I = 0 if t ˂ 0 and

i(t) =
( )

where and
 Short impulse , Dirac’s function

( )=

its impulse is 1 which is the area of rectangular

=∫ ( ) =∫ =1

( ) can be represented in terms of two unit step functions

( ) = [ u(t-a) – u(t-(a+k))]
 ( )
ʆ{ ( ) = [ – ]=

( ) = δ(t-a) , delta function

(Hopital rule =Differentiate the numerator and denominator with

respect to k)

i.e

(
)
= =

ʆδ(t-a) = where δ(t-a) =

and ∫ ( )

Example(20)

Determine the response of the damped mass-spring system governed

by the following differential equation ,

+ +2 = r(t) , ( ) ( )

a-where r(t) = u(t-1) – u(t-2) , square wave

b-where r(t) = δ(t-1) ,unit impulse at time t=1

(a) , ( - )

( )= ( - )
( )

( )=F(s)( - ) , where F(s) = ( )( )

F(s) = - +

( ) = ( )= - +

( ) = F(s) - F(s)

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Square wave and its response

(b), r(t) here is unit impulse at t=1

R(t) = δ(t-1)

Then ( ) ( ) where

( )=( )(
= -
)

( )= ( ) -

( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )
 = ( ) ( )

Response to a hammer blow at t=1

Convolution

ʆ ( ) ( )( ) (∫ ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( )

Example(21)

Using convolution , find the inverse h(t) of

( )= =
( )

= ( )

( ) ∫ ( ) = ∫ ∫ ( )

=- + = ( )
Example(22)

Find

= ]= t*1 = ∫ =

Example(23)

Let ( ) ( )
, find ( )

=t, ( )
=

( ) ( )
=∫ = ∫
( )
=

If we solve it by partial fraction expansion

( )
= +( )

( )
= ( )

i.e

, , ,

( )
= + ( )
= - + ( )

( )
= ( )