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Development and Modeling of Different

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 8th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics • May 23–25, 2013 • Timisoara, Romania

Development and Modeling of Different

Scenarios for a Smart Distribution Grid
L. Mihet-Popa* **, X. Han*, H. Bindner*, J. Pihl-Andersenx, and J. Mehmedalicxx
,

* Technical University of Denmark/Electrical Engineering, Roskilde, Denmark

** POLITEHNICA University/Electrical Engineering, Timisoara, Romania
x
SEAS-NVE, Svinninge, Denmark
xx
Dansk Energi, Copenhagen, Denmark

lmih@elektro.dtu.dk; jop@seas-nve.dk; jme@danskenergi.dk;

Abstract—This paper presents a low-voltage distribution
grid model designed for a future smart grid based on real
data. The grid model is built measuring the distribution
lines’ length and considering the cable dimensions and
lengths, the grid age, the number of cabinets and customers
and the load per customer. The aim of the model is to
design, implement and test the proposed configuration and
to investigate whether the low-voltage distributed grid is
prepared for the expected future increase of PV penetration
with heat pumps and electric cars connected along the
feeders. The model is implemented in NEPLAN and Power
Factory and different scenarios will be developed and
analyzed. A time series simulation will also be presented for
a specific scenario with a comparison between different
voltage profiles along the feeder.
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the main goals in the Danish energy policy is to
increase the amount of renewable energy in the energy
mix to 30% of the energy in 2025 [1]. This will, to a large
extent, mean an increase in the amount of wind energy
and it is expected that in order to reach those goals, the
fraction of wind energy will have to be 50% of the
electricity. Due to changes in the way electrical energy is
produced and used, distribution network operators must
adapt to changing usage patterns: The penetration of
renewable energy will continue to grow and electricity is
expected to increasingly substitute fossil fuel in areas such
as transportation and building heating [1-2].
The conventional response to these changes would be
an expansion of grid capacity. However, this approach
would require large and expensive investments. Active
supervision and control of a large number of small energy
resources - a key element of the "smart grid" concept - is
widely assumed to be a more efficient alternative. As
smart grid technologies are being introduced to meet this
goal, it is necessary for DSOs to be able to assess these
technologies' impact on grid operation and to integrate
them in their network design and planning procedures [1,
3].
The enlargement of solar penetration will affect
operation and design of distribution systems [4-6]. Growth
distributed generation becomes more important in the
actual power system and in the future will be related more
on distributed energy resources and smart-grids [3-6]. The
flexible future distributed smart-grid has to be able to
import/export the power from/to the grid, control the
active and reactive power flows and to manage the storage
energy systems [4-9].
This paper presents the design and implementation of a
representative low-voltage distributed grid model for a
future smart-grid based on real data for summer and
detached houses. The grid model contains an external
grid and a substation with distributed components
connected along the feeder. The aim of the model is to
design, implement and test the proposed configuration
and to investigate whether the low-voltage distributed
grid is prepared for the expected future increase of PV
penetration with heat pumps and electric cars connected
along the feeders. The model was implemented in
NEPLAN and Power Factory to study different scenarios.
A steady-state and a dynamic analysis of the models have
also been presented with a comparison between different
voltage profiles.
II. LOW VOLTAGE GRID MODEL
The aim of this section is to design and build a
representative low-voltage grid for summer houses and
detached ones based on SEAS-NVE’s knowledge and
database. The grid model contains many components,
such as: PV systems, EV systems, heat pumps and
conventional loads and will be designed and tested to find
out whether the proposed low-voltage distributed grid is
prepared for the expected future increase of PV
penetration with heat pumps and electric cars connected
along the feeders.
A. Grid Model Setup and Database Building
Many representative areas have been looked through by
SEAS-NVE’s for distribution lines with both types of
houses (summer houses and detached houses). The
distribution lines’ length and cable types are measured
using a GIS (Geographical Information System) map.
The number of customers, number of cable cabinets and
the number of customers per cable cabinet are monitored
and the maximum load per customer is calculated using
the Velander correlation which assumes that the load
along the feeders is normally distributed.
To build a database for grid model the data from 334 low-
voltage distribution lines that have been mapped. The
following parameters are taking in consideration: cable

978-1-4673-6400-3/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE – 437 –

L. Mihet-Popa et al. • Development and Modeling of Different Scenarios for a Smart Distribution Grid
dimensions and lengths, the grid’s age, category,
substation no., no. of customers, load per customer.
Based on measurements a regression analysis could
establish a statistical correlation between the consumers’
annual energy consumption and the maximum load of the
grid caused by their consumption. The distribution line’s
aggregate load was calculated using the Velander
correlation:
Pmax = α ⋅ w + β ⋅ w
In which Pmax represents the maximum load (measured in
kW), w is the annual consumption (measured as MWh), α
and β are the Velander constants.
B. Grid Model Components
The grid model contains conventional loads (houses
consumers), heat pumps (1 and 3 phase), electric cars (1
phase and 3 phases) and PV systems (1, 2 and 3 phases).
For PV systems 3 parameters were considered: rated
voltage, the step at which the 10 kV substations is set
(depending on the length of the low voltage distribution
line) and the number of phases (1, 2 or 3).
The connection of heat pumps and electric cars to the
low-voltage grid, along the different feeders, will cause a
voltage droop. Increasing the rated voltage from the
distribution substation (from -10/+6 % to ±10 %) we will
obtain a significant larger effect. These changes from -10
/ +6 to -10 / +10 are required due the voltage according to
EU legislation was raised from 220 V to 230V. To ensure
old electrical equipment, DEFU recommended a number
of years to keep the voltage range on -10 / +6 until the
old electrical equipment were expected to be phased out
(DEFU changed this in Re. 16/2010 [13]).
C. Scenarios Developed to Design and Test Grid Model
The grid model will be designed, based on SEAS-NVE’s
supply area with a low-voltage distribution lines, and will
be analyzed and tested for various load scenarios through
connection of appliances such as heat pumps, EV’s and
PV systems.
We developed 23 scenarios based on DEFU
recommendations no. 16/2010 [13], which considers the
rated voltage Un between -10 % and +6 %, and also based
on the European norm EN 50160 [14], which consider the
rated voltage between -10 % and +10 % of Un.
It is estimated that the worst case scenarios is a summer
day with low load (20 % of max.) with the solar cells
connected to the grid.
In the first four scenarios it is investigated how many
solar cells can be connected to the grid along the feeder
without to exceed the rated voltage defined in [13] and
[14], when the PV systems have three-phases and 6 kW
each with the general load having 20 % of the maximum
load. In the next five scenarios it is investigated what
happened in the same conditions, like before, but with
one phase and 4 kW and two phases and 6 kW PV
systems connected along the feeder. In the next seven
scenarios we investigated how many electric cars (3
phases EV of 11 kW and one phase EV of 3.7 kW each)
can be connected to the grid, when the general load is
regulated at the maximum load, without to decrease under
the nominal voltage defined by the norms in [13] and
[14]. In the last five scenarios we investigated the
connection of heat pumps (3 phases HP of 2.8 kW each
and one phase HP of 1.5 kW each), to the grid, evenly
distributed along the feeder, with the general loads
regulated to maximum. In one of these last five scenarios
we considered a mixed load case (the worth case
(1) scenario) when heat pumps (one phase and also three
phases) and electric cars are connected together to the
distribution grid.
III. GRID MODEL IMPLEMENTATION
Based on investigations, calculations and assumptions
presented in the last section a grid model for
implementation of all 23 scenarios has been designed.
The model contains an external grid, a distribution
substation with a middle voltage transformer (10/0.4 kV)
and with ten cabinets (switch boards) at which PV panels,
general loads, EVs and heat pumps are connected.
The grid model was implemented in two different tools,
NEPLAN and Power Factory, to study load flow, steady-
state voltage stability and dynamic and transient behavior
of the power system.
NEPLAN and DIgSILENT PowerFactory tools have
been selected as provides the capacity to simulate load
flow, RMS fluctuations in the same software environment
[15, 16].
In Fig. 1 is presented the implementation of the grid
model for a low voltage distribution system in NEPLAN
(a) and Power Factory (b).
All components of the single line diagram, presented in
Fig. 1, are built with standard blocks from the library.
The blue square above the cable cabinet (Fig. 1a) shows
the voltage on each phase, while the green squares show
the power and current for each phase. Also, the arrows
show that the components are active.
In Power Factory implementation (Fig. 1b) the squares
above the bus-bars contain the parameters of the cables
and below the bus-bars show the voltages of each phase.
Also, each component of the cabinet, such as PV systems,
heat pumps and EVs has its own square block able to
show internal parameters (current, power, power factor).
a)
– 438 –
 8th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics • May 23–25, 2013 • Timisoara, Romania

Voltage profile along the feeder can be seen in Fig. 5

DIgSILENT
for the same scenario analyzed before. The voltage drops
External Grid

along the feeder because of the electrical cars connection

P=-47,3023 kW
Q=5,5354 kvar
Ul=10,00000 kV cosphi=-0,9932
u=1,00000 p.u.
phiu=0,00000 deg
usbar/BB_HV

distributed over the five remote cabinets/swith bords.

P=-47,..
Q=5,53..
I=2,74..
Trafo 10/0.4

Line Line(1) Line(2) Line(3)

P=47,4.. P=-47,.. P=50,4.. P=-58,.. P=62,1.. P=-63,.. P=63,8.. P=-65,.. P=65,5..

Q=-5,0.. Q=5,06.. Q=-4,1.. Q=3,63.. Q=-2,3.. Q=1,98.. Q=-1,9.. Q=1,54.. Q=-1,4..
I=68,7.. I=68,7.. I=68,7.. I=79,3.. I=79,3.. I=81,1.. I=81,1.. I=83,0.. I=83,0..

Busbar(1)/BB_LV SingleBusbar(2)/BB1 SingleBusbar(3)/BB2 SingleBusbar(4)/BB3 SingleBusbar(5)/BB4

Ul=0,4.. Ul=0,4.. Ul=0,4.. Ul=0,4..
Ul=0,40087 kV u=1,06.. u=1,13.. u=1,13.. P=6,01.. u=1,13..
u=1,00217 p.u. phiu=-.. phiu=-.. phiu=-.. Q=0,00.. phiu=-..
phiu=-149,42033 deg P=1,82.. P=-6,0.. P=1,45.. P=-6,0.. P=1,45.. I=7,67.. P=0,00.. P=-66,..
Q=0,45.. Q=-0,0.. Q=0,36.. Q=-0,0.. Q=0,36.. Q=0,00.. Q=1,10..
I=2,55.. I=8,16.. I=1,91.. I=7,67.. I=1,91.. I=0,00.. I=84,8..
P=1,45..
Q=0,36..
I=1,90..

Low-Volta.. PV1 Low-Volta.. PV2 Low-Volta.. PV1(.. Low-Volta.. Static Ge..

Line(4)

Line(5) Line(6) Line(7) Line(8) Line(9)

7,2.. P=-68,.. P=69,0.. P=-71,.. P=72,1.. P=-49,.. P=49,6.. P=-26,.. P=27,0.. P=-4,3..
1,0.. Q=0,66.. Q=-0,5.. Q=-0,1.. Q=0,19.. Q=-0,5.. Q=0,54.. Q=-0,8.. Q=0,87.. Q=-0,4.. P=4,3793 kW
4,8.. I=86,7.. I=86,7.. I=90,1.. I=90,1.. Ul=0,46220 kV I=61,7.. I=61,7.. I=33,5.. I=33,5.. I=5,46.. Q=0,4664 kvar
u=1,15549 p.u. I=5,4681 A
phiu=-146,24109 deg
SingleBusbar(7)/BB6 SingleBusbar(8)/BB7 SingleBusbar(9)/BB8 SingleBusbar(10)/BB9 SingleBusbar(11)/BB10
Ul=0,4.. Ul=0,4.. Ul=0,4.. Ul=0,4..
u=1,14.. u=1,14.. u=1,15.. u=1,16.. Ul=0,46500 kV
phiu=-.. phiu=-.. phiu=-.. phiu=-.. u=1,16251 p.u.
P=0,00.. P=0,00.. P=0,00.. P=1,45.. P=0,00.. P=1,45.. P=0,00.. phiu=-146,17348 deg P=6,02..
Q=0,00.. Q=0,00.. Q=0,00.. Q=0,36.. Q=0,00.. Q=-0,3.. Q=0,00.. Q=0,01..
I=0,00.. I=0,00.. P=1,37.. I=0,00.. P=-23,.. I=1,86.. I=0,00.. P=-23,.. I=1,85.. P=-23,.. I=0,00.. P=1,71.. I=7,48.. P=0,00..
P=1,45.. P=2,73.. Q=0,34.. Q=-0,0.. Q=-0,0.. Q=-0,0.. Q=-0,4.. Q=0,00..
Q=0,36.. Q=0,68.. I=1,76.. I=29,9.. I=29,8.. I=29,7.. I=2,19.. I=0,00..
I=1,89.. I=3,53..

Low-Volta.. Static Ge.. Low-Volta.. Static Ge.. Low-Volta.. Static Ge.. PV7 Low-Volta..Static Ge.. PV8 Low-Volta.. PV9 Static Ge.. Low-Volta..Static Ge.. PV10

Load Flow Balanced

Nodes Branches Project:
Line-Line Voltage, Magnitude [kV] Active Power [kW] Graphic: Grid10
Voltage, Magnitude [p.u.] Reactive Power [kvar] Date: 1/21/2013
Voltage, Angle [deg] Current, Magnitude [A] PowerFactory 14.1.6 Annex:

b)
Fig. 1. Comparison between a) NEPLAN and b) Power Factory
implementation for the designed distribution grid.

As can also be seen in Fig. 1, it is shown a power flow

calculation for scenario no. 4, when it was investigated
how many PV systems (3 phase 6 kW each and ±10 % Un) a)
coud be connected to the distribution grid, with a general
load regulated at 20 % of maximum load. In this case the
voltage increase may not exceed 438 V in the most remote
cable cabinet. We have connected 4 PV systems at each
cabinets of the feeder (40 PV systems in total), until the
maximum voltage (438 V) was reached.

IV. SIMULATION MODELS DEVELOPED IN

POWERFACTORY FOR TIME SERIES SIMULATION

A. Steady-state analysis of the models

In this subsection will be presented a steady state
analysis of the grid model developed in the last section
with the PV production and load consumption estimated
using a spline approximation. Also a power flow
calculation with a comparison between different voltage
profiles for a specific scenario will be presented.
Fig. 2 shows an estimated PV production (a) and a load b)
consumption (b) profiles for one day implemented in Fig. 2. Time series implementation of the PV production profile (a)
PowerFactory based on a polynomial spline and load profile (b) based on a daily consumption of a household.
approximation. These profiles will be used to analyze the
scenarios developed and presented in the last section.
A power flow calculation for scenario 10 is presented
in Fig. 3. In this case it was investigated how many
electric cars can be connected to the grid until voltage
decreasing reach the minimum limit (-10 % Un). In this
scenario 6 electric cars (11 kW & 3 phase each) were
distributed over the 5 most remote cable cabinets, 2
electric cars in the last remote cable cabinet and one
electric car in each of the next 4 cable cabinets, through
which the minimum voltage of 359 V was reached.
In Fig. 4 is depicted a comparison between two voltage
profiles obtained at different connection points of the
designed low-voltage distributed grid using the estimated
PV and load profiles shown in Fig. 2 for the same
scenario (no. 10). Fig. 4 a) shows a comparison between
voltage profile at the end of the feeder node with and
without PV panels connected to the grid, while in Fig. 4
b) is shown a comparison between voltage profile of the
external grid and voltage profile at the last node of the
feeder. Fig. 3. Power flow calculation for scenario 10 using Power Factory.

– 439 –
L. Mihet-Popa et al. • Development and Modeling of Different Scenarios for a Smart Distribution Grid
a)
b)
Fig. 4. a) Comparison between voltage profile with and without PV
production at the end of the feeder and b) voltage profiles of the
external grid and the voltage node of the last cabinet to the end of the
feeder
Fig. 5. Voltage profile along the feeder for scenario no. 10.
– 440 –
B. Time serie Simulations using Dynamic Models of the
PV Panel and Load
The dynamic model of the PV System (PV strings and
PV inverter) has been built with standard block
components from the Power Factory library and using the
dynamic simulation language (DSL) is based on a single
diode equivalent electrical circuit for the PV model,
described by an exponential equation [9-12].
The model uses the cell irradiation Gcell and cell
temperature Tcell as inputs, measured from a weather
station and implemented as a look-up table, as it is shown
in Fig. 6 a).
The PV panels are mounted in three strings: two of
them having 18 panels of 165 W each, and the 3rd one
having 12 panels of 100 W [9]. The strings of panels are
connected to the low voltage distribution network through
a three-phase PV inverter. More details can be found in
[9-11].
The simulation model was validated using experiments
carried out using RISOE experimental facility-SYSLAB.
[9-12].
The dynamic load model is implemented using a
voltage dependency of active and reactive power and it is
described by:
⎡ ⎛ V ⎞e( p1) ⎛V ⎞
e( p2 )
⎛V ⎞ ⎤
e( p3 )
P = P0⎢kp1⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ +kp2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ +(1−kp1 −kp2)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝V0 ⎠ ⎝V0 ⎠ ⎝V0 ⎠ ⎥⎦
(2)
Where P0 and V0 are the initial values of power and
voltage and kp are constants.
In Fig. 6 are presented simulation results for 6 days
with input data (irradiation and temperature) measured
from the weather station placed on RISOE campus.
Fig. 6 a) presents a comparison between input data and
the output parameters of the model (output power of the
panels-Pdc and output power of the inverter-Pac).
In Fig. 6 b) are shown the simulation results of the 3 PV
inverters with 3 load profiles connected to the last 3
cabinets of the grid model presented before.
 8th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics • May 23–25, 2013 • Timisoara, Romania

DIgSILENT
9,00

6,00

3,00

0,00

-3,00

-6,00
-2.78E-5 2.88E+1 5.76E+1 8.64E+1 1.15E+2 [h] 1.44E+2
PV_3b_MeasFile: Tcell (C)

0,40

0,30

0,20

0,10

0,00

-0,10
-2.78E-5 2.88E+1 5.76E+1 8.64E+1 1.15E+2 [h] 1.44E+2
PV_3b_MeasFile: Gcell (p.u.)

4,00

3,00

2,00

1,00

0,00

-1,00
-2.78E-5 2.88E+1 5.76E+1 8.64E+1 1.15E+2 [h] 1.44E+2
PV_Inverter_block: Pdc1 (kW)
PV_Inverter_block: Pdc2 (kW)

4,00

3,00

2,00

1,00

0,00

-1,00
-2.78E-5 2.88E+1 5.76E+1 8.64E+1 1.15E+2 [h] 1.44E+2
PV_Inverter_block: Pac (kW)

Subplot/Diagramm Date: 1/22/2013

Annex: /1

a)

DIgSILENT
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
-2.8E-5 2.9E+1 5.8E+1 8.6E+1 1.2E+2 [h] 1.4E+2
PV_Inverter_block: P_str1_2
PV_Inverter_block: P_str3
PV_Inverter_block(1): P_str1_2
PV_Inverter_block(1): P_str3
PV_Inverter_block(2): P_str1_2
PV_Inverter_block(2): P_str3

4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
-2.8E-5 2.9E+1 5.8E+1 8.6E+1 1.2E+2 [h] 1.4E+2
PV_Inverter_block(1): Ppv (kW)
PV_Inverter_block: Pext
PV_Inverter_block(2): Pext

20,00

15,00

10,00

5,00

0,00

-5,00
-2.8E-5 2.9E+1 5.8E+1 8.6E+1 1.2E+2 [h] 1.4E+2
Load_file2: Pload (kW)
Load_file3: s:Pext

Subplot/Diagramm(1) Date: 1/21/2013

Annex: /3

b)
Fig. 6. a) Simulation results of the PV system dynamic model for 6 days with real data implemented as input and with DC and AC powers as output
and b) a comparison between DC and AC powers of the 3 different PV systems connected together with a general load at the same cabinet with a
defined profile.

The grid model contains many components, such as: PV

V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposes a representative low-voltage grid for
summer and isolated houses based on real data
measurements. The distribution lines’ length and cable
types were measured using GIS maps. The number of
customers, cable cabinets and of customers per cable
cabinet were noted and the maximum load per customer
has been calculated using the Velander correlation.
systems, EV systems, heat pumps and conventional loads
and was designed and tested to find out whether the
proposed distributed grid model is prepared for the
expected future increase of PV penetration with heat
pumps and electric cars connected along the feeders.
Computer modeling and simulation tools have been
broadly used by power system utilities to study load flow,

– 441 –
 L. Mihet-Popa et al. • Development and Modeling of Different Scenarios for a Smart Distribution Grid
steady-state voltage stability and dynamic and transient
behavior of different components.
A designed grid model for a future distribution grid has
been developed and implemented in NEPLAN and
PowerFactory to study load flow, steady-state voltage
stability and dynamic behavior of the components.
The comparison between booth simulation tools used to
study, analyze and implement various models has shown a
good alignment. It means that this work could be used for
further development and improvements of the models for
different components placed along the feeders in a future
smart grid distributed network.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by the E.U. Project-
Smart Plan, No. 55807/2011-2012.
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