Violence and its preventionDefinition of Violence * Violence is defined by the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal- development or deprivation.Contd.. * Globally, violence takes the lives of more than 1.5 million people annually: just over 50% due to suicide, some 35% due to homicide, and just over 12% as a direct result of war or some other form of conflict. * For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments. * Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for victims' physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development.Violence-Types Domestic violence /Individual motivated violence (Bride burning, Honor killing, Sati) Interpersonal Violence Family dispute, family arguments, communal hatreds Child abuse violence (Beating/hitting/kicking/sexual violence) Social violence (By social groups, politics/temple festivals/) Religious violence, domestic violence, caste violence, violence against women, violence against minorities, etcTypology of violence * Violence can be broadly categorized according to characteristics of those committing the violent act: * Self-directed violence * Interpersonal violence * Community violence * Collective violence + Social violence * Political violence * Economic violenceContd.. * Self-directed violence * Self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal behavior and self- abuse. * The former includes suicidal thoughts, attempted suicides — also called ‘para suicide” or “deliberate self-injury” in some countries — and completed suicides. + Self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as self-mutilation.Interpersonal violenceContd.. * Interpersonal violence * Interpersonal violence is divided into two subcategories: * Family and intimate partner violence — * that is, violence largely between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not exclusively, taking place in the home. * The group includes forms of violence such as child abuse, intimate partner violence and abuse of the elderly. * Ex. Domestic violence, dowry case, etc.Community violenceContd.. * Community violence * Community violence between individuals who are unrelated, and who may or may not know each other, generally taking place outside the home. * It includes youth violence, random acts of violence, rape or sexual assault by strangers, and violence in institutional settings such as schools, workplaces, prisons and nursing homes. * Ex. sexual violence, acid case etc.Contd.. * Collective violence * Collective violence is subdivided into social, political and economic violence. * Unlike the other three broad categories, the subcategories of collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. * Clearly, acts committed by larger groups can have multiple motives. + https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fz54vxG2ndc * Ex. Caste violence, religious violenceCond.. * Social violence, that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by organized groups, terrorist acts and mob violence. * Political violence includes war and related violent conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by larger groups. * Economic violence includes attacks by larger groups motivated by economic gain — such as attacks carried out with the purpose of disrupting economic activity, denying access to essential services, or creating economic division and fragmentation.Causes of violence * Violence cannot be attributed to a single factor. Its causes are complex and occur at different levels. * The following four-level version of the socio-ecological is often used in the study of violence: * Personal + Family or friends * Community * SocietyCauses of violence - Personal * The first level identifies biological and personal factors that influence how individuals behave and increase their likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence: * Such as demographic characteristics (age, education, income), personality disorders, substance abuse, anda history of experiencing, witnessing, or engaging in violent behaviour.Causes of violence - Family or friends * The second level focuses on close relationships, such as those with family and friends. * In youth violence, for example, having friends who engage in or encourage violence can increase a young person’s risk of being a victim or perpetrator of violence. * For intimate partner violence, a consistent marker at this level of the model is marital conflict or discord in the relationship. * In elder abuse, important factors are stress due to the nature of the past relationship between the abused person and the care giver.Causes of violence * The third level explores the community context — i.e., schools, workplaces, and neighbourhoods. * Risk at this level may be affected by factors such as the existence of a local drug trade, the absence of social networks, and concentrated poverty. + All these factors have been shown to be important in several types of violence.Causes of violence * Societal factors that help to create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited: * The responsiveness of the criminal justice system, social and cultural norms regarding gender roles or parent-child relationships, income inequality, the strength of the social welfare system, the social acceptability of violence, the availability of firearms, the exposure to violence in mass media, and political instability.Problems of violence * Families edging out of poverty and investing in schooling their sons and daughters can be ruined through the violent death or severe disability of the main breadwinner. * Communities can be caught in poverty traps where pervasive violence and deprivation form a unpleasant circle that restricts economic growth. * For societies, meeting the direct costs of health, criminal justice, and social welfare responses to violence diverts many billions of dollars from more constructive societal spending.Problems of violence * In countries with high levels of violence, economic growth can be slowed down, personal and collective security eroded, and social development impeded. * The much larger indirect costs of violence due to lost productivity and lost investment in education work together to slow economic development, increase socio-economic inequality, and erode human and social capital.Approaches to violence and violence prevention * Criminal justice approach * The criminal justice approach sees its main task as enforcing laws that proscribe violence and ensuring that "justice is done". + The notions of individual blame, responsibility, guilt, and culpability are central to criminal justice's approach to violence and one of the criminal justice system's main tasks is to "do justice", i.e. to ensure that offenders are properly identified, that the degree of their guilt is as accurately ascertained as possible, and that they are punished appropriately. * To prevent and respond to violence, the criminal justice approach relies primarily on deterrence, incarceration and the punishment and rehabilitation of perpetratorsApproaches to violence * The human rights approach * The Human rights approach is based on the obligations of states to respect, protect and fulfill human rights and therefore to prevent, eradicate and punish violence. * It recognizes violence as a violation of many human rights: the rights to life, liberty, autonomy and security of the person; the rights to equality and non-discrimination; the rights to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment; the right to privacy; and the right to the highest attainable standard of health.Prevention of violence * The prevention of interpersonal violence * A rigorous review of the literature on the effectiveness of strategies to prevent interpersonal violence identified as being supported by either strong or emerging evidence for effectiveness. * These strategies target risk factors at all four levels of the ecological model. * Such as,Contd.. * Developing safe, stable and good relationships between children and their parents and caregivers — * This will actually help in reducing convictions and violent acts in adolescence and early adulthood, and probably help decrease intimate partner violence and self-directed violence in later life.Contd.. * Developing life skills in children and adolescents * Evidence shows that the life-skills acquired in social development programmes can reduce involvement in violence, improve social skills, boost educational achievement and improve job prospects. * Life skills refer to social, emotional, and behavioural competencies which help children and adolescents effectively deal with the challenges of everyday life.Contd.. * Reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol Evidence is emerging that violence may be prevented by: * Reducing the availability of alcohol (e.g. by restricting hour or days of sale and raising alcohol prices); * Brief interventions and longer-term treatment for problem drinkers; * Improving the management of environments where alcohol is served (e.g. reducing crowding, increasing comfort levels, improving physical design and staff training).Contd.. * Reducing access to guns or harmful items * Evidence emerging suggests that limiting access to firearms can prevent homicides and injuries and reduce the costs of these forms of violence to society. * There is some evidence, for example, to suggest that jurisdictions with restrictive firearms legislation and lower firearms ownership tend to have lower levels of gun violenceContd.. * Other than this, we have to develop our self-control. * We have to create our own ethical way and bath for peaceful life. * No anger, Hatred and enmity, control mind, Love and kindness, Practicing Yoga, Truth and Non-violence (Prevention of Violence)Thank you