Grammar Booklet

GRAMMAR BOOKLET FOR METHOD
Table of Contents
Parts of Speech Answer Key

Goals Parts of Speech
Verbs Tenses Voices and Conditionals
Auxiliaries
Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Adverbs
Summary
Tenses, Voices and Conditionals

Present Continuous
Idiomatic Future
Simple Present
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Simple Future
Present Perfect
Active and Passive Voice
Cause and Effect
Future Possible
Summary
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Grammar Booklet May 2021
GOALS
When you finish studying this booklet you will be able to:
1. understand and use the grammatical terms and definitions as we use them in
Interlingua
2. understand and use the parts of speech and grammatical structures most commonly
used in English
3. explain some of the aspects of English that cause interference (that cause students to
use structures in English the way they are used in Spanish)
NOTE:
There are many different correct terms for each grammar point. By studying this grammar
booklet, you will learn the terms we expect you to use in Interlingua. We do not claim that
other terms are incorrect.
In Interlingua, we always link a concept to a structure. This helps our students make the
new structure more meaningful. All our teachers should use the same terminology for
concepts and structures.
Example:
Some people recognize the structure used in the sentence, Jim is drinking a soda
right now, as present continuous. Others call it present progressive. Both names
are correct, but in Interlingua we call the structure present continuous. Its concept
is actions now.
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PARTS OF SPEECH
GOALS
When you complete this section you will be able to define, recognize and give examples of
the following parts of speech:
• verbs
• auxiliaries
• nouns
• pronouns
• adjectives
• adverbs
VERBS
Verbs are words that express action or state of being.

Examples:
Robert worked very hard yesterday. (action)
He is tired. (state of being)
Verbs can take six different forms:

Verb Form Interlingua to write to speak to be
Terminology
She decided to He learned to To be or not to
Infinitive infinitive write him a speak when he be, that is the
letter. was two. question…
verb in simple Ben had to write Do you speak I guess I should
Simple Form form, VSF his name on the Japanese? be more patient.
form.
verb in present, Suzy never We usually John is 30 years
Simple Present Vpres writes anything speak in English old.
(also V+S) by hand. (=V+S) at home.
verb in past, Frank wrote the They spoke on We were late for
Past Form Vpast memo the phone for the
yesterday. hours. appointment.
verb + ing, I’m writing her They are He’s just being
Present v+ing an e-mail right speaking to the stubborn.
Participle now. president right
now.
verb in past It was written French is spoken We’ve never
Past Participle participle, VPP by Italo Calvino. in the south of been to New
Belgium. York.
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Verbs can be regular or irregular.

For a regular verb, both the past tense and the past participle are formed by adding –ed to
the verb in simple form (VSF), for example:
play → played, played
Irregular verbs do not follow this rule. Their past form and past participle have to be
memorized. Examples:
drink → drank, drunk
do → did, done
bring→ brought, brought
AUXILIARIES
Tense Auxiliaries
Tense auxiliaries express tense or time.

The tense auxiliaries are be, do, will and have.
Tense auxiliary Examples

be The secretaries aren’t working right now.
(present continuous) SUB + AUX+NOT + V+ING + T.E.
do Does Jim have a car?
(simple present) AUX + SUB + VSF
will The Bensons will have a party on Friday night.
(simple future) SUB + AUX + VSF
have They have worked on the project for two weeks.
(present perfect) SUB + AUX + VPP
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Modal Auxiliaries
Modal auxiliaries give information about the main verb. They convey opinions and
feelings.
Modals are always followed by the verb in simple form (VSF).
The modals taught in levels 1 to 4 are: can, should, may and have to. We teach our
students that they are expressions. For example, should is an expression for
recommendation.
Modal Concept(s) Examples

Auxiliary
can ability Brenda can dance salsa very well.
opportunity SUB + MODAL + VSF
permission AUX
You can’t find a good restaurant around here.
SUB + MODAL+NOT + VSF
AUX
Can you help me?
MODAL + SUB + VSF
AUX
should recommendation You should arrive on time.
SUB + MODAL + VSF
AUX
may “we’re not sure” Bill may visit his parents today.
SUB + MODAL + VSF
AUX
Have to is a periphrastic modal, which means it needs an auxiliary (do) in interrogative and
negative. Have to is used for present and for future.

Auxiliary
“have to” obligation Jim has to pay a lot of taxes.
necessity SUB + MODAL + VSF
(present/future AUX
reference) Do you have to work next Saturday?
TENSE + SUB + MODAL + VSF + TE
AUX AUX
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Auxiliary
“had to” obligation She didn’t have to buy groceries last night.
necessity SUB + TENSE + NOT + MODAL + VSF + TE
(past) AUX AUX
Did you have to work yesterday?
AUX AUX
“will have obligation Frank will have to call you later.
to” necessity SUB + TENSE + MODAL + VSF + TE
(future) Will you have to get up early tomorrow?
NOUNS
Nouns are words that are used to name people, places, things, animals, qualities and
actions.
Examples:
people → Frank, Mary, child animals → turkey, fish, dog
places → Asia, Himalayas, home qualities → time, kindness, love
things → book, table, radio actions → working, living, dancing
When nouns name actions, they are called gerunds.

Examples:
Sailing is an exciting sport.
I hate shopping on weekends.
NOTE:
1. The gerund is a noun, not a verb. Therefore, the gerund is NOT the same as gerundio
in Spanish. El gerundio is the verb in present participle, i.e., the verb+ing in English.
2. We do not teach the term gerund until level 10. In level 2, gerunds are only introduced
in sentences of the type, They went bowling last week, and we teach them as the
expression go+verb+ing.
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Count and Mass Nouns
Count nouns Mass nouns

Count nouns (also: countable nouns) name Mass nouns (also: uncountable nouns)
things that we can count, for example: name things we cannot count as separate
apples, boxes, buildings, dollars. entities, for example: sugar, blood, love,
bread, money
Count nouns can be singular or plural: We Mass nouns are always grammatically
ordered two boxes but we only received one singular: Time is money.
box.
The quantity expressions used with count The quantity expressions used with mass
nouns are: nouns are:
There are many chairs in the classroom. He had a lot of money in his pocket.
Some pencils were sharp. I spilled some sugar on the table.
She read a few magazines when she was ill. There isn’t much traffic on Sundays.
We have a little time left.
There aren’t any pictures on the wall. He didn’t find any information on the topic.
NOTE: In Spanish, the expression hay is used as a verb in both singular and plural, for
example: Ya no hay leche, there isn’t any milk left, and Había muchas policías, there were
many policemen.
PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that replace nouns and their modifiers.
Example:
Jane is washing her clothes. She is washing them.
The kids like swimming. They like it.
noun noun pron. pron.
We will look at the following six kinds of pronouns:
Pronoun Example
subject They wore dark uniforms.
demonstrative This will be your office.
object Did you see her in Pretty Woman?
possessive This is your umbrella; I left mine in the car.
indefinite Everybody knew the answer.
reflexive She cut herself while she was peeling potatoes.
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ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words that describe people, places, or things, or give additional
information about them.
Example:
There was a terrible scratch on the left side of my new car.
adj. adj. adj. adj.
We will look at six kinds of adjectives:

Adjective Example
descriptive They have two young children.
possessive Their names are Linda and Greg.
quantity The kids have two dogs and some fish..
demonstrative Look. This picture was taken last month.
state of being Rick is sleepy.
participial He is tired. The meeting was tiring.
In Spanish, descriptive adjectives and state of being adjectives use different verbs:
Descriptive Adjectives State of Being Adjectives
Examples: tall, beautiful Examples: hungry, angry
In Spanish, we normally use the verb ser: In Spanish, we normally use the verb estar:
The boy is tall. / El muchacho es alto. He is angry. / Él está enojado.
His sister is beautiful. / Su hermana es
hermosa. Sometimes the verb tener is used:
Brenda is hungry. / Brenda tiene hambre.
There are two kinds of participial adjectives:

Ending in –ing Ending in –ed
(present participle form) (past participle form)
Examples: Examples:
The game was exciting. The audience was excited.
The book was boring. I was bored (when I read the book).
The -ing adjective describes The –ed adjective describes
a thing or an activity. how people feel.
NOTE: Some adjectives can be placed in more than one category. Adjectives like bored,
tired and excited are both state of being and participial adjectives.
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ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that give information about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
Grammarians particularly disagree about the kinds of adverbs and what to call them. The
list below is based on the question words that elicit the adverb.
The adverbs that we teach in levels 1 to 4 are:
Adverb Answers the Example Position in Sentence

Question
Time When? What We can paint the other wall • at the end of the
expression time? tomorrow. sentence
Caroline isn’t at home right • before the time
Adverb of Where? now. expression
place She’s at work. • at the end of the
sentence
Frequency (none) Jim usually arrives on time.• before the verb
adverb • after the verb be
Frequency How often? We go swimming once a week. • at the end of the
expression sentence
Adverb of How? He plays tennis well. • after the object
manner She sings beautifully. • after the verb
Intensifier How (+adv.)? Grandpa drives very slowly. • before an adverb
How slowly does Their house is really big. • before an
he drive? adjective
Adverbs of manner are formed by adding –ly to an adjective.

Example:
slow → slowly
There are a few exceptions:

good → well
fast → fast
hard → hard
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SUMMARY
Verbs are words that express action or state of being. Six verb forms: infinitive, simple
form, simple present, past form, present participle (V+ing), past participle.
Tense auxiliaries express tense or time: be, do, will, have.
Modal auxiliaries convey opinions and feelings.

can: ability, opportunity, permission
should: recommendation
have to: obligation, necessity
may: future action, “We’re not sure”
Nouns are words that are used to name people, places, things, animals, qualities and
actions.
Pronouns are words that replace nouns and their modifiers. We have seen subject,
demonstrative, object, possessive, indefinite and reflexive pronouns.
Adjectives are words that describe people, places or things, or give additional information
about them. In this booklet, we have seen descriptive, possessive, state-of-being,
participial, quantity and demonstrative adjectives.
Adverbs are words that give information about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. We
consider adverbs of place, adverbs of manner, frequency adverbs, intensifiers, time
expressions and frequency expressions.
TENSES, VOICES AND CONDITIONALS
GOALS
When you complete this section you will be able to define, recognize and give examples of
the following core tenses of English:
• present continuous
• simple present
• idiomatic future
• simple past
• past continuous
• simple future
• present perfect
You will also learn to define, recognize and give examples of:
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• active and passive voice

• conditionals
Remember that in Interlingua we always link structures to their concepts. When you study
this section, learn to identify the structures and the concepts.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Present continuous describes actions in progress at the moment of speaking. We tell

students that present continuous describes actions now.
In present continuous we use the auxiliary be and the verb in present participle.
Frank is writing a letter at this moment.

SUB + AUX + V+ING + TIME EXPRESSION
The time expression that we teach for this tense are now, right now and at this moment.
2. A second concept of present continuous is a planned future action.
Scott and Sandy are flying to Denver next week.

SUB + AUX + V+ING + TIME EXPRESSION
In negative, we teach the contractions isn’t and ‘s not in singular, and in plural aren’t and
‘re not:
He’s not working now. They’re not singing in tune.
He isn’t working now. They aren’t singing in tune.
We use present continuous only for planned future actions, for example:
We’re going to a party tonight.
However, we cannot say:
We’re making some new friends.
because that is not a planned future action. We need to use another structure here, for
example:
We may make some new friends.
OR
We’re going to make some new friends.
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IDIOMATIC FUTURE
We use the idiomatic future to talk about future actions.
Wendy is going to study Physics next year.

SUB + EXPR + VSF + TIME EXPRESSION
We use the auxiliary be. The expression going to is followed by the verb in simple form.
Is she going to study in the US? No, she isn’t going to study in the US.
AUX + SUB + EXPR + VSF SUB + AUX + NOT + EXPR.+ VSF
In class, you need to avoid using the present continuous for the idiomatic future.
idiomatic future: Are you going to go to the movies on Saturday?
present continuous: Are you going to the movies on Saturday?
SIMPLE PRESENT
The simple present tense is used for habits and general information.
general information: Water boils at 100°C.

Henry and June like to dance.
habits: They go to the disco at least twice a month.

TIME EXPRESSION
He normally wears casual clothes.
FREQUENCY ADVERB
As you can see in these examples, time expressions or frequency adverbs can be used to
express the concept of habits.
In affirmative, the main verb is used in the simple present form. In negative and
interrogative, the auxiliary do or does is used with the verb in simple form.
Gwen usually sleeps seven hours, but she doesn’t go to bed before 1 a.m.
SUB + FREQ. ADV + VERB PRESENT SUB + AUX+NOT + VSF
How many hours do you sleep every day?

AUX + SUB + VSF
NOTE: For Spanish speakers, simple present is a very difficult structure. In Spanish, an
affirmative sentence is transformed into interrogative by changing the word order and
intonation:
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Juan y Laura tienen un coche nuevo. → Tienen un coche nuevo?

The sentence construction in English requires the auxiliary do and it changes according to
the person:
John and Laura have a new car. → Do John and Laura have a new car? →
Does Marian have a new car?
An additional difficulty for Spanish speakers is the verb+s (V+S) structure for third person
singular. This is the only conjugated form of the verb in present, and very hard for
students of any first language to acquire.
In the Interlingua system, students are not ready for level two if they don’t have a
reasonable grasp of the use of the auxiliaries in simple present. In level two they will see
simple past, and they will have to be able to handle the auxiliaries do, does, and did.
SIMPLE PAST
The simple past tense is used to express completed actions at a definite time in the past.
We tell the students the concept is past actions.
They went to Disneyland last year.

SUB + V.PAST + TIME EXPRESSION
In affirmative, the past form of the verb is used. In negative and interrogative, we use the
auxiliary did and the verb in simple form.
Did you see the game last Sunday? No, I didn’t see it.
AUX+SUB+VSF + TIME EXPRESSION SUB+AUX+NOT+VSF
Time expressions that indicate a definite time in the past are last week, yesterday, two
months ago, etc.
PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous tense is used for actions in progress in the past. However, we
introduce three specific concepts: at a specific time, when another action happened, and
while another action was in progress.
The structure consists of the auxiliary be in the past and the verb in present participle.
Many guests were arriving at the party at 10 p.m.
SUBJECT + BE + VERB+ING + TIME EXPRESSION
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CONCEPT EXAMPLE
An action in progress in the They were having a meeting at 12 o’clock.
past at a specific time AT+SPECIFIC TIME
An action in progress in the They were having a meeting when Peter fainted.
past when another action WHEN+SUB+V. PAST
happened
An action in progress in the They were having a meeting while I was eating lunch.
past while another action WHILE+SUB+ BE + V+ING
was in progress
SIMPLE FUTURE
The simple future tense expresses future actions.
The tense is formed with the auxiliaries will or may and the verb in simple form.
We will get married next September. We may get married in Acapulco.
SUB+AUX+VSF + TIME EXPRESSION SUB+AUX+VSF
Will is used when we are sure the action will happen, may is used when we’re not sure.
Will can be used in affirmative and interrogative. The negative form of will is won’t. We
use may only in affirmative to express future actions.
Will you pass the exam next week? Yes, I think I’ll pass the exam.
No, I won’t pass the exam.
I may pass it if I study really hard.
PRESENT PERFECT
In Interlingua, the present perfect tense is taught in levels 6 and 7. We teach two concepts
of present perfect:
1. AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED AT AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST

Fred hasn’t seen that movie yet, but I’ve seen it twice already.
2. An action that started in the past and is still in progress:

How long have you studied at Interlingua?
The present perfect is formed with the auxiliary have and the verb in past participle. For
the concept of an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past, we can use
expressions like once, twice, many times, and ever and never.
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Kim has eaten snails once, but nobody else has ever tried them.
SUB + AUX+VPP SUB + AUX + VPP
For the concept of an action that started in the past and is still in progress, we use the
time expressions for and since to indicate how long the action has been going on. The
question word for this concept is How long?
Nelson has lived there for twelve years.

SUB + AUX+VPP + TIME EXPRESSION
ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE
In English, the subject of the sentence is always the primary focus of the sentence. The
subject is what we are talking about.
In active voice, we are talking about the doer of the action. The doer is the grammatical
subject of the sentence.
Allie put on her make up.

SUB ACTION
(DOER)
In passive voice, we are talking about the receiver of the action. Therefore, the subject is
the receiver of the action.
The school was built in the nineties.

SUBJECT ACTION
(RECEIVER)
We teach our students that we use passive voice because the doer is unimportant,
unknown, or obvious.
unimportant These classrooms will be cleaned later.

SUBJECT WILL BE + VPP
unknown Pineapples are grown in Florida.
SUBJECT BE + VPP
obvious The bridge was destroyed in the storm.
SUBJECT BE + VPP
We also teach our students that passive voice in past is used when the information is
surprising or when the doer of the action is famous.
surprising These pictures were painted by a 7-year-old child!
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famous Don Quijote was written by Cervantes.
As you can see in the examples above, the passive voice is formed with the auxiliary be
and the verb in past participle.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Cause and effect is the most basic conditional structure. We use cause and effect to
express conditions that normally have certain results.
Ice melts if you heat it. If you heat ice, it melts.

RESULT (WHEN/IF) CONDITION (WHEN/IF) CONDITION RESULT
When my friends and I get together, we usually meet in a bar downtown.

(WHEN/IF) CONDITION RESULT
As you can see in the examples above, either the condition clause or the result clause can
be at the beginning of the sentence. The condition always starts with when or if. Both
clauses are in simple present. An adverb of frequency can be used in the result clause.
Cause and effect is especially used when we talk about universal truths and personal
behavior.
Universal truths:
If you heat ice, it melts. A baby cries when he is hungry.
Personal behavior:
When she is sad, she cries. He gets cranky when he doesn’t sleep enough.
We can use have to or should in the result and still express general information and
habits:
When you play American football, you have to wear special gear.
Jack shouldn’t smoke his pipe when there are little children around.
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FUTURE POSSIBLE
Future possible is the last of the conditionals that we teach in books 1 to 4. We use future
possible for conditions that will, may or can have a certain result in the future.
You will have a good time if you go to the party tonight.

RESULT (IF) CONDITION
• Will indicates that we are sure of the result.
If you don’t study, you may fail the exam.

(IF) CONDITION RESULT
• May indicates that we are not sure of the result.
If you see him tomorrow, you can ask him about the accident.
(IF) CONDITION RESULT
• Can indicates an ability or an opportunity.
➢ The examples above illustrate that the sentence can start with either the condition or
the result; however, in interrogative the result generally goes first.
➢ The connector that starts the condition is if.
➢ We use will, can or may in the result clause and simple present in the condition.
➢ We can’t use frequency adverbs here, because we are dealing with specific (not
general) results.
➢ When you begin the sentence with the condition, you must use a comma to separate
the clauses.
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SUMMARY
TENSES
Structure Concept(s)
Present Continuous • actions now
• planned future actions
Idiomatic Future • future actions
Simple Present • general information
• habits
Simple Past • past actions
Past Continuous • actions in progress in the past:
a. at a specific time
b. when another action happened
c. while another action was in progress
Simple Future • future actions
Present Perfect • actions at an indefinite time in the past
• actions that started in the past and are still in progress
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VOICES
Active Voice • We are talking about the doer of the action.
Passive Voice • We are talking about the receiver of the action.
CONDITIONALS
Cause and Effect • conditions that normally have certain results:
a. universal truths
b. personal behavior
Future Possible • conditions that will, may or can have a certain result in the
future
ANSWER KEY FOR PARTS OF SPEECH
PRACTICE 1
1. is verb in present
2. despair verb in simple form, VSF
3. began verb in past
4. to combat infinitive
5. making verb+ing, present participle
6. showing verb+ing, present participle
7. built verb in past participle, VPP
8. to reduce infinitive
9. aren’t verb in present (in negative)
PRACTICE 2
1. should modal auxiliary
2. won’t tense auxiliary
3. can modal auxiliary
4. ‘s main verb
5. can modal auxiliary
6. will tense auxiliary
7. have main verb
PRACTICE 3
1. do tense auxiliary
2. have to necessity
3. shouldn’t recommendation
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4. ‘ll future
5. can opportunity
6. shouldn’t recommendation
PRACTICE 4
Dear Grandma:
I hope you and grandpa (example) are OK. I am writing you a short letter to tell you I am
happy because the school year is over. I got very good grades this semester. Mom and
Dad came to visit me last week. They took me to a restaurant for lunch. The food was
delicious. After lunch we went shopping for some clothes. I had a wonderful time during
their visit.
Please tell grandpa I can’t wait to see him. I hope he can take me fishing with him.
Love and kisses,
SANDY
PRACTICE 5
Examples of correct answers:
Sally: I think it’s time to go the supermarket. We don’t have any food left in the house.
OK, but let’s make out a list. Whenever we go shopping we always end up buying
Pete: too many things we don’t need.
Right. Do you have any paper to write on?
Sally: Sure do. What do we need?
Pete: Well, we have some tomatoes, but I think we should buy some more.
Sally: Let’s buy a kilo. That should be enough.
Pete: Fine. We don’t have any butter.
Sally: Butter. OK, what else?
Pete: We need some meat, a lot of vegetables and a few cans of soup.
Sally: How much meat should we buy?
Pete: A kilo of steaks will be enough.
Sally: Do we have any beer left? My buddies are coming over tomorrow and you know
Pete: how much beer they drink.
No, there isn’t any left.
Sally: We’ll buy some six packs then.
Pete: Alright. Let’s go to the store.
Sally:
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PRACTICE 6
Nancy Williams talks about taking care of little kids.
“A friend of mine has two children, Kyle and Karen, and she asked me to take care
POSSESSIVE SUBJECT OBJECT
of them yesterday. It was terrible. I prepared lunch for them and told them to sit at the
table
OBJECT SUBJECT SUBJECT OBJECT OBJECT
to eat. I know they can feed themselves, so when the phone rang, I left them by
themselves
SUBJECT SUBJECT REFLEXIVE SUBJECT OBJECT REFLEXIVE
for a few minutes. When I returned, the whole kitchen was a mess. Kyle was playing with
SUBJECT
a knife and he cut himself. Karen was playing in the water and was enjoying herself
SUBJECT REFLEXIVE REFLEXIVE
tremendously. The next time my friend has to go somewhere and asks me to take care of
Kyle
INDEFINITE OBJECT
and Karen, I’m going to tell her I can’t take care of them!”
SUBJECT OBJECT SUBJECT OBJECT
PRACTICE 7
They live with their mothers, sisters, aunts, nieces and nephews, and an old grandmother,
who
POSSESSIVE DESCRIPTIVE
is the head of the family. They show emotions such as joy, sorrow, anger, patience, and
friendliness. They become excited when they meet old friends. Who are these people?
PARTICIPIAL DESCRIPTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE
They’re not people; they are elephants!
Elephants are the largest land animals on earth. An adult male African elephant
can
DESCRIPTIVE DESCRIPTIVE DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE
weigh six tons and be twelve feet tall. Females weigh about half as much as males, and are
QUANTITY QUANTITY
about four feet shorter than males. Elephants usually have two tusks. These are long,
QUANTITY DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITY DESCRIPTIVE
pointed teeth that extend from the elephant’s mouth. The tusks of an old male may reach
DESCRIPTIVE DESCRIPTIVE
nine feet in length. (…)
QUANTITY
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PRACTICE 8
1. every year at Christmas time time expression
2. frequently frequency
3. slightly manner
4. very intensifier
5. in the refrigerator place
6. the next day time expression
7. lightly manner
8. slightly manner
9. completely manner
PRACTICE 9
THE WEEKEND PLANNER
If you don’t have any plans for this coming weekend, I want to recommend the new Al
QUANTITY ADJECTIVE INFINITIVE
Pacino movie. There is a lot of action, comedy and romance; something for everyone.
VERB IN PRESENT NOUN INDEFINITE PRONOUN
If music is more your idea of fun, you can go to Orchestra Hall to see the Philharmonic in
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE MODAL AUXILIARY INFINITIVE
concert. They will be playing next Friday, Saturday and Sunday, from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m.
TENSE AUX VERB IN PRESENT PARTICIPLE (V+ING) ADV. TIME (TIME EXPR.)
Tickets are being sold at Orchestra Hall right now.
VERB PAST PARTICIPLE TIME EXPRESSION (ADV. TIME)
For people who like a good comedy, the Boston Players are going to perform a
DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE EXPRESSION FUTURE PLANS
comedy version of Cinderella this weekend at the Main Line Theater. Tickets cost 5, 10,
TIME EXPRESSION VERB IN PRESENT
and fifteen dollars, and you can buy them at the Mears Ticket Office or at the door.
QUANTITY ADJECTIVE OBJECT PRONOUN ADV. OF PLACE
Finally, for those of you who are sports fans, there is plenty to do this weekend. In
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
basketball, the Wolves are playing the Hawks at the Arena on Friday night. On Saturday,
VERB IN PRESENT TIME EXPRESSION
the Gliders will play an exhibition hockey game for charity, and all money will be donated
VERB IN SIMPLE FORM (VSF) NOUN VERB PAST
PARTICIPLE
to the Children’s Fund.
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ANSWER KEY FOR TENSES, VOICES & CONDITIONALS
PRACTICE 1
1. idiomatic future – future
2. present continuous – future
4. present continuous – action now
5. idiomatic future – future
PRACTICE 2
2. simple past – completed action at a definite time in the past / past action
3. past continuous – action in progress at a specific time in the past
4. simple past – completed action at a definite time in the past / past action
5. present perfect – action at an indefinite time in the past
6. simple present – general information
7. simple future – future action
PRACTICE 3
1. Two planets are in alignment (A, example) with their sun as indicated in the
illustration below. The inner planet orbits the sun every 4 earth years, and the outer
planet orbits every 12 years. If they both move in a clockwise direction ( A ), how
many years will it be before they are next aligned ( P )?
Solution: 3 years. The outer planet will be 90° and the inner planet 270° along their
orbits.
2. At a sale, all plates were the same price ( A ), as were all the bowls. If 2 plates and 3
bowls cost $17.50, and 3 plates and 2 bowls cost $20.00, what were the prices of
a single plate and a bowl? ( A )
Solution: Bowls $2.50; plates, $5.00.
3. Without putting pen to paper, imagine 3 side-by-side vertical lines cut through by 3
horizontal lines a centimeter apart. How many squares are formed ( P )?
Solution: 5: One large square and four small squares.
4. The cork is taken from an empty bottle ( P ) and a small coin is put inside the bottle.
The cork is then replaced to seal the bottle. How can the coin be removed ( P )
without breaking the bottle or taking out the cork?
Solution: The cork is pushed into the bottle, and the coin is shaken out.
HOME
®
PRACTICE 4
1. passive voice in present
2. present perfect continuous – action in progress that began in the past and continues
to the present
4. present perfect - action at an indefinite time in the past
5. simple past – completed action at a definite time in the past
PRACTICE 5
2. past continuous – action in progress when another action happened
3. passive voice in past
4. simple past – completed action at a definite time in the past
5. present perfect – action at an indefinite time in the past
6. passive voice in past
7. simple present – general information
PRACTICE 6
1. future possible
2. cause and effect
3. future possible
4. cause and effect
5. future possible
6. future possible
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GRAMMAR BOOKLET FOR METHOD

Parts of Speech Answer Key

Tenses, Voices and Conditionals

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Verbs are words that express action or state of being.

Verbs can take six different forms:

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Verbs can be regular or irregular.

Tense auxiliaries express tense or time.

Tense auxiliary Examples

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Modals are always followed by the verb in simple form (VSF).

Modal Concept(s) Examples

Modal Concept(s) Examples

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Modal Concept(s) Examples

When nouns name actions, they are called gerunds.

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Count and Mass Nouns

Count nouns Mass nouns

Pronouns are words that replace nouns and their modifiers.

We will look at the following six kinds of pronouns:

Grammar Booklet May 2021

We will look at six kinds of adjectives:

There are two kinds of participial adjectives:

Grammar Booklet May 2021

The adverbs that we teach in levels 1 to 4 are:

Adverb Answers the Example Position in Sentence

Adverbs of manner are formed by adding –ly to an adjective.

There are a few exceptions:

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Tense auxiliaries express tense or time: be, do, will, have.

Modal auxiliaries convey opinions and feelings.

TENSES, VOICES AND CONDITIONALS

Grammar Booklet May 2021

• active and passive voice

1. Present continuous describes actions in progress at the moment of speaking. We tell

Frank is writing a letter at this moment.

2. A second concept of present continuous is a planned future action.

Scott and Sandy are flying to Denver next week.

Grammar Booklet May 2021

We use the idiomatic future to talk about future actions.

Wendy is going to study Physics next year.

general information: Water boils at 100°C.

habits: They go to the disco at least twice a month.

How many hours do you sleep every day?

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Juan y Laura tienen un coche nuevo. → Tienen un coche nuevo?

They went to Disneyland last year.

Grammar Booklet May 2021

The simple future tense expresses future actions.

1. AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED AT AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST

2. An action that started in the past and is still in progress:

Grammar Booklet May 2021

Nelson has lived there for twelve years.

ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

Allie put on her make up.

The school was built in the nineties.