Professional Documents
Culture Documents
اشارات ونظم (1)
اشارات ونظم (1)
The incident light charges a CCD panel located inside the camera, thereby storing the
external scene in terms of the spatial variations of the charges on the CCD panel.
Figure (1g) illustrates a thermometer that measures the ambient
temperature of its environment. Electronic thermometers typically use a thermal
resistor, known as a thermistor, whose resistance varies with temperature. The
fluctuations in the resistance are used to measure the temperature. Figure (1h).
Electromechanical Eng.Department Subjec: Signals and Systems
Electromechanical Systems Branch Lecture 1
Fourth Year. Lecture: Dr.Manal Kadhim
Fig. (1) Examples of signals and systems. (a) An electrical circuit; (c) an audio recording
system; (e) adigital camera; and (g) a digital thermometer. Plots (b), (d), (f ), and (h) are
output signals generated,respectively, by the systems shown in (a), (c), (e), and (g).
time inputs while the yj (t)’s represent the continuous time outputs, or single-input,
single-output illustrated in Fig. (2.b) . Such systems, which operate on continuous
time input signals transforming them to continuous time output signals are referred to
as continuous time systems.
In comparison to continuous time systems, discrete time systems transform discrete
time input signals, often referred to as sequences, into discrete time output signals.
two discrete time systems are shown in Fig. (3.a) and Fig. (3b).
Classification of Signals
A. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals:
A signal x(t) is a continuous-time signal if t is a continuous variable. If t is a discrete
variable that is, x(t) is defined at discrete times, then x(t) is a discrete-time signal.
Since a discrete-time signal is defined at discrete times, a discrete-time signal is often
identified as a sequence of numbers, denoted by {x n} or x[n], where n=integer.
Illustrations of a continuous-time signal x(t) and of a discrete-time signal x[n] are
shown in Figure below.
number of distinct values, then we call this signal a digital signal. Figure below show
examples big analogue and digital signals.
Random signals are those signals that take random values at any given time (it is not
possible to write clear mathematical expressions), and must be characterized
statistically. x(t)
x(t)
Any sequence which is not periodic is called a nonperiodic (or a periodic) sequence.
Since power is the rate of energy, the total energy expended over the time interval
t1 t t 2 is :
If t1 = -T and t2 = T then,
If i(t) is a continuous-time signal, the total energy E and average power P on a per-
ohm basis are
Electromechanical Eng.Department Subjec: Signals and Systems
Electromechanical Systems Branch Lecture 1
Fourth Year. Lecture: Dr.Manal Kadhim
and
For an arbitrary continuous-time signal x(t), the total energy normalized to unit
resistance is defined as
Based on the above definition, the following classes of signals are defined:
1) x(t) is an energy signal if and only if 0<E<∞ (having finite energy), so that
P=0.
2) x(t) is a power signal if and only if 0<P<∞, thus implying that E=∞.
3) Signals that satisfy neither property are therefore neither energy nor power
signals.
An energy signal has zero average power, whereas a power signal has infinite energy.
Thus the periodic signals are classified as power signals. Figures below shows an
example of energy and power signals.
Electromechanical Eng.Department Subjec: Signals and Systems
Electromechanical Systems Branch Lecture 1
Fourth Year. Lecture: Dr.Manal Kadhim
In discrete time
and
Elementary signals
Representing signals in terms of the elementary functions simplifies the analysis and
design of linear systems.
The waveforms for the unit step functions u(t ) and u[k] are shown, respectively, in
Figs.4 (a) and (b).
2. Rectangular pulse function
The CT rectangular pulse rect(t/τ ) is defined as follows:
4. Sinusoidal function
The CT sinusoid of frequency f0 (or, equivalently, an angular frequency ω0 =2π f0
is defined as follows:
5. Sinc function
The CT sinc function is defined as follows:
Or
Fig.( 4):. CT and DT elementary functions. (a) CT and (b) DT unit step functions. (c) CT and
(d) DT rectangular pulses. (g) CT and (h) DT ramp functions. (i) CT and (j) DT sinusoidal
functions. (k) CT and (l) DT sinc functions.
6. CT exponential function
A CT exponential function, with complex frequency s = σ + jω0, is represented
by
Electromechanical Eng.Department Subjec: Signals and Systems
Electromechanical Systems Branch Lecture 1
Fourth Year. Lecture: Dr.Manal Kadhim
Depending upon the presence or absence of the real and imaginary components,
there are two special cases of the complex exponential function.
Case 1: Imaginary component is zero (ω0 = 0)
Assuming that the imaginary component ω of the complex frequency s is zero,
the exponential function takes the following form:
which is referred to as a real-valued exponential function. Figure (5) shows the real-
valued exponential functions for different values of σ. When the value of σ is
negative (σ < 0) then the exponential function decays with increasing time t .
The exponential function for σ < 0 is referred to as a decaying exponential function
and is shown in Fig. 5(a). For σ = 0, the exponential function has a constant value, as
shown in Fig. 5(b). For positive values of σ (σ > 0), the exponential function
increases with time t and is referred to as a rising exponential function. The rising
exponential function is shown in Fig. 5(c).
Electromechanical Eng.Department Subjec: Signals and Systems
Electromechanical Systems Branch Lecture 1
Fourth Year. Lecture: Dr.Manal Kadhim
In other words, the real and imaginary parts of the complex exponential are
pure sinusoids. Figure (6) shows the real and imaginary parts of the complex
exponential function.
Impluse function