1.2 - Algebra (EN)

Module 1
MATHEMATICS
1
M1.2 – Algebra
Goals
Evaluation of simple algebraic expressions (sum,
subtraction, multiplication and division)
Linear equations and their solutions.
Binary system and other applicable numbering systems.
Simultaneous equations and second degree equations with
one unknown variable.
Logarithms.
2
Algebra
Algebra is a generalization of arithmetic in which one gain room for
maneuver in calculations since one can work with symbols and
operations (where their properties can be applied) and relations,
such as equality, for example, to connect all algebraic
intervenients.
Examples of arithmetic operations and algebraic operations
Algebraic operations are similar to arithmetic operations, with the

basic difference that in algebraic operations, symbols can be found.
3
Algebra
Recalling, the priorities of operations, in the calculations:

- Multiplication and division have priority over addition (sum) and
subtraction.
- If more than one multiplication or division appears in na
operation, the order of operations is respected.
- In the calculation of operations with parentheses, the
operations that are in parentheses are carried out in the first
place.
- If there are more than a pair of parentheses in an operation, the
inner parentheses must be solved first.
4
Polynomials & Monomials
Monomial
We call monomials expressions that bind, by product symbols,

numerical factors (operations involving numbers and letters called
constants) and powers of natural exponent and base represented
by letters (called variables).
7
7 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑦 4 Coefficient
Where: 3
3
𝑥 2 𝑧𝑦 4 Variables
3 3
-5 Coefficient
−5𝑥 𝑦 Where:
𝑥3𝑦3 Variables
5
Monomial
Monomials can be classified according to their degree, which

corresponds to the sum of the exponents of the variables when the
monomial is in its reduced form.
Example:
10𝑥 2 𝑧𝑦 4 Degree of the

7 = 2+1+4
Monomial
3 6 5 Degree of the
𝑥 𝑧 11 = 6 + 5
2 Monomial
6
Similar monomials
Two nonzero monomials are said to be similar when they have the
same variable.
1 4
𝑥 𝑦 𝑒 − 3𝑥 4 𝑦
3
Equal monomials
Two monomials are said to be the same when they have the same
canonical form or are both null.
10 3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑒 5𝑥 2 𝑦𝑥
2
7
A polynomial corresponds to the algebraic sum of several
monomials (not similar). Each monomial is a polynomial term.
It is a collection of numbers, variables and signs, positive or
negative, of operations that have mathematical sense and logic.
Generically:
Where:
8
Polynomial
A polynomial can be classified according to:

- With the degree of its degree – that corresponds to the degree of
the monomial of greater degree of the polynomial (already
reduced).
Example:
Degree of the
4
polynomial
9
Polynomial
- Equal polynomials and null polynomials.
Equal polynomials
Two nonzero polynomials are said to be equal when they have the
same reduced form.
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 + 2𝑥
Null polynomials
A null polynomial is a polynomial of reduced form 0.
7𝑥 3 − 6 + 6 − 7𝑥 3 = 0𝑥 3 + 0 = 0
10
Polynomial
It is called a complete polynomial, when all terms (of the variable)

are present up to the independent term.
Example:
Polynomial ordered by
descending order of x.
11
Monomials
- Sum of monomials.
Example:
Generically:
z x ( x + y ) = (zx x) + (zx y )
12
Polynomial
- Sum of polynomials.
The sum of polynomials is the polynomial formed by the various

members of the polynomials. If the polynomials are similar (with
similar variables), one can be reduce by summing the terms with
equal variables.
Example:
Sum these 2 polynomials.
Considering a polynomial as A and another as B:
A +B
13
Polynomials
- Sum of polynomials.
Example:
Sum these 2 polynomials.
A +B
Or…
14
Monomials
- Multiplication of monomials.
In the multiplication of monomials:

- The numerical part corresponds to the product of the numerical
parts.
- The variable corresponds to the product of the variables.
Example:
Multiply these 2 monomials.
AxB
2
A x B = 4 x x 5 x = 20 x
15
Monomials
- Multiplication of monomials with polynomials.
In the multiplication of a monomial with a polynomial:

- The distributive property applies.
Example:
Multiply the polynomial with the monomial.
Monomial A x B
Polynomial
Multiplying:
16
Polynomials
- Multiplication of polynomials.
In the multiplication of polynomials the distributive property

applies.
Example:
Multiply the polynomial with the monomial.
Applying the distributive function:
17
Polynomials
- Multiplication of polynomials.
In the multiplication of polynomials the distributive property

applies.
Example (cont..)
Applying the distributive function:
18
Multiplication of monomials and polynomials
- Multiplication of a polynomial with polynomial.
Another method of resolution:
The operation is
performed, as in a
normal multiplication
operation.
19
Product of polynomials
The square of the sum of 2 monomials (binomial).
The square of the binomial is obtained by adding the square of the

first term with twice the product of the first by the second and the
square of the second term.
20
Product of polynomials
The difference of squares.
The square of the binomial is obtained by adding the square of the

first term with twice the product of the first by the second and the
square of the second term.
21
Division of monomials and polynomials
In the division of a polynomial by a polynomial or monomial:

- The reasoning used in division is used.
- The dividend (D) and the divisor (d) are placed in descending
order of the variable.
- If the dividend is not a complete polynomial, the null terms are
written.
-
22
Division of monomials and polynomials
- Division of polynomials.
Example:
Checking the result
23
Power of monomials
A power of the power is equal to the power with the same base
and whose exponent is the product of the exponents.
Example:
Or in another way:
24
Factoring polynomials
It consists of writing the polynomial in product form, highlighting

the common terms.
Example:
2
6x + 3x
What are the common terms?
- It’s 3 and the x.
We can rewrite:
2
6x + 3x = 3x(2x + 1)
25
Equations
Equations
- Basic definitions.
Equation:
It is an equality in which one finds at least one unknown,
represented by a symbol or letter and that is variable.
Root of an equation/solution:
It is the number that when substituted in the variable, turns the
equation into a true numerical equality.
26
Equations
Equations
- Equations os 1st degree.
This equation is called the 1st degree because the degree of the
polynomial is of degree 1.
1º member 2º member
Each parcel of the equation is designated by “term” and is

designated by independent term, terms that do not depend on the
unknown variable and dependent term, terms that depend on the
unknown variable.
27
Equations
Equations
- Equivalent equations.
It is called equivalent equations when two equations have the

same solution.
Principles of equivalence for solving equations:

- By multiplying or dividing both members of the equation by a
constant, we obtain equivalent equations.
- Adding or subtracting the same value from both members gives
the same solution value (does not change the result).
28
Equations
Equations
The equations can be classified according to their solutions:

Possible and determined:
That’s when an equation has at least on solution.
A possible and
Example: determined equation has
only one solution.
Possible and indeterminate:
That’s when na equation has infinite solutions.
Example:
Impossible:
This is when an equation has no solution.
29
Equations
Equations
Equations
Possible Impossible
Determined Indeterminate
30
Equations
Equations
- Equations of 1st degree, 2nd degree, 3rd degree…..
Depending on the maximum degree of the polynomial, this is how

the equation and its degree are designated.
31
Equations
Equations
- Equations of 1st degree with 2 unknowns variables.
It is denominated system of equations to a set of equations that

must be satisfied by the same values of the unknown variables
(after determined).
It is called solution of a system to a set of values, one for each
unknown variable, that verifies the equations of the system.
Example:
There are 2 methods to solve this system of 2 unknown variables:

- Substitution methods.
- Comparison method.
32
Equations
Equations
Substitution method
Example:
The equations are placed in
their canonical forms, i.e.,
… where a, b, c, a´, b´ e c´ are any

numbers where a, b, a´ e b´ are not
simultaneously zero.
In this example, the above formula must be reduced to the

canonical form.
33
Equations
Equations
Substitution method
Example:
Reduction to
canonical
formula
34
Equations
Equations
Substitution method
1 – Solve one of the equations in order to one of the unknown
variables.
2 – Replace this value of the unknown variable in the other
equation that, in this way will only have one unknown variable.
3 – Solve this equation in order to determine the value of the
unknown variable.
4 – Substitute the value obtained in the other equation to
determine the other unknown variable.
35
Equations
Equations
Substitution method
Example:
Reduction to canonical formula.
Solving the 1st equation in order

of x.
Replacing this value of x in the

2nd equation we obtain.
36
Equations
Equations
Substitution method
Example:
Solving the 2nd equation to determine:
Substituting the value obtained from

y in the 1st equation we obtain that:
System solution
37
Equations
Equations
Comparison method
1 – Solve both equations in order to the same unknown variable.
2 – The obtained values are equal, obtaining thus only 1 equation
to 1 only unknown variable.
3 – Solve the equation obtained.
4 – The value of the determined unknown variable is substituted in
one of the expressions that will give the value of the other
unknown variable.
38
Equations
Equations
Comparison method
Example:
Reduction to Canonical Formula.
Resolution of the 2 equations in

order to the same unknown variable.
Matching the 2 equations
obtained, y will be determined.
39
Equations
Equations
Comparison method
Example:
Solving, you get the value of the unknown variable y:
The value of y is replaced in one of the equations that were in

order of x:
System solution
40
Equations
Equations
- Systems of equations of 1st degree.
The system of equations can be classified according to their
solutions.
Possible and determined system: A Possible and
Example: x + y = 8 Determined Equation
2x - y = 1 has only one solution
Possible and indeterminate:
That’s when na equation has infinite solutions.
Example: x + y = 8
2x + 2y = 16
Impossible:
This is when an equation has no solution.
Example: x + y = 10
- x - y = 10
41
Equations
Graphical representation – 1st degree equation
- Direct proportionality or linear function.
Example:
Drawing: Equation of direct proportionality
40
35
y=0,9x
30
25
20
Coordinates (x,y): 15
10
- (0;0). 5
0
- (5; 4,5). 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
- (10; 9).
42
Equations
- Calculating the slope of na equation.
When the following equation was performed, it was intended to

determine the slope of the equation.
That is, the slope of an equation can be determined from the

equation:
y
slope =
x
43
Equations
- Linear function.
44
Equations
Graphical representation – 2nd degree equation
- Quadratic function.
45
Equations
46
Equations
47
Equations
Graphical representation – 3rd degree equation
- Cube functions.
48
Equations
Exponential of a number
Over the years, the concept of power has been broadened. If the
natural exponent powers were initially applied, it began to evolve
in definition and comprehensiveness.
Recalling some concepts and properties of powers.
49
Equations
Logarithm of a number
Invented with the aim of simplifying mathematical processes, the

logarithm of a number x in the base a (logax) is the number y that
is necessary to raise a to obtain x:
You can write:
Logax = y ‹=› x = ay
That is, it is as if you raised both members of the equation to a:
Logax = y ‹=› a Logax = ay ‹=› x = ay
50
Equations
51
Equations
Consequences of the definition of logarithm
1ª consequence:
The logarithm of 1 on any basis is always 0, where a> 0 and a ≠ 1.
Logax = y ‹=› Loga1 = 0
Demonstration:
Loga1 = y ‹=› ay = 1 = > y = 0 with:
x = 1 V a = any positive real number other than 1.
52
Equations
2ª consequence:
The logarithm of a, in base a, is always 1, since a > 0 e a ≠ 1.
Logaa = y ‹=› Logaa = 1
Demonstration:
Loga1 = y ‹=› ay = a = > y = 1 with:
x = a V a = any positive real number other than 1.
53
Equations
3ª consequence:
From the two previous properties we conclude that in the generic
formula Logax = y, x must always be positive ( x > 0 ) because ( a >
0).
Take the example where x = -s (where –s is a negative real

number).
Logax = y ‹=› x = ay = > -s = ay
As a > 0, it necessarily means x > 0, since the power of a positive
base always has a positive result.
54
Equations
- Properties of logarithm.
Whenever the expressions have meaning, that is, whenever the

number to be calculated has as assumptions:
- a > 0,
- a ≠ 1,
- x > 0 e y > 0.
1º property – Logarithm of a product:
Loga(x.y) = Loga(x) + Logb(y)
Two powers with the same base are equal if the exponents are
equal (demonstration).
We have:
x = aLogax y = aLogay
55
Equations
1º property – Logarithm of a product (cont):
You can write:

x . y = aLogax + Logay
Applying the definition of logarithm, we obtain:
Loga(x.y) = Loga(x) + Loga(y) c.q.d
56
Equations
2º property – Logarithm of a quotient:
Loga(x/y) = Loga(x) - Loga(y)

Demonstration:
We have:
- x = aLogax
- y = aLogay
You can write:
(x/y) = (aLogax)/ (aLogay) = aLogax – Logay
Applying the definition of logarithm, we obtain:
Loga(x/y) = Loga(x) - Loga(y)
57
Equations
3º property – Logarithm of a power:
Loga xp = p. Logax where p is a real number

Demonstration:
We have:
- x = aLogax
- xp = ap.Logax
Then, one can write that:
Loga xp = p. Logax c.q.d
58
Equations
4º property – Change of base:
Logb x = Logax .Logba

Demonstration:
We have:
- x = aLogax
Applying logarithms, we have:
Logb x = Logb aLogax
Applying the property of the logarithm of power, we obtain:
Logb x = Logax .Logba c.q.d
59
Equations
60
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
- Decimal system.
All numbers have specific units and quantities. Using a power base
of 10, one can define the units and the magnitude of a given
number.
61
Numbering systems
62
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
- Binary system.
The binary system has only two digits: 0 and 1.

The use of this system is based on the fact that the switches have
only two states: "on" or "off".
Currently the use of the binary system is governed to
computational applications, being the information composed by a
series of 0's and 1's, forming strings of binary numbers.
It is also used for electronic use where the two basic conditions of
"on" - 1 and "off" - 0 can be represented by the binary numbering
system.
63
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
- Binary system.
Schematically:
As the designation of the
numbering system indicates,
this is a base system of 2. It
means that in a binary
number, the position in which
the digit 0 or 1 is, are powers
of 2.
64
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
- Hexadecimal system.
The hexadecimal system has its numbers with base of 16.

As in digital numeration, there are only numbers from 0 to 9,
capital letters (A to F) are used to represent hexadecimal numbers
with a decimal value greater than 9 (from 10 to 15).
As the designation of the numbering system indicates, this is a base
system 16.
It means that in a hexadecimal number, the position in which the
digits and/or capital letters are, are powers of 16.
65
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
- Hexadecimal system.
Schematically:
It means that a hexadecimal
number, the position in which
the digiti(s) and / or capital
letters are, are powers of 16.
66
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
- Conversion of numbering systems.
Binary to Decimal system:

As we have already seen in the binary system, each digit in a binary
number, depending on its position corresponds to a base power 2
and to an exponent that increases each time it moves in the
number, to the left.
Example: 1011001
Decomposing the binary number by the position and in powers of
2 gives:
67
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
Binary to Decimal system:
Multiplying the base powers of 2 by the digits 0 or 1 corresponding
to the binary number gives:
Adding all the multiplications done, you get:
68
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
Hexadecimal to decimal system:

Similar to what happened in the conversion of a binary number to
decimal, in which each digit of the decimal number was multiplied
according to its importance by the number of base 2 and exponent
varying according to the position of the importance of the decimal
digit, in this case the base number (instead of the base number 2)
is applied.
Example: 1A8E
Decomposing the hexadecimal number by the position and in
powers of 16, we get:
69
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
Multiplying the base powers 16 by the hexadecimal "numbers"
corresponding to the hexadecimal number gives:
Adding all the multiplications done, you get:
70
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
In this case, the decimal number is
divided by 2 and the remainder of
each partial division is noted. If the
remainder is equal to zero, it
corresponds to a 0 in the binary
numbering, if the rest is equal to
one, it means that it corresponds to
a 1 in the binary numbering. After
these division operations are carried
out, the most significant and least
significant digit is analyzed for the
determination of the binary number.
71
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
Decimal to binary system:
Example: 246
Making the divisions by 2 of the real number you get:
72
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
Decimal to binary system:

With the remainders of the partial divisions obtained, we obtain
the corresponding number in the binary system. It must be noted
that the order of the significant figures changes, i.e. the first
remainder obtained from the division of the number by 2,
corresponds to the digit with less significance in the binary
numbering.
In this case, simply reverse the order: from the successive divisions,
we obtain the number: by inverting the order, we obtain the binary
number.
Therefore:
246(10) = 11110110(2)
73
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
Binary to hexadecimal system:
To perform the conversion between

these two numbering systems, it is
necessary to define the binary
numbers (from 0 to 15, in decimal
number) with the hexadecimal
numbers.
74
Numbering systems
Numbering systems

It is known that, the number two, multiplied by itself four times, is
equal to 16.
Thus, with a binary number, to pass it to a hexadecimal system, the
binary digits are grouped into groups of four (from left to right)
obtaining the number in the corresponding hexadecimal system.
Example: 1001011110101
Dividing the binary number into groups of four gives:
75
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
The value of 12F5 was obtained in hexadecimal numbering.

One can write that:
76
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
Hexadecimal to binary system:
For the conversion of a number in

the hexadecimal system to the
binary system the same reasoning
used in the conversion of a binary
number to hexadecimal is used.
Knowing that each hexadecimal

"number" (from 0 to 15) has a
corresponding binary number, we
can deduce the binary number
almost immediately.
77
Numbering systems
Numbering systems
Hexadecimal to binary system:
Example: 12FD
Knowing that:
It can be written that:
The number is obtained in binary number: 1001011111101
78
Questions ?
79

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Module 1

Algebraic operations are similar to arithmetic operations, with the

Recalling, the priorities of operations, in the calculations:

We call monomials expressions that bind, by product symbols,

Monomials can be classified according to their degree, which

10𝑥 2 𝑧𝑦 4 Degree of the

A polynomial can be classified according to:

It is called a complete polynomial, when all terms (of the variable)

The sum of polynomials is the polynomial formed by the various

Considering a polynomial as A and another as B:

In the multiplication of monomials:

In the multiplication of a monomial with a polynomial:

In the multiplication of polynomials the distributive property

Applying the distributive function:

In the multiplication of polynomials the distributive property

Another method of resolution:

The square of the sum of 2 monomials (binomial).

The square of the binomial is obtained by adding the square of the

The difference of squares.

The square of the binomial is obtained by adding the square of the

In the division of a polynomial by a polynomial or monomial:

Checking the result

It consists of writing the polynomial in product form, highlighting

Each parcel of the equation is designated by “term” and is

It is called equivalent equations when two equations have the

Principles of equivalence for solving equations:

The equations can be classified according to their solutions:

Depending on the maximum degree of the polynomial, this is how

It is denominated system of equations to a set of equations that

There are 2 methods to solve this system of 2 unknown variables:

… where a, b, c, a´, b´ e c´ are any

In this example, the above formula must be reduced to the

Reduction to canonical formula.

Solving the 1st equation in order

Replacing this value of x in the

Solving the 2nd equation to determine:

Substituting the value obtained from

Reduction to Canonical Formula.

Resolution of the 2 equations in

Solving, you get the value of the unknown variable y:

The value of y is replaced in one of the equations that were in

When the following equation was performed, it was intended to

That is, the slope of an equation can be determined from the

Recalling some concepts and properties of powers.

Invented with the aim of simplifying mathematical processes, the

That is, it is as if you raised both members of the equation to a:

Logax = y ‹=› a Logax = ay ‹=› x = ay

Consequences of the definition of logarithm

x = 1 V a = any positive real number other than 1.

Consequences of the definition of logarithm

x = a V a = any positive real number other than 1.

Consequences of the definition of logarithm

Take the example where x = -s (where –s is a negative real

Whenever the expressions have meaning, that is, whenever the

1º property – Logarithm of a product (cont):

You can write:

Applying the definition of logarithm, we obtain:

Loga(x.y) = Loga(x) + Loga(y) c.q.d

2º property – Logarithm of a quotient:

Loga(x/y) = Loga(x) - Loga(y)

3º property – Logarithm of a power:

Loga xp = p. Logax where p is a real number

4º property – Change of base:

Logb x = Logax .Logba