PSYC312

Study Unit 6: Data Analysis and Practical

Application
Leereenheid 6: Data-Analise en Praktiese
Toepassing
Lecturer/Dosent: Dr Ingrid Opperman
Office/Kantoor: Potchefstroom Campus, E8, G16
Consulting Hours/Spreekure: By Appointment/Per afspraak
Learning Outcomes
Leeruitkomste
• Formulate a good research
question
• Apply the different methods of
qualitative data collection
• Understand the importance of
aligning data collection, research
design, and data analysis
• Understand the different
methods of qualitative data
analysis
• Be able to write and compile a
research proposal in accordance
with APA rules
• Formuleer ‘n goeie
navorsingsvraag
• Pas die verskillende metodes van
kwalitatiewe data-insameling toe
• Verstaan die belangrikheid van
die belyning van data-insameling,
navorsingsontwerp en data-
analise
• Verstaan die verskillende
metodes van kwalitatiewe data-
analise
• Wees in staat om ‘n
navorsingsontwerp te skryf en
saam te stel in ooreenstemming
met die APA-reëls
Study Materials
Studiemateriaal
• Chapter 1 of First Steps in
Research, the sections on
Research Questions
• Review the content of Chapter
2: The Language of Research
in First Steps in Research for
context
• Review the content of Chapter
3: Planning a Research
Proposal in First Steps in
Research for guidance
• Chapter 6: Analyzing
Qualitative Data in First Steps
in Research (Qualitative
Analysis).
• Hoofstuk 1 van First Steps in
Research, die gedeeltes oor
Navorsingsvrae
• Hersien die inhoud van
Hoofstuk 2: The Language of
Research in First Steps in
Research vir konteks
• Hersien die inhoud van
Hoofstuk 3: Planning a
Research Proposal in First
Steps in Research vir leiding
• Hoofstuk 6: Analise van
Kwalitatiewe Data in First
Steps in Research
(Kwalitatiewe Analise).
Revision: Research Questions
Hersiening: Navorsingsvrae
• Research questions are
formulated once the
objectives of the study are
clear
• Objectives and topic are based
on prior literature reviews
• Guides the literature review
for the specific study
• Provides a focus for
methodology and data
collection
• The research question,
methodology, data analysis,
and conclusions must be
aligned
• Navorsingsvrae word
geformuleer sodra die
doelwitte van die studie
duidelik is
• Doelwitte en onderwerp is
gebaseer op vorige
literatuuroorsigte
• Rig die literatuuroorsig vir die
spesifieke studie
• Voorsien ‘n fokus vir
metodologie en data-
insameling
• Die navorsingsvraag,
metodologie, data-analise en
gevoltrekkings moet belyn
wees
Research Questions Develop with the Study

Focus on specific aspects of

Broad topics in the literature
the literature for the study

Specific Research
Question

Use of topic to align methods

Ensuring the research
reflected in the research
question is answerable
question
Navorsingsvrae Ontwikkel Saam met die Studie

Breë onderwerpe in die Fokus op spesifieke aspekte

literatuur van die literatuur vir die studie

Spesifieke
Navorsingsvraag

Gebruik van onderwerp om

Verseker dat die
metodes te belyn wat in die
navorsingsvraag beantwoord
navorsingsvraag gereflekteer
kan word
word
Types of Research Questions
Tipes Navorsingsvrae
• Descriptive: What
proportion of psychology
students live in
residences?
• Explanatory: Is living in a
residence associated with
higher academic marks
than living off campus?
• Exploratory: How does
living in a residence
impact the way students
study?
• Beskrywend: Watter
proporsie van sielkunde-
studente bly in koshuise?
• Verduidelikend: Is
akademiese prestasie
beter as jy in ‘n koshuis
eerder as van kampus af
bly?
• Verkennend: Wat is die
impak van koshuislewe
op die manier wat
studente studeer?
Identify the types of the following research questions
Identifiseer die tipes van die volgende navorsingsvrae

How many prisoners were abused as children?

Hoeveel gevangenes was as kinders mishandel?

What are the experiences of young women living in

mixed-gender residences?
Wat is jong vrouens se ervarings van inwoning in
gemengde-geslag koshuise?

Are men more likely than women to participate in

surveys about alcohol usage?
Is mans meer geneig as vrouens om deel te neem aan
opnames rakende die gebruik van alkohol?
Good Research Questions
Goeie Navorsingsvrae
• Concise (specific focus)
• Clear
• Operationalizable (can be
implemented)
• Open-ended (no obvious
answer)
• Elegant and simple
• Timely
• Theoretically rich (can lead to
new questions)
• Puzzle features (addresses a
problem)
• Self-explanatory
• Bondig (spesifieke fokus)
• Duidelik
• Operasionaliseerbaar (kan
geïmplementeer word)
• Oop-einde (geen voor die
hand liggende antwoord nie)
• Elegant en eenvoudig
• Tydig
• Teoreties ryk (kan na nuwe
vrae lei)
• Raaisel-eienskappe (spreek ‘n
probleem aan)
• Self-verduidelikend
Poor Research Questions Cannot Align with
the Methods and Analysis
Swak Navorsingsvrae Kan Nie met die
Metodes en Analises Belyn word nie
• Developmental (how can…); what
data would be analyzed?
• Planning (how will we…); What
design would be used?
• Obvious answer; Why is the research
needed?
• Needs analysis; What data would be
analyzed and how?
• Preaching (how do we ensure…); Not
in line with inductive reasoning
processes.
• Committed (decided on an answer);
Not in line with inductive reasoning
processes.
• Solution-seeking; How would the
analysis from participants create a
conclusion?
• Ontwikkelend (hoe kan…); watter
data sal geanaliseer word?
• Beplanning (hoe sal ons…); Watter
ontwerp sal gevolg word?
• Voor die hand liggende antwoord;
Hoekom is die navorsing nodig?
• Benodig analise; Watter data sal
geanaliseer word en hoe?
• Predikend (hoe verseker ons…); Nie in
lyn met induktiewe beredenerings-
prosesse nie.
• Toegewyd (besluit op ‘n antwoord);
Nie in lyn met induktiewe
beredenerings-prosesse nie.
• Oplossing-soekend; Hoe sal die
analise van deelnemers tot 'n
gevolgtrekking lei?
Are the following research questions good?
Is die volgende goeie navorsingsvrae?

What methods can be used to ensure that students

attend all classes and enjoy their studies?
Watter metodes kan gebruik word om te verseker
dat studente al hulle klasse bywoon en hul studies
geniet?

What is the relationship between alcohol

consumption on amount of time spent studying?
Wat is die verwantskap tussen alkoholgebruik en die
hoeveelheid tyd wat aan studie spandeer word?
How do the following research questions align with
(which?) research design?
Hoe belyn die volgende navorsingsvrae met (watter?)
navorsingsontwerp?
What is the relationship between travel time to campus and hours
spent studying?
Wat is die verwantskap tussen reistyd na kampus en ure wat aan
studie spandeer word?

What are the experiences of young women who are unable to

attend classes due to child-care responsibilities?
Wat is die ervarings van jong vrouens wat as gevolg van
kindersorg-verantwoordelikhede nie klas kan bywoon nie?

Do more women than men take on traditional childcare roles?

Neem meer vrouens as mans tradisionele kindersorg-rolle aan?
Creating a purpose statement
Die skepping van ‘n doelstelling
A purpose statement is a “summary” of
the research plan
• The topic
• The sample and design
• The alignment between the sample,
design, data collection method, and
data analysis
The purpose/objective of this (research
approach and design) study is to
(…understand? describe? explore?) the
(phenomenon) for/of (sample) in/at
(research site). The (phenomenon) will
be studied using (method) to
understand (research question/specific
objective/hypothesis).
'n Doelstelling is 'n "opsomming" van
die navorsingsplan
• Die onderwerp
• Die steekproef en ontwerp
• Die belyning tussen die steekproef,
ontwerp, data-insamelingsmetode,
en data-analise
Die doel/doelwit van hierdie
(navorsingsbenadering en –ontwerp)
studie is om die (fenomeen) te
(…verstaan? beskryf? verken?) vir/van
(steekproef) in/by (navorsingsligging).
Die (fenomeen) sal bestudeer word met
die gebruik van (metode) om
(navorsingsvraag/spesifieke
doelwit/hipotese) te verstaan.
Identify each component of the purpose statement
Identifiseer elke komponent van die doelstelling
The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological
study is the understand immigrants’ perceptions of
xenophobia in Soweto. The study will use individual,
semi-structured interviews to explore immigrants’
perceptions of how xenophobia affects their daily lives.

Die doel van hierdie kwalitatiewe, fenomenologiese

studie is om immigrante se persepsies van xenofobie
in Soweto te verstaan. Die studie sal gebruik maak van
individuele, semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude om
immigrante se persepsies rakende hoe xenofobie hul
daaglikse lewe affekteer, te verken.
Qualitative Data Analysis: Focus
Kwalitatiewe Data-analise: Fokus
• Focus on exploration, • Fokus op verkenning,
understanding, begryping, interpretasie en
interpretation, and themes temas
• Interpretivist: Focus on • Interpritivisties: Fokus op
individual meanings individuele betekenisse
• Inductive: Themes and • Induktief: Temas en
categories of information kategorieë van inligting
emerge tree na vore
• Deductive: Themes and • Deduktief: Temas en
categories of information kategorieë van inligting
are looked for (pre- word na gesoek (vooraf op
decided); Applies to some besluit); Van toepassing op
forms of content analysis sommige vorme van
inhoudsanalise
Qualitative Data Analysis: Methods
Kwalitatiewe Data-Analise: Metodes
• Thematic Analysis (most common)
• Derive categories and themes from the data
• Group meanings
• What are the themes of meaning?
• Content Analysis
• Summarize content
• Similarities and differences
• What is said?
• Narrative analysis
• Stories of (usually) chronological lived
experiences
• Organization and content of story
• Common “themes” in the story
• Discourse Analysis
• Meaning of spoken/written words (not
interactions)
• Conversation Analysis
• Talk in interaction
• Hermeneutics
• Interpreting textual data
• Cycle between the whole and the parts
• Tematiese Analise (mees algemeen)
• Lei kategorieë en temas vanuit die data af
• Groepeer betekenisse
• Wat is die temas van betekenis?
• Inhoudsanalise
• Som inhoud op
• Ooreenkomste en verskille
• Wat word gesê?
• Narratiewe analise
• Stories van (gewoonlik) chronologies
geleefde ervarings
• Organisasie en inhoud van storie
• Algemene “temas” in die storie
• Diskoers-analise
• Betekenis van gesproke/geskrewe woorde
(nie interaksies nie)
• Gespreksanalise
• Gesprek in interaksie
• Hermeneutiek
• Interpretasie van tekstuele data
• Siklus tussen die geheel en die gedeeltes
Conducting Qualitative (Thematic) Data Analysis

Bestuur van Kwalitatiewe (Tematiese) Data-Analise

• Prepare the data • Berei die data voor

• Describe the sample
• Transcribe and organize
• Immerse
• Coding
• Meaningful units
• Marking data segments focusing on
meaning
• Similar codes become categories
• Similar categories become themes
• Organize and structure themes
• Combination of related codes
• Recurrence until data saturation
• Adjust and recombine definitions
• Notice links between themes
• Beskryf die steekproef
• Transkribeer en organiseer
• Verdiep
• Kodering
• Betekenisvolle eenhede
• Merk data-segmente wat fokus op
betekenis
• Soortgelyke kodes word kategorieë
• Soortgelyke kategorieë word temas
• Organiseer en struktureer temas
• Kombinasie van verwante kodes
• Herhaling tot data-versadiging bereik
word
• Definisies word aangepas en
herkombineer
• Neem kennis van skakels tussen temas
Thematic Analysis: Preparing the Data
Tematiese Analise: Voorbereiding van die Data
• Interview recordings, videos, or
graphics in a format suitable for
analysis (e.g., transcribed)
• Before starting analysis, the
researcher should:
• Be able to comprehensively describe
the sample
• Have data which is organized and
suitable for analysis (e.g.,
transcriptions of interviews, graphics
organized by participant)
• Become familiar with all the responses
(data; immersion)
• Anonymize the data (e.g., Participant
1)
• The characteristics of the sample are
important for the interpretation of
the data analysis
• People with characteristic X tended to
express theme X
• Onderhoud-opnames, video's of
grafika in 'n formaat wat gepas is vir
die analise (bv. getranskribeer)
• Voordat die navorser begin met
analise, moet hy/sy:
• In staat wees om die steekproef
deeglik te beskryf
• Data hê wat georganiseerd en gepas is
vir die analise (bv. transkripsies van
onderhoude, grafika wat volgens
deelnemer georganiseer is)
• Vertroud raak met al die response
(data; immersie)
• Maak die data anoniem (anonimiseer)
(bv. Deelnemer 1)
• Die eienskappe van die steekproef is
belangrik vir die interpretasie van die
data-analise
• Mense met eienskap X was geneig om
tema X uit te druk
Thematic Analysis: Coding the Data
Tematiese Analise: Kodering van die Data

• Codes: Identify small pieces • Kodes: Identifiseer klein

of relevant information
from what participants say
• Focus on what is expressed
by participants
• In line with the goal of the
research: What information
is relevant to the study?
• Codes reflect the ideas in
thematic analysis
• Difference: Codes reflect
the content (what is said) in
content analysis
stukkies relevante inligting
uit dit wat deelnemers sê
• Fokus op dit wat deur
deelnemers uitgedruk word
• In lyn met die doel van die
navorsing: Watter inligting
is relevant tot die studie?
• Kodes reflekteer die idees in
tematiese analise
• Verskil: Kodes reflekteer die
inhoud (wat gesê is) in
inhoudsanalise
Thematic Analysis: Organizing Themes
Tematiese Analise: Organisering van Temas

• Codes describe the ideas in • Kodes beskryf die idees in die

the interviews (transcripts)
• Themes:
• Groups of related codes
• Patterns in ideas or thoughts
• Reflective of meaning and
interpretations in relation to
the research focus
• Themes keep the research
question in mind
• Answer the question
• Do not look for a specific,
pre-determined answer
onderhoude (transkripsies)
• Temas:
• Groepe van verwante kodes
• Patrone in idees of gedagtes
• Refleksie van betekenis en
interpretasies verwant aan die
navorsingsfokus
• Temas hou die
navorsingsvraag in gedagte
• Beantwoord die vraag
• Soek nie na ’n spesifiek,
voorafbepaalde antwoord nie
Thematic Analysis: Reviewing Themes
Tematiese Analise: Hersiening van Temas

• Themes (and codes) are • Temas (en kodes) word

frequently reworked or
combined
• Descriptively name themes
• Reflective of meaning
considering interpretations,
context, and the research
question
• Themes are reviewed in
context of:
• Sample characteristics
• The research question or aim
gereeld hersien of
herkombineer
• Benoem temas beskrywend
• Refleksie van betekenis,
met oorweging van
interpretasies, konteks en
die navorsingsvraag
• Temas word hersien binne
die konteks van:
• Steekproef-eienskappe
• Die navorsingsvraag of -doel
Generating and Reviewing Themes
Generasie en Hersiening van Temas

In this context, “perceived lack of skills” could be reworked to “uncertainty” about skills,
particularly the development of new skills. This could also reflect concerns about lack of
competence or uncertainty about new methods interpreted in context of the sample,
type of work (social construction), and research question.

In hierdie konteks kan “perceived lack of skills” herwerk word na

“onsekerheid/twyfelagtigheid” oor vaardighede, in besonder die ontwikkeling van nuwe
vaardighede. Dit kan ook bekommernisse aan ’n gebrek aan bevoegdheid reflekteer,
sowel as onsekerheid oor nuwe metodes wat binne die konteks van die steekproef
geïnterpreteer word, die tipe werk (sosiale konstruksie), en die navorsingsvraag.
Interpreting Qualitative Analyses
Die Interpretasie van Kwalitatiewe
Analises
• Descriptive summaries of
categories and structures
• Analytical understanding of links
• Investigate new ideas and
emerging patterns related to the
research question and literature
• Re-link to existing theories
• Take on multiple perspectives
• Draw conclusions about the
research question
• Thematic analysis is inductive:
• Themes emerge from the data
• Deductive: The researcher
searches for specific themes in
the data
• Beskrywende opsommings van
kategorieë en strukture
• Analitiese begrip van skakels
• Ondersoek nuwe idees en
opkomende patrone wat verwant is
aan die navorsingsvraag en die
literatuur
• Skakel weer aan bestaande teorieë
• Aanvaar veelvoudige perspektiewe
• Kom tot gevolgtrekkings rakende die
navorsingsvraag
• Tematiese analise is induktief:
• Temas ontstaan vanuit die data
• Deduktief: Die navorser soek na
spesifieke temas in die data
Qualitative Research Study: Students’ challenges in
studying from home during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kwalitatiewe Navorsingstudie: Studente se uitdagings om
tuis te studeer tydens die COVID-19 pandemie
Participant 1: Studying at home was difficult because my parents often
distracted me by asking me to tend to chores while I was trying to study. It
made me feel very stressed and anxious.
Deelnemer 1: Om tuis te studeer was moeilik, want my ouers het gereeld
my aandag afgetrek deur my te vra om huistakies te doen terwyl ek
probeer studeer. Dit het veroorsaak dat ek baie stres en angs ervaar het.

Participant 2: The biggest challenge studying at home was the amount of

noise next door. Because they weren’t working, they kept having parties
even though they shouldn’t. I couldn’t concentrate and I worried about my
studies a lot.
Deelnemer 2: Die grootste uitdaging daarvan om tuis te studeer, was die
groot geraas by die bure. Omdat hulle nie gewerk het nie, het hulle
heeltyd partytjies gehou, selfs al behoort hulle dit nie te gedoen het nie.
Ek kon nie konsentreer nie en was baie bekommerd oor my studies.
Qualitative Research Study: Students’ challenges in
studying from home during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kwalitatiewe Navorsingstudies: Studente se uitdagings
om tuis te studeer tydens die COVID-19 pandemie
Results / Resultate
Thematic data analysis will be used to inductively find themes in what
the two participants said.
Tematiese data-analise sal gebruik word om op ‘n induktiewe manier
temas te vind in dit wat die twee deelnemers gesê het.
Focus of the study / research: Name the focus
Fokus van die studie / navorsing: Noem die fokus
Look for information from both the participants which could go together:
Soek na inligting vanaf beide deelnemers wat by mekaar kan pas:
Theme 1: Name the theme
Tema 1: Noem die tema
Theme 2: Name the theme
Tema 2: Noem die tema
Qualitative Research Study: Students’ challenges in
studying from home during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kwalitatiewe Navorsingstudies: Studente se uitdagings
om tuis te studeer tydens die COVID-19 pandemie
Conclusions / Gevolgtrekkings
The research question is:
Die navorsingsvraag is:

This study found that participants…….

Hierdie studie het bevind dat deelnemers…….
1.
2.

The study can conclude that……

Hierdie studie kan tot die gevolgtrekking kom dat…….
1.
2.
Qualitative Data: Trustworthiness
Kwalitatiewe Data: Betroubaarheid
• Credibility (internally valid)
• Validity of the conclusion
• Conclusion matching the “reality” reported on
• Transferability (applicability)
• Findings apply to other situations
• Contextual inferences
• Dependability (reliable, consistent)
• Findings established in a systematic research context
• Variability in results and findings is normal in
qualitative research
• Reflect ranges of experience
• Confirmability (replicable, objective)
• Check and re-check of quality of data collection and
analysis (reported accurately)
• Iterative process of developing themes during
analysis
• Researcher bias does not influence findings
(objectivity)
• Geloofwaardigheid (intern geldig)
• Geldigheid van die gevolgtrekking
• Gevolgtrekking pas by die “realiteit” waaroor daar
verslag gedoen is
• Oordraagbaarheid
(toepaslikheid/aanwendbaarheid)
• Bevindinge is van toepassing op ander situasies
• Kontekstuele gevolgtrekkings
• Betroubaarheid (betroubaar, konsekwent)
• Bevindinge gevestig in ’n sistematiese
navorsingskonteks
• Veranderlikheid in resultate en bevindinge is normaal
in kwalitatiewe navorsing
• Reflekteer reekse van ervarings
• Bevestigbaarheid (herhaalbaar, objektief)
• Kontroleer en herkontroleer die kwaliteit van data-
insameling en -analise (akkurate verslagdoening)
• Iteratiewe proses waar temas tydens analise
ontwikkel word
• Navorser se vooroordeel beïnvloed nie bevindinge nie
(objektiwiteit)
Strategies to Ensure Trustworthiness
Strategieë om Betroubaarheid te Verseker
• Prolonged engagement / Langdurige betrokkenheid
Credibility / • Participant validation / Deelnemer-validering
Geloofwaardigheid • Triangulation (multiple sources) / Triangulasie (veelvoudige
bronne)

• Thick (rich, complex) descriptions / Digte (ryk, komplekse)

Transferability / beskrywings
Oordraagbaarheid • Appropriate sampling technique (particularly purposive sampling)
(Toepaslikheid) / Gepaste steekproefnemingstegniek (in besonder met doelgerigte
steekproefneming)

• Audit trail of methods and analysis / Ouditspoor van metodes en

Dependability / analise
Betroubaarheid • Triangulation (multiple sources) / Triangulasie (veelvoudige
bronne)

• Triangulation / Triangulasie
Confirmability /
Bevestigbaarheid • Reflexive or iterative data analysis / Reflektiewe of iteratiewe
data-analise
Reporting the Findings
Verslaglewering rakende die
Bevindinge
• Reports are written with APA 7th edition • Verslae word geskryf met die gebruik van
formatting and referencing APA 7de-uitgawe formatering en verwysing
• Introduction: Introduce the idea and • Inleiding: Stel die idee en doel bekend
purpose
• Literatuuroorsig: Beskryf dit wat bekend is
• Literature Review: Describe what is known vanuit die literatuur
from the literature
• Metodologie:
• Methodology: • Paradigma
• Paradigm • Navorsingsontwerp
• Research design • Steekproef
• Sample • Data-insameling
• Data collection • Data-analise
• Data analysis
• Bevindinge
• Findings
• Bespreking
• Discussion
• Gevolgtrekkings
• Conclusions
• Verwysings
• References
Reporting the Qualitative Research Process

Data analysis Discussion and

•Description of the analysis
Conclusion
Paradigm and
used •Interpretation of meaning
Design •How the analysis aligns in context of other
•Worldview (paradigm) with the aim, paradigm, literature
demonstrating how and design •Relationship between
findings will be •The steps taken for the these findings and other
understood qualitative analysis (e.g., literature
•Design used to investigate generating codes, •Implications of the
the topic and why organizing themes, etc.) findings for the study aim

Sampling and data Findings

collection •Outcome of the analysis
•Sampling method and •Themes generated
description of the sample •Summary format
•How the aim, design, and
sampling method align
with data collection
Verslaglewering rakende die Kwalitatiewe
Navorsingsproses
Data-analise
Paradigma en Bespreking en
•Beskrywing van die
Ontwerp analise wat gebruik is
gevolgtrekking
•Wêreldbeskouing •Hoe die analise belyn •Interpretasie van
(paradigma) wat met die doel, paradigma betekenis binne konteks
demonstreer hoe en ontwerp van ander literatuur
bevindinge verstaan sal •Die stappe wat geneem •Verwantskap tussen
word is vir die kwalitatiewe hierdie bevindinge en
•Ontwerp wat gebruik data-analise (bv. ander literatuur
word om ondersoek in generering van kodes, •Implikasies van die
te stel oor die organisasie van temas, bevindinge vir die doel
onderwerp en hoekom ens.) van die studie

Steekproefneming en Bevindinge
data-insameling
•Uitkoms van die
•Steekproefmetode en analise
beskrywing van die •Temas wat gegenereer
steekproef is
•Hoe die doel, ontwerp •Opsommingsformaat
en steekproefmetode
belyn met data-
insameling
Writing Findings
Die Opskryf van Bevindinge
• The Findings (Results) section
describes the results
• the discussion interprets the
results
• Concise
• Directly relevant to the research
question
• Reminder of the type of analysis
• A summary of the main themes
which relate to the research
question
• A description of patterns, links,
or trends
• Significant quotes or snippets
directly from the interviews
(direct quotations)
• Die Bevindinge- (Resultate)
afdeling beskryf die resultate
• die bespreking interpreteer die
resultate
• Bondig
• Direk relevant tot die
navorsingsvraag
• Herinnering aan die tipe analise
• ’n Opsomming van die hooftemas
wat verwant is aan die
navorsingsvraag
• ’n Beskrywing van patrone,
skakels of neigings
• Betekenisvolle aanhalings of
uittreksels direk vanuit die
onderhoude (direkte aanhalings)
Is this the correct way to report findings?
Is hierdie die regte manier om bevindinge te
rapporteer?
When asked about social Toe die deelnemers gevra is
media as a form of oor sosiale media as ’n
communication, the vorm van kommunikasie,
participants agreed that het hulle saamgestem dat
some form communication daar ’n vorm van
was involved in that people kommunikasie betrokke
communicated messages was in die sin dat mense
to one another, but that boodskappe aan mekaar
“real” communication gekommunikeer het, maar
involved more depth and dat “werklike”
other aspects such as tone kommunikasie meer diepte
of voice and non-verbal behels, sowel as ander
expression. aspekte soos stemtoon en
nie-verbale uitdrukking.
Is this the correct way to report findings?
Is hierdie die regte manier om bevindinge te
rapporteer?
When asked about Toe daar aan deelnemers
whether video-game gevra is of videospeletjie-
testing is a “real” career toetsing ’n “regte”
path, participants indicated loopbaanrigting is, het
that they believed that it deelnemers aangedui dat
was more of a hobby. This hulle glo dat dit meer van ’n
is aligned with research by stokperdjie is. Dit belyn met
Student et al. (2019) who die navorsing deur Student et
suggested that Generation al. (2019), wat voorgestel het
X view video-games as a dat Generasie X
leisure only activity, not a videospeletjies beskou as
creative development slegs ’n
process. ontspanningsaktiwiteit, nie ’n
kreatiewe
ontwikkelingsproses nie.
Writing a Discussion
Skryf ’n Bespreking
• Components of the discussion:
• Summary: Key results from the
findings
• Interpretation: What the results
mean (with reference to other
literature to give context)
• Argument: Demonstrate support
for the overall conclusion while
presenting possible alternative
explanations from other research
• What not to include in a
discussion:
• New results (all the results are in
the “Findings” section)
• Claims or speculation that the
results and literature do not
support
• Personal opinions
• Komponente van die bespreking
• Opsomming: Sleutelresultate
vanuit die bevindinge
• Interpretasie: Wat die resultate
beteken (met verwysing tot ander
literatuur om konteks te verskaf)
• Argument: Demonstreer
ondersteuning vir die algehele
gevolgtrekking, terwyl moontlike
alternatiewe verduidelikings
vanuit ander navorsing aangebied
word
• Wat om nie in te sluit by ’n
bespreking nie:
• Nuwe resultate (al die resultate is
in die “Bevindinge”-afdeling)
• Bewerings of spekulasie wat nie
deur die resultate en literatuur
ondersteun word nie
• Persoonlike opinies
Discussion: How do depressed persons describe their own
accomplishments?
Bespreking: Hoe beskryf depressiewe persone hulle eie
prestasies?
The outcome of this research
provides insight into how
depressed persons describe their
own accomplishments. Depressed
participants tended not to
acknowledge their own
achievements. This is similar to
other findings which suggest that
persons with depression struggle to
express positive regard for
themselves or others (Student et
al., 2020). Moreover, other
research has found that depressed
persons struggle to assign value to
their own achievements, even if
they recognize the worth of that
achievement (Student et al., 2022).
Die uitkoms van hierdie navorsing
bied insig oor hoe depressiewe
persone hulle eie prestasies beskryf.
Depressiewe deelnemers was
geneig om nie hulle eie prestasies te
erken nie. Dit is soortgelyk aan
ander bevindinge wat daarop dui
dat persone met depressie sukkel
om positiewe erkenning aan
hulleself en ander te gee (Student et
al., 2020). Verder het ander
navorsing ook bevind dat
depressiewe persone sukkel om
waarde aan hulle eie prestasies te
heg, selfs al erken hulle die waarde
van daardie prestasie (Student et
al., 2022).
APA Formatting
APA-Formatering
Heading Level 1 / Opskrif Vlak 1

Heading level 1 (the first heading) is centered and bold. The document’s text should be Times New Roman, 12

point, and left aligned / Opskrif vlak 1 (die eerste opskrif) is gesentreerd en vetgedruk. Die dokument se teks moet in Times

New Roman, 12-punt, en linksbelyn wees

Heading Level 2 / Opskrif Vlak 2

Heading level two is left-aligned and bold. Each paragraph should start with an indent for the first line. Text

should be double spaced. / Opskrif vlak twee is linksbelyn en vetgedruk. Elke paragraaf moet met ‘n inkeping begin vir die

eerste lyn. Teks moet in dubbelspasiëring wees.

Heading level 3 / Opskrif vlak 3

Heading level 3 is left aligned, bold, and italicized. For heading levels 1 to 3, the first letter of each word

should be capitalized / Opskrif vlak 3 is linksbelyn, vetgedruk en in kursief. Vir opskrif vlakke 1 tot 3, moet die eerste letter

van elke woord hoofletters wees.

APA 7th Edition Referencing
APA 7de-Uitgawe Verwysing
Author's name in parentheses: two authors / Outeur se naam in hakies: twee outeurs
One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic
(Gass & Varonis, 1984).
Author’s name in parentheses: three authors / Outeur se naam in hakies: drie outeurs
One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic
(Gass, Elkin, & Varonis, 1984).
Author’s name in-text: / Outeur se naam in-teks:
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity
with the topic.

Reference List / Bronnelys/Verwysingslys