1.

Current-Transformer
2. Potential Transformer (PT/VT)
3. Circuit Breaker (CB)
1. Testing-Commissioning-Current-Transformer
1.1 Test Equipment Required
1. Insulation tester
2. Polarity tester
3. Digital low ohmmeter
4. Current source, multimeter
5. Variac, step-up transformer (0-2kv)
Primary current injection set
1.2. Insulation Resistance Test
The voltage shall be applied between:
1. Primary to secondary plus ground (covered during switchgear test).
2. Secondary to primary plus ground.
3. Secondary core to core.
Test voltage limits mentioned in table below. The ambient temperature shall
be noted down during test.

Table – Test Voltage Limits

Rated voltage Test voltage
100-1000V AC/DC 1000V DC
>1000 to 5000V 5000V DC

The insulation between the current transformer windings and windings to ground should
be checked for dielectric strength while performing a comprehensive CT test. Three tests
are performed to determine the condition of the insulation of the CT under test:

1. Primary to secondary: Checks the condition of the insulation between high to low.
2. Primary to ground: Checks the condition of the insulation between high to ground.
3. Secondary to ground: Checks the condition of the insulation between low to ground.

Insulation resistance readings should remain fairly constant over a period of time. A
sharp dip in trending of insulation resistance values point towards insulation degradation
and further investigation is required to diagnose the problem.

Insulation tests on current transformers rated 600V or less are usually performed at
1000VDC Prior to testing, short the primary winding of the CT under test by connecting
H1 and H2, then short the secondary winding of the CT under test by connecting X1 and
X2-X5.

Remove the neutral ground and isolate the CT from any associated burden. After the
windings are shorted, the CT will be a three terminal specimen.

Insulation resistance test values for CT's should be compared with similar readings
obtained with previous tests. Any large deviation in historical readings should call for
further investigation.

ANSI/NETA MTS-2019 Table Specifies a minimum insulation resistance of 500

Megohms at 1000VDC for transformer coils rated 600V or less.
The minimum insulation resistance that is generally accepted is 1 Megohm. Any reading
in Megohms is considered to be a good insulation, however, it's the trending of insulation
test results that gives the true condition of CT insulation.

Insulation readings are greatly affected by the specimen temperature. Should a reading
be compared to previously taken readings, proper correction factors need to be applied,
if taken under different temperature conditions before drawing any conclusion.
1.3. Polarity Test
Polarity test is to confirm the polarity marking on the CT primary and
secondary and verify it is matching with drawing. More ever it is giving an
idea, how to connect the secondaries to make the protection (like directional,
differential) and metering function properly.

Isolate CT secondary from the load and make circuit connection as shown
in Figure 1.

Close and open the battery switch connected on the primary. Observe the
pointer is moving +ve direction, while closing and –ve direction while
opening for correct polarity.

Figure 1 – CT Polarity Test

1.4. Primary Injection Test

This test is to ensure the CT circuits are properly connected with respected
cores and there is no mix up in the circuit (phase identification).
The circuit connections shall be made as shown in Figure 1. Single point
grounding shall be verified for CT circuits, before starting this test. Inject 25%
of rated primary current between one phase and earth with all connected
burden. Measure secondary current at all points of CT circuits. It shall be
done for other phases.

Core identification:

When one CT is having several cores used for different purposes. The cores
can be identified during primary injection test by shorting the one of the core
at CT terminal itself and check there isno current only at relevant load. The
same can be verified for other cores.

Inject 25% of rated primary current between phase to phase with all
connected burden. Measure secondary current at all points of CT circuits. It
shall be done for other phases.

Limits:

 Secondary current should only be observed at respective phase and

neutral leads during Phase to earth injection.
 Secondary current should only be observed at respective phases and
no current on neutral during Phase to phase injection.

Figure 1 – Primary injection / Ratio test

1.5. Winding Resistance Measurement

Set the multimeter to the "ohms" setting. Touch one lead of the multimeter to one end of the
primary winding and touch the other lead of the multimeter to the other end of the primary
winding. Check the reading on the multimeter. The resistance should be low, indicating that
there is continuity between the two leads

1.6. Knee Point Test ( Only PS Class CT )

Test Procedure for knee point Voltage calculation of CT :
Apply 5-10 % voltage of the knee point voltage to the secondary of the CT by auto-
transformer. Note down the secondary current. Increase the voltage gradually to
10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110 % of the rated knee point of the CT and note down
the secondary current.
Excitation (Saturation) Test
Excitation tests are performed by applying an AC voltage to the secondary winding of
the CT and increasing the voltage in steps until the CT is in saturation. The "Knee" point
is determined by observing a small voltage increase causing a large increase in current.
When a CT is "saturated", the magnetic path inside the CT operates like a short circuit
on the transmission line. Almost all of the energy supplied by the primary winding is
shunted away from the secondary winding and is used create a magnetic field inside the
CT.

Saturation testing for a current transformer identifies the rated knee point against IEEE
or IEC standards, the point at which the transformer is no longer able to output current in
proportion to its specified ratio.

Excitation tests are performed by applying an AC voltage to the secondary winding of

the CT and increasing the voltage in steps until the CT is in saturation. The "Knee" point
is determined by observing a small voltage increase causing a large increase in current.

The test voltage is slowly decreased to zero to de‐magnetize the CT. The test results are
plotted on a logarithmic (log‐log) graph and evaluated based on the transition period
between normal operation and saturation.
Excitation tests are performed by applying an AC voltage to the secondary winding of the CT and
increasing the voltage in steps until the CT is in saturation.

The excitation curve around the points where current jumps up for a small increase of
voltage; is very important for comparison of curves with published curves or similar CT
curves. The excitation test results should be compared with published manufacturer's
data or previous recordings to determine any deviations from previously obtained
curves.

IEEE defines the saturation as "the point where the tangent is at 45 degrees to the
secondary exciting amperes". Also known as "knee" point. This test verifies that the CT
is of correct accuracy rating, has no shorted turns in the CT and no short circuits are
present in the primary or secondary windings of the CT under test.
 2. Testing of Potential Transformer (PT/VT)

2.1. Equipment required

Following equipment is necessary to perform testings:
 Polarity test kit
 Megger 500-5000V
 Ohmmeter
 Multimeter
 Autotransformers & Step-up transformers

2.2. Insulation Resistance Test

To obtain values as close as possible to the manufacturer’s specifications
the insulators must be very clean. Select the megger range corresponding to
the ratings of the equipment under test.

For Primary side, apply voltage depending on rating of voltage rating of

VT.
 For 415 V VT (example), apply 1.0 kV and
 For 11 kV VT (example), apply 5.0 kV.

Figure – Measurement between primary and secondary

Figure – Measurement between primary and ground

Figure – Measurement between secondaries and between

secondary and ground
2.3 Polarity Test
The polarity is checked using the flick method (application of direct current)
and check of deflection on a bi-directional milliammeter. The test is also used
to check primary and secondary circuit continuity.

 When switch k is closed, the milliammeter pointer deflects positive.

 When the circuit is opened, the milliammeter pointer deflects in the
negative direction.

Figure – VT Polarity test

2.4 PT Ratio Test
A variable AC source is applied on the primary side. The primary and
secondary voltages are measured to determine the ratio V2/V1

Figure – PT ratio test

3. Testing of Circuit Breaker (CB)

3.1 Test Equipment Required

Following equipment is necessary to perform testings:

 CRM kit
 Megger 500-5000V
 Multimeter
 Timing kit
3.2 Insulation Resistance Test
With the Circuit breaker in closed condition, check IR values of each phase to earth and
between phases. With the breaker in ope condition , check IR values across each vacuum
bottle.
3.3. Contact Resistance Test
With the circuit breaker in closed position, use a micro-ohmme doctor & CRM Kit
tester to measure the contract resistance cross each pole of the breaker.

3.4. Breaker Timing Test

Measure the closing time and the tripping time of the circuit breaker.To the time
interval between the operation of the close / trip command contact and the instant
when the main contacts of the breaker close / open. This can be measured connecting
a close / trip command spare contact to the “start” input of an electronic timer and the
breaker main contacts “Stop” input of the timer.

Note:-DC supply to breaker closing coil for closing timing

Dc supply to breaker tripping coil for tripping timing
3.5. Coil Resistance Test
Resistance of the Closing & Opening Coil