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Entrepreneurship and
Startups Culture in India
Edited by
Dr. Pratima Singh
Principal, Chandrabhan Sharma College of Arts,
Science and Commerce, Powai, Mumbai
Bharti Publications
New Delhi- 110002 (INDIA)
Copyright © Editor
Title: Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture in India

Editor: Dr. Pratima Singh
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro-
duced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without
permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in re-
lation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution
and civil claims for damages.
First Published, 2022

ISBN:
Published by :
Bharti Publications
4819/24, 2nd Floor, Mathur Lane
Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002
Phone: 011-23247537
Mobile : +91-989-989-7381
E-mail : bhartipublications@gmail.com
info@bharatipublications.com
Website : www.bhartipublications.com
Printed in India, by: Sagar Color Scan, Delhi

Disclaimer: The views expressed in the book are of the author
and not of the publisher and editor. Author themselves are re-
sponsible for any kind of Plagiarism found in the book and
any related issues found with the book.
Foreword
In recent years, startups have been gaining

more and more attention in many parts of
the world. In India, the number of startups
has grown rapidly and more support is
available in all dimensions. As technology
advances at an astonishing speed, it will
bring about the growth of more startups in
the country and, with government support,
will encourage many people to start their own business.
The book “Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture in India”
edited by Dr. Pratima Singh provides a number of papers
that are excellent examples of Entrepreneurship and Startups
Culture. This book covers key areas such as Aatmanirbhar
Bharat, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, Generation Z
(Young entrepreneurs) and role of Social Media and Marketing
for the Entrepreneurs etc.
I wish all the best for paper writers and the editor for an
outstanding attempt and the release of the book in the topic
Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture.
Shri. Prashnat G. Sharma

Chairman,
Chandrabhan Sharma College of Arts,
Commerce & Science, Mumbai
Preface
Any country’s economic development is largely dependent

on entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a cornerstone
for a nation’s economic prosperity since it generates jobs,
contributes to national income, promotes rural development,
industrialisation, technological development, and export
promotion, among other things. With technology developing
at such a rapid pace, more startups are likely to emerge in
the country, and many people may be encouraged by various
government efforts. For the time being, the path for startups
appears to be on the correct track.
The book is divided into fifteen chapters. Chapter one,
“A Study on Start-Up Ecosystem and its Future Scope in
India” focused on the factors that affect an entrepreneurial
ecosystem in the metro cities in India and spreads light on
one of the most important variable for development which
is education, and its impact on the developmental growths
of the economy. Chapter two “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” based
on the areas which have potentials to accomplish of being
Self-Reliant. It also tries out to bring the problems/limitations
coming in the way of “Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan” and
gives some suggestions to employ the Capacity to become
a global Supplier. Chapter Three “Women Entrepreneurs’
Accomplishment: An Experimental Study of Indian Female
Entrepreneurs” The goal of this study was to look at the
elements that contributed to the success of small and medium-
sized women-owned enterprises in Kolkata, India. Next
chapter “Role of Microfinance on Women Entrepreneurship”
provides an overview of how Microfinance played a pivot
role in women entrepreneurship as the women were primary
focus for providing financial support for the development
v
of their business ideas, knowledge and self-growth. Chapter

five “Women Entrepreneurship and Business” is based on
traits of a successful woman entrepreneur, challenges or
problems women face during her entrepreneurial journey,
Government initiatives and policies being introduced to
encourage women entrepreneurs. Next chapter “Social Media
and Marketing for the Entrepreneur” explores the benefits of
using social media marketing and how it can affect women’s
businesses. Chapter seven “Entrepreneurship Propensity
Among Students in India” clarify business trends among
Indian students and how educational institutions play a vital
role in shaping youth through the creation of such a business
venture. Chapter eight “India’s Upcoming Entrepreneur
Community, Generation Z” elaborates the Generation Z
(Young entrepreneurs) opting for the entrepreneur platform as
their career option and highlights the various shades played by
the young entrepreneur to bring sustainable socio-economic
development. Next chapter “Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas
Yojana: A Pathway to Entrepreneurs” focused on Pradhan
Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, its Key Features of the Strategy,
Pre-reading recognition, explain Special reports on PMKVY,
purpose PMKVY 3.0 and explain Problems and Challenges in
the Use of PMKVY. Chapter ten “Role of Commercial Banks
in Enhancing Small & Medium Enterprises” provides an
overview of how small and medium enterprise has a strong
capability to grow fast and contribute to the gross domestic
product of the country and It has better prospect to provide
the employment and promote entrepreneurship culture in the
country. Next chapter “Rural Innovation: A Game Changer in
Inclusive Growth” is a concentration on understanding of some
grass root innovation and its contribution making life bit easier
of rural entrepreneurs. The author presents few case studies to
forward the point that entrepreneur and innovation at grass
root level has changed the dynamics of village as a whole.
Next chapter is about “Web 4.0 and its Possible Applications
in Library Services” and it provides an overview of web 4.0
technology and discuss various tools of web 4.0 to deliver
various advanced services, and it briefly discusses the possible
applications of web 4.0 in various academic libraries. Chapter
thirteen “Women Entrepreneur and Self-Help Groups” is
vi
based on rural and urban women’s develpement, Self-Help

Group is promoting women entrepreneurs, SHG Bank Linkage
programme, Government Schemes and Bank Schemes for
Women Entrepreneurs and highlights some problems faced
by Women entrepreneurs and SHGs. Chapter fourteen is on
“Women Entrepreneurship” in this chapter author provides
an overview about Women Entrepreneur, Features of Indian
Women Entrepreneurs, Challenges, Scope and Opportunities,
some Suggestions to boost the role of women entrepreneurs.
Final and the last chapter is on “A Study on Marketing, Social
and Psychological Challenges of Women in Startup Business
in Mumbai” and this chapter is based on women Entrepreneur
in Mumbai. The goal of this study is to learn about the
marketing obstacles faced by women in startup companies, as
well as the social and psychological challenges they face.
The book is presented in a very simple, lucid and logical
format. It is believed that this book will be of great interest
to concerned academicians, researchers, professionals and
anyone looking to gain a solid foundation to continue their
learning of Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture.
Dr. Pratima Singh

Contents
Foreword iii
Preface iv-v
1. Study on Start-Up Ecosystem and its Future

A 1-14
Scope in India
Sandeep Vishwakarma
2. Aatmanirbhar Bharat 15-23

Krishnakant Pandey & Arun Vishwakarma
3. omen Entrepreneurs’ Accomplishment: An

W 24-33
Experimental Study of Indian Female Entrepreneurs
Dr. Kajal Chheda
4. Role of Microfinance on Women Entrepreneurship 34-38

Anjana Verma
5. Women Entrepreneurship and Business 39-48

Janvi P. Ailani
6. Social Media and Marketing for the Entrepreneur 49-57

Smita Mangesh Junnarkar
7. “ Entrepreneurship Propensity Among 58-67

Students in India”
Dipti Parab
8. I ndia’s Upcoming Entrepreneur Community, 68-78

Generation Z
Dr. Anita S. Pandey
9. radhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana:

P 79-86
A Pathway to Entrepreneurs
Umesh Kabadi
viii
10. R
ole of Commercial Banks in Enhancing Small & 87-95
Medium Enterprises
Namrata Vikas Dube
11. R
ural Innovation: A Game Changer in 96-106
Inclusive Growth
Raju N. Savkare
12. W
eb 4.0 and its Possible Applications in 107-115
Library Services
Sunil Ubale & Snehal Sambhar
13. Women Entrepreneur and Self-Help Groups 116-127

Dr. Radhika Iyer
14. Women Entrepreneurship 128-138
Sharlet Bhaskar
15. A
Study on Marketing, Social and Psychological 139-150
Challenges of Women in Startup Business in
Mumbai
Dr. A. Mahesh Kumar
1
A Study on Start-Up Ecosystem and its
Future Scope in India
Sandeep Vishwakarma*
Abstract
India is a recognised as a one of the emerging start-ups nation
has seen a terrific growth towards creation of the innovative start-
ups and has emerged as a one of the growing hub for start-ups
related to the Technology. The paper analyses possible scenario
and different trends across of the various aspects that define the
Indian start-ups ecosystem, and Measure India’s position as
a global start-ups hub that is a becoming region of interest for
investors, Financers and corporates. Entrepreneurial ecosystems
or becoming famous among the academic students, research
scholars and corporate practitioners. This is paper studies have
focused on the factors that affect an entrepreneurial ecosystem in
the metro cities in India. Indian Economy is a considered to be
the 6th largest economy in the world in terms of measurement of
the gross domestic production or 3rd largest by purchasing power
parity. These are lots of variables which contribute toward growth
process of the economy.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology,

Chandrabhan Sharma College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
Powai, Mumbai
2 Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture in India
Especially this paper spreads light on one of the most important

variable for development which is education, and it’s impact on the
developmental growths of the economy. This paper is develops an
in-depth understanding of the start-ups ecosystem in India. This
paper discusses to the role of ripening in producing or ennoble
successful business venture.
Keyword: start-ups, innovation, ripening, ennoble, Start-up
ecosystem, investment Flow
Introduction
A start-up ecosystem is refer as a group of founders with
ideas and skills, emerging companies at early stages with
talent, breeding with mentors or capital, early adopters are
media. These factor, interact and assist each other, powering
up the ecosystem while additoring their own value. Start-ups
Ecosystem in India is the most productive ecosystem that
enables the country to grow in less time. The Personalities form
start up Ecosystem, whether virtual and physical, interacting
as a system to create start-ups companies from scratch.
These organizations further indulge universities, support
organizations, research organizations, service provider
organizations, and large corporations. Different organizations
focuses on specific components of the ecosystem functions or
start-ups at their development stage. Other than people and
the organization, resources like skills, time, leadership and
finance are also important for the start-ups ecosystem.
What is Start-Up Ecosystem?
Start-ups does not exist in void. New Entrepreneurs or
supported by a community of people, organisations and
other start-ups that the same environment. The start-ups
ecosystem consists of a collection of people, start-ups, and
related organizations of the same environment that the work
as a system to create and expand new start-ups. Start-up
ecosystems or often created in a relatively limited area with
a centre of the attractions like a university, institutes or a
concentration of technology companies. The ecosystem builds
together key actors and stakeholders that magnetised towards
growth ventures, such as a new entrepreneurs, mentors,
A Study on Start-Up Ecosystem and its Future Scope in India 3
incubators, sources of talent such as investors , corporations,

investors, universities, and supporting services. The associates
of the start-up ecosystem work together to cherish innovation
in their community its could be specific Region, a Area, small
complex of the buildings or a single storey office and use the
pool of resources available to them to create and expand new
businesses opportunities.
Components of Start-Up Ecosystem
The word ‘start-up’ is hardly used without the word
‘ecosystem’ and there is a reason behind this strongly
associates relationship. All Start-ups need an ecosystem to
breathe an thrive. Successful start-up ecosystems need to have
a strong vision and mission in order to achieve organizational
goal forward. Start-ups thrive is the environment where they
are get support from their community. A strong community is
what forms a start-up ecosystem.
It is a combination of several internal and external factors that is
helps create a vibrant start-ups ecosystem. They are useful not
only because they help a start-up grow but also because they
form hubs of the innovation that create opportunities not just
for the founders of the start-up but also for others benefiting
from the product and service. These are no perfect formula
which tells us what exactly we need to do while developing a
start-up ecosystem. Despite there are a few components that
each local ecosystem needs in order to survive.
Core Components of Start-Up Ecosystem

Entrepreneurs
The name suggests, They cannot be an entrepreneurial
ecosystem without a visionary entrepreneur of the centre of
it. Therefore, it is considered as one of the key elements in the
understanding of the nuances that build an entire ecosystem.
Entrepreneurs not only pump up the ecosystem with their
immense contribution to their community but also are people
concerned with the growth and prosperity of them selves as
well their country. And more of the competition, more is their
hunger to get to the top.
Mentor
This is one of the most important elements of a start-up
ecosystem and probably even the most under-rated one. The
importance of good mentorship has the time and again been
acknowledged by some of the most famous entrepreneurs
globally. When one is starting out, a helping hand from
experienced mentors can make a world of the difference.
They help create a realistic outlook towards a tedious start-up
journey and help new entrepreneurs in shaping up their vision
and mission.
Talent
What is a start-up without its pool of talent? Talent is something
which is not only limited to the entrepreneurs running the
company and core team involved in the foundation process
but also the people who take care of other important things for
the company. There is a variety of talent or experience required
to run a company. These people form an important part of the
ecosystem. This includes talent on the sales, marketing, design
and human resources side. People skilled in industries like
these can be a great asset to the organisation, especially when
a start-up is looking to hire employees that will help it grow
and thrive in a competitive ecosystem.
Education
If one thinks at a fundamental level, then education or talent
are inter-connected. Talent pool and skillset is mostly crafted
an educational institutes. Although, that is gradually changing
with the advent of digital in every aspect of life, including

education. But traditionally, there were a couple of educational
institutes that recruiters would swear by while looking to hire
new talent.
Incubators
Incubators or accelerators have a special place reserved in
the start-up ecosystem especially because they help one
start young. It is the important tool that works because it
is a combination of talent, education, entrepreneurship,
networking and mentorship. A business incubator or an
accelerator effectively brings all these factors together and
may be extremely beneficial to run a start-up. Incubators help
in providing a centralised program to draw in more talent. It
is a great way to concentrate talent under one roof and helps
provide the requisite education and mentorship to wannabe-
entrepreneurs
Networking events
Networking is considered to be one of the most popular ways
to build a start-up ecosystem. No wonder there are so many
networking events all-round the year focussing on building a
stronger ecosystem. It helps in sharing of new ideas which in
turn helps make that ecosystem stronger. It helps in getting in
touch with like-minded individuals and forming ideas more
readily.
Funding
One of the most essential requirements for the start-up to
sustain itself or many early-stage start-up’s cannot do without
it. Local funding is an important component of the thriving
start-up ecosystem. However, entrepreneurs can also self-
fund their businesses. It is any way, funding is the fuel that
runs a successful start-up ecosystem and its essential that
an entrepreneur figures out his/her funding and financing
options well before taking the plunge.
Culture
These are one of the most famous words to the associated with
start-ups its culture. And many people believe that culture is
one of the most important things that makes a ecosystem come
alive or that is why culture is one of the most important words

associated with start-ups. But what is a start-up culture and
why is it important? One can define start-up culture as the
energy of the community working towards turning an start-
up into the success. And that culture is not built overnight. Its
takes years to figure it out and a lot of hits and misses to the
finally understand what a start-up stands for.
Essential Ingredients For Successful Start-Up
Anyone have rightly said that ideas are easy but implementing
they are always remains a challenge. This definitely holds
true for the start-ups which struggle to achieve indefeasible
feats. Basically, the start-up should be capable of bridging the
chasm between meny ideas and their execution. It is all you
need to be stand out in the crowd when you are competing
with thousands in this competitive market. Here is a list five
essential ingredients which you need to make your start-up a
success.
¾¾ Finding the right employees who possess talent and
experience: The Employees are definitely indispensable
asset for any company or nothing can be better than having
a bunch of creative minds in your team. Find people who
can make a real difference to the your company. You need
to lookout for the people who are inquisitive by nature and
enthusiastic about working hard. Make sure that you hire
that you hire someone who can work independently with
full devotion, dedication and sincerity.
¾¾ Appropriate investment amount for your start-up
ecosystem: It is Managing funds can be the most tedious
task when it comes to the establishing an organization.
This is one of the most important aspects of your business.
Therefore, make sure that things don’t go tipsy curvy by
investing too much.
¾¾ Innovation is the key to your success ladder: This is
thin line that differentiates a leader from an follower is
innovation. Creativity cannot be studied and copied as it is
a gift which a few possess. The journey of a start-up begins
with out of the box thinking and doing things uniquely.
This is the sole mantra if you are wanting to the expand
your organization. If you want to make a long lasting

impression on the your potential customers, this tip can
unlock the doors of your growth.
¾¾ Choosing the right mentors and advisors who can guide
you in your chosen field: We are all have some people in
our lives who us admire and look up to. They not only
motivate us to do better in life but also play a significant
role in helping us at every step in our lives. If you are
experimenting new tricks and techniques in your business,
then you surely need to have your ideal mentors.
¾¾ Transitions in big companies and financial climate can
be a major catalyst for start-up ecosystems: The workings
of start-up ecosystems are very dynamic, external factors
like big market disruptions, financial climate or last but
not the least, big market transitions, can be have a major
impact on the overall growth of the business. Also, some of
the other important things are analytically comprehending
data and analysing it is effectively. Also, collaborating with
some big wigs can give a boost to your business and help
you with increasing your visibility in the market.
Some Common Buzz that are Set to Spin the Future of India’s
Start-Up Ecosystem
Blisteringly, the emersion of India’s start-up space has
continued to the hatch new trends. With growing economy,
revolting middle class and advancement in ease of doing
business, the entrepreneurial energy has distilled down
below the syrupy layer with a series of the next-generation
entrepreneurs making its humongous in the start-up space.
Other this greater procrastination of the start-up space, other
gripping notable trend include the shifting of the start-up
boom outside the top metro cities; boom time for new creative
ideas; emanation of new B2B start-ups and greater flow of
investment from Asian countries. All these indicative point to
a flourishing of the start-up ecosystem and an entrepreneurial
story that will gain pace in the future.
Artificial Intelligence & Augmented Reality based start-ups
Artificial Intelligence is a large market segments within
mentioned base, a blooming digital economy or pose of high-
quality technical talent become actors that have lifted India’s

start-up ecosystem. While organization like e-commerce,
internet companies, health tech and fintech are area that
continue to the overpower, wave of new-generation start-ups
powered by latest creative ideas are making there are stance
felt. Smart portability is one of these new business spaces that
are alluring significant attraction from both entrepreneurs,
financer and investors point of view. The government’s
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan that aims to make India
completely electric by 2047 has been a large driver of this start
up trend. A their Energy introducing it is first scooter with
a powerful Lithium Ion Battery for fast charging and Blue
Smart, improvised all-electric mobility platform, a series of the
start-ups are thrusting for the development of an entirely new
market space for smart mobility in India. These new-generation
start-ups or not just banking on electric vehicle technology,
but are also using more integration of devices, improved
connectivity and technology to boost the concept of smart
mobility. Similarly, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence,
Big Data and Augmented Reality are global buzzwords today,
are electrifying a new generation of start-ups
B2B E-commerce start-ups gaining good recognition
The B2C e-commerce start-ups segment still dominates the
start-up space, accounting for over 75% of the start-up market,
a new craze of B2B start-ups has emerged in the earlier years.
According to a survey study report by KPMG, 50% of new start-
ups in 2017 were in B2B sectors such as fintech, health-tech,
media, etc. Some of the notable names include Industry Buying,
an online source for industrial supplies for example Wydr(A
wholesale shopping platform) HyperDestech(Predictive
analyses to upgrade digital marketing strategies).
Variegate investment flows
Another favourable indication of the maturing start-up
ecosystem is the Spread out investment flows from different
directions of aspects. While the maiden investors that the
dipped into the Indian start- ups space were mostly Western
and home-grown. Currently we are evidencing a greater
incursion of investors from Southeast Asian country as well
like Chinese, Japanese and Singapore-based investors are
leading the drive. Chinese keen interest in Indian start-ups

space is the most notable investor story of this decade. Chinese
based companies account for a massive 42% of investments
received under Invest India. Indian entrepreneurs increasingly
seeking expertise from Chinese investors due their economic
and cultural similarities that led to a better understanding and
cooperation be it Alibaba or Tencent.
Corporate Cohere
Strive or understanding the problematic capability of new
start-up businesses and hence connecting forces putting
resources into them. Like Facebook, in an organization with
Start-up India, dispensed money awards of $50,000 each to the
main five chose new businesses start-up. Microsoft Ventures
Accelerator Program in India has now has 16 new businesses
ventures.
Government Assistance
India’s administration appreciate the benefit of the working
with exasperating forerunner over the worth chain or utilizing
there Modern-tech to improve public help Portage. Branch
of Animal Husbandry and Dairying has guided a test in
association with Start-up India to grant top new businesses
start-up in the five classes’ ten lakhs INR. Little Industries
Development Bank of India has introduced a plan to help
existing Small and Medium start-up Businesses needing
investment for development.
Common Challenges Looked Up by Start-Up in India
Mostly start-up scholars talk about the chain of actions needed
to take a start-up project from an idea to success. Bringing a
successful innovative start ups business from small idea to
thriving business is one of the difficult things you can undergo,
and every step on the trip requires you to face challenges on
many aspects. There are 150 million start-ups and counting in
the world currently with 50 million + new start-ups launching
every year. Averagely, there are 137,000 start-ups emerging
every day. These are big numbers by any standards. But the
question arises, how many start-ups loads to survive the
brutal waves of change that have completely change the norms
and standard of today’s start-ups? Of course, there is a huge

criterion shift. And that shift has impugned the overall process
of start-ups.
Challenges are in every aspects of life. And businesses in
commonly and start-ups in specifically are no barring to
multitude of challenges that we face on daily basis.
1. Barbarous Competition
The corporate world is quite brutal. There is always
a competition going on between the mammoth of
businesses. Counteraction poses one of the bulkiest
challenges for the endurance of the start-up businesses.
If you have an online business start-up, the competition
gets furious. The combative ambience keeps the start-ups
on their edges, as there is no scope of error available. Both
Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C)
domain organizations always tend to feel the calefaction
of the brutal competition. In order to the endurance in
this counteraction business environment that envelop
both traditional and online businesses domain, the start-
ups need to play gruesomely, or hit above their weight
to occupy the much needed identification amongst the
clusters of ever challenging or enlarging businesses.
2. Non-viable Expectations

Success does not come unescorted. It is brings great
expectations with it. Commonly, these is expectations seem
genuine, but in the real context of the word, are purely
non-viable. This same conditions holds true for new start-
ups. Start-ups tend to face hitch in growth when they set
‘non-viable expectations’ followed to flourishing success.
Success is limited with respect to time and expectations
never fulfilled. This is where start-ups need to convert
what the real expectations are? Sustainability is the key
player in this game. or sustainability requires continuous
efforts.
3. Appoint right candidate for right job
One of the most important element to define organizational
culture within a start-up businesses the alliance of the team.
A team consist of personnel with similar capabilities or
identical objectives. In context to build a highly successful

team culture, organizations commonly and start-ups
specifically need to the hire suitable candidates for right
task.
4. Collaborative Decision Making
Partnership is the key ingredient of success. or this
formula holds true for start-ups businesses as well. In this
continuous growing and dynamic digital time, where the
organizations need to sweat hard for their existence, start-
ups also find it hard to find truthful and ethical cahoots. It
seems truly a major challenge for start-ups today. And as
tech start-ups are concerned, bar in partnership are much
enormous for them.
5. Capital Management
The ultimate fact with respect to finance is that income
increases directly proportional to disbursement. The
undeniable truth is that most common challenges that
start-ups face today is relates to finance management.
It’s certitude that small start-ups depend laboriously on
financial support from the investors. At the times, when
there is a cash inflow, small firms, start-ups tend to find it
difficult to properly manage their finances, or mostly they
broil against the pressure.
6. Cyber Security
Thriving the challenges in this digital age requires small
start-ups commonly the ones working online has to be
super nimble to counter different online security threats.
Hackers are everywhere, and are ready to take advantage
of any loophole and bugs within the systems installed
within a start-up organization. The amount of cybercrimes
has increased drastically from last decades. There are fair
chances that this rate is going to increase in the coming
time. Start-ups that are active or solely online do face online
security threats in timely manner. Common threats are like
unauthorized access to start-up’s sensitive information,
employee records, bank accounts’ information, or any
other related information that is rumoured important for
the existence of a tech start-up.
7. Conquering loyalty of Customers

Customer is the king is the proven fact around world
business environment. Winning a customer’s trust is
become important factor that businesses in general and
start-ups in specific face today. With the highly satisfied
or loyal customer support, start-ups can upgrade towards
excellence. Customers are the real force behind succeeding
start-up. Customer’s word-of-mouth publicity power and
their essence on the social media can be give tech start-
ups an uplift against all the traditional businesses factors.
To win customers’ trust and loyalty, start-ups need to
exception work to implement a customer-centric ideology.
8. Team Management
Every successful start-up needs dedicated employees. Start-
ups have a rapid-moving working environment, which
imposed a great deals of responsibility on the employees.
Employees are expected to work in collaboration to go
beyond the job profile or help the start-up expand. This can
achieve easily win current scenario as so many employees
are choosing to work remotely. As outcome, start-ups are
required to focus on finding ways to inspired cooperation
among distant employees. That is where are collaboration
tools prove to great rescue asset.
9. Marketing and Advertising
Every start-up mark their journey from zero. In order to the
succeed with an industry saturated with big companies,
you need to a marketing tactics that sets you apart from
the other competition. A marketing or advertising tactics
is also required for the attracting new customers. This is
why one should not ignore essential aspects in business.
However, many start-ups end up lacked due to a tarnished
marketing plan. The biggest erroneous action here is not
giving deserving importance to marketing strategy from
the beginning of start-up. In absence of marketing buzz
surround your end product or service before the official
launch, the effort for start-up will go in vein.
10. Tolerance with patience

Success come to those who wait for it patiently. Same is
applicable for start-ups as well. When dedicate all your
time, effort or energy towards starting your start-up
business, it is not wrong to the hope for desire results. This
direct to tap out of the start-up game when they do not
see the visible results as soon as possible. The only way to
succeed is by taking ample of your time to build a strong
base for the start-up business. You gradually progress
at a slow and steady pace, carefully plucking different
business operations like sales, marketing or funding. Every
barricade act as a chance to learn from failure instead
of quitting. Patience or perseverance in such period will
differentiate as superpowers. If you hold on long enough,
you reach a point where you need to be matching your
expectation and your all your hard work will pays off.
Conclusion
The start-ups play an important and guiding role in blooming
innovation, entrepreneurship or creating new scopes of jobs.
For the building promising an entrepreneurial environment,
the government, big corporate, educational institutions and
investor should come forward to the provide a proven culture
for the start-ups in India. Training, Mentor programmes,
workshops, seminars or webinars should be arrange by
the government and universities. From the study of current
scenario, India had a very high scope for the growth of start-
up ecosystems. India ecosystems offers the largest pie of
venture prospect that the world is eyeing for. Inculcating
entrepreneurship culture, growing availability of financing,
India promising to be world’s largest democracy posed
for robust economic times. There are numerous challenges
relating to provide venture capital to these start-ups. “We need
innovations and creativity that the solve Indian consumers’
problems, with a ground level movement. Foreign venture
capital firms tend to have a bias towards replicating business
models proven in developed countries.
References
1. Indian institute of foreign trade (2017) A Pilot Study on
Technology Based Start-ups. Funded by Department of scientific
& Industrial research, New Delhi.
2. Junjhunwala, A, Ghosh, T., & Prashant, S. (2016) the blossoming
of Start -up
3. Ecosystem in India: Funding challenges and the role of academic
incubator’s. India Venture Capital and Private Equity Report
2015, a study of limited partners, 45-51.
4. Sunanda, K. (2017). How to start and manage Startups Companies
in India, a Case Study Approach. International Journal of
Engineering and Research, 5(4), 167-174.
5. Akanksha Dutta. (2016). Start-Up Initiative. IOSR Journal
of Business and Management, Special Issue, 93-97.
Badra S., & Sharma, V. (2016).
6. Startup India – New Opportunities for the Entrepreneurs.
International Journal of Science Technology and Management,
Special Issue 5(1), 526-529.
7. Startup India (2018). #startupindia: The Status Report. Retrieved
from Startup India website https:// www.startupindia.gov.in/
content/dam/invest-india/Templates/public/Status_report_on_
Startup_India.pdf
8. Adhana, Deepak, Start-Up Ecosystem in India: A Study with
Focus on Entrepreneurship and University Business Incubators
(September 20, 2020). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/
abstract=3702510 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3702510
9. https://starting-up.org/en/starting-up/explaining-startups/the-
startup-ecosystem/
2
Aatmanirbhar Bharat
Krishnakant Pandey* & Arun Vishwakarma**
Abstract
As we all know India is still a developing nation and we all have the
dream to see India as a self – reliant nation. When we talk about self-
reliance we have a concern for whole world’s peace, co-operation
and Happiness. Aatmanirbar Bharat also called “Make In India
“was declared by the Honorable Prime Minister. Shri Narendra
Modi on 12th May, 2020. Narendra Modiji also announced a
Rupees.2 Million Crore Package under the “Aatmanirbar Bharat
Mission ”, so we can get relief from the Coronavirus (Covid-19)
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitaaraman told that the “Aatmanirbar
Bharat Abhiyan” does not aims to Acquire isolationism against
nations worldwide. Those Sectors who need FDI and foreign
Technology are always welcome to India. In this Crisis, when the
export of goods all over the world was probhited. The nation who
showed the Independent Skill and Manufactured 1, 50, 000 PPE
kits per day was India, this Indicates the Capacity Of Self-Reliant.
This research paper focuses on the areas which have potential to
accomplish of being Self-Reliant. It also tries out to bring the
problems/limitations coming in the way of “Aatmanirbhar Bharat
Abhiyan” and gives some suggestions to employ the Capacity to
become a global Supplier.
Keywords: Aatmanirbhar Bharat, Self – Reliance, COVID-19,
Organic Farming, Textile Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry,
Automobile Industy .
* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce , Chandrabhan

Sharma College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Powai, Mumbai
** Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce , Chandrabhan
Objective
1. Finding the sectors capable of being self- reliant
2. Finding the advantages and disadvantages of aatmanirbhar
bharat prject
3. Suggesting some reccmonendation for the problems
arrving in the way of this project
Introduction
The term “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” means Self – Reliant.
This term was used by Honorable Prime Minister of India in
connection with Growth in India. Due to Covid-19 crisis India
had a declining trade with other countries globally which gave
a idea of making our country self – reliant under the mission “
Aatmanirbhar Bharat “. Now when we talk about Self – Reliant,
it doesn’t’ means that we are adopting protectionism. It’s only
an intention to obtain self reliance and supply globally. As we all
are aware that we are very much dependant on other countries
for import. During the time of pandemic all the import, export
activities all over the world was on pause. Transportation of
goods and services were stopped. Then it was not easy to live
without resources as import of goods were not possible due to
close of transport activities. India faced problems in shortage
of Beds for patients in Hospital, PPE kits, and other necessary
equipments like hand sanitizer and N95 Masks.
For Example: n decree to get out of the macro-economic
problem in the year 1991
India launched a New Economic Policy, which was founded
on LPG Likewise in march
2020, the situation which was faced by India and World
due to Covid-19 Pandemic emerged a new concept of Self –
Reliant India. During this situation many countries adopted
protectionism: but as we are a developing country it’s not
possible for us to adopt protectionism. But we have some sectors
which are capable of being self- reliant sectors. According to
Government there are 12 sectors including auto components,
textiles, industrial machinery and furniture, processing of
food ,organic farming, iron, aluminum and copper, agro -
chemicals, electronics, leather and shoes. Masks, sanitizers and
Aatmanirbhar Bharat 17
ventilators have been identified to give more focus to become

a global suppliers.
Boycott Chinese Products
The trade among China & India is declining nearly declining
12% every year and about 12 Billion USD in starting months. The
falling business greatly due to downshift of the economizing
of 2 countries. As an outcome of the lockdown India’s
Pharmaceutical Industry is pertained as an huge importer
of the major raw materials APIs (Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients) from China. There are many investments of
Chinese in the start ups of India like Zomato, Ola, Policy
bazaar, and Swiggy. In the year 2018 ‘ALIBABA’ An Chinese
Multi-national company invested 216 Million $ in the online
shopping application ‘ BIG BAZAAR’ ,
21 Million $ in the application zomato. ‘ Tencent’ An Chinese
Multi-national company invested 400 Million $ in OLA and also
have invested a very large amount in the online transaction
app ‘ PAYTM’ and the Online Educational Application BYJU’S.
From this we understand that Chinese companies invest a lot
in the Indian Companies.
It’s to much harmful if the Chinese companies holds more than
40% shares in the
Company, because If the shares of Chinese companies are
more than 40% than they get the power to make decisions
in company. In such an condition we should stop using that
application,Immediately
Research Methodology
This study is founded upon the data which have been obatained
through different Websites, Generals, books, magazines which
I have mentioned in the ending of the paper, very clearly.
Sectors in Which India has Potential to be Self: Reliant
1) Textile Industry: - Our textiles sector is one is capable of
producing a wide Variety of product which is suitable for
different market segments, not only within India but also
all over the world.
Our Textile industry is the second most biggest textile

industry around the world. In the industrial production
Textile contributes 17% , and in the GDP OF India it
contributes 14 %.
Currently China is the largest shipper and the leading
importer of Raw and Finished Materials. Today we are
the second largest producer of – Silk, yarn and Cotton
(Raw) We are even the biggest manufacturer of Jute and
fourth biggest manufacturer of Fiber. We also export
25 Million Kg cotton per month to China. Which is a
positive as well as negative think. This means threats &
opportunities. Shutdown of industries in China has lead to
demand drop. Garment Industry also imported fiber from
China. Which resulted ; sticking of garment industries
to the countries Worldwide. Which is good chance for
domestic manufacturers to provide the garment material
to exporters. China holds around 40% shares in export
market. Not only us, but even countries like Vietnam and
Bangladesh also import goods from China. In such a case if
China isn’t importing this opportunities might be diverted
to India. Due to Covid 19, most of the textile industries
have starting manufacturing - PPE kits and Masks.
Today, India is the 2nd Largest manufacturer of PPE
kits which worth’s – Rs. 7000 Crore. At the conclusion
we can say Though, India is great manufacturer but due
poor quality and time of delivery of goods we might loose
opportunities in future, till we don’t improve.
2) Organic Farming:- As per the report of World Organic

Agriculture -2018 , India is the 3rd organic food producer
of organic food .
Organic food market in Indian is approximately $1.5 Billion.
North east India is the main base of organic farming in
India. Sikkim has seized head for the conversion of entire
harvest in the organic cultivation.
Farming have became a huge advancement in north-
east India which can affect the world global market. It is
estimated that India’s organic farming is growing 25%
per year. A farmer said “One armer’s attempt would do
nothing; every farmer should do something to enhance
health of Mother Earth which gets destroyed due to the use
of Chemical fertilizers. In earlier times, due to lack of rain
the farms used to get destroyed which lead to high number
of farmer suicides.
But when we have adopted organic farming, this is
changed. Nowadays, every famer has a tractor which helps
them in farming and have made their lives ease and made
them dept- free.
3) Pharmaceutical Industry:- In year 1969, India’s pharma
Industry in India hold 5% share in the market globally.
Whereas, In the year 2020, it reversed , now India pharma

company holds 85% shares globally. In last 50 yrs, India is
successful in the domestic market and has a potential to be
the “Pharmacy of World”. As per pharmexil, in year- 2018
India exports $200.02 Million, with a excessive growth of
37.52% . In year 2015, Dr. V. K. Subburaj the Secretary of
Department Pharmaceuticals highlighted to achieve self-
sufficiency in APIs. In the current pharmaceutical industry
worth is around
41.7 BILLION $, which is world’s 3rd biggest pharma
company by volume. India is also world’s biggest
Exporter of general medicines. Currently India exports
pharmaceutical material to around more than
200+ Countries Globally. As per the yea 2021, India
manufactures pharmaceuticals at a low cost general
medicines In India the ’ Sun pharmaceutical company’ s
the biggest pharma company.
4) Automobile Industry:- The Automobile industry in India
presently produces 26 mn automobiles which encompass
Passenger Vehicles, Commercial Vehicles, Three Wheelers,
Two Wheelers, and cycles in April-March 2020, of which
4.7 mn are exported. Currently, India is the 3rd Largest
Automobile Industry in the World. 7% of GDP and 40% of
India’s Manufacturing is contributed by the ‘Automobile
Industry ‘.
It also engages 45 million Indirectly or Directly. The

mission ‘ Make of India ‘ has played a vital function in
enhancing India’s Position. In the prior 3-4 years India has
Modified 9/10 on the parameters of doing business easily.
The automotive industry in India has advanced to a digital
environment from traditional roles to enhance connectivity
with the consumers. The companies globally have been
named ‘Jugaad’ to make the products at a low cost, but
having adequate importance to fascinate the demand of
the product. To become a self-reliant country in the field of
the automobile industry, our factories should not wait for
foreigners because we are not only motorcycle producers
but also unit producers, technology, and service providers.
Employees are investments for any enterprise so it will be
promising to make Auto Industry workers profit
Budget and do more interests to motivate them which can
enable them to get employment.
There is a necessity for meaningful investment in analysis
and advancement that while Recognising ‘Jugaad’ will set
a clear strategy that fosters invention and explanations.
5)
MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment) Mahatma Gandhiji thought that a self-
reliant nation is not possible without a self-reliant village.
Therefore MGNREGA was approved in India in the year
2005.
MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment) is one of the ample Rural advancement and
became the 1st operation in two- hundred poor districts in
India. In a short period of 2 and an half years, the program
was extended in the whole country the program which
empowers a huge chance for locals to be self-sufficient.
Government has allocated a fund of 73,000 Crore in 2021-
22. In the current year 15.21 Crore Active Workers, 6.08
Crore Assets Are created, and 6.4 Crore households are
benefited.
Recommendation
The motive of the aatmanirbhar bharat abhiyan could be
followed by taking some measures for the advancement of
the sectors which are capable of achieving it and the schemes
but there is a necessity of proper allotment of the budgets
generated and it should enter the actual hands which require.
The poor public influences harshly by the natural disasters
and pandemics like COVID – 19. Therefore an country should
always be ready or such difficult situations like natural
emergencies and economical difficulties. For a success of an
idea, policy on an good governance. For becoming self-reliant it
is essential to boost up the quality and quantity of the product.
Conclusion
At the conclusion we have understood that Aatmanirbhar
Bharat is a long – term mission .
It is not possible to us to retain it within a short- period of time.
From the above study it’s very clear that India’ s economy
has the potential to become self – reliant, but for that what is
required is proper implantation of Laws and allocation of the
funds provided by Government. Not only in rural areas but
urban areas also have the potential to be self- reliant, for which
government should take proper steps, so these sectors can
become self – reliant. Not only small products, India is totally
capable of manufacturing the high technical products.
References
1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343139784_
Atmanirbhar_bharat_abhiyan_an_analytical_review
2. https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v9i10/SR201005175137.pdf
3. https://www.selfstudymantra.com/2020/12/essay-on-aatm-
nirbhar-bharat.html
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343139784_
Atmanirbhar_bharat_abhiyan_an_analytical_review
5. https://www.ibef.org/industry/textiles.aspx
6. http://www.selfstudymantra.com/
7. http://www.drishtiias.com/
3
Women Entrepreneurs’ Accomplishment:
An Experimental Study of Indian Female
Entrepreneurs
Dr. Kajal Chheda*
Abstract
The goal of this study was to look at the elements that contributed to
the success of small and medium-sized women-owned enterprises
in Kolkata, India. The investigation also sought to learn more
about the challenges faced by these female entrepreneurs, the
differences in their perceptions of success factors between educated
and uneducated women entrepreneurs, and the factors that
compel (push) and motivate (pull) these women to start their own
businesses. The study is entirely based on original data gathered
from over 130 female entrepreneurs via a self-administered
questionnaire. The data was analysed using descriptive statistical
tools such as percentage, frequency, rank order, weighted average,
and standard deviation. The difference between the perceptions of
success criteria for educated and uneducated women entrepreneurs
was investigated using a T-test. The findings show that personal
traits such as abilities, business ethics, and good customer
relations are the most important success factors for a corporation.
The difficulties encountered are largely gender-based, resulting
in low self-esteem. Women are pushed into entrepreneurship by
unemployment, whereas the desire for economic independence
pulls or inspires them to do so.
Keywords: Women, Entrepreneurs, India, Small-scale industries,
Success factors, Hurdles
* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Gurukul College of

Commerce, Ghatkopar, Mumbai
Women Entrepreneurs’ Accomplishment: ... 25
Introduction
Entrepreneurs have existed in India for millennia, but the
twenty-first century has seen a surge in entrepreneurship.
There has been a shift in thinking as a result of technical
improvement. Women have risen to prominence in every sector
of the economy, including entrepreneurship, over the last
four decades. Women are now more conscious of their rights,
and they are no longer afraid of societal retaliation. Women
in the twenty-first century wear their identities like a banner
and refuse to tolerate the abuse they once did. Women have
carved their own space in the cutthroat world of business. It
should not be assumed that business and entrepreneurship are
solely for women who are educated and live in cities. The rural
sector has a significant role to play in economic development
and improving the male-to-female business ratio. Thousands
of women from rural and urban India work in the small-scale
industries. Over 2 million women are expected to be employed
in small size industries, either as owners or managers
(Development Commissioner, MSME). Only about a third of
these businesses are registered, while the other two-thirds
remain unregistered. In the SSI industry, the total number of
female employees is anticipated to be around 33, 17,496. (Data
as per MSME). The Indian government has launched a number
of initiatives aimed at encouraging women to participate in
entrepreneurship. However, India ranks 142 out of 149 nations
in terms of economic participation and opportunity, according
to the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index 2018.
Female participation in the labour force is one-third that of
male participation.
Literature Review, Objectives and Hypothesis Development
According to previous studies, there is no consensus on what
factors contribute to the success of a woman-owned firm.
However, some elements, such as personal considerations,
economic issues, and social factors, are explored more than
others. To collect data face to face, the majority of researchers
used primary data and self-administered questionnaires. Many
academics have compared India’s low female involvement
rate to that of other nations (Danish Ahmad Ansari, 2016).
Women’s progress from the 1950s to the twenty-first century

demonstrates that, while they still confront societal challenges,
they have overcome psychological barriers and social
preconceptions. (Bharti Kollan and Indira J Parikh, 2005).
Syed Shah Alam, Mohd Fauzi Mohd Jani, and Nor Asiah Omar
conducted research (2011) analysed that the concept is based on
four variables that contribute to women’s business success: (a)
family support, (b) strong social links, (c) internal motivation,
and (d) information and communication technology (ICT).
It was established that women’s success as entrepreneurs
is influenced by family support, social links, and personal
motivation, but not by technological innovation.
In an article by Seema Johar “A study on the Development of
Women Entrepreneurship in Ghaziabad, UP, India (2015)”,
43 % of women said their husband encourages them to start
their own business. 94 % of respondents said that becoming
an entrepreneur increased their self-confidence. In contrast, E.
Holly Buttner’s paper “Female entrepreneurs: How far have
they come?” (1993) reveals that men are more likely to become
entrepreneurs for economic reasons, whilst women are more
likely to do so for familial reasons.
A study by Dr V. Basil Hans in the paper “Women
entrepreneurship in India- changes and challenges (2018)”
revealed that there was no significant variation in proprietary
ownership between rural and urban Indian entrepreneurs.
According to a study conducted by Ranbir Singh and O.P.
Monga (2014), just 29.3 % of women are aware of the different
government initiatives and financial institutions that assist
women entrepreneurs, resulting in resource under-utilization.
Among other things, the goal of our research is to see if there is
a substantial difference in perceptions of success determinants
among educated and uneducated women entrepreneurs.
According to previous research, there may be discrepancies
in how uneducated entrepreneurs view success elements and
how educated entrepreneurs view them. According to studies,
most educated people choose high-end desk jobs than starting
their own businesses (Mary Suganthi Bai J, 2014). Females are
also more likely than males to profit from schooling and apply
it to their businesses, according to studies (Van Der Sluis, Van
Praag and Vijverberg 2008). According to a study by Frédéric

Meunier, Yulia Krylova, and Rita Ramalho, economies with a
larger number of years of formal education for women also
have a higher number of new female entrepreneurs.
Objectives
The women entrepreneurs who are continuously based in
Kolkata are the target demographic. The primary goal of
this study is to look into the characteristics that contribute
to women entrepreneurs’ success, which could lead to more
research to narrow the gender gap. The research’s objectives
are as follows:
¾¾ To discover and research the elements that contributes to
the success of women entrepreneurs in Kolkata, India.
¾¾ To see if there are any disparities in how educated and
unskilled entrepreneurs see success factors.
¾¾ Investigate the obstacles that women entrepreneurs
confront
¾¾ Examine the inspiring and compelling elements that drive
women to establish a business
Hypothesis of the Study
The following is the hypothesis that will be tested for the
purpose of the study:
H0: Null Hypothesis When it comes to the success criteria
that are crucial to business, there is no substantial difference
between the perceptions of illiterate women entrepreneurs
and educated women entrepreneurs.
The null hypothesis is based on the assumption that successful
businesses are run by both educated and uneducated women
who possess the necessary skill set to nurture and sustain the
company. In MS-excel, the hypothesis will be tested using a
t-test with unequal variance.
i) Research Techniques
The research was carried out using quantitative research
methods. This is a fairly regulated research method. Data
is gathered in a systematic manner and then translated to

numerical data for further analysis. The research is in the
exploratory stage.
ii) Study Location
Women entrepreneurs in Kolkata are the study’s unit of
analysis. Kolkata is West Bengal’s capital and the state’s
largest metropolis. According to a survey published by the
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Ministry in 2019, West
Bengal has the greatest number of female entrepreneurs in
the country. The research was carried out in Kolkata from
December 2019 to March 2020.
iii) Sampling and Population
The study’s population comprises of small and medium-
sized businesses based in Kolkata, India, with women
controlling and owning the majority of them (more than
51 percent). The sampling criterion was to look for female
entrepreneurs who are not just the “face” of the company
but also the decision-makers. We employed a non-
probability sampling strategy for this study. Convenience
sampling and snow-ball sampling were used to choose
samples. The first five entrepreneurs were chosen using a
convenience sampling technique, after which some female
entrepreneurs referred others, and we contacted those
who were conveniently available.
iv) Instrumentation and Data Gathering
The survey instrument is a structured five-part
Questionnaire created specifically for this study and based
on past research. The questionnaire’s questions were all
closed-ended so that the results could be simply translated
to numerical values. Part 1 dealt with demographic
questions, whereas Part 2 dealt with the respondent’s
professional profile. There were a total of 28 challenges
described in part 3 of the questionnaire, which were
grouped into suitable heads. Entrepreneurs could choose
from a variety of challenges. A five-point Likert scale was
used to measure the importance of each success criteria in
section 4 of the questionnaire. Entrepreneurs were asked
to assess the criteria on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 denoting
insignificance and 5 denoting significant importance.

Entrepreneurs scored the elements of push factors from 1 to
5 in section 5 of the survey. Similarly, entrepreneurs ranked
the pull factors in order of importance from 1 to 6. The raw
data was scrutinised for irregularities such as omissions,
missing information, and ambiguous responses. In the
process, 34 samples were eliminated, and the remaining
92 were tabulated serially in MS-excel according to the
proper heads. Percentages, frequencies, mean, standard
deviation, and a two-tailed t-test were calculated in MS-
excel.
Discussion of the Findings
i) Descriptive Statistics
According to the data, 67 out of 92 women are under the
age of 40, accounting for 73 %of the women surveyed,
implying that our research has a young female population.
The majority of women (60.9 %), or 56, launched their
businesses with an initial investment of less than or equal
to INR 1,00,000, while 39.1% of these women invested
more than INR 1,00,000.
66.3 % of the women who took part are Hindus, while
18.43 % are Muslims, the two most widely practised
religions in Kolkata. According to the study, the majority
of highly educated women prefer to work as professionals
who get paid rather than starting their own firm. Only 18
women have a postgraduate degree, and only one has a
PhD, accounting for 20.6 %of the whole group. We can
deduce that the majority of female entrepreneurs lack a
higher degree. Only three out of 92 women indicated their
financial situation had worsened since beginning their
own business. All of these women have a conventional
10th grade education or less. According to the data, the
majority of women work in the garment retailing, tailoring,
handcraft production, and bakery industries.
ii) Important Success Factors
On a Likert scale, respondents were asked to rate each
success criteria from 1 to 5, with 1 indicating “unimportant”
and 5 indicating “very important.” Women entrepreneurs

ranked management abilities, hard work, skill set, and
risk-taking capacity as the most essential success elements,
scoring 4.42 out of 5 on a scale of 1 to 5. Social characteristics
such as gender, education, and age are ranked second
with a score of 4.29. According to the women polled,
technological improvements are also critical, with a
mean score of 3.73. Economic stability, trade rules, and
corruption are not regarded as critical political criteria for
success (3.20). Economic issues such as recession, inflation,
currency rates, and GDP are seen as the least essential
contributors to a company’s performance (3.12).
iii)
Entrepreneurs’ perceptions of success determinants,
both educated and uneducated:
In the case of uneven variance, a two-tailed t-test was used.
According to our null hypothesis, there is no substantial
variation in assessment of success criteria between
educated and unskilled businesswomen. We reject the
null hypothesis in all cases since the estimated value
of p is less than 0.05, i.e. p <0.05. As a result, we accept
our alternate hypothesis and conclude that there is a
considerable difference in how educated and uneducated
entrepreneurs perceive success determinants. In our
poll, there are 56 entrepreneurs with a college diploma
or above, and 36 with a high school diploma or less. As
a result, the educated to illiterate ratio is 61:39. “Personal
characteristics” (4.61) (4.11) are viewed as the most
significant aspect in a company’ success by both educated
and illiterate women. “Social aspects” (4.48) is the second
most important success element (4.00). When it comes to
the impression of “technical aspects,” there is a significant
difference between educated (4.29) and illiterate (2.86)
people. “Economic considerations” are regarded as the
least important aspect by educated entrepreneurs, whilst
“political factors” are regarded as the most important by
uneducated entrepreneurs.
Table 1: Educated vs. uneducated entrepreneurs’ perceived

success variables (in mean scores).
Sl. Success Educated Uneducated Total

No. factors mean mean mean P-value
1 Personal
4.61 4.11 4.42 0.00019
Qualities
2 Political
3.54 2.67 3.20 0.0000383
Influences
3 Economic
3.38 2.72 3.12 0.00438
Dynamics
4 Social Aspects 4.48 4.00 4.29 0.000279
5 Technological
4.29 2.86 3.73 0.000021
Factors
Source: Authors’ own calculation

(5=extremely important, 4=very important, 3=can’t determine,
2=not very important, 1=unimportant)
iv) Obstacles that women encounter in the workplace
The questionnaire’s 28 difficulties were classified into
five categories: personal, societal, financial, product-
related, and institutional. The majority of women were
afraid of failing (72 %). Maintaining a work-life balance
was another issue that most women encountered (68 % ).
Other significant obstacles included market competition,
a lack of self-confidence, male domination, and a lack of
risk-taking capacity. The lowest percentage of women
cited challenges obtaining raw materials (20%), high costs
of technical acquisition (22%), poor employee retention
(23%), and inefficient stocking technique (24%).
v) Factors of Push and Pull
Entrepreneurs were asked to rank the motivating and
compelling elements on a scale of one to five, with one
being the most important motivating or compelling
factor and five being the least motivating or compelling
one for starting a business. According to the research,
the most important reason for women entrepreneurs to
establish their own business is “income freedom.” “Use

of own abilities” is ranked second (15.6 percent), and
“recognition” is ranked third (15.4 percent ). Financial
independence is clearly the driving force behind their
decision to pursue entrepreneurship. “Family business
tradition” and “Success of other entrepreneurs” are the
two factors that motivate them the least. The fact that
they had “no other alternative” and “unemployment”
“pushed” women to start new businesses (27.36%). Kumar
(1999) and Mamun (1999) obtained similar results (2000).
With 17.39%, “family difficulty” is ranked third. The lack
of higher education isn’t the most compelling reason for
women to start a business (14.13 %). Only 13.5 % of women
were dissatisfied with their previous employment, so they
departed and started their own company.
Conclusion
The goal of this study was to identify and investigate the
characteristics that contribute to the success of women-
owned and operated businesses in India. A total of 92 women
entrepreneurs were questioned for the study, which was
performed in the city of Kolkata. Non-probability snow-ball
sampling and convenience sampling were used to acquire
the samples. The most important aspect was determined to
be a personal characteristic. We discovered that educated
women’s perceptions of all five success determinants differ
from those of uneducated women. In comparison to men,
women who operate businesses confront tremendous hurdles.
We can deduce that women face discrimination based on their
gender, are concerned by male dominance, and are forced into
entrepreneurship as a result of unemployment.
Reference
1. A. K. Mohideen and P. Vinoth, “Entrepreneurial Success Factors-
A Study among Indian Entrepreneurs” Indian Journal of Applied
Research, vol. 3 Issue 6 ISSN – 2249 – 555X, pp. 309-313, (2013).
2. Bharti Kollan and Indira Parikh, “A Reflection of women in
entrepreneurial world”, Working paper no. 2005-08-07, Indian
Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (2005).
3. Danish Ahmad Ansari, “Women Entrepreneurship in India (An

Empirical Study)”, AEIJST, vol. 4, Issue 4 ISSN – 2348 – 6732,
(2016).
4. Indira Parikh and Mahruk Engineer, “Women in Management
– A movement from fifties to next millennium”, Working paper
No. 99-12-00, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad,
December (1999).
5. Sandip Sarker and Mollika Palit, “Determinants of Success
Factors of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh – A study based
on Khulna Region”, Business and Economic Research Journal,
vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 237-250, (2014).
6. Thiloshini Govindasamy, “Critical success factors of Indian
entrepreneurs in Tshwane metropolitan area”, Gordon Institute
of Business Science, University of Pretoria, (2010).
7. Venkatesh K. and Anilkumar B.H., “A study on problems and
prospects of women entrepreneurs in Ballari district Karnataka”,
International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Business
Environment Perspectives, vol. 4, no. 1 (Jan-March 2015), pp.
1587-1593.
8. Wei Ying Chong, “Critical Success Factors for Small and Medium
Enterprises: Perceptions of Entrepreneurs in Urban Malaysia”,
Journal of Business and Policy Research, vol. 7, no. 4 (2012), pp.
204-215.
4
Role of Microfinance on Women
Entrepreneurship
Anjana Verma*
Abstract
Women Entrepreneurship accounts for economic growth and
stability in a country. Women entrepreneurship is making
women independent and self-reliant. Women Empowerment is
the significant factor of extermination of poverty as it creates more
job opportunities and women are the major contributors to the
Indian National Income. Micro Finance played the significant
role in women empowerment worldwide. There are 14 micro
credit lending models are adopted internationally, which includes
Guarantees by Bank, Associations, Community Banking,
grameen, mediators, NGOs, Small Scale Business and rural
banking models. The chapter prepared with the help of secondary
data on microfinance programmes in India and its influence on
women entrepreneurship.
Keywords: Microfinance, SHG, Micro credit lending,
Microfinance models.
Introduction
The microfinance is recognized worldwide as a modern tool to
combat poverty. Worldwide various measures started by the
government and non-government organisation but, women
are still highly ignorant client. The establishment of the
* Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Insurance,

Powai, Mumbai
Role of Microfinance on Women Entrepreneurship 35
microfinance programmes mainly in the form of group based –

Self Help Group [SHG] and Grameen models. Women are the
main clients of many microfinance institutions. Commercial
banks and NGOs are initiating microfinance services to
females, as it has been a profitable action from the financial
institutions point of view because women are careful and
responsible borrower in repayment of credit which results into
non defaulter. The Women credit facility was given importance
on International Women Day held for the first time in Mexico
City in1975 by setting up of Women’s World Banking network.
The second major change took place in microfinance area was
in the year 1976 with the establishment of Grameen Bank in
Bangladesh by Nobel laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus.
Today women are considered to be active participants in the
microfinance sector. They are self-motivated to avail these
microfinance services offered by semi formal institutions and
formal institutions.
The development of Microfinance has increased an opportunity
for women to easy access of financial credits for their needs.
The one of the major attractions of microfinance loan is that it
is offered to women without any collateral, due this factor the
significant upsurge in the number of women borrowers. Hence,
women are not only creating great impact on eradication of
poverty but also in virtuous spirals of household wellbeing,
status, socio and political empowerment, increase in house
hold income and decision making and financial management.
Micro-finance and women’s empowerment: virtuous spirals
Sourced: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Micro-finance-and-womens-
empowerment-virtuous-spirals_fig1_242096817
Microfinance and Women Entrepreneurship

There are two channels in India for offering microfinance one
Self Help Group (SHG) – Bank Linkage Programme
2. Microfinance institutions
Microfinance credit develop entrepreneurship among
women by supporting their business ideas, which they
are not able to execute due to lack of funds. The fund
borrowed by group or individual is without any collateral
and repayment term is decided by the group. The
borrowed fund helps in execution of business idea as well
in generating profit from the venture and can lead to better
livelihood.
In India, there are four microfinance models of which
Model II, in Micro Finance consist of activity/joint liability/
Self-Help Groups which are associated with various
financial institutions and with the banks for getting the
financial loans. Model II, in microfinancing pays three-
fourth of overall microfinance credit facilities provided to
the India SHG.
Review of Literature
Lubna Mohammad THAHER1 , Nor Mohd RADIEAH2, Wan
Hasan WAN NORHANIZA3
(2011), in this study researchers found that factors related with
MFI play a critical role to elevating women entrepreneurs and
eradicate gender inequality.
K. Swapna (2017), according to the researcher women
entrepreneurship result into women empowerment which
provide various real resources to progress in different aspects
of life like health, hygiene, education and nutrition, to improve
families standard of living and accordingly there is whole
of society. Thus, a women need inspiration and care from
microfinance institutions in terms of credit as well financial
services.
Bismark Addai (2017), According to the researcher an enhanced
microfinance accessibility improves both economic and social
empowerment of women.
Mula G.* and Sarker S. C. (November 2013), as per the study
conducted by the researcher’s microfinance loan facility to SHG
Role of Microfinance on Women Entrepreneurship 37
is exclusive act concerned with rural development strategy to

empower SHG economically.
Nourse (2001), in the study researcher gave his review on
growth of microfinance products and researcher argues that
poor requires savings and insurance services and not just
credit products.
Ranjula Bali Swain (2007), the researcher in the research
work concluded that many initiatives have been taken for
the empowerment of women and they are in the process of
being self-reliant and empowerment and NGOs have created
a positive impact on the it by providing financial support and
services.
Objective of the Study
To understand the microfinance impact women
entrepreneurship and growth.
The researcher conducted the research by collecting
information from secondary data: articles, working papers,
National and International Journals, NGO reports, RBI annual
report, NABARD annual report and internet.
Growth of Microfinance
Sourced From: “https://www.worldfinance.com/banking/microfinance-

empowering-female-entrepreneurs”.
According to the report of Microcredit Summit Campaign, held
in the from 1990 to 2008, in Bangladesh ten million people were
upgraded and overcome from the poverty due to microfinance,
as per the report by December 2013 the borrowers increased to
two hundred and eleven and majority of the borrowers were

female.
According to Chairman of National Rural Bank for Agricultural
and Rural Development - Dr. G. R. Chintala, during his
interview for IndiaSpend, he mentioned that our country
needs to increase the number of women workforces for the
economic growth. As per the report there are about eleven
to twelve million SHGs , about nine point five million female
groups. As per the transaction record of all these women
recovery level is 95-96%, as compare to NPAs in microfinance
with big group borrowers of around Rs. 100 to Rs.120 million.
In total NPA women are having only four percent in total and
commendable even after receiving 2 to 3 times or 5 times of
amounts of micro credit from financial institutions.
Conclusion
Microfinance played a pivot role in women entrepreneurship
as the women were primary focus for providing financial
support for the development of their business ideas, knowledge
and self-growth. They are also considered to be the good
borrowers and willing to change, ready face all challenges to
improve their current status and be a successful entrepreneur
and as per the Forbe India report female contributes to 13.76 %
of entrepreneurship in India and MSME owns to 20.37%.
Bibliography
1. https://www.gdrc.org/icm/model/model-fulldoc.html
2. http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Models_of_
Microfinance_in_India
3. https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewBulletin.aspx?Id=19775
4. https://jaipuria.edu.in/pgdm/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Role-
of-microfinane-in-women-empowerment-in-india.pdf
5. https://www.nabard.org/news-article.
aspx?id=25&cid=552&NID=435
6. https://www.ripublication.com/ijbamspl17/ijbamv7n1spl_19.pdf
7. https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202112748675213.
pdf
8. https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news-by-numbers/women-
make-up-for-1376-percent-of-entrepreneurs-in-india-own-2037-
percent-of-msmes/71731/1
5
Women Entrepreneurship and Business
Janvi P. Ailani
Abstract
This chapter consists insights of women who choose to be
an entrepreneur and has the potential to undertake risk and
earn profits. The chapter includes traits of a successful woman
entrepreneur, challenges or problems women face during her
entrepreneurial journey, Government initiatives and policies
being introduced to encourage women entrepreneurs.
Introduction
Women are growing in the field of entrepreneurship and are
dynamically developing this field. women have been found to
be able to change things as needed and are very consistent in
tracking progress. Women who want to make their own money
and become business women are nowadays encouraged by
gender advances in this area. If you are a female and look
forward to establishing yourself and your intellect in this area,
this breaks down social barriers and in some cases yourself as
a successful intellectual person better than a man. May be a
great way to express.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies ,

Powai, Mumbai
Traits of Successful Woman Entrepreneur

Female entrepreneurs are stronger and have a lot of willpower.
They follow the trail and overcome all hurdles, all difficulties
and burdens. They manage, control, control, and use all their
skills to make one thing that changes their lives. feminine
entrepreneurs overcome all the difficulties that come. feminine
entrepreneurs have repeatedly evidenced to be tenacious in
their approach. Entrepreneurs will proactively touch upon all
obstacles.
1. These women entrepreneurs are undeterred:
Entrepreneurs don’t enable it to discourage them. Passion
helps them overcome all obstacles. you’ve got this terribly
sturdy inner strength, willpower, patience, and stay up
for the correct time. Their positive perspective towards
discovery and innovation helps them penetrate the strong
and thin. you recognize what quantity work you would
like to make a good system. Obstacles and hurdles are in
our own way to form them stronger. therefore don’t be
fooled.
2. Think positive, be positive: The book “the secret” throws
nice lightweight on these words. it’s been same that the
waves you challenge return to you. If you send back
positive waves and vibes, they are available back to you
because the same. These ladies are not any completely
different as they ne’er let negative thoughts shatter them.
they need numerous beliefs that what they are doing
eventually grows into great things, and also the negativity
that strikes them on the approach doesn’t hassle them.
3. Refusal to stop: Her angle of not forsaking drives her.
you’re not upset. they need the bravery and courage to
master all obstacles. Success depends on creating mistakes
and admitting them in your own steps. the simplest issue
concerning feminine entrepreneurs is their stubbornness
that they have learned to use to the best in life. This attitude
makes girls nice innovators and great entrepreneurs.
4. Networking will it all: Networking helps you perceive
your colleagues and communicate well with them. It
conjointly helps USA to share every other’ issues and
Women Entrepreneurship and Business 41
realize higher solutions for all of them. Networking does

1/2 what it takes to be successful. So, whether or not you
look to social platforms to attain a lot of and communicate
better, prepare ... dialogue ... language ... speak ... Building
a business from scratch isn’t rocket science. It’ primarily
inform all of your everyday skills within the right direction
to create a for-profit organization.
5. Sturdy spirit: a powerful heart becomes a discouraged,
strong and thriving entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are
smitten by doing nice work. They learn as they progress.
Being strong suggests that taking responsibility for your
actions, moving forward once everything else appears to
be pull you back, and upholding your decisions once you
apprehend you’re right. increase.
6. She sets her own goals: She loves her work. She sets her
goals and achieves them by overcoming all obstacles and
hurdles. therefore she is reluctant. And most importantly,
she is robust and positive in her own way! This can be
done by recording ANd writing down the goals so as to
achieve her goals on time. She learns the way to share your
vision. diligence has ne’er afraid her. As an entrepreneur,
it’s in her blood that she achieves her set goals within the
absolute best way.
7. Concentrate on future step: She is often brooding about
however the longer term are formed supported her actions.
She is aware of what’ coming back next. She sets goals and
knows what to try to to next. we’d like to own a stubborn
determination to envision ourselves on the opposite
side. Equally vital is that the kindness of the heart. She is
additionally driven by the charity and compassion that
she donates to assist others learn. She doesn’t need to be
compassionate and step others, and she or he doesn’t have
to tease folks for success. and she or he knows the proper
thanks to do it. Her motive is to be kind and graceful,
nonetheless determined and proactive on the trail to
success.
8. Driven by goals and learn from mistakes: She is humble
and learns from every mistake. She has goals and records
and continues to find out at each stage of her work and
life. She ne’er provides up. Entrepreneurs face all the

challenges and embrace the challenges and methods to
beat spontaneous mistakes in life and succeed. She never
stops till what she needs is what she has. however she
never permits her mistakes and mistakes to cloud her
judgment concerning what’s right and what is wrong.
9. Integrity binds her character: Honesty constrains their
character. Honesty should be at the guts of your character.
She continually honors quite cash and lives in keeping
with her own beliefs. folks wish to try to to business with
people they’ll trust. several no-hit feminine entrepreneurs
began later in life. J K. Rolling (the author of Harry
Potter), Julia kid (chef), and SAM Walton (Wal-Mart) all
supported a extremely successful entrepreneurial whole
once disbursement a snug time alone in life. Age-related
expertise can offer you a novel perspective on your
business. Life experiences bring depth that’s basically
unpredictable for the most educated young adults. She
is aware of that honesty and kindness aren’t recognized
by many, however are the sole thanks to come through
lasting success that earns them respect. ten. nice lecturers
and learners: She teaches, provides examples, learns from
her mistakes, and ne’er gives up.
10. Steps can assist you form great women, leaders, and no-
hit entrepreneurs for tomorrow: Yes, there are segments
among women who believe shortcuts, but at a similar time,
there’s a shortage of girls who with confidence believe in
themselves and have a giant fire in their belly to try to to
their best within the business and take them. No win in
your game. Entrepreneurs are performers and performers.
sensible learners continually learn from their mistakes,
facilitate different good leaders around them, and ne’er
feel in what they need achieved. he’s hospitable learning,
sharing and teaching everywhere.
Problems Faced by Women Entrepreneurs in India
Entrepreneurship is challenging and even more difficult
if you are a female. Despite their efforts and expertise,
female entrepreneurs often struggle much more than male
entrepreneurs to make it bigger and recognized in the business

world. Of the 100 entrepreneurs in India, only 7 are women, the
MasterCard Index for Female Entrepreneurs said. According
to a Google Bain report, only 20% of domestic companies are
owned by women, but a 2021 World Economic Forum report
also reveals a 72% gender gap in the Indian labor market.
The most common challenges and issues faced by all female
entrepreneurs when starting a business in India are:
1 There are few female-friendly sectors Despite policies
and measures to promote gender equality, men still
dominate India’s entrepreneurial ecosystem. According
to recent reports, most women-owned businesses in the
country operate in low-profit sectors, while men dominate
more profitable sectors such as manufacturing and
construction. The masculine nature of many industries
also forces female entrepreneurs to work in areas that have
historically been labelled “female-friendly,” especially in
education, apparel, and cosmetology. It severely limits
their experience, opportunities and skills.
2.
Lack of social and institutional support: Most female
entrepreneurs do not receive the social support they need
to revitalize their businesses from their families, peers, and
familiar ecosystems. Lack of guidance from the business
community is also one of the biggest challenges for female
entrepreneurs in the country. Institutional funding is no
exception. Although there are programs that promote
female entrepreneurship, many women do not receive
timely guidance or support from the authorities. Lack of
a proper support network affects their self-confidence and
ability to take risks.
3. Prospects for bad funding: It may sound unfair, but there
is a great deal of gender bias in the Indian financial scene.
Companies owned by domestic women do not have access
to capital due to investor prejudice and other factors.
According to a report from Innoven Capital, only 12% of
all companies funded in 2019 have at least one female
founder. Many venture capital firms and angel investors
are reluctant to invest in women-led businesses, but banks
and financial institutions believe that women have low
creditworthiness. In addition, many Indian women have

no property or property in their names, which causes
problems when applying for a mortgage or private finance.
4. Lack of access to a network of professionals: Restricting
access to professional networks is another fundamental
problem facing Indian female entrepreneurs. According
to a Google Bain survey, female business owners are less
involved in formal and informal networks. Studies also
show that more than 45% of urban SME owners suffer from
inadequate network development opportunities. Studies
show that most of the existing professional networks are
dominated by men, making it difficult for women to access
and navigate such spaces. As a result, they are missing out
on opportunities to grow their business, find employees
and vendors, and build social capital.
5. Pressure to uphold traditional gender roles: Patriarchy
stipulates that both men and women play a specific
defined gender role. Women are expected to cook, do
household chores, raise children, and provide long-
term care. Balancing family and work responsibilities
is a challenge in itself, and it’s even more difficult when
embarking on a brand-building journey. The pressure to
maintain a traditional gender role is one of the biggest
challenges for female entrepreneurs. They are often asked
to abandon entrepreneurship and take on “simple” jobs
that help them focus more on their families and children.
Also, women who prioritize their career over others are
looked down upon.
6. Lack of entrepreneurial environment: Entrepreneurship
is a long journey with lots of learning, non-learning, and
skill-ups. In order for a person to become a successful
entrepreneur, an environment that creates a strong
entrepreneurial spirit is essential. However, many women
often suffer from the lack of such a productive environment.
First of all, family promises force many women to do their
business from home. As a result, they miss the opportunity
to go out, interact with the business community, and gain
access to the market. It also hinders learning opportunities,
access to resources and mentors.
7. Decreased mobility: Travel restrictions are one of

the fundamental problems faced by Indian female
entrepreneurs. You cannot travel alone or stay in a hotel
for business without worrying about security. Also, many
hotels in India do not allow women to check in without a
man.
Many economically independent women are starting to
invest in cars, but the number of women who own cars
in India is still less than men. All of these factors work
together to limit the liquidity of female entrepreneurs.
8. Lack of education: One of the greatest qualifications for
modern entrepreneurs is the experience of a successful
business. To make up for the lack of experience in running a
business, entrepreneurs must have work experience in the
relevant industry or a degree in business administration.
Unfortunately, girls’ education in India has not been given
the importance it deserves.
As a result, many up-and-coming female entrepreneurs
lack the education they need to succeed in their business.
As women become more educated, they level the playing
field.
9. Low risk-bearing capacity: To invest and succeed in
business, entrepreneurs must be able to accept some
inherent risks. Women often lack financial freedom and are
not accustomed to making independent decisions. They
also lack confidence in their own decisions, which makes
them risk averse. This is slowly changing as women take
charge of their finances and mitigate risk from generation
to generation.
10. Balance responsibilities between family and business:
Families are often seen as an extension of women. Married
women have motherhood at a certain age and are expected
to play an important role in raising children. As a result,
the young mother needs to put her career on hold and
prioritize her family. Running a business is a tough job
where women often conflict with family responsibilities
and feel guilty about prioritizing the business.
11. Stiff Competition: The modern economic environment

and market conditions have made the competition
between businesses fierce. They face challenges from their
competitors as well as competition within their business
for leadership. They need to prove their worthiness every
step of the way to their colleagues and investors to gain
their confidence. They also need to manage a lot of output
while using limited resources for the survival of their
business.
12. Limited industry knowledge: Many sectors, such as
manufacturing, are still considered male-dominated.
Women do not have access to the industry contacts,
mechanisms, and know-how needed to make the company
successful. Despite the gradual collapse of stereotypes,
there is still a lack of general attention in these areas.
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics)
education can fill the gaps that female entrepreneurs are
currently facing. Digital literacy has also revolutionized
the ability for women to acquire the right tools to acquire
the right knowledge.
Government Schemes for Women Entrepreneurs
Women constitute only 13.76%. Central Government came up
with various schemes to strengthen and encourage women
entrepreneurs of our country. Various MSME loans are
designed by Government exclusively for women. Following
are some of the schemes:
1. Stand Up India Scheme: It is the loan scheme that caters
to women entrepreneurs who belong to Scheduled caste
or scheduled tribes category. Loan amount provided
under this scheme ranges from Rs. 10 lakh to Rs. 1 Cr.
No credit is granted to the existing entreprises. Stand Up
India Scheme only grants loans for fresh projects, thereby
allowing enthusiastic and passionate women to enter in
entrepreneurial activities. There are no barriers related to
age, income to avail this facility. No collateral security is
asked against the loan under this scheme. Applications can
be made to the lead district managers of all the districts or
to the NABARD office.
2. Mudra Yojana: It is one of the most popular schemes

introduced by Central Government for women who want
to venture into small enterprises like beauty parlours,
tuition centers, sewing unts. Once the loan has been
approved women receives Mudra cards, which are similar
to regular credit cards and amount can be withdrawn very
easily. Loan amount limit is Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 5 lakhs. There
are 3 plans under the scheme:
i) Shishu Scheme: In this scheme loan upto Rs. 50,000 for
new businesses and interest rate upto 12% per annum.
ii) Kishore Plan:: This scheme is for loan from Rs. 50,000
to Rs. 5lakh. Repayment period is based on the credit
history of the applicant.
iii) Tarun Scheme: It provides loan in the range of Rs. 5lacs
to Rs. 10lacs.The repayment perion in this scheme is
also based on the credit history of the applicant.
3. Annapurna Scheme: This scheme is provided by State
Bank of Mysore for women in the food catering business.
The maximum amount is Rs. 50,000 which should be settled
in 36 months. The interest rate depends on the value of the
collateral security.
4. Stree Shakthi Package: This scheme is for the women who
own 50% or more of a self-financing venture. Loan facility
can be availed by women entrepreneurs through SBI
branches. If the loan amount exceeds Rs.2lacs, the interest
rate will be reduced by 0.5%
5. Dena Shakthi Scheme: This scheme is for women working
in agriculture, manufacturing, retail, micro-credit and
small enterprises. Loans upto Rs.20lacs will be granted.
Interest rates will be lowered by up to 0.25%
6. Udhyogini Scheme: Under this scheme loan is provided
by Punjab & Sindh Bank for women in the age group of
18 to 45, who are engaged in agriculture and small scale
industries. This scheme was launched to encourage more
and more rural women for entrepreneurial activities.
Maximum amount is Rs.1lakh. This loan is provided if the
annual income of the family is less than Rs.45000. However,
no income limits for widowed, destitute or differently-
abled women.
7. Bhartiya Mahila Bank Business: This scheme is for

women who want to start new ventures in retail trade and
manufacturing enterprises. For manufacturing firms, loan
up to Rs.20 crores will be given. The interest rate will be
reduced by 0.25%.
8. Cent Kalyani Scheme: This scheme is to support women
who wants to expand or redefine their existing venture.
This scheme is provided by Central Bank of India. This
loan will benefit women enterpreneurs with maximum
loan amount to Rs. 1crore. Women participating in rural
and cottage industries, small and medium enterprises, self
employment, agriculture allied activities, retail trade can
avail the benefits under this scheme.
9. Mahila Udyam Nidhi: This scheme is implemented by the
Punjab National Bank for 10 year tenure for women in small
scale enterprises. Loans can be granted for starting beauty
parlours, day care centres or to buy auto- rickshaws, two
wheelers and cars for business or self-employment.
References
1. https://www.indifi.com/blog/9-schemes-for-women-
entrepreneurs-in-india/
2. https://www.nabard.org/content1.
aspx?id=23&catid=23&mid=530
3. https://annapurnapariwar.org
4. https://www.educba.com/successful-woman-entrepreneur/
6
Social Media and Marketing for the
Entrepreneur
Smita Mangesh Junnarkar
Abstract
The entrepreneurial communication and marketing platform is a
new way of doing business where, anyone, has the opportunity
to start a business that does not need a lot of infrastructure,
investment, or risk. In this study, it aims to explore this new
business model named as telecommunications entrepreneurs.
Here are a few examples: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn,
Pinterest, YouTube, and Snapchat. There are different types of
it such as Social News, Microblogging, Media Sharing, Social
Blogs. After extensive research of books and reading books and
other supporting material it was found that social media expands
the atmosphere and stimulates a large number of consumers. The
purpose of this paper is to analyze the marketing of entrepreneurs
on social media. The paper also explores the benefits of using social
media. Social media marketing is a type of marketing that involves
the use of various social media platforms such as Facebook,
Twitter, and YouTube. These tools enable consumers to connect
and communicate with each other. The purpose of this paper is to
study the various aspects of social media marketing and how it can
affect women’s businesses.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology,

Powai, Mumbai
It also explores the various advantages of using social media. The

performance of an entrepreneur is influenced by several factors,
such as his or her willingness to do the work. Social media can also
serve as a powerful source of market information.
Keywords: Entrepreneur, Videos, Images, Facebook, Media
Sharing, Snapchat.
Introduction
There are Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Tik Tok, YouTube
and much more. You need to post, make ads, comment on
others’ posts, engage with your audience, grow your audience
and stay true to yourself at all times. Sales on social media will
continue to grow, so it’s important to keep some tips below in
mind to grow your business and grow your product. Anything
you post needs to be honest and consistent with each social
media platform. Is it a good content piece for your current
fans? Is it a competition for more fans and exposure? Is the post
sponsored for traffic and conversions? Your words should be
real, well written, not too long (unless you are a writer), and
attractive. Connect with your audience. Tap who they are and
what they would like to hear. Although media outlets provide
affordable marketing channels and are thus suitable tools for
firms with limited resources.
The contribution of this paper is to assist in the development of
guidelines for opportunities for social media communication
analysis and implementation. We want to guide organizations
a) in testing whether they exist features required for the use
of the communication platform, and b) identifying these
features organizations may need to change or get a successful
implementation of a social media platform.
The following sections of this paper provide an overview
of business marketing and social media books. Next, the
method used to obtain information from senior advertisers
about the challenges introduced using social media platforms.
Discussions on findings about comparisons between business
and non-commercial organizations and entrepreneurial
Social Media and Marketing for the Entrepreneur 51
marketing success features are then displayed. The last section

of the paper provides conclusions and research suggestions
from results that can be assessed in terms of strength in future
research.
At this point, we would like to start combining the different
threads that we keep emerging business marketing business
in communications. Entrepreneurship marketing Continuous
development and emergence of business marketing as
the concept suggests it is possible to provide guidance to
organizations that use social media and Web 2.0. This is
because business marketing focuses on opportunistic ideas,
which may exist in :
a) organizations that use social media and
b) organizations with creative solutions to implementation
issues.
This situation has only improved over the past decade,
thus the social media platform the research is very much
focused on
(1) defining what it is about the definition of innovation the
terms and concepts that form its foundations, and
(2) the impact of a corporate integration in consumer
communication ethics. This page starts with a definition
of terms that describe social media marketing, followed
by a discussion of four main themes found within current
research studies: Visual Product Communities, Consumers
Attitude and Motives, User Product Content, and Viral
Advertising. This review of the literature affects the existing
gaps within the marketing field of the communication
forum and identifies the need for future evaluation studies
profits from marketing on social media, especially for
small retailers. Such differences include service marketing,
affiliate marketing, e-commerce and guerrilla marketing
marketing.
Entrepreneurial marketing characteristics that relate to social

media implementation
Using a social media platform requires occasional risk checks

as well as errors and tests performed by organizations.
This means that a doctor-based, used form may be more
appropriate than educational theory. So we need to check
the words business marketing, scrutinizing especially how
theoretical concepts can be applied to reality to practice. Where
educational theory is invisible, commonplace, and explicit, and
needs to be confirmed either at least untested, practical theory
is different. Practical theory comes from the subtle, the subtle,
the insignificant and a forum for practice and rich experience
of real-world events. They use social media to learn from the
initial failure as a test and take “suck and see” how to find out
what works, thus establishing their own theory to explain their
events.
Marketing for Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurial Marketing (EM) is a theory building on the
link between marketing and trade, which has a long life -
more than thirty years - but is not sufficiently developed.
Entrepreneurial thinking, indirect, intelligent and avoids
speculation, contradicts the normal sales model. So “divorce”
comes from the middle of marketing theory - which emphasizes
management advertising behavior - and marketing practice
in business firms. Specifies the differences between EM and
small business marketing, based on the differences between
entrepreneurs and small business owners. Entrepreneurial
Marketing (EM) is a concept developed in the link between
the two sciences - commercial and commercial - almost three

decades ago. Although the Marketing-Entrepreneurship
Interface (MEI) has attracted researchers not only in marketing
and business, but also from economics, psychology and
social welfare, the emergence of these structures has not yet
improved. There are a variety of explanations, some principles
in this area do not exist, effective tools are not developed and
unfortunately there is no unifying theory. While it is generally
acknowledged that entrepreneurs behave differently in
terms of “traditional” marketing, yet some of them are very
successful. Lack of unique explanations keeps research efforts
confusing and poorly defined.
However, EM can have it associated with programs in other
business contexts, such as new marketing applications and
solutions within the communication space. Link of EM and
business orientation (Maritz 2006), opportunity assessment
(Morris et al, 2002), market structure (Maritz 2006) and internal
business environment (Maritz & Nieman 2005) it cannot be
overemphasized. In short, it can be seen that business marketing
should include features of organizations that are most likely to
make the change successfully, which in the case of this paper
type of the changes needed to adopt and effectively use the
social media platform.
A strategic typology of entrepreneurial marketing
There are three businesses Strategy-Prospect, Defender,
and Analyzer-different evidence of organization structure
(especially the decision-making process, staff resources, and
management systems) can adapt to an external environment.
¾¾ Inspectors are the most commercial. They gain a
competitive advantage by being first in new markets with
new products. Prospector is innovative and business-
minded, and flexible in a completely new technology.
Experts are investing heavily in new features and product
development equality has other types of strategies.
¾¾ Defenders gain competitive advantage by working
more effectively with older inventions as well as highly
technically advanced products and services. Defenders
tend to offer the highest quality high quality products and
excellent customer service.
¾¾ Lastly, Analysts are testers in some aspects and protectors

in others. According to business size, Medium Analysts are
among the most business Prospector and a non-business
Protector. Analysts are often the second to sell advanced
products more successfully produced than testers.
¾¾ At first glance, one might expect that the Examiner, being
a businessman, could be the first to use social media. But
it is equally possible that Analyzer is the one who can win
implementation issues. At that point, the Defender may
be the last to accept the social media platform again and
at least able to adapt to the internal changes needed for
effective use, at least in the short term.
¾¾ However, over time, as the roles and aspects of social
media implementation become better understood, The
Protector may take and seize.
Discussions the role of social media
Analysts: Of the thirteen respondents, 10 were analysts or
a combination of business and non-commercial features
and features. Of these ten, four had no role in social media
advertising communications, two have a prominent role, and
four host social media platforms. I roles used in social media
are included: Customer interaction, Make it your own, Product
development in communities, Reaching customers to new
channels, Delivery of service, Getting feedback / monitoring the
conversation, Developing product proposals in communities,
Extending traditional communication in a less expensive way,
Reply to comments to protect the product.
Examiners : Of the thirteen respondents, two were classified
as inspectors; they were too many commercial, flexible and
innovative of the Miles and Snow species. Although the
sample is small, both testers in the study embraced the social
media platform. The question is, is it because they have it
the key force to overcome start-up obstacles, or because they
have the potential to grow any new opportunity (Shane and
Venkataraman 2000), or property .According to one respondent
(public) The media can) To position our company well in the
market, help generate profits and leads ”.
Responders : Of the thirteen respondents, one was a Reactor,
which is a slightly cohesive and minimalist strategy. the
corresponding organizational configuration between the

Miles and Snow species. As might be expected, the role of
communications marketing was not working well “Currently
operational, one of them monitoring organizational indicators,
and where appropriate, responding to potential issues
promoted on social media ”.
Defender: Surprisingly, there are no Defenders among the
thirteen respondents. It was expected that the protector will
not be able to test and the opportunity to establish an external
similar to a social one the media. If social media were to play
the role of defensive players, it could be to reduce customer
costs, communication or distribution.
In short the quality responses provided an indication of the
various roles in the social media platform. However, since 10
out of thirteen respondents are analysts, they are very forgiving
comparisons between species were impossible. Within the
analysis team, there was a mix of users as well non-users,
expected, as the strategy is neither commercial nor firm.
The implementation challenges of social media
Analysts : As discussed earlier, of the thirteen respondents,
ten were analysts, mixed activities and business and non-
business features.
Examples: Usage Challenge, Educating internal stakeholders
about the role of social media, Determining the area of authority
and social responsibility of the media, Type of understanding
and the number of additional media sources .It is not necessary
for B2B organizations . The danger of losing control of the
message to make it more real. Having something important
to say in a continuous way determines implementation within
and / or within departments.
In another names, advertisers who use social media face
challenges
a) planning;
b) to do; and
c) monitor the effectiveness of social media.
Inspectors: Of the thirteen respondents, two were Prospectors,
both using social media although the other has a limited role.
They list the barriers to use. These include one respondent

who said “a different approach”, and “(social media) has no
history that would enable us to understand the consequences
we can drive ”. Another Prospector made two points, “Many
people inside the organization simply know the power of trade
on social media “and” the opposite performance departmental
understanding of potential impacts ”. Both of these issues are
related to Entrepreneurial traits marketing, which is proactive
opportunity identification (Maritz 2006) involving participants
a series of service benefits (Maritz & Nieman, 2008).
Reactors: Of the thirteen respondents, one reactor did not
use social media and gave the following reasons: “(lack of)
agreement at the highest levels”, “(lack) of our understanding
Members’ desire for this strategy “,” some of the key elements
of our marketing communications strategy “. The reactor
is expected to have many operating problems and a lack of
alignment strategy and implementation.
Defender: Since there are no defenders in this study, it can
only be assumed that the procedures are robust once structures
associated with the decision-making process from the ground
up of the Ombudsman will hamper implementation of social
media.
In short, quality responses provided an indication of the
implementation challenges facing them by respondents.
Challenges range from internal (organizational structure)
to external (message control and creation). One survey limit
affected 10 out of thirteen respondents to being Analysts. This
prevented an incomplete answer to the last research question
reached. “Make organizations run business marketing
using social media more effectively than non-entrepreneurs
advertising agencies? ”
Summary
The findings of this study suggest that business marketing
theory can provide guidance to advertisers in terms of, first,
to assess the potential value offered by the media platform,
and, secondly, overcoming the challenges of establishing
social media platforms. Our contribution to the promotion
of research proposals based on the views of major retailers
regarding the use and implementation of social media as part

of marketing communications.
Responses from major retailers suggest a number of research
proposals that can be tested in future research on the use of
social media.
¾¾ P1: Entrepreneurship marketing organizations will have
more opportunities to use the social media platform.
¾¾ P2: Entrepreneurship marketing organizations will likely
evaluate the value of a social media platform accurately.
¾¾ P3: Entrepreneurship marketing organizations will have
a better chance of winning the launch communication
challenges
¾¾ P4: Features of business marketing organizations such as
Proactiveness, risk acquisition, risk management, resource
utilization, value building and innovation will help
organizations overcome the challenges of creating social
media platforms
In short, the experimental findings of this study are the first
step on the road to greatness understanding how organizations
can:
a) evaluate; and
b) use of social media.
Reference
1. Ayvaz, D., Gürsun, G. and Özlale, Ü. (2018). On characterizing
sectoral interactions via connections between employees in
professional online social networks. Online Social Networks and
Media, 8, pp.1-16
2. Chowdhury, M. J. A. (2000) Microcredit, Enhancement of
Entitlement, and Alleviation of Poverty: an Investigation into
the Grameen Bank’s Role in Bangladesh. Unpublished Ph.D.
Dissertation. University of Stirling, UK.
3. https://www.socialmediatoday.com/marketing/
masroor/2015-05-28/social-media-biggest-influencer-buying-
decisions#sthash.g2V359X3.dpuf
4. Barnes, N. G. (2010). “Tweeting and blogging to the top.”
Marketing Research 22(1): 8-thirteen.
7
“Entrepreneurship Propensity Among
Students in India”
Dipti Parab*
Abstract
The chapter will clarify more about the business trends among
Indian students. The youth can play a major role in the development
of the nation. The contribution of the youth depends largely on
the employment and entrepreneurship opportunities offered by
the country. Considering the important role of youth, current
research focuses on the perspective of young people, especially
students. This research also extends to the role of colleges in
delivering entrepreneurship education and training business
development activities to understand their role in building
first-generation entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship education is
learned about a variety of subjects and entrepreneurship-related
curriculum content. Entrepreneurship development activities will
be considered in relation to the activities performed by the colleges
through the Entrepreneurship development cell and the creation of
a support system through incubation centers, etc.
* Assistant Professor, Department Information Technology,

Powai, Mumbai
“Entrepreneurship Propensity Among Students in India” 59
Introduction
Youth are the driving force behind national economic growth
and development (Odoh, 2014). The youth of the nation,
armed with creative ability, talent and innate abilities have
great potential for innovation and development of any nation.
Such young people are the property of any country that can
help them to thrive and thrive in a competitive environment.
India is a emerging market economy and is considered to
be the sixth largest country in the world in terms of GDP by
name. One of the key factors contributing to India’s roadmap
to the world’s strongest economy is its young and fast-
growing working age. India has a promising youth base of
34.8%. But in order to harness the power of the youth, India
must work towards the skills of its youth through formal
education, training and development. This will help India to
create talented people who can thrive in a variety of areas and
backgrounds.
The point being discussed is what kind of future we see for
the youth of the nation. Whether it is to educate the youth and
direct them to get jobs in prestigious MNCs. Given India’s high
unemployment rate and unemployment, it is a well-known
fact that Indian youth employment has emerged as a major
concern in recent years. Ironically, it is not just the uneducated
and untrained who are also highly educated but also those
who are always below the required standards.
Alternatively, India should nurture its youth to create
entrepreneurial opportunities and promote an ecosystem
for emerging entrepreneurs. In view of Indian education in
the context of employment-oriented employment, special
efforts should be made to develop entrepreneurship among
the youth. The goal of education in context should shift its
focus from job creation to job creation by providing effective
business support.
Entrepreneurship trends in students
Entrepreneurship trends in India are no longer limited to
second-generation entrepreneurs but even first-generation
entrepreneurs can be entrepreneurial, as they see many of
them gaining success in their early days. It should come as no
surprise when a new student opens a food truck or becomes

an E-commerce salesman. The beauty of business is, it is not
limited to the professional field compared to employment.
The tendency of a person to open his own business is called
a entrepreneurship tendency. This tendency can be due to
various internal and external factors. Internal factors are based
on a person’s interest, attitude, ideas, talent and desire for
risk. External factors are the main influences on the internal
factors that encourage entrepreneurship. It includes family
business, role models, business education, skills development
programs, training and financial and technical support.
Young people are the stage of a life cycle where behavior can
be influenced, and if they are positively influenced, in this
case by developing entrepreneurship acumen to them, they
can have a bright future. However, when a young person is
empowered to become an entrepreneur, he or she also creates
job opportunities. These dual benefits of self-employment and
employment should be the focus of policy makers.
Entrepreneurship education for students
Entrepreneurship education is about building knowledge
and skills for students so that they can pursue business.
Entrepreneurship education is essential for successful and
sustainable socio-economic development (Klinger and
Schundeln, 2011: Matlay, 2013), because entrepreneurship is a
combination of dynamics, initiative, patience, and commitment.
systematic and creative efforts to create productive activities
(Acs et al., 2008). This education is not limited to ordinary
education, but extends to inspiring and complementary
education. Entrepreneurship education not only informs
students about the basics of entrepreneurship but students
also need to be well-informed about the existence of alternative
support systems that will reflect productive results, where
students end up pursuing entrepreneurship with confidence.
Entrepreneurship education should go beyond improving
entrepreneurship incentives for students and encourage
them to pursue business. With regard to advanced business
education, that can be provided by case studies by organizing
various events, competitions, developing matching business
models and potential awareness programs and developing
business skills for students leading to business development.

There is a perception that entrepreneurs are born out of stock.
This argument is based on the belief that business values will
not be enhanced by education. This myth no longer exists
(Gnyawali and Fogel, 1994). It is now clearly proving that some
personal qualities and new ones can be developed for business
students through entrepreneurship education (Henderson
and Robertson, 2000). According to Volkmunn et al., (2009),
all people are entrepreneur by nature that is, the power of the
business belongs to all of us.
Entrepreneurship development by educational institution
Student entrepreneurial development will only happen if
educational institutions make a concerted effort to design an
effective support system to encourage entrepreneurship in
them. As a result of proper business education, training and
development, from childhood six to ten people in Indonesia
are entrepreneurs (Olanipekun et al., 2016).
Luthje, (2002), pointed out that the university has many
programs in place to promote and facilitate entrepreneurship.
Therefore, entrepreneurship development for students will
not only require in-depth entrepreneurship education by
educational institutions, but will require a strong support
system through the incubation center, liaison with funding
agencies and other government programs that can lead to
sustainable student entrepreneurship development by creating
entrepreneurial tendencies.
Entrepreneurship trends & influencing factors
Student inclusions in business depend on many internal and
external factors Turker et al., (2000), point out that business
inclinations depend on two major factors surrounding a person,
internal factors related to personal factors and external factors
related to environmental factors. Research shows that internal
factors such as motivation and confidence in students have
a greater impact on entrepreneurship inclination of students
compared to external factors. However, one of the external
factors namely the existence of a strong support system has
a significant impact on students’ ability to choose businesses.

Various studies have been conducted to examine the key
factors that lead to entrepreneurship in student Ponmani R
(2015), in research on attitude and purpose among Coimbatore
graduate students, in business, he says, as young students.
they are the ones who make decisions about their work and
there are various factors that affect this decision, the researcher
has examined those factors. Identification factors that affect
the student in determining entrepreneurial tendencies are
father income, father education and business training activities
for students in the arts, science and business respectively. It
is also discussed that every student has different risk-taking,
commitment and business acumen that determines how many
students will choose to do business activities after graduation.
The researcher also highlighted curriculum changes to
encourage and motivate students to acquire entrepreneurial
tendencies. The researcher suggested an increase in the
number of business awareness camps and similar counseling
and guidance centers.
External factors must be considered in order to promote the
internal aspects of the business inclination. This is confirmed
by another study by Drs. Pandya (2018) where it was observed
that, very few respondents were interested in starting their
own businesses after graduation. Most of them were inclined
to choose jobs mainly for reasons such as low pay, job security
and lack of business environment. In addition, it was noted
that respondents were not forced by their parents to choose
their own lifestyle and were free to choose the job they
wanted. However, respondents were encouraged by teachers /
teachers in the case section to opt for entrepreneurship. From
the analysis of the hypothesis, it has been noted that various
factors are similar engaging in business-related activities,
parental encouragement and examples from entrepreneurs
have a positive impact on business start-up opportunities.
The researcher suggested the introduction of a student grant
to provide them with a business support program. It is also
suggested that the government can design a taxable product /
other benefit that can be used to mature young entrepreneurs
to ensure cash flow for at least one year of starting a business
after graduation.
A study by Abu Bakar et al., (2017) focuses on self-esteem

among young people which has a positive effect on business
inclinations. It has learned about the four major decisions
of business entrepreneurship among Saudi Arabia’s youth,
access to financial resources, social legitimacy, entrepreneurial
personality among young people and entrepreneurial skills.
The findings confirm that Saudi Arabia’s income, ambition,
confidence in the skills and knowledge of other entrepreneurs,
have a positive relationship with the opportunity to start a
business and the fear of failure has a negative relationship in
developing young entrepreneurial tendencies.
Entrepreneurship Education
Entrepreneurship education has a direct relationship with
business trends (Kalyoncuoglu et al., 2017). Conducted
controlled research where the control group received
business education and the control group did not receive that
education. The results of this study highlight the importance
of entrepreneurship education in increasing entrepreneurship
goals for students. The results show that entrepreneurship
education improves the determination and perseverance of the
individual, increases the mindset to meet a few challenges when
starting a entrepreneurship, and also reduces negative thoughts
about running their entrepreneurship. Research scientifically
proves that the purpose of entrepreneurship can be enhanced
through education and entrepreneurship education can play a
positive role in bringing new entrepreneurs into the economy.
The reason for such programs is that literacy is fundamental
to entrepreneurship ideas and can at least increase awareness
of entrepreneurial activity (Reynolds et al., 2003; Storey and
Greene, 2010).
The literature also points out that entrepreneurship education
is not limited to the general public entrepreneurship
education. There are also other types of entrepreneurship
education that can create business interest in students (Khan
A., 2017). The study, entitled “Entrepreneurial Education
at University Level and Entrepreneurship Development”,
focused on the relationship between entrepreneurship
education and entrepreneurship development. It covers three
types of entrepreneurship education. They are a general
education, motivational education and extended education

that develops entrepreneurship skills for students. The
researcher clarifies that quality entrepreneurship education is
needed to motivate students to pursue entrepreneurship and
lead to entrepreneurship development for them. This study
strongly highlights the positive relationship between all three
types of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship
development for students and requires a strong approach to
entrepreneurship education at the University of Bangladesh.
Rehman et al., (2012) in their study entitled “Entrepreneurship
Education in India - Scope, challenges and Ro le of B-schools in
Promoting Entrepreneurship Education”, focused on a formal
education program to generate entrepreneurship interest in
students. It discusses the history or entrepreneurship in India.
Entrepreneurship education is considered one of the most
important factors affecting student inclination. It is always
important in creating that how to support entrepreneurship
education.
Student comfort in entrepreneurship can be better understood
with structured ethical theory (Ajzen, 1985). A similar result
has been confirmed by Karimi et al., (2012) with a study
conducted by an Iranian university among graduate students
who indicate that students should be organized when it
comes to choosing a entrepreneurship. Aside from attitudes,
entrepreneurship education influences these planned behaviors
for students to make decisions. In order to encourage students
to take up entrepreneurship as a career choice, universities are
encouraged to focus on entrepreneurship education programs.
This highlights the role of entrepreneurship education as an
important factor that can affect a learner’s entrepreneurship
acumen.
Entrepreneurship Development
Different perspectives have been used to understand the impact
of education on developing student skills that can stimulate
students to choose entrepreneurship. Human capital theory
justifies this statement and is directly linked to the ability of
nations to transform from under development to developed
economies (Olanipckun et al., 2016). Entrepreneurship
education is not only about booking knowledge but also about
acquiring skills through training and development activities.

This paper highlights the need for a entrepreneurship
development approach that is well designed by universities and
educational institutions in Nigeria by providing sustainable
support for entrepreneurship graduates. Gupta and Rathore
(2014) conducted a study entitled “Study of incubation
centers & their role in promoting entrepreneurship in India by
focusing on facilities built for IIMs / IITs”. This study discusses
the different functions of the incubator and entrepreneurship
cells in IIMs and IITs that promote entrepreneurial culture
among students. Apart from basic entrepreneurship education
the effective support system serves as a motivating force to
improve student entrepreneurship. Not only does it guide
students in entrepreneurship but it also helps to create a
conducive environment that provides students with the
right support. Incubation centers, in particular, raise money
for students with new ideas, which helps them face the great
challenge of finding start-up funding. Research shows that
IITs have the support capacity compared to llMs in India and
thus recommend a variety of entrepreneurship development
activities and support methods for IMs as well. This highlights
the need for these mechanisms to support other educational
institutions in Mumbai.
Ajide and Kameel (2018) focus on entrepreneurship
development in various developing countries. From the
discussion of supportive training and the development that
will be provided to those entrepreneurs as a career choice,
the research focuses on the development of entrepreneurship
skills. To a large extent, it includes training in opportunity
awareness, related to relevant community, technology, markets
and partnerships with government agencies. Entrepreneurial
development can be thought of as activities that develop
the knowledge, skills, attitudes and attitudes of individuals
and groups to take on the role of entrepreneur (Osemeke,
2012). The study focused on analyzing the construction of
new firms, environmental factors, vision, social significance
of entrepreneurs, and government policies in developing
countries to promote entrepreneurial development.
Conclusion
Young people thrive in a world where the nation is prosperous
and vice versa. This cycle will work when a large number
of young people are active and self-employed rather than
remain unemployed and unemployed. The tendency of young
entrepreneurs to identify and expand will help generate a large
number of job creators rather than automatically generate
the total number of job seekers. The role of entrepreneurship
education and other forms of support is inevitable in
motivating young people in entrepreneurship. Educational
institutions play a vital role in shaping youth through the
creation of such a business venture. This will help to create
successful entrepreneurs that will lead to national prosperity.
Reference
1. Dr. Viral M. Pandya (January, 2018) “Study of factors affecting
entrepreneurial inclination among University students”
International Journal of Business Economics and Management
Research Vol. 9, Issue I, Imp act Factor: 4.963 ISSN: (2229-4848)
2. Selma Kalyoncuoglu, Belgin Aydintan, Aykut Goksel (2017)
·’The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial
Intention: An Experimental Study on Undergraduate Business
Students” Gazi University, Journal of Management Research
ISSN I 94 l- 899X 20 17 , Vol. 9, No. 3
3. Jishnu Bhattacharyya, Manoj Kumar Dash Global Journal of
Business Excellence (2017), ·’A Review to Understand the
Challenges a Prospective Entrepreneur May Face in the Indian
Emerging Economy. , Vol. 10, No 1, pp 18- 26
4. Olanipekun, Wahid D., Ahmod U, Olamide Lateef. Brimah,
Aminu Nassir, ADEYEMI. Adekunle Benjamin (2016) The
role of educational institutions in fostering entrepreneurship
development”
5. https: //www.acadcmia.edu/ 359843 16/Study of Factors Affecting
Entrepreneurial Inclination Among University students
6. Ajakore, OM (2015). Entrepreneurship Education and The
Propensity for Starting Businesses Amongst University Students
in Southwestern Nigeria.
7. Ponmani R (May 20 15) A Study on Entrepreneurial Attitude

Orientation and Intention among various Categories of Students
8. http://shodhganga.inflibnct.ac.in/handle/10603/72720
9. https://www.acadcmia.edu/35984316/Study_of_factors_
affecting_entrepreneurial_inclination_among_university_
students
10. https://www.acadcmin.edu,6930586/Entrepreneurial_
propensity_a_field_ Study_on_the_turkish_university__
students
8
India’s Upcoming Entrepreneur
Community, Generation Z
Dr. Anita S. Pandey*
Abstract
The chapter is going elaborate the Generation Z (Young
entrepreneurs) opting for the entrepreneur platform as their career
option. India holds the world’s largest Generation Z population with
427 million has the potential to build a sustainable entrepreneur
society. Which can eradicate the problem of unemployment. Youth
is considered as a backbone of Indian society and has latent to
face social challenges and provide a suitable solution to them. The
world’s youngest country India holds 62% of the working-age
population (15-59 years) and the average age is 25 years. This
supremacy is enjoyed by India till 2041, hence there is a need
to design a policy to cater to and utilise these young in a proper
channel. A suitable business model to support them, financially
accessible, inculcating business skills and mentoring is the need of
the time. The chapter is also going to highlight the various shade
played by the young entrepreneur to bring sustainable socio-
economic development. The various challenges faced by the young
entrepreneurs in India as a beginner.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies,

Powai, Mumbai
India’s Upcoming Entrepreneur Community, Generation Z 69
Introduction
The second-largest populated country “India has one of the
world’s highest proportions of young people. At the time
of the Census of 2001, 35.3 per cent of the population of the
country was aged 0 to 14. Less than 18-year-olds make up 41%
of the population”1. Hence it proves that the country is well
equipped with a young population and this manpower act as
a source of prosperity and stimulate growth in the country.
To excel in the growth of any nation the cream of the young
population is required. This young population is also well
known as Generation Z. It includes the population born in the
late ’1990s and early 2000s. According to author Hameed S,
“India holds the world’s largest Generation Z population with
427 million. He also stated his view about the important role
played by generation Z in nation-building”.2
Understanding the presence and importance of Generation Z in
the current scenario. The author decided to explore more about
the contribution of the entrepreneur community. The term
entrepreneur means an individual with ideas and innovative
skills starts his business and takes the risk intending to gain
profit the in near-by future is known as an entrepreneur. The
second-largest populated country like India required the
platform where it could utilize the young energetic mind in
generating livelihood for themselves as well as for the other
companion. That is the need of the time that a country like
India will progress only if we generate employment on large
scale. It is only possible by fuelling the entrepreneur quality
among these young enthusiastic people.
Youth as the backbone of a nation
The most vital and energetic segment of the population in
any country is the youth. The country holding large youth
populations is always in a better position and moving towards
securing the future. They are considered as trendsetters to
craft society as a better way to live, Policymakers to build
the nation. They are well known as the partners of today and
leaders of tomorrow. This young mind is an asset that builds
the nation. So the nation should nature the youth by educating
them looking after their health and care facilities, guarding
their rights, and ensuring their holistic development.
They can acquire and adjust to their environments. Similarly,

they are enthusiastic to acquire and apply what they have
learned to accomplish their goals. Our youth have the latent to
enhance society through social reform. Furthermore, the nation
requires their participation to fulfil the nation’s objectives and
assist in the country’s prosperity. The youth is capable of
doing so, they can bring a change in society. They are the core
centre to influence and change society with their innovation
and constructive ideas.
Hence youth play a vital role in shaping society, gearing
economic development in the country. They are considered
a key element for the sustainable development of the entire
globe and fueling the positive energy towards the path of
success. The power of youth provides a platform to the nation
for crafting growth stories.
India and its Youth population
The world youngest country label is contributed by India, as
it holds for more than “62% of the working-age population
(15-59 years) and more than 54% of the total population under
the age of by the age of 25. The average population of India
is estimated to be 29 years. In contrast, the United States is
40, Europe is 46, and Japan is 47”3. The country with a huge
earning share population doesn’t stand at a negative end but
it incorporates the positive aspect of adding more earning
hands and development to its nation. The composition of
demographic dividends in India can be understood by the
following graph.
Figure 1: Demographic Dividend in India

https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-number-theory-
imagining-india-10-years-from-now/story-G7aIUgKlehi1yewcG4rOOJ.
html
¾¾ According to Hindustan Times, published in New

Delhi on Jan 05, 2021, mention the share of the working-
age population. The data shows the increasing trends in
the population growth of the age group 20-59 years.
¾¾ 8.4% increase in the working-age population from 2011 to
204, it nearly symbolised the growth of 97 million people
in the labour force.
¾¾ It indicates the country is required to generate employment
opportunities for a large number of people.
Hence the country with a huge earning population required a
special setup to gratify their needs. They should make a policy
to engage and utilise this young mind in the proper direction.
Here the customised business models like a small scale and
micro small scale enterprise are the suitable platform to
incorporate the young energetic mind in a proper direction. As
it is a need of time for a country like India with large numbers
of young population which are underutilised. So we should
have such business models for addressing and cultivation the
young mind in the proper direction.
Business Models for Youth Entrepreneur
Business models can be elaborated as a simple working plan
of any business designed to hit the target, generate profit
and occupies the required talent to make the enterprise
successful. Looking at the Indian scenario such a business
model are required as it combines maximum young workforce
and provides the platform to exhibit their talent. Fostering
entrepreneur quality among young minds will create an
entrepreneurial environment cultivating young talented
entrepreneurial towards the path of entrepreneurship
development society. Before creating such an entrepreneurial
society let us simply understand the term entrepreneurship.
Let’s talk about Entrepreneur a person who creates his own
business by adopting innovative ideas with the intense to
generate profit in the venture. Further Entrepreneurship can
be understood as the capability of creating the business or
willingness to craft the venture that transforms the world by
providing a solution to their problem. In the modern world,
entrepreneurs act as a medium of bringing social change to
society and making the world a better place to live. But a country
like India where a huge young unemployed population is the
special attribute. Sometimes it acts as a hurdle in the growth
path of entrepreneurship development.
A good define program should be created to address these
issues by offering an innovative solution for the economic,
personal and social development of these young minds (young
entrepreneurs). So they should build appropriate paths for a
young entrepreneur to enhance their entrepreneurial skills.
To develop a suitable entrepreneurship society and policies
relevant to that should focus on the given measures.
Figure 2: Build Path for a Young Entrepreneur

¾¾ Support of Families and communities
To build a suitable path for young entrepreneurs support
of family and community is must require. It is the family
and community moral support that fuel the positive
energy among entrepreneurs. But unfortunately, Indian
entrepreneurs are not blessed with such strong moral
support from their families. They are always motivated to
take up 9 to 5 white-collar jobs where risk is less. Even the
social communities also hold respect for such white-collar
executives personal rather than an entrepreneur. So to
design the lane of success in the field of entrepreneurs and
entrepreneurship optimistic attitude is essential to build
an entrepreneurial society.
¾¾ Cultivating business and life skills
Fostering entrepreneur quality among young people oblige
to inculcate business skills and techniques. These skills
and techniques can be incorporated by scheming suitable

training programs. The skilled base training program will
enhance business skills and provide a platform to cultivate
business ideas.
¾¾ Accessibilities to finances
Only cultivating business or life skills is not enough to
grow the path of entrepreneurship. But accessibilities to
various financial schemes are premeditated to cater for the
need of entrepreneurs. The government should study the
market and entrepreneurs needs and then customise the
financial support and its accessibilities to various funds.
A good plan financial instrument with customised needs
will fuel the progress of entrepreneurs/entrepreneurship
among the youth.
¾¾ Mentoring
Young energy entrepreneurs can be channelized by the
inspiring role models exhibiting their success story and
stimulating them to take up an entrepreneur as their career
option. Role models also act as a mentor allowing exploring
the business ideas and guiding them to the road map of
success. Mentor and entrepreneurs should have strong
bonding to creäte the well define roles and obligations.
¾¾ Adaptabilities and adjustability
Adaptabilities and adjustability are the two vital mantras
of an entrepreneur’s success story. The young entrepreneur
faces an enormous problem that needs to be addressed by
providing a local ground-level solution. A country with
unemployment as a common problem leads the youth in
a vulnerable condition. So the youth should have a strong
mindset to get adapted and adjust to the given condition.
Role of Youth Entrepreneur
Youth entrepreneurs are assets to the nation as they hold
innovative ideas and development knowledge to do the task
in a much better way. Their social network helps to build
healthier ventures, which helps to eradicate unemployment.
Shape the improved society moving towards the path of
progress. According to (OECD, 1998) young entrepreneurs
not only creates business opportunities for themselves but

also generates earning sources for other people. He reforms
the traditional working system by establishing his venture and
building job opportunities. The role of a young entrepreneur
in economic development can be summarised by the quote
of Dhaliwal, 2016 mention “an economy is an effect for
which entrepreneurship is the cause”4. Entrepreneurship
can empower the economy by adding pace to the growth of
the economic path by making self-starting entrepreneurs.
Transforming salaried employees to self-sustain entrepreneurs,
that is the need of time in and country like India with a huge
youth population. Let us understand the curial role played by
the young entrepreneur as follows.
¾¾ Job opportunities
A young entrepreneur with his creative ideas established
a venture and generates job opportunities for themselves
as well as for other people. So they help to eradicate
unemployment by designing work prospects for many
needy people. They also channelised the unused talent in
the proper direction to achieve success.
¾¾ Solve the problem
A young entrepreneur has the capacity and ability to
address many social issues exiting in society. The foremost
is that unequal income distribution creates a huge income
gap in society. It leads to many anti-social elements which
cause a problem in society. So by creating better and equal
job opportunities reduces income inequalities.
¾¾ Improve the standard of living
As the better job opportunities and increased income
facilities the better standard of living to the people. Now
with the enhanced source of income quality products are
at the reach of every person. Hence it improved
¾¾ Generates revenue
An entrepreneur not only creates job opportunities but also
unfolds the sources of producing income for themselves,
other people, society and the nation. Generating revenue
for themselves and employees improve tax collection and
generate revenue for the nation.
¾¾ Contributes to the capital formation

The growth of an entrepreneur business leads to expansion
of the market and enhanced the asset formation of his
business to assist better. Growth in his business assets and
capital contributes to the capital formation of the nation.
¾¾ Help in increasing per capita income
There is a positive relationship between entrepreneurship
and the per capita income of the country. The entrepreneurs
convert idle land, labour and capital into needful goods
and services. These goods and services generate income
for the nation and create wealth for the country. Hence it
assistances in accumulating the per capita income of the
country.
¾¾ Act as a social reformer
A young entrepreneur has the passion, ability and
capacity to change the way of thinking of society. They
have the potential to eradicate social problems like
income inequalities, gender discrimination and many
more. These young entrepreneurs with their innovative
thinking capacity and ability to convert challenges into
opportunities act as social reformers change the face of
society as a better place to live.
Barriers/challenges for Youth Entrepreneur
To start a new business from zero ground level is a tough
task for an entrepreneur it brings a set of difficulties to cope-
up with it. But if you are a young entrepreneur then it adds
a unique set of challenges. An extra hurdle to jump off and
bond with internal and external pressure to achieve the path
of success. The extra hurdle like lack of family support, less
access to start-up funds and missing of expertise business
skills. Let us understand the specific challenges faced by the
young entrepreneurs as follows:
¾¾ Financial
The most challenging barrier that holds back young
entrepreneurs is to get their business funded. Availing
the facilities of seed-up capital is restricted for the young
entrepreneur. Due to a lack of experience, awareness, and
limited network, there are unable to access the venture

capital provided by the government. So arranging a fund
for young entrepreneurs is a bottleneck.
¾¾ Facing age stereotypes
Normal the image of youth is little stereotype like they
are lazy, irresponsible, and not serious towards their
responsibilities. They have to prove their creditable and
accountabilities many times. A young entrepreneur has
to work harder to lead their identities in the business
community. They always get extra hurdles to prove
themselves in this stereotyped society where ageing is a
sign of experience and consistency.
¾¾ Social rejection and criticism
The most common barrier that a young entrepreneur face
is criticism. It is usually seen that the people always advise
preferring an insubstantial job at a brick-and-mortar than
to be the head of your own company. Everyone will advise
you on how your business is going to fail rather than
motivate you to succeed. So a young entrepreneur should
be ready to face such social criticism and rejection. By their
strong willpower, they can prove society wrong.
¾¾ Dealing with self-doubt and stress
Today’s entrepreneurs required emotional intelligence
to manage their stress. Entrepreneurs responsible are
different from traditional job employees they have to look
after all decided to make their business profitable. Hence it
indicates the higher level of responsibilities owned by you
that board your stress level much higher. But you should
learn to manage it by yoga and meditation. Whenever
you feel low just boost your morale by glancing at your
achievement.
¾¾ Hiring employees
Finding a suitable employee that matches the task of job
your company offer is a little difficult at the beginning for
the first time. But building the right professional culture at
the workplace helps to modulate the employee as per the
vision of the company. So always craft a sustainable work
culture that attracts talented employees for your venture.
¾¾ Finding customers
Getting the customers for their products and services is
the trickiest task for young entrepreneurs to manage. As
being a newcomer and budget restricting to reach limited
audiences. Customers also prefer the known brand place
limitation for the young entrepreneur. So price and quality
are the crucial areas where you can hit and attract large
numbers of audiences.
¾¾ Lack of board knowledge
A young entrepreneur always has a shortfall of expert
knowledge and experience to handle the venture. These
expertise skills and knowledge can be achieved by
exploring new opportunities and working under the
guidance of expert personal as mentors.
Being a young entrepreneur can be difficult, but it’s not
impossible. Be aware of the age-related problems ahead of time
so that you can avoid them. Determination and enthusiasm go
a long way toward making your path to achievement easier.
Maintain a positive attitude and a high level of patience. This is
just the start of a long and prosperous career as a self-employed
entrepreneur.
Conclusion
The economy and social development of any country depend
upon the resources available link land, materials, labour,
and money. Among them, India has adequate numbers of
the labour force which can be smartly utilised by training
them and converting them into entrepreneurs. Establishing
an entrepreneur society is the only way to utilise the energy
excess manpower to resolve the social problem, bring economic
growth and eradicate the curse of unemployment. The
government should cherish the young entrepreneur by building
an entrepreneur society encouraging entrepreneurship. Even
the families and society should give their supportive hands in
the difficult path of entrepreneurship. Young entrepreneurs
are full of hope limitless energy, creative ideas, wiliness to try
new things, and the ability to recover quickly from mistakes is
the quality that entrepreneurs should cherish to grow as a role
model for the future generation.
Reference
1. https://censusindia.gov.in/census_and_you/age_structure_and_
marital_status.aspx
2. Hameed s.and Mathur, M. (2020), «Generation Z in India:
Digital Natives and Makers of Change», Gentina, E. and Parry,
E. (Ed.) The New Generation Z in Asia: Dynamics, Differences,
Digitalisation (The Changing Context of Managing People),
Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 89-104. https://doi.
org/10.1108/978-1-80043-220-820201010
3. https://medium.com/@pradeepkumarpanda/role-of-youth-in-
shaping-indias-future 2301290bceed#:~:text=Today%2C%20
India%20is,its%20real%20spirit.
4. Dhaliwal, A. (2016). Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic
Development. International Journal of scientific research and
management, 4(6), 4262-4269.
5. OECD (1998). Fostering Entrepreneurship, Paris: Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development
6. OECD (2001): “Putting the Young in Business: Policy Challenges
for Youth Entrepreneurship”. The LEED Program, Territorial
Development Division, Paris.
7. Md. Mahi uddin, Mustafa Manir Chowdhury & Md. Maruf
Ullah Global Journal of Management and Business Research:
A Administration and Management Volume 15 Issue 4 Version
1.0 Year 2015 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International
Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online
ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN: 0975-5853
8. Malaj, Ardita & Dollani, Petrit. (2018). Youth Entrepreneurship
Barriers. Global Scientific journals: Volume 6, Issue 2, February
2018, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/336579705_Youth_Entrepreneurship_Barriers
9. https://odi.org/en/insights/five-ways-to-strengthen-youth-
entrepreneurship/
10. http://canadianentrepreneurtraining.com/6-challenges-faced-by-
young-entrepreneurs/
11. https://www.forbes.com/sites/theyec/2021/04/20/eight-obstacles-
young-entrepreneurs-often-face-and-how-to-overcome-
them/?sh=2e29f4ee630f by expert panel forbes Apr 20,
2021,08:10am EDT
12. https://www.skillsyouneed.com/rhubarb/young-entrepreneur-
challenges.html
13. https://www.scribd.com/document/520464198/TASK-16-17-1-
edited
9
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana:
A Pathway to Entrepreneurs
Umesh Kabadi*
Introduction
An entrepreneur denotes an individual who organized a risky

activity of any kind and acts considerably in the manner of
a business entrepreneur. He can enjoy an excellent deal of
profit if things go well; but, they also combat an excellent
deal of risk. To minimize the risk involve an entrepreneur
should hold certain skills that can transform the challenges
into opportunities. Entrepreneurship skills can be developed
by anyone, but are usually associated with entrepreneurship.
An entrepreneur holds some skills which help him to enhance
his venture and grow the business. These skills can be
incorporated as inborn skills or can be integrated by training
and grooming the business person with a well-crafted set of
skills to foster entrepreneurship quality among them. Thus to
inculcate the skills among the people and transform them into
an entrepreneur the government has taken intuitive of crafting
a skill-certified scheme like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas
Yojana (PMKVY). To bridge the gap of skills among aspirants
of entrepreneurs.
“The Union Cabinet had recognized India’s biggest Skill
Certification Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
* Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies,

Powai, Mumbai
(PMKVY), on 20 March 2015. The scheme eventually turned

into on 15 July 2015, on the event of World Youth Skills Day
through Honourable Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi.
PMKVY is carried out by the National Skills Development
Corporation (NSDC) under the guidance of the Ministry of
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).”1 By the
intention of developing skills among Indian citizens, MSDE
goals towards talent in India on a massive gage with pace and
excessive standards. PMKVY is the leading structure driving
in the direction of a greater realization of this visualization.
Remaining to its hit initial 12 months of execution, the Union
Cabinet has accredited the Structure for any other 4 years
(2016-2020) towards communicating skills to ten million
young people of the country. The skill development among
the youth will benefit the commercial world but also enhance
the skill of youth and provide an opportunity to increase their
income. Such programs provide the platform to grow the skill
and competency of manpower present in the country and
add competitiveness with referred to the global level. Under
the plan, the financial benefit existed to university scholars
who were correctly ready, assessed, and certified for the
training /skills. This will assist the performance of national
workers by empowering them to acquire intelligent skills. The
PMKVY institutional organization provides the Department
of Skills and Entrepreneurship Development (MSDE), NSDC,
Sector Skills Councils (SSCs), Training Providers (TP), and
Assessment Centers (AA). These partners complete the roles
of the process under which education must take place. These
include candidate use, guidance, prior testing, enrollment,
education/guidance, testing, certification, and placement.
The program was designed as a skills certification program
and an award program to allow and integrate a large number
of young Indians in need of skills training and employment
to be able to earn a living. To maintain the training offered
within the scheme market, 252 job roles have been completed
for use during the initial two years of PMKVY 2016-2020. ”
Later two years of execution of the program, about 15.4 Lakhs
people have obtained certificates and approximately 5.8 lakhs
have been placed under the temporary training program ”2.
This training is provided in 198 of the 252 jobs employed in
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana: A Pathway... 81
the program. Given the changing needs of the required market

capitalization as well as the performance of existing job roles,
it was decided to consider the existing list to include any new
job roles in terms of market demand and to exclude those from
placement. I have not yet reached the mark. In this scheme
training and analysis, fees are fully paid for by the government.
The program is executed at the Centre and the State level with
a 50:50 budget and targeted for the enhanced involvement of
the District Skills Committees (DSC).
Key Features of the Strategy
¾¾ Short-term Training
Short-term training is beneficial for Indian nationally-
benefit candidates who may be dropping out of school/
college or are unemployed. Provides training that includes
the National Qualifications Framework (NSQF), TCs, and
the transfer of soft skills, business, financial and digital
skills training. After completing the test, the candidates are
offered help by being appointed by the training providers.
Short-term Training (STT) will be used under both the
Central and Regional sections of the program. It addresses
the need for beginner and retraining skills of interns /
existing staff who have learned formal/informal skills and
wish for additional skills sets. This program applies to any
Indian national candidate:
¾¾ You are between 15-45 years old
¾¾ You have an Aadhar card and an Aadhar related bank
account
¾¾ Performs some of the roles as defined by the award-
winning organization.
Pre-reading recognition
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) may be part of a
competency certificate so young people in India need a field-
related competency certificate that can help them find the best
livelihood. People with prior learning experience or skills can
register for themselves and receive testing and certification
under the RPL component of PMKVY. It emphasizes
primarily people being held in uncontrolled positions. Project
Implementing Agencies (PIAs) such as the private and public

sector professional bodies, Central government departments,
and their institutions, and further organizations nominated
by MSDE / NSDC are encouraged to conduct the five models
(RPL camps, i -RPL on employer’s premises, RPL on demand,
RPL with top tenants and RPL online).RPL has 12 hours
standing. To meet the information gaps, PIAs offer bridge
courses to students alongside 12-hour practice skills, soft skills
and entrepreneurial tips, and familiarity with the assessment
process.
The objectives of the RPL are threefold
¾¾ Consolidating the skills of existing national staff in the
National Skills Framework (NSQF)
¾¾ Promoting employment opportunities and/or corporate
businesses.
¾¾ Provide opportunities to reduce inequality based on
providing one type of information over another
Special reports
“Special Projects are an integral part of PMKVY ‘s platform that
will facilitate training in specialized areas and/or structures of
government agencies, companies, or industrial organizations,
as well as training in specialized activities, not defined under
Qualification Packs (QPs) / National Occupational Standards (
NOS). Special projects require a deviation from the temporary
training guidelines under PMKVY ”3. The proposed
participant is usually a Government / Provincial Government),
an independent organization / statutory organization or other
similar organization, or a company wishing to conduct a
practice session for the applicants.
The purpose of the Special Designs under PMKVY 3.0
(2020-21) states
¾¾ Create an ecosystem so that young people can make
informed choices about existing skills.
¾¾ Provide support to young people in skills training and
certification.
¾¾ Develop Sustainable Skills Centers for the private sector to
participate.
¾¾ Gain 8 lakh youth during the scheme period (2020-21).
Kaushal and Rozgar Mela

Kaushal and Rozgar Mela is a camp-based method adopted
to create awareness among the people about appropriate
skill base training and employment opportunities. Kaushal
Mela is organized to spread awareness about different talent
training programs conducted by the government. It helps
the appropriate aspirants to select a suitable career path and
enhance their income-generating goals. Similarly, Rozgar Mela
is organized to access job opportunities among aspirants. Such
mela is structured after every six months to add up the fresh
talent in the working population of the country.
Employment Assistance
Employment assistance is the final and crucial element of this
scheme. It provides linkage between employer and employee
by understanding the need of the industry and matching the
required skill incorporated in the training session. A well-
trained and skilled aspirant is placed in the required industry
within three months after completion of the training program.
Few aspirants are also motivated to take up their self-employed
profession.
Continuous Monitoring
The continuous Monitoring process uses to review the complete
process and identify the correct measures to implement the
entire scheme’s property without any flaws. There is a need to
monitor such schemes so that the high standard and quality of
the yojana are managed properly. The elements that are needed
to be monitored are substructure, accessibility of records,
Adhar Enabled Biometric Attendance System, Responsiveness
of Aspirant, Coaches and Coaching, and Talent Development
Management System, Learner handbook, and kits.
Problems and Challenges in the Use of PMKVY
1. Mismatch of skills incorporated and placement
It is often found the aspirants are trained in one particular
job profile but they are placed in different job profiles. It
means the training and skills incorporated is not matching
with the current job profile.
2. Training is not associated with the demand

The next hurdle faced by this yojana is the training design
by the expert coaches are not matching the need of the
current industry. There is a gap between skills supplied
and the demand for skills.
3. Leaves the job in a short duration
It has been found that aspirants getting the placement
from PMKVY leaves the job in a very short duration. The
reason behind it is that they are trained in one location
and placed in another location which is not comfortable
for them and the cost of living in that location is also very
high. As the result, they land up to leave the job in a very
short duration.
4. Poor quality of training program
There is also a question mark rising for the quality of
training provided by the skilled development agencies. As
these channel partners are paid very less hence it impacts
the quality of the training program.
5. Difficult to motivate the students for this yojana
It is very difficult to motivate the jobless aspirants to join
such yojana and pay for the training program. As per the
scheme entire fee has to be paid by the aspirants and later
on it can be reimbursed once the aspirant gets placed. But
doing so is a difficult task.
6. Coach Training
Coach teaching is one of the most important aspects of an
abilities improvement framework. And the same lack or
incompetence will eventually lead to serious problems in
the implementation of skills development programs.
7. Focus on School dropout
The scheme focus only on school dropout aspirants it
doesn’t talk about those jobless graduate aspirates. Many
jobless graduates are hunting for a job but are unable to
get them. Hence along with school dropouts, the yojana
should focus on other jobless aspirants existing in society.
Conclusion
Developed countries have proven that investing in skills
development can improve the economy and undermine lower
wages. Increasing productivity is the only way to develop
skills and should be an important tool in development policy.
Paralleled to other countries, India has a unique population
share that can be converted into shares with a productive
contribution to monetary growth. The integration of skills and
productivity makes it easier for diverse people, especially those
left behind in society, to benefit from financial growth through
capabilities improvement. The National Skills Policy provides
a framework for the various parties targeted to integrate
skills development in the form of decent work infrastructure
and agenda development. Their productivity can potentially
contribute to social and economic development. These
partnerships improve the availability of skilled workers and
increase employment.
Reference
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(msde.gov.in)
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(NSDC) (nsdcindia.org)
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(PMKVY) (pmkvyofficial.org)
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News/Revised_applicable_Job_Roles_for_PMKVY_FY_2018-20.
pdf
15. https://www.pmkvyofficial.org/public/index.php/special-
projects
10
Role of Commercial Banks in Enhancing
Small & Medium Enterprises
Namrata Vikas Dube*
Abstract
Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) plays a dominant role in
the generation of employment opportunities in a country. Being
as a financial institution commercial bank plays a vital role for
development of SMEs.
SME’s are one of the important financial support for the economy
of the country. It strengthens the economy of the country. For
economic development of a country, it is very important that the
financial requirements in the agricultural sector and industries
are fulfilled with high degree of commitment.
The role of bank is prime in the economy of any country. They are
not just dealers in money but they help in the development. Deposits
and payments of credit to various sectors are the important actions
taken by the bank. An effective banking system supervises all the
agencies involved with it and have clear idea of its objectives and
responsibility. It insures the capability of the bank in meeting all
its obligation to the depositors. Commercial bank makes strategies
for micro-enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses.
Commercial banks are helpful in many ways to grow small. In
this chapter we focus on SMEs and financial services provided by
Commercial Banks.
Keywords: Commercial bank, Small and medium enterprises,
Vital role, Strategies, Small businesses.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Insurance,

Powai, Mumbai
Introduction
There is major contribution of Small and Medium Enterprise
(SME) in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India. Hence
SME is commonly known as backbone of the GDP growth in
India. The SME sector has shown tremendous growth in India
and thus contributed positively to the overall health of the
Indian economy. Post globalization SME has further growth
opportunities than ever before due to an increased market
size and greater diversification opportunities across different
sectors of the economy. In today’s context the Indian economy
is moving at a fast pace and the Indian businessmen have vast
opportunities to progress in industries like manufacturing
specially the sports goods industry, food processing, textile
& garments, retail, IT and service sector. In India, small and
medium enterprises (SMEs) take part in the generation of the
employment and contribute as the back bone in the economic
growth of the country.
The micro, small and medium enterprises in all over the world
has been recognised as the growth of the development. Due
to the promotion and growth, the micro, small and medium
enterprises act as a vibrant sector. From past few years India
has noticed tremendous growth and expansion and also new
prospect of entrepreneurship establishing from small cities
with big ideas. On the platform of competitive world the small
and medium enterprises witnessed as the fast movers and
achieve the recognition.
Due to distinctive geographic, social and economic features,
Indian banks are different from other common banks in other
countries. India has a huge population, dissimilar cultures in
different regions of the country and also inequality in earnings.
All these characteristics reveal in the size and composition of
the Indian banking system. In order to realize the needs of
the government policy, various banking schemes at different
times have been implemented. Reserve Bank of India credit
policies constitutes the guiding principle for banks in India.
As they have to fulfil the domestic banking needs, the banks
have so far been located within the country. The Reserve Bank
of India is the central bank of India. It controls the fiscal policy
and regulates the banking system. It also controls the issue and
supply of Indian rupee.
Role of Commercial Banks in Enhancing Small... 89
Local Manufacturer
Manufacturer is a person or a company who makes goods or
products for sale. Local manufacturer is a local supplier or
distributor who supplies raw materials. They work with the
manufacturers and source the materials required. They export
the products to the customers and local distributers. They play
indispensable role in the growth of the business. Examples:
tailors, shoemakers, and bakeries are the manufacturers of the
products.
Figure 1: Examples of local Manufacturers
Benefits of Local Manufacturers

It’s very crucial to have right supplier for the success of the
business. To provide high quality products locally, local
manufacturers play very important role. There are number of
advantages and benefits of choosing local manufacturer.
1. Reliability – Sourcing locally means that we can have close
supervision on the process of the suppliers. We can visit
the places where the products are being manufactured
and dispatched to the suppliers. Thus in this way we can
have more control over the quality of the products and its
development. We can also have direct contact in person
with the suppliers for easy and quick communication.
2. Marketing and brand attraction – One of the greatest
advantage of hiring local suppliers is that the customers
can be attracted by this. People in today’s era are more
conscious and prefer sources from the local community
which is more helpful to run the business successfully.
3. Convenient and quick shipping time – It is very

convenient for the customer to purchase the products by
local manufacturers as the products will be delivered fast
and on time. It saves the time of both the manufacturer and
the customer.
4. Supporting the local culture –Local products give the
glimpse of local culture. Using local supplier, we can
preserve the history of that place. Also the customers know
that the company is doing everything locally, so it will be
beneficial for everyone in the community.
5. Safe for environment and long lasting – Transporting
the goods to different countries result in fuel emission and
pollution. It degrades the quality of the air. It is a significant
contributor of global warming due to emission of carbon
di oxide. It can be reduced by sourcing locally.
Commercial Banks
Any financial Institution which manages the amount
deposited by its customers in giving loans for the purpose
of investments and make profit is known as the commercial
bank. The objective of these financial Institutions is to make
profit by doing businesses. Lending and borrowing are the two
main features of commercial banks. The banks earn profit on
interests by investing the deposited money by the customers to
various projects. The commercial banks offer checking account
services, various financial products and loans to the customers.
The borrowing rate is the rate of interest which the bank offers
to its depositors and the lending rate is the rate of interest at
which the bank lends the money.
The Commercial Banks are the most established foundations
among the organised institutions in the banking sector, with
an extensive network of branches. Commercial Banks structure
is a significant part of the country’s financial institution
system. Reserve Banks of India regulates the operations of the
commercial banks. Thus Commercial Banks are those profit
achieving banks which invests the money deposited by the
general public in giving loans to individuals like household,
businessmen, students for the study, entrepreneurs with the
main motto of earning profits in the form of commission and
interest.
Commercial Banks are also known as the creators of the credit.

Financially sound and secured banking system strengthens
the economy of any country. Thus commercial bank is a profit
making business firm. They deal in money or rather claims to
money. It protects the savings of the public and gives loans
and advances.
Functions of Commercial Banks
Followings are the functions of the commercial banks:
¾¾ Acknowledgment of Deposits
The fundamental capacity of Commercial Banks is to
acknowledge and provide the acknowledgement receipt
for deposit to the customer. Bank accepts the deposits and
also lends the funds. The deposits can be savings, current
or fixed deposits. Bank keeps the interest of the deposits
and acknowledges in the current record. The contributor
can withdraw it at any time by method of cheques. From
the current accounts, deposits can be withdrawn without
restriction if the sufficient amount is there in the current
account of the account holder. Generally on the current
account, bank does not pay any interest.
Deposits are additionally gotten in sparing ledgers subject
to specific limitations on the sum receivable and with draw
capable. Thus banks pool the scattered investment funds of
the group in this way and serve as the stores of its reserve
funds.
¾¾ Facility of Giving Loans and Mortgages
Commercial Banks give loans to the customers not only
on the basis of the deposits but also on the deposition
of money in the customer’s account. In this way the
commercial banks increase the credits.
Banks also advance the loans for its customers with or
without security for specific time interval and for given
rate of interest. Banks offer cash credit facility also to its
customer up to certain limit against the goods’ security.
Bank advances to clients may be made in the following
ways: (i) Overdrafts, (ii) marking down bills, (iii) cash at-
call and short notice (iv) different types of direct advances
to brokers and makers.
¾¾ Credit Cash
Bank does not provide a loan or credit to its customer in
liquid cash. First the customer has to open the account and
then in that account the credited amount will be transferred
by the bank.
¾¾ Facility of Lockers
Bank also provides the facility of lockers to its customers so
that they can keep their important documents and valuable
things in the locker safely. Bank charges minimum amount
for this annually.
¾¾ Utilizing Cheques System
Due to advancement in the technology of payment and
settlement system the qualitative changes took place in
banks. In present days, the utilization of cheques for the
settlement of the obligations in businesses are significantly
dominant in comparison to the utilization of money.
Financing by the Commercial Banks is a great significant
source of outside financing for the SMEs. There is a vast
variety of financial instruments providing short, medium
and long term credit and certain additional options like-
trade credit in which a customer is allowed to purchase
the goods on credit and pay it to the supplier after a certain
period, export financing in which the supplier the supplies
the goods overseas and the payment will be received later,
factoring and discounting.
Types of Commercial Banks
Commercial banks are of the following three different types:
¾¾ Private Bank:
Private Banks are owned by individuals or limited partners.
Examples: HDFC Bank, Yes Bank, ICICI Bank etc.
¾¾ Public Bank
Public Banks are nationalised banks which are under
the control of the government. It is possessed by state,
municipality or public sector. Examples: State Bank of
India, Punjab National Bank and Bank of Baroda etc.
¾¾ Foreign Bank
Foreign Banks are international banks which are established
in foreign countries but they have branches in different
countries. Examples: American Express Bank, Standard &
Charted Bank etc.
Challenges Faced by Small and Medium Enterprices
(i) F unding: SMEs often face challenges for funding since the
lenders are reluctant and hesitant to invest the productive
amount of their money.
(ii) Increased Competition: Due to more demand of products
and services, the marketplace has high level of competition.
In order to achieve the exposure, SMEs really need to
refine their products or services to make them unique.
They need to work hard and make them special to come
out of the crowd. Their businesses need to be very special
in terms of ideas and people. They need to focus on quality
of their products and delivery. They should try to make
their customers comfortable and satisfied.
(iii) Leadership: Often a small team of individuals lead the
SMEs. These individual have little to no real management
experience. Thus poor leadership can effect badly on small
businesses. They need to develop their management skill
and upgrade their capacity to gather information and base
of the technology.
(iv) Recruitment: It is difficult for small businesses to recruit
skilled staff as large firms give high salary with many
employee benefits. Due to lack of skilled workers SMEs
face lot of problems.
Financial Support offered by Commercial Banks to SMEs.
(i)
A commercial bank lends money to the businesses to
earn money. The consumers deposit their money in the
bank which was lent by the bank to other consumers.
Small businesses depend upon commercial banks as the
commercial banks offer different services to them. So it
becomes easier for SMEs’ to do business and grow their
company.
(ii) In the provision of payment services, Banks play a major

role. Personal customers do important payments through
cheques from their accounts or they pay by debit or credit
cards.
(iii) For different market components, banks offer variety of
customised current accounts. Also banks offer various
services to them.
(iv) The investment department of commercial banks guide
the investors. It helps them to select the bonds, stocks and
real estate as per their requirements.
(v) Commercial banks provide the credit cards to SMEs in the
name of their company. These credit cards help the SMEs
to keep an eye on their businesses inflow and out flow. It
facilitates them to check as all the records are at one place.
(vi) Small businesses create profit and loss statements with the
help of commercial banks which facilitate them grow their
businesses smoothly. Also these banks help the business
owners in creating the financial reports. Small businesses
create important records of their company with the help
of the banks. Taxable income, exempted income and
deductible expenses are the essential records for a small
and medium enterprises on which they seek advice and
help from the bank.
Conclusion
The small and medium enterprise has a strong capability to
grow fast and contribute to the gross domestic product of the
country. It has better prospect to provide the employment and
promote entrepreneurship in the country. It has potential to
earn profits in the global market and earn the foreign exchange.
Thus for the growth and development of the economy of any
country, small and medium enterprises play an excellent role.
Due to various advantages of SMEs, the importance of this
sector cannot be ignored. Thus banking sectors and financial
institutions should come together to enhance SMEs.
References
1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272805936_The_Role_
of_Banks_in_Small_and_Medium_Enterprises_Financing_A_
Case_Study_from_Kosovo
2. https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/recent_
issues_pdf/2013/December/role-of-commercial-banks-for-
development-of-msmes-in-jorhat-district-assam-a-case-study_
December_2013_3415266090_0403721.pdf
3. h t t p : / / w w w . m a n a g e j o u r n a l . c o m / a r c h i ve s / 2 0 2 0 / v o l 6 /
issue1/6-1-20
4. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2495796
5. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/
gdsecidc2016d1_en.pdf
6. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37002/
RVI111PadillaFenton_en.pdf
7. https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/local-manufacturer
8. https://byjus.com/commerce/functions-of-commercial-banks/
9. https://www.google.com/
search?q=what+is+private+bank&rlz=1C1CHZL_
enIN848IN848&sxsrf=
AOaemvJQbt1amMYgmPSqddGkxn0plsEo GA%3A164172086
11
Rural Innovation: A Game Changer in
Inclusive Growth
Raju N. Savkare*
Abstract
Innovation is now intensely acknowledged as a strong strategy to
address the problems that describe poverty, unemployment, loop
sided development and unban rural divide. This chapter aims at
understanding some grass root innovation and its contribution
making life bit easier in rural areas. How these innovations that
have brought radical changes in a way things were done by rural
poor and marginal groups. The share also highlight the imperative
role that the state must play in supporting local ability developing
and bridging the gap between knowledge in communities. There
are also much needed efforts from the government to understand
the need of providing very thriving environment and innovation to
rural entrepreneur so that they can become feasible venture with
ability to absorb rural work force. This careful view change can
be very crucial input in achieving balanced and inclusive growth.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce (Accountancy),

Public Night Degree College, Santacruz, Mumbai
Rural Innovation: A Game Changer in Inclusive Growth 97
I. Introduction
The startup ecosystem in India is gaining tremendous
momentum as over 41,000 active startups have increased
enormously over the past decade. While India has emerged
as world’s 3rd biggest startup environment, wherein 38 firms
have been valued at over $1 billion but this ecosystem is more
biased towards urban centres. Our policies at higher level are
more directed towards urban areas and somehow our most
key and strategic point in the economy has always been faced
a discrimination at all the fronts.
In our India more than sixty percent of the population lives
in rural area which still not visible in the growth model of the
country. This negligence has always cost inclusive growth
structure where all stratas and section of India get equal
developmental opportunities. The tilt towards urban area has
kept the dream of inclusive growth an elusive concept even
today. Innovators at rural and grassroots level find it difficult
enter into mainstream system of growth and development
because they are neglected by policy makers at higher level.
World is realizing today the potential of innovation lead
growth. India which is said to be marching in 4th industrial
revolution stage due to technological advancement must keep
in mind that unless and until rural and tribal section of the
country enjoys the benefit of growth, achieving any numeric
growth in GDP is useless exercise.
The hope of bridging gap between rural and urban divide will
depend on how innovations in rural area are appreciated and
motivated. To viaduct this gap the facilities given to the urban
area shall also be extended to the rural populations also to
encourage innovative growth model.
Necessity is the mother of all inventions – According to an
age-old saying – whenever we faced necessity there was an
invention. And this is happened with our rural innovators also.
We can read motivating stories of some of India’s promising
grassroots innovators, who beat all odds and surprised the
society through their rural innovations.
The rural innovators are indigenous enterprising people
who are simply innovating to solve real life issue. They’re
providing cost-effective solutions to the hard real life issues.
With development of villages in India has shown good appetite

for accepting new things and are ready to adapt to changing
needs. This mind set in visible in people moving accept new
digital technology as new way of doing things.
Tweaking technology is making possible for urban innovator
to reach to rural market and capture untapped source. Bit what
appears to be more promising is rise of rural startups or new
breed of entrepreneurs who are able cater to pulse of rural
market by innovation that caters only to specific rural needs.
Rural Starts ups offer new applications that suit rural
consumers. It is the scale of the opportunity that is drawing
scores from entrepreneurs to rural India.
Balanced development is the call of the hour. Growth of rural
entrepreneurship has very pivotal role in eliminating poverty
and bringing more equitable growth. Helping innovation
to grow and flourish at local level can be a masterstroke in
improving the quality of life of the rural India. Development
of rural economy is an indispensable prerequisite for total
development of nation. The enterprise and innovation at the
grass root level has potential to reduce gap between urban
and rural areas. Rural entrepreneur and their innovation
are thriving completely on rural needs. These new breed of
entrepreneurs are no longer dependent on cities for their
market. They have to now focus on local market. This changed
mind has resulted in dual benefits, one entrepreneur is reaping
benefits in their own villages at the same time local people
are benefited from these innovations as they are getting cost
effective products and employment in their very own dens.
With the ideology of Local for Vocal by Hon’ble Prime Minister
Modi has once again proved that unless and until rural India
is included in the growth journey, the inclusive growth and
development is an elusive concept. Entrepreneurship means
using skills to innovate things for the betterment of society at
large. It is time that we encourage innovation in all the fields
from agriculture to industry then only every part of the society
will be benefited.
This chapter take up few case studies to forward the point that
entrepreneur and innovation at grass root level has changed
the dynamics of village as a whole.
II. Few Case Studies
Sr. Name of the Name of the

Features of Invention
No. Invention Inventor
01 Water Lifting Mr. N It consisted of impeller
Devise Shakthim- pumps and pipes as well
operated by ainthan, as have two sets of chain
Hand Thiruvarur, and sprocket which are
Tamil Nadu. capable of giving high
discharge.
02 Groundnut Mr. Sanjay This innovation by Mr.
Digger Kumar Sanjay Kumar is very
Tilwa, Rajkot, handy for farmer who are
Gujarat. facing labor crunch in
agriculture. This machine
also helps in reducing
time involved in digging
and cleaning groundnut.
03 Paddy Md. Faijul This innovative Paddy
Thresher Hoque | Thresher is very simple
Morigaon, solution to farmers. In the
Assam. entire process of paddy
harvesting threshing is an
important phase when the
grain is separated from
panicles. In traditional
method, it was very time
consuming and laborious
jobs. This was very low
cost paddy thresher,
which threshes the paddy
without chopping the
straw. The machine has
proper stipulation of
separating and throwing
grains, chaffs and straws.
It saves time and labour of
farmers.
04 Tree Climber Mr. Venkat Mr. Venkat has devised

D.N, an instrument which has
Coimbatore, a seating facility to climb
Tamil Nadu. the coconut tree. It has a
belt and locking system
for safety purpose.
This tree climber has made
jobs of tree climbing very
smooth, as many farmers
were reluctant to take up
this traditional work of
tree climbing because of
risk associated with it.
Now farmers can easily
climb the tree without a
fear of falling down.
05 Multipurpose Mr. Mr. Dharamvee Singh
Processing Dharamveer developed Multi-Purpose
Machine Singh Kamboj, Processing instrument
Yamuna which is a movable
Nagar, machine. The machine
Haryana. can be used in extracting
juice of various fruit,
herbs and seeds. This
machine requires a single
phase motor. This device
has a temperature control
facility and disconnects
automatically.
This machine is used
to extract essential oils/
juices from plants, seeds
and flowers.
06 Modified Mr. Subhash The Mawa making

Boiler Ola, Alwar, process with conventional
Rajasthan. method was not only
quite complex task but
also energy consuming.
The process resulted in
wastage of lot energy in
mawa making. This mawa
maker is quite improved
technology. This device
is very fuel efficient and
it is made up closed leak
proof design. It helps in
reducing the wastages
as well as human efforts
too. This machine has
made mawa making easy
and cost effective. It also
saved lot of labour. This
methodology is also very
fuel friendly.
07 Biomass Mr. Rai Singh Mr. Rai Singh Dahiya

Gasification Dahiya, has made changes in
System Jaipur, the traditional design to
Rajasthan device a more efficient
biomass gasifier. In order
to generate clean gas he
specifically redesigned
the filters and other parts.
This has helped to come
out with the design which
is low on operating cost.
This innovative change
has helped many farming
and other units to lift
water, operate simple
machine, like flour mills
or saw mills at very low
cost and with minimum
labour need . The Bio
mass Gasifire has proven
to be very useful for
village where traditional
fuel is not easily available.
This innovation is quite
important from ecological
point view as it work on
principle of clean energy.
08 Bicycle Hoe Mr. Gopal In India, large section of

Malhari Bhise, farmers are having very
Jalgaon, less area for cultivation
Maharashtra. and they are so poor
that they cannot afford
bullocks, a small tractor or
power tiller. The bicycle
weeder is life saver which
was developed by using
simple components of
bicycle. This device
has proven to be very
useful for small and
marginal farmers who do
not have money to buy
good equipment. This
instrument is so user
friendly that anyone can
use. This is especially
quite helpful to poor
farmers who cannot afford
expensive equipment
to perform agriculture
activities.
As we are aiming to become a super power in world, Inclusive
growth is key for that. To accelerate growth and improve overall
GDP, it is crucial that innovative mind set must be encouraged
and given proper conducive condition to prosper. Innovation
and Entrepreneurship generate employment, help in fighting
poverty and bring more equitable growth model. Innovation
and entrepreneurship at grass root level can become a force to
reckon with, if our government and society take very positive
approach towards it. It is not only important to appreciate such
grass root innovation and entrepreneurship but also to give all
necessary supportive ecosystem to flourish them.
III. Problems faced by Rural Entrepreneurs
Rural entrepreneurs face many problems in regular operations.
This research has tried to list out few of them as below:
¾¾ Financial Problems: This is one the crucial problem today
the rural entrepreneurs are facing. They face lack of finance
and which is because of the collaterals which they can

mortgage and avail loan from the financial institutions.
¾¾ Difficult Procedure: Because of the length and difficult
procedure to obtain a loan, the rural entrepreneurs find
it difficult to get a financial assistance from financial
institutions.
¾¾ Poor Infrastructural facilities: Lack of/ poor infrastructure
facility is also one of the big problems which hinder the
development of the rural entrepreneurs.
¾¾ Poor Risk Bearing Capacity: With low financial base, rural
entrepreneurs have very low risk bearing capacity.
¾¾ Harsh Competition: Rural entrepreneurs face very harsh
competition form organised and well equipped urban
entrepreneurs
¾¾ Marketing Problems: Rural entrepreneurs are largely
dependent upon agents/ middlemen in order to market
their products but in return they pocket large amount of
profit left the rural entrepreneurs with peanuts size profit.
¾¾ Technological Backwardness: Lack of Knowledge of
Information Technology is another big issue that hurdle
the development of entrepreneur in rural area.
¾¾ Lack of Legal Knowledge: Rural entrepreneurs find
it difficult take care of all the legal and institutional
formalities. Many time it’s their ignorance or other times
due to cumbersome process involved in the entire process
of obtaining licences or loan etc. deter them to pursue in
the entrepreneurship direction.
¾¾ Lack of Training: Rural entrepreneur suffer problems of lack
of technical knowledge and training facilities which create
a hurdle for the development of rural entrepreneurship.
¾¾ Lack of Standard tools and quality of Raw Materials: most
of the products manufactured by rural entrepreneurs are
of inferior quality or incomparable with that produced by
urban entrepreneurs. It is because of the quality of raw
materials available to them.
¾¾ Lack of Capable work force : Lack of capable and competent
work force in rural area a is one of the prominent challenges
faced by the rural innovators.
¾¾ Lack of Support: Negative attitude in the family, society

and support system is not in favour of rural people to take
up entrepreneurship as a career.
India moving ahead in fourth industrial revolution and
marching ahead for bright future but we all are very
clear that unless our rural counterpart is not able to enjoy
fruit of developed economy we cannot call ourselves a
developed nation. Rural innovation and entrepreneur need
supporting sustainable growth by encouraging innovation
through the development of an enabling environment and
innovation ecosystem. It would enhance participatory and
system-based approaches. For overall development of our
nation India powered by innovation and entrepreneur at
both rural and urban segement, theses steps can be taken
to create more conducive ecosystem for innovation in rural
India
IV. Steps to solve the problems faced by rural entrepreneurs
In order to make the rural entrepreneurs into successful and
profitable business venture, following measures may be
adopted:
¾¾ All the government and banking institution that are involved
in the ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship
development in the country should work to reduce the
complexity of entire working process so as to encourage
innovation and making them a successful entrepreneur.
¾¾ Mode of securing loan should not only be made easy but
also easy repayment at low interest rate should also be
implemented to provide finance. Documentation should
be made limited so that procedural delay can be avoided.
¾¾ Trainings shall be imparted to entrepreneurs in order to
make rural entrepreneur’s venture successful. However,
various initiatives were undertaken by Government of
India but still there is need to strengthen the efforts.
¾¾ Rural innovators should be extended with proper
support by timely supply of necessary materials tools
and equipment on a priority basis so as make production
process seamless activity.
V. Conclusion
With many flagship programs by government of India like
Make in India, Invest in India and Skill India, the importance
of innovation and incubating new breeds of entrepreneurs are
becoming a decisive force in achieving sustainable growth.
Today the importance of innovation is becoming more
relevant with the advent of digital revolution in all corners.
This research paper undertake few case studies to put forward
point that future of nation’s progress is conceivable dream
only when encouragement is given to out of box thinking.
Theses case studies have made one point very clear that rural
innovation ignite from determination to find solutions to local
problems from merger resources. The impending need to
improvise the existing system of working has done wonders
in terms of invention of new products and technology. Today
when we talk about growth and development we must not
forget the potentials of rural entrepreneurs in unlashing our
economy ahead. Government should redesign its policy to
make innovation and entrepreneur a way of life.
VI. References
¾¾ Innovation in India’s Rural Economy, Parijat Jain in
collaboration with CII dated 02 March, 2022.
¾¾ Innovation for inclusive rural transformation: the role of the
state, Alexis Habiyaremye Glenda Kruss and Irma Booyens
published in Innovation and Development Volume 10, 2020
- Issue 2: Innovation for Inclusive Rural Transformation in
Developmental States dated 02 May 2019.
¾¾ Innovating for inclusive growth Anish Gupta, published in
Business-Standards, dated 21 January 2013.
¾¾ Unleashing India’s Innovation : Toward Sustainable and
Inclusive Growth, 41175, World Bank Study, Edited by
Mark A. Dutz.
¾¾ Grassrsoots Green Innovations for Inclusive, Sustainable
Development by Prof. Anil Gupta published in The
Innovation for Development Report 2009–2010 (pp.137-
146), January 2010.
12
Web 4.0 and its Possible Applications in
Library Services
Sunil Ubale* & Snehal Sambhar**
Abstract
This chapter explains the evolution of the Web from the first to
the second generation, from the second to the third generation,
and finally to the forthcoming fourth generation. It explains the
quickest evolution of Internet technology, which has resulted in
Web 4.0, as well as its significance in various libraries, which is
explained in phases from Library 1.0 to Library 4.0.
The study identifies several technologies in order to deliver various
advanced services, and it briefly discusses the possible applications
of web 4.0 in various academic libraries. The function of the
librarian has become increasingly crucial in the Library 4.0 era,
where librarians must continue to refresh their skills in order to
remain relevant in the Web 4.0 era by enrolling in various courses.
Keywords: Web 4.0, Library 4.0, Artificial intelligence, Experts
System, Augmented Reality, Content Creation Space, BlockChain
Technology
* Librarian, Department of Library and Information Centre,

Powai, Mumbai
** Assistant Librarian, Department of Library and Information Centre,
Powai, Mumbai
Introduction
The world has shifted to a digital environment in recent years.
The twenty-first century appears to be a technological period.
Computer and internet technologies have given information
and knowledge-based works a new dimension, and web-
based technology has also aided individual growth. As a result
of the advent of new technology, information activities have
experienced fast transition from traditional ways. Information
is one of the most important aspects of every research and
development project. With the technological innovations that
allow for unlimited information access and academic works,
conservation, and the providing of efficient and reliable
sociopolitical participation, the future looks bright. Libraries
are ideally placed to become the trusted information provider
of the future. In this modern era, where individuals construct
their own gadgets and items, libraries are advocates and may
give service to their users. To retrieve and deliver books for
users, big libraries use automated robots with RFID and data
from the cataloguing record. (Chigwada & Nwaohiri, 2021, #)
Phases of Web Evaluation
From the time when in 1989, Tim-Berners Lee invented the
Web, it has quickly spread and developed into three distinct
phases: Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0. Because Web 1.0 is all
about one-sided information that is available in the form of web
pages. In terms of information, the move from Web 1.0 to Web
2.0 was significant. Web pages are the primary way for users
to read and exchange information. Web 2.0, on the other hand,
is a two-way model. During the Web 2.0 era, the introduction
of numerous social interacting sites such as Facebook, Twitter
and Blogger altered the way content may be read, written,
shared, and collaborated among many people. Web 3.0 could
be a term utilized to depict the advancement of web utilization
and engagement, and it refers to the transformation of the Web
into a database. Having focused on the front-end for a decade,
Web 3.0 may be a modern time in which we will update the
web’s backend. Web 3.0 is a phrase used to define multiple
stages in growth of Web usage and communication. Turning
the Internet into a database is one of them, moving toward
Web 4.0 and its Possible Applications in Library Services 109
making material available through numerous non-browser

apps, using artificial intelligence technology, and developing
the Geospatial Web, Semantic Web or 3D Web. Big data,
Artificial Intelligence, Robots, Google Class, Augmented and
Virtual Reality, the Internet of Things and Advanced Security
Systems all are examples of web 4.0. (Matade & Rajeev, 2017,
ft)
What is Web 4.0?
The fast growth of Internet technology has resulted in Web
4.0. Nowadays, Web 4.0 has almost user flexibility and voice
contact with robots. Previously, users had to be in front of
a computer to communicate with the Internet, but mobile
devices agree users to utilise and transmit information
irrespective of location. The interaction between people and
robots changes with Web 4.0, and they turn into symbiotic. A
person has frequent access to robots, and his daily existence is
becoming increasingly reliant on them. Self-learning systems
use artificial intelligence to study individuals and understand
better what they require. For example, all you have to do is
ask Alice a question, and she will respond. The use of virtual
and augmented reality is growing in popularity. There are an
increasing number of websites on the Internet that provide
augmented and virtual reality services. Virtual reality gadgets
are getting more efficient and prevalent, and sales are steadily
growing. Everything around us is changing as a result of
Web 4.0: infrastructure, business, logistics, medicine, and
so on. Consumers presently have power over the Internet,
giving them a complete switch over their activities and data.
Web 4.0 is radically altering people’s daily lives. Web 4.0
expands the potential of any sphere of movement involving
the Internet by establishing a link between man and machine.
(Web 1.0 to Web4: A Brief History of The Evolution of Internet
Technologies, 2021)
What is Library 4.0?
The capacity to connect the virtual and physical world library
eras have evolved the expansion of web eras, from 1.0, 2.0, 3.0,
and the present 4.0. Library 1.0 denotes to the standard library
era, which includes an Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
and a single bibliographical database. Web 2.0 technologies

have been incorporated into library services as part of Library
2.0, which includes technology that enables for engagement,
cooperation and utilization of web-based interactive media
applications. Library 2.0 provides a comprehensive run of
services pointed at assembly desires and targets of users,
guaranteeing that services and information resources are
accessible anywhere, any time and without any deterrents.
With Library 2.0, everything is straightforward, since it
energizes association, engagement, and participation from
the online administration office, technology associates and the
general public. User-centred design and the use of tools such
as wikis, blogs, and RSS to enable seamless communication
between libraries and their patrons are main aspects in
library 2.0. Library 3.0 is a platform that enables the creation,
organisation, and sharing of user-generated subject matter
through consistent participation between users, experts and
libraries, utilising advanced new web applications such as
the cloud computing, semantic web and portable gadgets and
tools such as associate search systems. Intelligent libraries, big
data libraries, augmented reality libraries, advanced security
systems, context-aware libraries, cutting-edge recognition
libraries, and unlimited creative space are all part of library
4.0. These fundamental principles will be used to determine
the present location of the libraries as they progress toward
becoming a future library shaped by future technologies.
(Hong Sr. Anh, 2021, #)
Use of Web 4.0 tools in Libraries
Web 4.0 is exclusively positioned to allow users to access,
discover, and create tools at a period when the speed of virtual
disturbance is tremendous and expected to accelerate. In order
to address the altering demands of local groups, libraries are
adopting Web 4.0 technologies, which provide smarter, earlier,
and easier ways of offering traditional facilities to library
users. Library 4.0 drives away from just providing access to
information; it also gathers publics of interest, bringing together
the knowledgeable with the inquisitive, the technologically
proficient with the virtually excepted, and businesses with
their prospective employees. Artificial intelligence, expert
systems, augmented reality, content creation space, and

blockchain technology have all been proposed for the library.
(Chigwada & Nwaohiri, 2021],
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a division of science and technology
aimed at developing intelligent computing systems. In libraries,
Al has been used to create “Ask the Librarian” chat bets that can
answer direct inquiries on a library’s web portal, notify users
of overdue of book, guide them to suitable library resources,
and respond to simple informative requests natural language
processing, expert systems and robotics pattern recognition
are all combined in Al. Numerous human abilities, including
writing, reading, getting a handle on, calculating, talking,
recalling, comparing numbers, sketching, forming judgments,
and indeed intuitively learning, are being simulated by this
combination. Expert systems for library settings can take the
place of a reference librarian in acquisitions, categorization,
cataloguing, and indexing. (Chigwada & Nwaohiri, 2021, #)
Expert systems
Expert systems which known to be computer-based systems
simulates human decision-making. This can be linked to
information systems to increase precision and efficiency. Many
librarian’s have created ES. The National Agricultural Library’s
microcomputer-based ES was built by Waters (1986) to assist
users in finding easy reference queries answers. Overall, they
examine the user queries, accept their answers as responses,
and then describe why the decision was made the way it was.
These systems classified into two components: a knowledge
base and an inference engine. The knowledge base contains
all of the information requirements that human/librarian
professionals utilise to make choices. The knowledge base
stores this information as facts and rules. Expert Systems better
conclusions than library decision makers as their knowledge
base may incorporate the experience of a team of talented
professionals. This knowledge base design rules are modelled
after the decision-making style of library professionals. The
use of reasoning through the inference engine distinguishes
ESs from other computer systems. On the basis of a rule base
and knowledge base, the inference engine simulates human

decision-making. (Asemi et al., 2021, #)
Augmented Reality
Usage of Augmented Reality (AR) in libraries is another
component of Library 4.0. AR is a tool that combines a device like
a tablet or smartphone to overlay a computer-generated image
with a real-world user view, producing a combined vision.
However, other authors believe that Rather than a technology,
augmented reality is a platform in which digital data is placed
on the real world in both space and time registration with the
physical world and is accessible in real time. This means that
Augmented Reality takes the ability to perfectly bridge the gap
in between the actual and digital domains; its primary goal
is to provide additional information, or meaning, to actual
items or locations in order to increase our comprehension of
the world around us. Libraries can also utilise augmented
reality to present library materials and services in an appealing
visual format to help users and learners understand ideas. The
SCARLET project, for example, is markup-based software
that leverages book covers and QR codes to allow children
to understand the actual and digital domains. Students can
enjoy the thrill of seeing and managing the real world while
enhancing their learning skills by developing an object with
digital images, accessing online learning resources, and
learning information about what is in front of them and library-
related items. (Chigwada & Nwaohiri, 2021, #)
Content Creation Space
Content Creation Space enables library patrons to do more
than simply read and consume literature; the option to
produce their own content are given to them, and for long-
term development supporting sustainable innovation plays
a vital role. However, Content Creation Space, particularly
in academic libraries, should be viewed not only as spaces
for making and creating, however, they may also be used as
collaborative spaces, learning environments related to the
search for extended knowledge and information, and sharing
spaces for developing and spreading new information and
practices, such as how effectively you did it. Communal
participants are able to come up with unique environmentally

pleasant explanations by collaborating and sharing ideas. The
role of the library in promoting citizen engagement can be
expanded by providing meeting places and social networking
opportunities as members meet, collaborate, and entertain each
other while learning new Content Creation skills. Makerspaces
may be used to foster the kind of experimentation, cooperation,
and creativity that underpins knowledge creation. (Chigwada
& Nwaohiri, 2021, #)
BlockChain Technology
Another component of Library 4.0 that could be implemented
is the use of blockchain technology to improve library
facilities. Satoshi Nakamoto proposed the idea of block chain
in 2008 to establish a totally electronic payment system that
works on a peer-to-peer basis. Interlibrary loans, academic
publication, credentialing, and library cards to be used
universally are all examples of how blockchain technology
might be useful in library and information centres. Libraries
can utilise this technology to improve their metadata system,
manage digital-first sale rights of the owner, link library and
university networks, and even encourage community-based
lending and skill sharing. This technology is a perfect match
for makerspace and lab type programmes for libraries with the
resources and willingness, and these activities call for more
technical start-ups, a market where more job opportunities are
possible. (Abid, 2021, #)
Role of Librarian in Library 4.0 Era.
Librarians must continue to update their abilities in order to be
relevant in the web 4.0 era and in the big data era. Reskilling
and upskilling librarians can be accomplished in a variety
of ways. Massive open online courses (MOOCs), exchange
programmes, formal education, workshops, conferences,
webinars and seminars are just a few examples. Expertise in
assessing the essential information sought by their users is
required of library personnel. Apart from keeping track of
recent events in their users’ major areas, they would also need
to keep track of the user’s online visits to the Internet, which s/
he will undertake for the purpose of learning. Users’ web visits
would lead librarians to negotiate with information agencies

and commercial publishers regarding the information utilised,
but only after the users had used the material.
Conclusion
The development trend of Web 4.0, which is centered on
innovative new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence,
Internet of Things, and Big Data, has considerably changed the
functioning of libraries and information agencies in various
dimensions. Through the powerful use of information and
communication technology, intelligent libraries during Web
4.0 create a flat world, a world that treats users equally with
opportunities and circumstances and connects them to the
use of knowledge and experience that provides their training,
scientific research, and professional development. The
creation of virtual libraries must be a priority for libraries and
information organisations. Library 4.0 faces both advantages
and challenges as a result of Web 4.0. This may open up new
access to the world’s information and knowledge, allowing
people to gain a better awareness of the world, as well as
socioeconomic and cultural development, and progressively
overcome problems.
In Today’s situation librarians must be aware of in order
to survive and be better equipped for the library 4.0 era.
Competence in using digital technology libraries, such as big
management data, database, metadata, artificial intelligence,
mobile application, cloud computing, makerspace, and
ERM in libraries, demonstrates this librarian’s readiness.
Furthermore, both collaborative research activities, data access
and research publications, management of research outcomes,
and dissemination of research results require research literacy
from the librarian. Librarians will be able to perform self-
transformation and confront numerous obstacles in the future
if they are prepared with these competences. As a research
recommendation, librarians should focus on three things
in the era of libraries 4.0: enhancing aspects of knowledge,
connection, and community within library administration and
services.
References
1. Abid, H. (2021). Uses of blockchain technologies in library
services. LIBRARY 1--H TECH NEWS, 39(8), 9-11. 10.1108/
LHTN-08-2020-0079
2. Asemi, A., Igo, A., & Nowkarizi, M. (2021). Intelligent libraries:
a review on expert systems, artificial intelligence, and robot.
Library Hi Tech, 39(2), 412-434.
3. Chigwada, J. P., & Nwaohiri, N. M. (Eds.). (2021). Examining
the Impact of Industry 4.0 on Academic Libraries. Emerald
Publishing Limited.
4. Hong, D. M., & Anh, D. T. N. (2021). Library in the Context of the
Industrial Revolution 4.0: Trends, Opportunities and Challenges.
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas
in Education, 7(3), 366-370.
5. Matade, R., & Rajeev, S. (2017, February). COMPARATIVE
STUDY OF WEB 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0.
6. Web 1.0 to Web4: A Brief History of The Evolution of Internet
Technologies. (2021, May 8). HackerNoon. Retrieved March 10,
2022, from https://hackernoon.comiweb¬10-to-web4-a-brief-
history-of-the-evolution-of-internet-technologies-t164341 x
13
Women Entrepreneur and Self-Help Groups
Dr. Radhika Iyer*
Abstract
Women have been considered as the most influential contributors
of development. Both rural and urban women entrepreneurs are
accountable for nurturing nations economic growth. As women
empowerment has been given prime importance, making them
self-reliant by promoting small business is very imperative. SHGs
paves way for rural women entrepreneurs to gain knowledge re-
garding financial institutions, government schemes, technical and
marketing skills etc. Self-Help Group has played a revolutionary
role in developing entrepreneurial skills in rural women by pro-
viding micro credit to undertake income generating activities.
SHGs are considered as powerful tool that adopts constructive
approach for women empowerment which will uplift the social,
economic status of the women in the society.
Keywords: Self-Help Groups, Micro-Finance, Women
Entrepreneur.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Sydenham College

of Commerce and Economics, Churchgate, Mumbai
Women Entrepreneur and Self-Help Groups 117
Introduction
Rapid metamorphosis of Indian economy from agrarian
economy towards industrialization, has led to emergence
of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are recognized as main
ingredient towards economic growth and development
of a nation. Successful entrepreneurs are instrumental in
employment creation, poverty eradication thus contributing
towards sustainable economic growth.
Omoruyi, et.al. (2017) states that entrepreneurship will assist in
employment generation in rural area that will assist villagers
to acquire a livelihood thereby resulting in inclusive growth.
Over the decades women in India have been oppressed and
exploited socially, culturally and economically. Education was
alien to them. In order to eliminate alienation and suppression
and improve the status of women in the society, the concept of
women entrepreneur came into existence.
Women Entrepreneurship
Women entrepreneurship is a contemporary concept which
gained importance in late 1970’s with the launch of United
Nations Decade for Women (1975-1985). Women entrepreneurs
are recognized as the drivers of economic growth. They are
responsible for job creation for themselves and others. They are
prospering as designers, decorators, fabric painters, caterers
and are exploring various other avenues.
With the advent of time, women entrepreneurship and their
involvement in entrepreneurial activities are progressively
increasing. Relatively a large number of women entrepreneurs
have set up their enterprises and have been in business
successfully. There is considerable increase in the role of women
entrepreneurs in nation building activities. The contribution of
women entrepreneurs in the overall economic development of
the nation is well acknowledged and measures are taken to
encourage women entrepreneurship (Goyal and Prakash 2011)
As regards women entrepreneurs of rural and backward
area is concerned, they have to cope up with various socio-
economic problems, traditional minds set of the family, male
dominated society, lack of awareness, lack of finance, mobility
constraints etc. Inadequate access to resources, poor education

and unemployment has led to distress of rural women (Dees,
2007)
Self Help Groups
To encourage and support women entrepreneurs in rural and
backward areas, microfinance was started as a robust tool.
Further SHG (Self Help Group) have also played a catalytic
role as they ensure easy availability of credit to rural women
(Karmarkar, 2003). Singh and Jain (1995) defined SHG’s as
voluntary association of people formed to achieve both social
and economic goals. These SHG’s are also called as Rotating
Savings and Credit Association (ROSAs), chit funds and
revolving funds (Malcolm 1998; and Ojha, 2001)
SHG’s are small deliberate group of 15-20 people with same
socio-economic background formed to promote and mobilize
savings. The members of the group save a part of their earnings
and contribute to a common fund. The pooled common fund
are given as loan its member for meeting their needs as per
the decision of the group. The group lend a helping hand to
its members during emergency and disaster. It was in the
year 1970, when Ela Ramesh Bhat founded Self-Employed
Women’s Association, and established a co-operative bank
that lends micro loan to women to commence their business.
The concept of providing micro finance to poor women was
later chased by Annapurna Mahila Mandal in Maharashtra
and Working Women’s Forum in Tamilnadu. This proves
that India’s SHG revolution has developed from trivial saving
group formed to empower rural women, into one of the most
major and promising platform that aims to enhance the well-
being of underprivileged rural families.
There is noteworthy contribution of self-help group in
empowering rural women. SHG’s have bought transformation
in lives by providing employment, inculcating saving habit,
providing small loans for starting small business, increasing
income level etc. (Sharma, 2001). Thus SHG’s are impetus of
bringing about social transformation by addressing social
needs (Mair and Marti, 2004)
Even Non-Credit SHG’s were formed to initiate activities like

joint farming, forestry, rural industries, marketing of farm and
non-farm products.
Thus, SHG is a holistic plan designed towards training
women for income generation program by focusing on self-
employment. This will empower needy rural women to
improve their standard of living thus helping them to move
from meagre survival to sustainability. Self Help Groups
(SHGs) have paved the way for entrepreneurship of rural
women.
Role of SHG’s in promoting women entrepreneurs
Self Help Groups has played a pivotal role in empowering
rural women entrepreneurs. They are dynamic element in
promoting entrepreneurship in rural areas. Presently SHG’s
are contemplated as propitious platform and sustainable
conduit for improving the economic and social status of
women. SHG’s are responsible for
a) Act as a agency to unify poor women’s, develop their skills
and empower them to be self-reliant.
b) Nurture rural women by providing required resources to
foster entrepreneurship in them.
c) Training women for income generation activities, thereby
plummeting poverty and improve their standard of living.
d) Provision of micro finance to needy women for establishing
small businesses abnd making them self-dependent.
e) Create a corpus fund by pooling savings from members of
the group for thrift and credit activities. This will be given
as loan to members during emergencies.
f) Bring awareness among rural women regarding saving,
health, primary education, cleanliness etc.
g) SHG’s are accountable for providing direct access to
various government schemes for rural people.
h) Develop self-confidence through increased participation
of women in decision making related to production and
marketing.
i) Enhance the eminence of women as contributors, decision

makers and heirs in various spheres of life. This is because
when she is the active member of any SHG she has
engorged prospects of social activities, elevated self-esteem
and self-respect.
SHG Bank Linkage Programme to finance micro women
entrepreneurs
In order to promote financial inclusion, it is indispensable to link
SHG with Bank. Self Help Group Bank Linkage Programme is
an action research project approved by NABARD. It has been
developed as a cost-effective instrument to deliver financial
products and services to underprivileged people who lacks
access to regular banking. SHG-BLP was emerged as a pilot
in 1992 to connect around 500 SHG’s to formal banking and
at present developed as a major micro finance provider with
larger client base and community coverage. Bank linkage with
SHG’s, empower members to use other banking services such
as payments of Mission and other government funds such
as interest subsidy and insurance services. It also promotes
financial literacy among members and helps them in judicious
deployment of finance. Thus SHG Bank Linkage programme is
the most significant approach for providing financial services
to rural poor in an enduring manner. The two important
aspects in promoting SHG-BLP are
a) Opening of SHG Saving Bank Account

This is the first step en route for financial inclusion of Self
Help Group. Opening of saving bank account will offer
following benefits to SHG’s and its members:
I. Provide Access to various banking services
II. Excess funds with the SHG’s can be deposited in
bank, thereby developing conviction in the minds of
members
III. Promotes financial literacy among SHG members
IV. Each member of SHG are made aware of the banking
services, who in due course of time become customers
of the bank.
b) Empowering Credit Linkage of SHG

SHG-BLP provides Revolving Fund and Community
Investment Fund as primary funding to SHG’s and its
associations. Provision of this initial finance will enable to
develop financial discipline among SHG members to avail
bank credit for its production and consumption needs. It is
necessary to provide proper direction and support to SHG
to help them to access the needed credit.
In order to avail first credit linkage, it is necessary that
I. SHG should be in active presence for the last six
months as per the books of account.
II. SHG’s should follow “Panchasutras” like conduct of
regular meetings, regular savings, internal loaning as
per needs of the members, timely repayment of loan,
up-to-date maintenance of books of accounts.
III. SHG’s must be as per the grading standards set by
NABARD.
IV. SHG’s which are non-operational can also avail credit
if they are rehabilitated and will remain active for a
minimum tenure of 03 months.
Regardless of far-reaching development of formal credit system,
the rural women entrepreneurs continue to rely on unorganized
money lender for meeting unexpected finance requirement. The
lending to these strata of population has not been regulated. In
this regard, NGOs have played a revolutionary role of working
as Self-Help Promoting Institution (SHPI) by fostering and
facilitating credit linkage of SHGs with the banks. Various
rural financing institutions like Regional Rural Banks, District
Co-operative Central Bank, Primary Agricultural Credit
Society, Individual Rural Volunteers along with many other
SHPIs, are fortified to undertake SHG’s promotion by way of
promotional assistance received from NABARD. The Micro
Credit Innovations Department of NABARD thus provides
continuous access to finance through different micro-finance
model thus covering extensive households in the country.
The majority of the beneficiaries under this financial inclusion
model are women, which clearly indicates promotion of rural
women entrepreneurship in India.
The role of NABARD and NGOs is very noteworthy in fostering

overall elevation, growth and establishment of SHGs and rural
women entrepreneurs thereby boosting their self-confidence
and making them self-reliant.
Government Schemes and Bank Schemes for Women
entrepreneurs
The Government of India as well banks have launched various
schemes for promotion of women entrepreneurs both in rural
and urban India. This initiative will assist women in setting up
business and enhance their entrepreneurship skills. Some of
the schemes offered are:
Government Schemes
1) Udhyam Sakhi: In order to promote social entrepreneurship
and focusing on business model which will focus on low
cost products, Ministry of Micro and Small Medium
Enterprise launched Udhyam Sakhi Schemes. Project with
maximum cost of Rs. 25 Lakhs will be covered under this
scheme. It assist women to start and expand their own
business, provide training and mentorship, etc.
2) Economic empowerment of Women Enterprises and
Start-up by women: An initiative by Ministry of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurs, that projects preliminary
incubation and acceleration program for women micro
entrepreneurs to commence new business and augment
existing business.
3) Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana: A scheme launched by
Ministry of Rural Development placing emphasis on
capacity building and developing different livelihood
prospects for rural women. The efficacy of the scheme can
be well seen through Mahila Kisan Shaktikaran Pariyojana.
4) Udyogini scheme: This scheme is implemented by
Women Development Corporation that encourages rural
women entrepreneurs by offering them financial support
to start new venture. Loan Amount maximum upto Rs. 3
Lakhs with competitive rate of interest is offered to women
whose annual income is Rs. 1.5 lakhs or below.
5) Mahila Samriddhi Yojana: This scheme is an initiative

of National Backward Classes Finance and Development
Corporation (NBCFDC) in order to provide Micro Finance
to women entrepreneurs belonging to backward classes as
recognised by Central or State Government. The Maximum
loan limit per beneficiary is Rs. 1,25,000, whose annual
income is less than Rs. 3 Lakhs. NBCFDC sanctions loan
up to 95% of the project value.
6) In order to upsurge the opportunity of women
entrepreneurship and their contribution in economic
growth, Prime Minsiter Narendra Modiji, has sanctioned
capitalization support funds up to Rs. 1625 crore to 4 Lakhs
SHGs. Further amount of Rs. 25 crore was released as Seed
Capital for 7500 SHG members under PM Formalisation of
Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme of Ministry of
Food Processing Industries and funds up to Rs. 4.13 crore
75 FPOs (Farmer Producer Organizations)
Schemes by bank
1) Bhartiya Mahila Bank Commercial Loan: It is offered to
women entrepreneurs for starting a new business. They
are offered maximum loan amount up to Rs. 20 crores with
an interest rate of 10.15% or more. A rebate of 0.25% is also
given.
2) Annapurna Scheme: This scheme can be availed by
women who want to set up catering business. Loan up to
Rs. 50,000 is offered for purchase of kitchen requirements,
utensils, setting up truck, gas connection etc. Interest rate
is as per the existing market rates.
3) Dena Shakti Scheme: Financial support up to Rs. 20 Lakhs
is offered to women Entrepreneurs those who want to
expand their business in the field of agriculture, retailing,
manufacturing, micro enterprises. Interest rate is 0.25%.
4) Mahila Udyam Nidhi Scheme: Small Industries
Development Bank of India (SIDBI), offers financial
assistance up to Rs. 10 Lakhs to women entrepreneurs to
set up new business on small scale and to transform the
existing business. The loan is to be repaid within a period
of 10 years with a 05 year moratorium period.
5) Mudra Loan: Launched by government with the aim of

offering financial assistance to women entrepreneurs who
want to start business like beauty parlor, coaching classes,
tailoring shop etc. Mudra Loan is available under different
types like Shishu, Kishor and Tarun of Rs. 50,000, Rs. 1
Lakh, and Rs. 10 Lakhs respectively with affordable rate of
interest.
6) Stree Shakti Yojana: Women’s who are registered under
Entrepreneurship Development Programme of their
respective sate, can avail financial assistance up to Rs. 2
Lakh with an concessional interest rate of 0.05% under
this scheme. Women who are having major share in the
business are entitled to benefit from this scheme.
7) Orient Mahila Vikas Yojana Scheme: This scheme is
launched by Oriental Bank of Commerce for women
entrepreneurs with a proprietorship of 51% share capital.
Collateral is needed for availing loans between 10 lakhs to
Rs. 5 Lakhs, which can be repaid over a period of 07 years
with a concessional interest rate up to 2%.
Challenges encountered by Women entrepreneurs and SHGs
Women entrepreneurs and SHG’s has to encounter critical
bottlenecks whether in raising finance for their business
or gaining technical assistance. Following are some of the
problems faced by them:
Lack of Awareness
Firstly the SHGs and the members are not aware about the
various government and bank schemes due to improper
knowledge. Members are not mindful about the loan
procedure, this poses hindrance in setting up a new venture.
Training and Capacity building barriers: It is necessary
to impart proper training and capacity building activities
which helps rural women to build entrepreneurial skills
for undertaking income generating activities. Inadequate
skill development activities and training preclude the SHG
members from undertaking suitable entrepreneurial activities
(Mohanty, 2013). Rural women entrepreneurs lack marketing
skills due to inadequate training, hence they have to bear
loss that obstructs the opportunity for promoting livelihood

through SHGs (Kashyap 2008)
Irregular Meetings
Low participation of members or irregular attendance due
to lack of money, time and family responsibilities in SHGs
meetings was one of major impediment in expending SHGs as
a growth platform. Further some SHGs did not meet regularly
due to absence of motivated members or literate members to
act as the secretary of SHG.
Lack of Co-operation from Banks
SHGs has to encounter difficulties while opening savings
account in the bank. Indifferent approach of bank officials and
lack of co-operation pose a problem to SHG members to obtain
financial assistance from the bank. Banks do not contemplate
SHGs seriously while extending financial support. Bank
officials are always apprehensive about repayment of loan
by rural women as they don’t trust SHGs and their members.
SHG members has to make numerous visits either to open
saving account or availing loan.
Patriarchal approach
We live in a male dominated society where women are
often typecast as the one who should shoulder entire family
responsibilities. Rural women entrepreneurs or SHG women
members are often condescend by their family if they establish
their own venture. SHG members often face dearth of family
support to embark on SHG activities while performing the
household responsibilities (Thileepan and Soundararajan, 2013;
Savitha and Rajashekar, 2014; Singh, 2014). Such primitive
approach and social compulsions dispirits women from
undertaking any economic avenues.
Lack of Marketing Facilities
SHG members often come across various marketing problems
like insufficient orders, improper association with marketing
agencies, inadequate sales promotion measures, cut-throat
competition from major suppliers, absence of well-defined
distribution channels etc. Insufficient opportunities for
network development pose a challenge to women to traverse
business spaces.
To conclude, it is the need of the hour to provide key

entrepreneurial skills, boost self-confidence, indoctrinate
entrepreneurial capability and training to SHG women
entrepreneurs. Further rigorous and dedicated policy
agenda by the government has to be developed along with
collaborative outlook and enduring assurance from various
stakeholders will go a long way in enhancing the progress of
SHG and women entrepreneurs.
References
1. Deshmukh-Ranadive, J. (2004). Women’s self-help groups in Andhra
Pradesh: Participatory poverty alleviation in action. Washington, DC:
World Bank.
2. Dees, J. (2007). “Taking Social Entrepreneurship Seriously”. Society
Vol. 44. pp.24-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02819936
3. Dhameja S K (2002), Women Entrepreneurs: Opportunities,
Performance & Problems, p. 11, Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd, New
Delhi.
4. Malcom Harper (1998), “Profit for the Poor”, Cases in Micro Finance,
Oxford Publication.
5. Hartigan, P., & Billimoria, J. (2005). Social entrepreneurship: An
overview. Alliance, vol.10(1), pp.18–21.
6. Karmakar K G (2003). Rural Credit and Self Help Groups: Micro-
finance needs and Concept in India. New Delhi. Sage Publication
India Pvt. Ltd. pp 231.
7. Kashyap, P. (2008). Livelihood promotion among SHGs. In
Microfinance in India, K. Karmakar, ed. New Delhi: Sage
Publications
8. Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2004). Social entrepreneurship: What are we
talking about? A framework for future research (Working Paper No.
546). IESE Business School, University of Nevarra.
9. Meenu Goyal and Jai Prakash (2011), Women Entrepreneurship
in India - Problems and Prospects, International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1(5)
10. Mohanty, Sandhyarani, Das, Bijay Laxmi and Trupti, Mohanty
(2013). Empowerment of women in rural Odisha through micro-
enterprises. IOSR J. Human. & Soc. Sci. (IOSR-JHSS), 12(1), pp.1- 8.
11. NABARD (1997), Micro Finance Innovations and NABARD,
NABARD Publication, India.
12. Ojha R K (2001), “Self-Help Groups and Rural Employment”, Yojana,

Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 20-23.
13. Savitha V and H. Rajashekar (2014), “Evaluation of Major problems
faced by the members of Self Help Groups: A Study of Mysore District”,
International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social
Sciences,Vol. 2,(6) , pp.59-64
14. Sharma, K.C. (2001), ‘Micro Financing Through SHG’s’, Indian
Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 56 (3), July-Sept, 2001.
15. Singh Ranbir (2012), “Women Entrepreneurship Issues, Challenges
and Empowerment Through Self Help Groups: An Overview of
Himachal Pradesh”, International Journal of Democratic and
Development Studies, Vol. 1(1) pp. 1-14.
16. Thileepan and Dr.K. Soundararajan, “Problems and Opportunities
of Women SHG Entrepreneurship in India”, International Research
Journal of Business and Management – IRJBM ISSN 2322-083X
14
Women Entrepreneurship
Sharlet Bhaskar*
Abstract
Women entrepreneurs are the most possibly emerging human
resources in the 21st century. In the current economic scenario,
women entrepreneurship is gaining a lot of attention and
importance in India. It is an effective step towards women
empowerment and poverty mitigation in our country. Many
successful business women entrepreneurs have already made their
mark in our country. Many women have entered the business
field which has overall led to the change in the demographic
characteristics of business and economic growth of our country.
Women-owned businesses enterprises play an outstanding role
in the society stimulating others and generating employment
opportunities in India. In the modern world, we observe that women
across India want to be economically independent. Egalitarianism
and economic growth go hand in hand. In order to promote an
overall balanced growth in India, there is a need for sustainable
growth of women entrepreneurs. They are varied segments who
belong to different age groups and regional backgrounds. They
also face various gender specific and gender neutral challenges in
the course of their business.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Chandrabhan

Women Entrepreneurship 129
The overall entrepreneurial activity is quite low in India. What

is required is a deliberate, planned and a full proof approach
where equal liability is taken by the society and government
in fostering the growth of women entrepreneurs. In this era,
women are no more confined to homes; rather, they are well
educated, knowledgeable and very innovative who can transform
economies into flourishing enterprises. On the basis of this
study, there are some recommendations in an attempt to support
women entrepreneurship and to help women become booming
entrepreneurs.
Keywords: Women Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth,
Women empowerment, Egalitarianism, Balanced Growth.
Introduction
An entrepreneur creates a new start up, bears risks and
enjoys numerous rewards. The overall process of developing
and planning a business is known as entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneur is the one who is an innovator who creates
new ideas, merchandise, services, systems and procedures. A
number of definitions have been given of an entrepreneur -
Along with land, labour and capital, economists also consider
entrepreneurs as the fourth factor of production. With the
growth of women entrepreneurs, there is a comprehensive
definition given by researchers to women entrepreneurs.
All those women who take up the responsibility to plan,
systematize and administer the resources of their enterprise,
take up all the risks of the enterprise in the prospect of future
profit can be termed as women entrepreneurs. This definition
represents women entrepreneurs as conscious decision
makers (Coughlin, J. H., & Thomas, A. R., 2002). Women
need to take up the challenging role of an entrepreneur in
order to fulfil their inner desire of autonomy, empowerment
and accomplishment. This definition is more apt for women
entrepreneurs who are ambitious and who choose to
undertake entrepreneurship independently. This definition
does not hold good for those entrepreneurs who are forced to
chase entrepreneurship due to some strong need (Dhameja S.
K. 2002). Entrepreneurs basically have a pool of unique and

creative ideas for merchandise, markets or techniques. They
shape the financial system by creating capital and employment
opportunities and by innovating new products and services.
However, entrepreneurship is not just about earning money
nor having the best ideas, but knowing the best way to
promote and applying the most excellent marketing strategy.
Basically speaking, it is an attitude to create something novel
and an activity which creates worth in the entire societal eco-
system. We can say that it is the psychological state of mind
of a human being. It is a condition of mental power, based
on an individual’s immediate surrounding and experiences,
which may influence an individual’s outlook about life and
career in a meticulous way. Generally, entrepreneurship
has always been male-dominated from the very early age.
However, the scenario now has transformed and women are
now most motivating entrepreneurs. In a country like India,
we can list down varied reasons behind promoting women
entrepreneurship. Some of the reasons are:
¾¾ Women can bring about novel ideas. They can act as
change makers in the society and the economy as a whole.
Flourishing entrepreneurs also encourage others to be
self-reliant. They support such ventures and contribute
to the overall growth and progress of the country.
¾¾ It can lead to regional and rural progress, which will
help in bridging the space between the urban and rural
economies, fostering local activities and giving an
advance to activities other than agriculture which would
lead to employment generation and can give a boost to
per capita earnings of the country.
¾¾ This also helps to bring about gender equality, reduce
cruelty and many other atrocities committed against
women in the country.
¾¾ Women also achieve a sense of self-assurance and self-
achievement due to which they become more empowered
and positive.
Features of Indian Women Entrepreneurs

Mostly younger women undertake entrepreneurship as
compared to older women (Dhameja et al 2000). Women
entrepreneurs as such come from diverse learning environment
(Patole, M., & Ruthven, O., 2002). Most of them belong to
poorer and middle income group (Vinze, M. D., 1987) and
they mostly have service oriented enterprises (Gupta, 2013).
Women entrepreneurship were earlier more engaged in
small businesses like making pickles, papads, powders,
cooking, catering etc. and emerging into noticeable fields like
engineering (Munshi, S et al, 2011). Women are no longer
restricted to restricted fields but are now also budding as
“techpreneurs” (Charantimath, 2005).
They were earlier more concentrated in conventional and
informal sectors of the Indian economy. But in the past decade,
they are transforming and rising in contemporary and budding
sectors.
Challenges undertaken by women entrepreneurs
¾¾ Balancing work and household chores- Family
obligations normally are a big hurdle for women to excel
in entrepreneurship both in developed and developing
nations. Women entrepreneurs have to balance their
household work and business. The woman of the house
has a social obligation to look after the day to day chores
of the house, caring for in laws, children etc.
¾¾ Women education- Women majorly attain education at
primary and secondary levels. However, they often lack
vocational and technical skills, along with work experience
to sustain the development of highly dynamic businesses.
¾¾ Financial crunch - A major challenge that women
entrepreneurs face is that of finance. This specially holds
good for women who are further restricted by lack of
autonomy, and the need for their husband’s counter
signature and their consent on many documents.
¾¾ Legal constraints - The legal environment not conducive
to the growth of female-owned enterprises. Legal laws
related to marriage, legal heritage and property issues
can hinder women’s access to assets that can be used as

collateral at the time of securing a loan.
¾¾ Domestic tasks - In the rural areas, women generally have
more children and they need to perform their traditional
role as a housewife and then take care of business. This
gives then very less free time than men.
¾¾ Lack of confidence – Women, in general lack self-
confidence in their strength and competence. Family
members, relatives and society are hesitant to support their
development. The overall scenario is quite changing among
in our country but yet women face a terrific challenge in
terms of growing and expanding their business.
¾¾ Social and cultural barriers – Women‘s family obligations
are a great barrier for leading a successful business. Only
few women are able to strike a balance between both home
and business, having enough time to perform all their
household tasks in priority and on time.
¾¾ Market related risks – Rigid market competition, difficulty
in marketing and lack of mobility of women are some of
the reasons for dependence of women entrepreneurs on
brokers or intermediaries. Since the business world is
male dominated, many women find it difficult to bargain,
capture the market and make their own niche in the
marketplace. They lack convincing power, pricing and
promotion skills as well.
¾¾ These are some of the difficulties in general faced by
women entrepreneurs:
¾¾ No family support- Sometimes the spouse or the immediate
family members may make the woman feel culpable of
neglecting her household duties while pursuing business
obligations. Apart from that, customs and traditions, duties
and obligations towards the family may also hold back a
woman from venturing into her own business.
¾¾ Financially handicapped – Women Entrepreneurs may
feel financially incapacitated. They find it difficult to
obtain finance from the organized banking sector as they
lack security and guarantee. Banks may also have their
own reservations towards lending money to women
entrepreneurs due to fear of default. Thus, women do not

have adequate funding or legal awareness to commence
an enterprise.
¾¾ Self confidence and trust - Women entrepreneurs lack self
confidence and trust in their own selves. They lack faith in
their own abilities. This poses a major challenge in front of
the women entrepreneurs.
¾¾ Incentives- Many of the incentives provided by the private
sector and the Government are mostly misused and they
do not reach them unless she has an influence or is backed
by a man. Also the various trade associations do not cater
to women and only expect women’s organizations to take
up the initiative.
Scope and Opportunities For Women Entrepreneurship:
Well-read, technically sound and professional women should
be given a chance and given an opportunity for setting up their
own business, and not depend on wage service. The skills of
women can be recognized, trained and used for a number of
other industries in order to increase the output, productivity
and efficiency in the industrial sector. A good working
environment is necessary for women to explore, adapt and
involve in business dealings. Apart from the regular sectors,
there are various unexplored sectors in which new business
opportunities for women entrepreneurs are emerging:
1.)
Eco-friendly technology or Green technology: Eco
friendly or green technology is of prime importance across
nations, governments, academia and the private sector;
various studies define the term in a different manner.
Women play an indispensable role in managing the natural
resources and often have an extraordinary traditional and
contemporary knowledge of the environment around
them. It is thus the job of governments to make policies
which would reassure a fuller role for women and also
ensure green economy sustainability.
2.)
Genetic-engineering or Bio-technology: The 21st
Century is gearing up towards becoming more
technologically sophisticated. Education along with
training in biotechnology for women is becoming more
of a requirement than ever. Women are emerging as

high quality researchers and coming up with important
commercial outcomes. Biotechnology companies are
showing great interest in hiring female scientists and
providing them with the requisite resources to undertake
high quality research. Companies must ensure that women
participate fully in one of the final aspects of the R&D
process. In doing so, firms will quite likely obtain many
more benefits from their research activities.
3.) IT enterprises: IT services are an important constituent
of entrepreneurship development for women. They play
a unique role in providing women with educational
opportunities and give them a chance to build new skills,
to take part in varied activities and to address and promote
issues related to women.
4.) Event Handling: Event handling or management is the
appliance of project management to the construction and
improvement to events like festivals, conferences etc.
Women in general are very innovative, creative, intuitive
and original and so they can excel in event management.
5.) Tourism: Tourism has become a major force in the
economy of the world. Women entrepreneurs also play
an important role in tourism sector and promoting this
business. They play a major role in getting business and
convincing and negotiating with clients which promotes
the tourism business.
6.) Telecommunication: Telecommunication is plays an
important role in the modern world to enter into contracts.
The contracts that women entrepreneurs enter into using
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are
easy to implement without any hurdles or obstacles.
7.) Plastic Waste Management: The increasing use of plastics
waste and their efficient and safe disposal has become a
matter of huge concern. Recycling waste and producing a
fresh supply of the same material will also create a good
business for women entrepreneurs. Women can look at
this industry too and explore.
8.) Bottled or Mineral Water: More and more people day by

day are becoming health conscious. A time will come when
potable bottled water would find place in almost all general
stores and places and it will an essential yet inevitable
overheads for people at large. Women entrepreneurs can
fit in and find huge opportunities in this fast growing
market.
9.) Sericulture or production of raw silk: The meaning of
Sericulture is basically the production of raw silk or silk
farming by raising caterpillars. It is mostly an occupation
by women and this industry has an massive opportunity
and the demand for it is growing day by day.
10.) Floriculture: Floriculture is a buzzing sector and has
enormous scope for women entrepreneurs in rural India.
From the export point of view, commercial floriculture for
exports is becoming more important. The liberalization of
trade policies paved the way for development of export
oriented production of cut flowers and this business has
great scope and opportunities for women.
11.) Ayurveda, Herbal & Health care: India is known as the
hub for Ayurveda. India’s healthcare industry is very much
developed for investment for women entrepreneurs. The
demand for health care and natural remedies is increasing
day by day where women entrepreneurs have a lot of
opportunities and can venture.
12.) Food and vegetables processing: India is one of the
apex food producing countries in the world. Because of
the population in our country, fruits and vegetables are
grown in abundance in India. Food, fruits and vegetables
processing has a great potential and women entrepreneurs
can earn a lot from such products.
Listed below are some of the key initiatives which need
to be adapted at the University level in order to support
women entrepreneurship:
¾¾ Integration of entrepreneurship education into the
curriculum and use of pedagogies in order to promote
entrepreneurship.
¾¾ A well designed curriculum structure within

the University for promoting entrepreneurship
collaboration with faculties and learners.
¾¾ An incubation centre to support and nurture new and
small start-ups in the University campus.
¾¾ Establishing more and more collaborations between
business start-ups and business.
¾¾ Facilitating entry to financing start ups through a
variety of devoted programmes.
¾¾ Maintain a large network of College Alumni
entrepreneurs.
Suggestions to boost the role of women entrepreneurs:-
¾¾ Infrastructure – Infrastructure plays a vital role for the
growth of any enterprise. The Government can play a very
important role to allocate special industrial plots, factory
area and other facilities. However, strict measures should
be undertaken to avoid any kind of misuse of such facility
given to women.
¾¾ Personality improvement- Attempts should be made to
boost the standards and the level of education of women.
Enough provisions should be made for enhancing their
skills by training, providing enough of practical experience
and organising personality development programmes, to
improve their over-all personality taken as a whole and
boost their self-confidence.
¾¾ Women Self help groups - Self help groups should be set
up especially in the rural areas to give a boost to women
entrepreneurship. They can effectively mobilize resources
and pool capital to encourage and help women focus in the
field of industry, trade and commerce.
¾¾ Training Programs – It includes overall management
training to enable effective handling and tracking of
accounts, handling taxation and understanding fulfilment
to rules and regulations. These programs can focus on
certain strategies and the long term success of the business.
¾¾ Access to Financial Schemes – Innovative measures have
been undertaken by the Government of India in order
to facilitate access to finance for women entrepreneurs

by transforming restrictive bank and regulatory policies
and by providing special credit to women entrepreneurs.
They also help banks and financial institutions develop
innovative loan and savings schemes for female
entrepreneurs.
¾¾ All India forums for Negotiations - Forums should be set
up to discuss the problems, issues of women entrepreneurs.
Also, encouragement should be given to the progress of
women entrepreneurs and giving suitable solutions to
their problems.
There could be other factors like technology know how,
providing market assistance for selling the products and
services etc. The growth of women entrepreneurship also
depends on the regulatory framework available in the country.
The government should set a positive attitude towards women
entrepreneurs. They should not conduct themselves as a
regulator rather they should be a facilitator.
Conclusion
“Women are completely empowered. The moment they step
out of the house, they are human beings:a business woman
should have the same weightage as that of a business man.”
Encouraging women entrepreneurship is very important for
achieving the country’s economic and societal development.
In spite of the fact that they constitute around half of the
total population of India, the overall economic participation
of women in the country is very less. Increase in access to
education, technical know-how and capital resources has led
to women entering not only in selected traditional professions
like teaching, nursing etc. but also in newly unexplored
professions. Women are also willing to take up risks and
undertake start up businesses to contribute to the country’s
economic and social development. In order to encourage
sustainable women entrepreneurship, they must be given
enough of motivation and training with entrepreneurial
skills, and traits needed to meet the changes in current trends,
changing global market and their challenges and also to be
capable enough in order to be able to prolong and strive for
excellence in the entrepreneurial platform which requires

a holistic approach adopted by the institutions, regulators
and the society at large. General measures can be adopted
to develop, encourage and train women entrepreneurship in
India as it is very important for the growth of any economy
whether it is big or small.
Bibliography
1. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/
download?doi=10.1.1.677.9125&rep=rep1&type=pdf
2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3130818
3. http://ripublication.com/gjmbs_spl/gjmbsv3n10_15.pdf
4. Role of Women Entrepreneurs in India: http://www.ripublication.
com/gjfm-spl/gjfmv6n5_14.pdf (accessed on 16/6/2015)
5. Role of women Entrepreneurs in the Economic Development
of India: http://worldwidejournals.com/paripex/file.
php?val=March_2014_1394869663_a457c_36.pdf (accessed on
12/6/2015)
6. Women’s economic empowerment, The OECD DAC Network
on Gender Equality (GENDERNET):https://www.oecd.org/dac/
povertyreduction/50157530.pdf (accessed on 12/6/2015)
7. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp
15
A Study on Marketing, Social and
Psychological Challenges of Women in
Startup Business in Mumbai
Dr. A. Mahesh Kumar
Abstract
The main aim of the study is to know the marketing challenges
of women in startup ventures and the social and psychological
challenges faced by women in startup ventures in Mumbai. The
data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary
data was collected through questionnaire for the purpose of
analyzing information. Secondary data was collected through
books, journals and periodicals, newspapers and magazines,
websites and so on. The study highlights that inefficient market
promotion and unable to distribute the product to more areas
are the important marketing challenges faced by the women in
startup ventures. It is concluded that low price offered from the
bigger counter party and inability to extent credit facility are the
important marketing challenges faced in startup ventures amidst
the women are married and inability to achieve the expected return
and inability to achieve the expected return are the important
social and psychological challenges of startup ventures amidst the
women are in the age group of below 25 years.
Keywords: Startup business, Marketing challenges, Social and
psychological challenges, Women and Market promotion
* Assistant professor and Head, Department of Commerce

(Economics), Gurukul College of Commerce, Ghatkoper, Mumbai
Introduction
Start-ups are the requisite elements that bring economic
development for the nation. India also seeks the possible
ways to meet the world competition. India brings remarkable
changes in its corporate policy and develops number of
industries for the economic development. This is the right
time to promote and motivate young technopreneurs to stand
out in the corporate field at international level. At the present
the Indian government announces various schemes for the
entrepreneurs that provide more freedom and confidence
to start new business ventures. It also helps entrepreneurs
with tax benefits, relaxation of norms, financial assistance for
fresher etc,
Significance of the Study
Starts ups continue to play significant roles in the economic
growth, economic development and industrialization of many
countries all over the world. Startup is flagship initiative of the
government of India, intended to build a strong ecosystem for
nurturing innovation. Startup will drive sustainable economic
growth and generate large scale employment opportunities
and minimize unemployment.
Statement of the Problem
Today India is undergoing a fundamental shift with
entrepreneurship and innovation is being primary catalyst in
job creation and solving everyday problems. A decade ago,
there is to be only a handful of startups such as MakeMyTrip.
com and Naukari.com. But, now with the success of such as
Flipkart, Quicker, Practo, Zomato and InMobi, the Indian
startup eco-system has indeed come a long way.
In India, the need is now keenly felt that women should also
work outside the home for getting better living standards for all.
It is in this context that, the question of women entrepreneurs
has taken new significance especially when unemployment
has become a matter of great concern for all.
A Study on Marketing, Social and Psychological... 141
Objectives of the Study

1) To know the marketing challenges of women regarding
startup ventures in Mumbai.
2) To identify the social and psychological challenges of
women regarding startup ventures in Mumbai.
Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis (H0)- There is no significant difference between
marketing challenges of startup ventures and demographic
profile of respondents
Null hypothesis (Ho)- There is no significant difference between
social and psychological challenges of startup ventures and
demographic profile of respondents
Methodology
The primary and secondary data was collected from. The
collection of data was done mainly through a survey with
the help of a structured questionnaire. Secondary data was
collected through various sources like books, journals and
periodicals, newspapers and magazines, websites and so on.
Analysis and Interpretation
Marketing challenges amidst different age group of women
An attempt has been made to find out the significant difference
amidst different age group of women regarding marketing
challenges of startup ventures, ‘ANOVA’ test is attempted
with the null hypothesis as, “There is no significant difference
amidst different age group of women regarding marketing
challenges of startup ventures”. The result of ‘ANOVA’ test is
highlighted in Table 1.
Table 1: ANOVA test for significant difference amidst age

group of women regarding Marketing challenges
Age group (Mean Score)

Marketing F
challenges Below Above
25-35 35-45 45-55 Statistics
25 55
Competition from
bigger counter 6.2000 5.2759 4.9059 5.0000 5.0527 8.056*
party
Low price offered
from the bigger 5.0556 5.3586 5.3059 5.1189 5.8000 5.271*
counter party
Unable to
distribute the
4.6000 4.9862 5.3590 5.0000 5.4000 4.510*
product to more
areas
Inefficient market
4.6740 5.1655 5.4235 4.5200 3.8945 7.516*
promotion
Lack of
knowledge about 4.6493 4.9034 4.7176 3.5985 4.6435 5.179*
market
Inability to extent
3.8375 5.1931 5.1412 4.5200 5.0388 11.477*
credit facility
Lack of storage of
4.6379 5.0298 4.3882 4.7969 5.1096 3.085*
finished goods
Unable to provide
service in time to 4.6966 4.4059 5.2824 5.1509 3.8598 8.398*
the customer
Source: Primary data

*-Significant at five percent level
It is understood that competition from bigger counter party
and low price offered from the bigger counter party are the
important marketing challenges of startup ventures amidst the
women are in the age group of below 25 years as their mean
scores are 6.2000 and 5.0556 correspondingly. It is further
understood that low price offered from the bigger counter
party and competition from bigger counter party are the
important marketing challenges of startup ventures amidst

the women are in the age group between 25-35 years as their
mean scores are 5.3586 and 5.2759 correspondingly. Table
furthermore highlights that inefficient market promotion and
unable to distribute the product to more areas are the important
marketing challenges of startup ventures amidst the women
are in the age group between 35-45 years as their mean scores
are 5.4235 and 5.3590 correspondingly. Table furthermore
shows that unable to provide service in time to the customer
and low price offered from the bigger counter party are the
important marketing challenges of startup ventures amidst the
women are in the age group between 45-55 years as their mean
scores are 5.1509 and 5.1189 correspondingly.
With regard to the marketing challenges of startup ventures
amidst different age group of women, competition from bigger
counter party, low price offered from the bigger counter party,
unable to distribute the product to more areas, inefficient
market promotion, lack of knowledge about market, inability
to extent credit facility, lack of storage of finished goods and
unable to provide service in time to the customer is significant
at 5 percent level of significance.
Marketing challenges amidst different marital status of
women
To find out the significant difference between marital status
of women and marketing challenges of startup ventures,
‘ANOVA’ test is attempted with the null hypothesis as, “There
is no significant difference amidst different marital status of
women regarding marketing challenges of startup ventures”.
The result of ‘ANOVA’ test is highlighted in Table 2.
Table 2: ANOVA test for significant difference amidst
marital status of women regarding Marketing challenges
Marital Status (Mean Score)

Marketing F
challenges Un-
Married Widowed Divorced Statistics
married
Competition
from bigger 5.1250 5.6667 5.0547 5.3750 4.780*
counter party
Low price
offered from
5.4018 5.1000 5.5054 5.1875 3.930*
the bigger
counter party
Unable to
distribute the
5.1071 4.7255 5.1250 5.4956 3.628*
product to
more areas
Inefficient
market 4.8125 4.9608 3.9667 4.9071 11.459*
promotion
Lack of
knowledge 4.6339 4.9806 4.2222 4.8750 1.597
about market
Inability to
extent credit 5.2054 4.1765 4.8789 4.4222 13.194*
facility
Lack of
storage of 4.7589 4.7275 5.0525 5.0768 0.596
finished goods
Unable to
provide
service in 4.7411 4.7662 4.8795 4.7259 0.277
time to the
customer

From the above table, it is understood that low price offered
from the bigger counter party and inability to extent credit
facility are the important marketing challenges of startup
ventures amidst the women are married as their mean scores
are 5.4018 and 5.2054 correspondingly. It is further understood
that competition from bigger counter party and low price
offered from the bigger counter party are the important
are unmarried as their mean scores are 5.6667 and 5.1000
correspondingly. Table furthermore highlights that low price
offered from the bigger counter party and unable to distribute
the product to more areas are the important marketing

challenges of startup ventures amidst the women are widowed
as their mean scores are 5.5054 and 5.1250 correspondingly.
Table furthermore shows that unable to distribute the product
to more areas and competition from bigger counter party are
the important marketing challenges of startup ventures amidst
the women are divorced as their mean scores are 5.4956 and
5.3750 correspondingly.
amidst different marital status of women, competition from
bigger counter party, low price offered from the bigger
counter party, unable to distribute the product to more areas,
inefficient market promotion, lack of knowledge about market
and inability to extent credit facility is significant at 5 percent
level of significance.
Marketing challenges amidst different educational
qualification of women
To find out the significant difference amidst different
educational qualification of women regarding marketing
challenges of startup ventures, ‘ANOVA’ test is attempted
with the null hypothesis as, “There is no significant difference
amidst different educational qualification of women
regarding marketing challenges of startup ventures”. The
result of ‘ANOVA’ test is highlighted in Table 3.
Table 3: ANOVA test for significant difference amidst
educational qualification of women regarding
Marketing challenges
Educational Qualification (Mean Score)

Marketing Up to F
challenges Under Post Pro-
12th Diploma Statistics
Graduate Graduate fessional
Std
Competition
from bigger
5.0865 5.5333 5.1026 5.1000 5.7368 4.330*
counter
party
Low price
offered from
the bigger 5.1514 5.4333 5.6667 5.0598 5.6316 5.852*
counter
party
Unable to
distribute
the product 4.8486 5.3467 5.9882 4.2632 5.6769 10.727*
to more
areas
Inefficient
market 4.9135 5.1333 4.9487 5.0587 4.9757 0.575
promotion
Lack of
knowledge
4.7405 4.6267 4.3846 5.1500 4.8947 0.737
about
market
Inability to
extent credit 4.9568 4.9733 4.9487 4.9887 4.1579 7.226*
facility
Lack of
storage of
4.8595 4.9853 4.0256 5.0247 4.9969 3.531*
finished
goods
Unable to
provide
service in 4.6108 4.6267 5.3077 4.8977 4.7662 7.493*
time to the
customer

Table 3 shows that low price offered from the bigger counter
party and competition from bigger counter party are the
important marketing challenges of startup ventures amidst
the women are Up to 12th Std as their mean scores are
5.1514 and 5.0865 correspondingly. It is further understood
that competition from bigger counter party and low price

are Under Graduates as their mean scores are 5.5333 and
5.4333 correspondingly. Table furthermore highlights that
unable to distribute the product to more areas and low price
are post graduates as their mean scores are 5.9882 and 5.6667
correspondingly. Table furthermore shows that lack of
knowledge about market and competition from bigger counter
party are the important marketing challenges of startup
ventures amidst the women are diploma qualification as their
mean scores are 5.1500 and 5.1000 correspondingly. Table
furthermore indicates that competition from bigger counter
party and unable to distribute the product to more areas are
the important marketing challenges of startup ventures amidst
the women are professional qualification as their mean scores
are 5.7368 and 5.6769 correspondingly.
amidst different educational qualification of women,
competition from bigger counter party, low price offered from
the bigger counter party, unable to distribute the product to
more areas, inability to extent credit facility, lack of storage
of finished goods and unable to provide service in time to the
customer is significant at 5 percent level of significance.
Social and psychological challenges amidst different age
group of women
To find out the significant difference between age group of
women and social and psychological challenges of startup
ventures, ‘ANOVA’ test is attempted with the null hypothesis
as, “There is no significant difference amidst different
age group of women regarding social and psychological
challenges of startup ventures”. The result of ‘ANOVA’ test is
highlighted in Table 4. 148
Table 4: ANOVA test for significant difference amidst age group of women regarding Social and
psychological challenges
Social and psychological Age group (Mean Score) F

challenges Below 25 25-35 35-45 45-55 Above 55 Statistics
Inability to spend time with
5.0959 4.8345 5.0235 5.0000 5.7800 9.011*
family members
Unable to attend family function 5.0159 4.7931 5.0471 5.5600 4.6979 3.060*
Unable to fulfill the social
4.9569 4.6276 5.1647 5.4800 5.4058 8.236*
responsibility
Stress due to high business
4.6000 5.4638 5.3059 5.0000 5.2390 7.088*
responsibility
Worries due to business related
4.2000 4.8897 5.4706 5.0877 4.9877 12.053*
problem
Inability to achieve the expected
5.4360 4.8879 5.1412 4.0400 5.8000 12.626*
return
Dual role due to management of
Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture in India
4.6599 4.9034 5.1000 5.2500 4.9138 1.104

business and family
Inability to concentrate on the
5.4000 5.0828 5.1425 5.0000 4.2500 9.024*
children future
Lack of motivation and self
5.8000 4.5034 4.8353 5.5400 4.6500 10.723*
confidence

It is understood that inability to achieve the expected return
and inability to achieve the expected return are the important
social and psychological challenges of startup ventures
amidst the women are in the age group of below 25 years
as their mean scores are 5.8000 and 5.4360 correspondingly.
It is further understood that stress due to high business
responsibility and inability to concentrate on the children
future are the important social and psychological challenges
of startup ventures amidst the women are in the age group
between 25-35 years as their mean scores are 5.4638 and 5.0828
correspondingly. Table furthermore highlights that worries
due to business related problem and stress due to high business
responsibility are the important social and psychological
challenges of startup ventures amidst the women are in the
age group between 35-45 years as their mean scores are 5.4706
and 5.3059 correspondingly. Table furthermore shows that
unable to attend family function and lack of motivation and
self-confidence are the important social and psychological
challenges of startup ventures amidst the women are in the
age group between 45-55 years as their mean scores are 5.5600
and 5.5400 correspondingly. Table furthermore indicates
that inability to achieve the expected return and inability to
spend time with family members are the important social
and psychological challenges of startup ventures amidst the
women are in the age group of above 55 years as their mean
scores are 5.8000 and 5.7800 correspondingly.
With regard to the social and psychological challenges of
startup ventures amidst different age group of women, inability
to spend time with family members, unable to attend family
function, unable to fulfill the social responsibility, stress due to
high business responsibility, worries due to business related
problem, inability to achieve the expected return, inability to
concentrate on the children future and lack of motivation and
self- confidence is significant at 5 percent level of significance.
Suggestions
¾¾ It is inferred that unmarried women are not interested
in starting and running enterprises. This shows that they
are not coming into the business world. Proper support
and training should be given to unmarried to make new,

modern, quickly marketable and innovative products by
using locally available raw-materials.
¾¾ The Government can conduct entrepreneurial training
programmes in colleges at least once in a month. This will
motivate more young women to enter into business of
their own.
Conclusion
It is concluded that low price offered from the bigger counter
party and inability to extent credit facility are the important
are married and inability to achieve the expected return and
inability to achieve the expected return are the important
social and psychological challenges of startup ventures amidst
the women are in the age group of below 25 years.
References
1. Goel, S. (2018). Startups in India- Retrospect and Prospects.
International Journal of Research, 5(7), 2676-2685.
2. Goyal, M. and Prakash, J. (2011). Women entrepreneurship in
India-problems and prospects. Zenith International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research, 1(5), 32-37.
3. Irum rani Laghari and Aqsa Sharaf Danwar (2015). Motivational
Factors amidst women to become Entrepreneurs: A Qualitative
approach. Impact Factor 3.582, Case Studies Journal, 4(3), 63-70.
4. Jain, S. (2016). Growth of startup ecosystems in India. International
Journal of Applied Research, 2(12), 152-154.
5. Kamaldeep, K. (2017). Startup India: Challenges & Opportunities.
Journal of social science research, 11(1), 2318-2321.
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Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture in India

Book · March 2023

Kajal Dipen Chheda

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Title: Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture in India

First Published, 2022

Printed in India, by: Sagar Color Scan, Delhi

In recent years, startups have been gaining

Shri. Prashnat G. Sharma

Any country’s economic development is largely dependent

of their business ideas, knowledge and self-growth. Chapter

based on rural and urban women’s develpement, Self-Help

Dr. Pratima Singh

1.  Study on Start-Up Ecosystem and its Future 

2. Aatmanirbhar Bharat 15-23

3.  omen Entrepreneurs’ Accomplishment: An 

4. Role of Microfinance on Women Entrepreneurship 34-38

5. Women Entrepreneurship and Business 39-48

6. Social Media and Marketing for the Entrepreneur 49-57

7. “ Entrepreneurship Propensity Among  58-67

8. I ndia’s Upcoming Entrepreneur Community,  68-78

9.  radhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana: 

13. Women Entrepreneur and Self-Help Groups 116-127

* Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology,

Especially this paper spreads light on one of the most important

incubators, sources of talent such as investors , corporations,

Core Components of Start-Up Ecosystem

with the advent of digital in every aspect of life, including

alive or that is why culture is one of the most important words

your organization. If you want to make a long lasting

quality technical talent become actors that have lifted India’s

leading the drive. Chinese keen interest in Indian start-ups

and standard of today’s start-ups? Of course, there is a huge

identical objectives. In context to build a highly successful

7. Conquering loyalty of Customers

10. Tolerance with patience

* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce , Chandrabhan

ventilators have been identified to give more focus to become

Our Textile industry is the second most biggest textile

2) Organic Farming:- As per the report of World Organic

Whereas, In the year 2020, it reversed , now India pharma

It also engages 45 million Indirectly or Directly. The

MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Gurukul College of

Women’s progress from the 1950s to the twenty-first century

Praag and Vijverberg 2008). According to a study by Frédéric

is gathered in a systematic manner and then translated to

insignificance and 5 denoting significant importance.

and 5 indicating “very important.” Women entrepreneurs

Table 1: Educated vs. uneducated entrepreneurs’ perceived

Sl. Success Educated Uneducated Total

Source: Authors’ own calculation

establish their own business is “income freedom.” “Use

3. Danish Ahmad Ansari, “Women Entrepreneurship in India (An

* Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Insurance,

microfinance programmes mainly in the form of group based –

Microfinance and Women Entrepreneurship

is exclusive act concerned with rural development strategy to

Sourced From: “https://www.worldfinance.com/banking/microfinance-

two hundred and eleven and majority of the borrowers were

* Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies ,

Traits of Successful Woman Entrepreneur

realize higher solutions for all of them. Networking does

Title: Entrepreneurship and Startups Culture in India

1. Study on Start-Up Ecosystem and its Future

2. Aatmanirbhar Bharat 15-23

3. omen Entrepreneurs’ Accomplishment: An

4. Role of Microfinance on Women Entrepreneurship 34-38

5. Women Entrepreneurship and Business 39-48

6. Social Media and Marketing for the Entrepreneur 49-57

7. “ Entrepreneurship Propensity Among 58-67

8. I ndia’s Upcoming Entrepreneur Community, 68-78

9. radhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana:

13. Women Entrepreneur and Self-Help Groups 116-127

* Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology,

* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce , Chandrabhan

Our Textile industry is the second most biggest textile

2) Organic Farming:- As per the report of World Organic

Whereas, In the year 2020, it reversed , now India pharma

It also engages 45 million Indirectly or Directly. The

MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Gurukul College of

* Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Insurance,

* Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies ,

7. Decreased mobility: Travel restrictions are one of

11. Stiff Competition: The modern economic environment

2. Mudra Yojana: It is one of the most popular schemes

7. Bhartiya Mahila Bank Business: This scheme is for

* Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology,

* Assistant Professor, Department Information Technology,

* Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies,

* Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies,

* Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Insurance,

3. Convenient and quick shipping time – It is very

(ii) In the provision of payment services, Banks play a major

* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce (Accountancy),

* Librarian, Department of Library and Information Centre,