12th - Tamil - A.ezhilarasan - GHSS ELAPAKKAM (17.06.2023)_copy

tPo;tJ ehkhf ,Ue;jhYk;! tho;tJ jkpohf ,Uf;fl;Lk;!
ngau; : …………………………
tFg;G : …………………………
gs;sp : …………………………
m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 1

2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhfs;
1. eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 eil mofpay; cUthf;fj;jpw;F> njhy;fhg;gpaNk jsk; mikj;Jj;jUfpwJ. ftpijapd;
,aq;fhw;wy;jhd; ‘eil’ vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fUj;jhf cs;sJ.
 eilngw;wpaYk; (fpstp-26)> eiletpd;nwhOFk; (nra;-135) Nghd;w nrhw;nwhlu;fisj;
njhy;fhg;gpak; ifahz;bUg;gijf; nfhz;Nl mtw;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 NkYk;> ‘Mrpupa eilj;Nj tQ;rp Vid ntz;gh eilj;Nj fyp (nra;-107)’ vd;W
njhy;fhg;gpar; nrhw;nwhliu ‘eil mofpaYf;F’ rhd;whfNt Fwpg;gplyhk;.
2. glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf - ,r;rq;ff; ftpijapd; mbfspy; Xir eakpf;f nrhw;fisAk;
mtw;wpd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;igAk; vLj;njOJf.
 glhmk;> nflhm> flhm - nra;Aspir msngil.
3. ftpQu; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;?
 khiy Neuj;jpy; kiwAk; #upadhy;> thdnky;yhk; nre;epwkhff; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
mJNghd;Nw> cioj;Jioj;J rpte;JNghd iffisAila njhopyhsu;fspd; kPJs;s
Kj;JKj;jhd tpau;itj; Jspfis tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; ftpQu;
rpw;gp.
4. tpbay;> tdg;G - ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;Jj; njhlu; mikf;f.
 tpbay; thdk; tdg;G epiwe;jJ.
5. mzpapyf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; $Wk; Ehy;fs; ahit?
 jz;bayq;fhuk;> khwd; myq;fhuk;> Ftyahde;jk;.
6. gpw ,yf;fzj;NjhL mzp ,yf;fzj;ijAk; Nru;j;Jf; $Wk; Ehy;?
 njhy;fhg;gpak;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;Dhy; tpsf;fk;> Kj;JtPupak;> tPuNrhopak;>
7. ‘MSf;nfhU kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;’ vd;w Kof;fj;njhlu; thapyhf vtw;iw typAWj;Jtha;?
 kuk;> kdpjDf;F ,aw;if nfhLj;j tuk;. G+> fha;> fdp> tpij> ,iy> gl;il> fl;il>
tpwF> %ypif> Ntu; vd midj;J ghfj;jpidAk; kdpjDf;fhf mu;g;gzpj;JthOk; ts;sy;
mJ. kiof;F MjhukhfTk;> epyj;jb ePupid ngUf;fplTk; kuk; NgUjtp mspf;fpwJ.
 khRfis mfw;wp - kz;zupg;G jLj;jplTk; kdpjDf;F capu; tspahf nrayhw;wplTk; kuk;
gad;gLfpwJ vd;w nra;jpfs; %yk; ‘MSf;nfhU kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;’ vd;w Kof;fj;njhlupid
typAWj;JNtd;.
8. ,depiu - gpupj;Jg; Gzu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
 ,depiu = ,dk; + epiu
 tpjp: kt;tPW xw;wope;J capuPW xg;gTk; (,depiu)
9. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpajd;
tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd; - ,U njhlu;fshf;Ff.
 kdpjd;> jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
 mjd;> tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.
10. ‘efuk; gl;il jPl;ba nts;is itukhfpwJ’ - tpsf;fk; jUf.
 nga;j kioahy;> efuj;jpd; khRfs; mfw;wg;gl;ld. kiof;fhykhapDk;> jpBnud ntspg;gl;l
#upa ntspr;rj;jhy;> efuk; GJg;nghypT ngWfpwJ. ,jidNa> ‘efuk;> gl;il jPl;ba
nts;is itukha;’ fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ vd;fpwhu; ftpQu;.
11. Gf;fpy;> jd;kid - rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
 Gf;fpy; : jw;fhypfj; jq;Fkplk;.
 jd;kid : jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;> fztDk; kidtpAk; ngw;Nwhiug; gpupe;J> jdpj;J thOk; ,lk;.
12. epiyahik Fwpj;J> rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?
 ,uhkidg; ghu;j;J ‘jq;fisf; fz;ljhy;> vd; ngha;ahd cyfg;gw;W mope;jJ>
mstw;wfhyk;> ehd; Nkw;nfhz;l jtk; gypj;jJ> vd; gpwtp xope;jJ’ vd;W> epiyahik
rhu;e;j jd; fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpdhs; rtup.
13. vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfis [yhYj;jPd; &kp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;?
 Mde;jk;> mw;gj;jdk;> kdr;Nrhu;T> tpopg;Gzu;T Nghd;w vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfis
mt;tg;nghOJ te;Jnry;Yk; tpUe;;jhspfshf [yhYj;jPd; &kp mtu;fs;
cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
14. Jd;G csJ vdpd; md;Nwh Rfk; csJ vd;w ,uhkdpd; $w;W gpd;tUk; ,U gonkhopfspy;
vjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;?
m. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk; M. rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;
 tpil: m. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;.
15. rq;ffhyj;jpy; jha;topr; r%fKiwapy; ngz;fs; ngw;wpUe;j cupikfs; ahit?
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; fzr;r%fj;jpw;F jhNa jiyik jhq;fpdhs;. Fyj;njhlu;r;rpf;F jhNa
mr;rhuk; vd;gjpdhy;> ngz; Foe;ijfspd; gpwg;G ngupJk; tpUk;gg;gl;lJ. NkYk;>
nrhj;Jupik toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ngz;fs;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fgpd;Gk; jd; ,y;yj;jpNyNa jq;fp>
FLk;gj;jpid elj;jpLk; ‘jha Kiw’ ,Ue;jij rq;fg;ghly;fs; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s
KbfpwJ.
16. fPo;f;fhZk; GJf;ftpijf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwis vOJf (tpdhtpid gf;fk; 77 -
Gj;jfj;jpy; ghu;f;fTk;)
 rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
17. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G jUf.
 md;Gk; mwKk; - vz;Zk;ik  kwj;jy; - njhopw;ngau;
 ed;fyk; - gz;Gj;;njhif  cyF - ,lthFngau;
18. nghUs; $Wf.
 ntFsp - rpdk;  Vkk; - ghJfhg;G
 Giz - njg;gk;  jpU - nry;tk;
19. gifAk; csNth gpw? nghUs; $Wf. (rpdj;ijtpl NtW gifAk; cz;Nlh?)
20. ‘Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy’ vd ts;Stu; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhu;?
 mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtiu ‘Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy’ vd ts;Stu;
Rl;Lfpwhu;.
21. Qhyj;jpd; ngupaJ vJ?
 Jd;g fhyj;jpy; xUtu; nra;j cjtp kpfr;rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ nra;ag;gl;l
fhyj;jpid Nehf;Fk;nghOJ Qhyj;ijf; fhl;bYk; ngupajhFk;.
22. kwf;ff; $lhjJ> kwf;ff; $baJ vtw;iw?
 gpwu; nra;j ed;ikia kwj;jy; $lhJ.
 gpwu; nra;j jPikia mg;nghONj kwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
23. nry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit?
 gpwUila ifg;nghUis tpUk;ghky; ,Ug;gNj> nry;tk; Fiwahky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topnad
ts;Stk; ciuf;fpwJ.
24. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;?
 xUtd;> jd;idj;jhNd fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; tuhky; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;Nyy;> rpdj;Jld; Nru;e;J jhDk; mopa NeupLk;.
25. ,ilaPL - vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?
 ,ilaPL vd;w ftpij vz;zk;> ntspaL P > Nfl;ly; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpal
P hff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
26. trdk;> ftpij NtWghL jUf.
 trdk;: vJif - Nkhid ,y;yhky;> mb msT mwpahky; thu;g;gNj trdk;.
 ftpij: vJif - Nkhid nghUj;jp> mb msit mwpe;J> ahg;gpyf;fzg;gb miktJ ftpij.
27. vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk; - ahu;f;F?
 fiyj;njhopy; ty;y Gytu;fSf;F> vj;jpirapy; nrd;whYk; mj;jpirapy; NrhW jl;lhJ
fpl;Lk;.
28. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa Ehy;fs; ahit?
 epfz;L> ed;Dhy;> fhupif> jz;bayq;fhuk; Nghd;w ,yf;fz Ehy;fSk; Mj;jp#b>
nfhd;iw Nte;jd; Nghd;w ePjp Ehy;fSk; mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F
cjtpa Ehy;fs; MFk;.
29. fyptpoh> xyptpoh - tpsf;fk; jUf.
 fyptpoh - vOr;rp jUk; tpoh.  xyptpoh - Muthu tpoh.
30. fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; Ehyfk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
 fhypd; nkf;fd;rp mtu;fspd; njhFg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> 1869y; nrd;idapy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lNj fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; Ehyfk; MFk;. ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW>
jj;Jtk;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; thdpay; rhu;e;j mupa Xiyr;RtbfSk; jhs;RtbfSk;
Gj;jfq;fSk; ngupa ngupa njhFg;Gfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
31. kapiyg; gjpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpohf;fs; ahit?
 Ig;grp - Xz tpoh  ij - ijg;G+r tpoh
 fhu;j;jpif- tpsf;Fj; jpUtpoh  khrp - flyhl;L tpoh
 khu;fop - jpUthjpiu tpoh  gq;Fdp - gq;Fdp cj;jputpoh
32. kapiyapd; rpwg;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; $Wf.
 klyhu;e;j njq;fpd; kapiy  fw;whu;fs; Vj;Jk; fghyPr;ruk;
 ,Usfw;Wk; Nrhjpj; njhd;kapiy  fz;zhu; kapiyf; fghyPr;ruk;
33. jUkkpF nrd;idapy; fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js;tsu; jyNkhq;F fe;jNtNs - njhlUf;Fg; gjTiu vOJf.
 jUkkpF nrd;idapy; - mwk; nra;Nthu; epiwe;j nrd;idapy;
 fe;jNfhl;lj;Js; - fe;jNfhl;lj;jpd;
 tsu;jyNkhq;F - jpUf;Nfhtpypy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk;
 fe;jNtNs - fUizkpF fe;jNd.
34. ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu; - njhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 vjpu;r;nrhy;yhf miktJ Kuz;. ,j;njhlupy; mike;Js;s Kuz;: ngUq;fly; x rpWFb
 gujtu;fs; kPd;gpbf;Fk; flNyh ngupaJ x thoplNkh rpwpaJ. ,q;F njhopy; nra;Ak; ,lKk;
thoplKk; Kuz;gl;Ls;sJ.
35. mfehDhW vj;jid gpupTfis cilaJ? mit ahit?
 mfehDhW 3 gpupTfis cilaJ. mit>
o fspw;wpahidepiu - 120 ghly;fs;
o kzpkpilg;gtsk; - 180 ghly;fs;
o epj;jpyf;Nfhit - 100 ghly;fs;
36. vz;tif nka;g;ghLfs; ahit?
 eif> mOif> ,sptuy;> kUl;if> mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;> ntFsp> ctif.
37. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;? rhd;W jUf.
 xU fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; ftiy> miyf;fopg;G> kfpo;r;rp Nghd;wtw;iw ntspf;nfhzUk;
vjpnuhypg;Ng gpd;dzp ,ir.
 v-L: fjhehafp rd;dy; topahf xU fhl;rpia ntwpj;Jg; ghu;f;fpwhs;. mjpy; njUitg;
ghu;g;gJ kl;LNk fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. mjDld; xU kfpOe;J Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;Yk; xypAk;
,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;> mtis ghu;f;f te;jtu;> mtis ghu;f;fhky; nry;fpwhu; vd;w
Fwpg;G mtSila Kfghtidfs; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
38. xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp - Fwpg;G vOJf.
 xUKf vopdp: Nkilapd; xU Gwj;jpypUe;J kWGwj;jpw;Fr; nry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ>
‘xUKf vopdp’ vdg;gLk;.
 nghUKf vopdp: Nkilapd; ,U Gwj;jpypUe;J eLtpy;te;J xd;NwhL xd;W nghUe;JkhW
mikf;fg;gLtJ> ‘nghUKf vopdp’ vdg;gLk;.
39. aho;fspd; tiffs; ahit?
 21 euk;Gfs; - Ngupaho;  16 euk;Gfs; - rNfhlaho;
 17 euk;Gfs; - kfuaho;  7 euk;Gfs; - nrq;Nfhl;baho;
40. %r;R epd;Wtpl;lhy; ; Ngr;Rk; mlq;Fk; - ftpijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gonkhop xd;iw vOJf.
 vuptijg; gpLq;fpdhy;> nfhjpg;gJ mlq;fptpLk;.
41. kdj;ij mjd; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WtJ Vd;?
 kdj;ij jPatw;wpypUe;J tpyf;fp> ey;topapy; nrYj;JtNj mwpTilik vd;gjpdhy;>
kdj;ij mjd; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WfpwJ.
42. cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Nju;f;F mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J -
,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; nghUNshL nghUj;Jf.
 ctik : cUTfz;L vs;shik
 ctNkak; : cUs;ngUe;Nju;f;F mr;rhzp
 tpsf;fk; - nghUNshL nghUj;Jjy;: ngupa Njupidr; nrYj;Jk; ty;yik> rpwpa
mr;rhzpf;Nf cz;L. mJNghd;Nw> cUtpy; rpwpatUk; mupag; gy nray;fisr; nra;a
ty;ytu;fs;. vdNt cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; ts;Stu;.
43. kd cWjpapd; Njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ $WfpwJ?
 ey;y nray;ghl;bw;Fk;> vz;zpaij vz;zpagb nra;J Kbg;gjw;Fk; kd cWjp Njit
vd;fpwJ jpUf;Fws;.
44. eQ;Rz;gtu; vd ts;Stu; ahiu ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhu;?
 fs;Sz;gtiu> eQ;Rz;gtu; vd ts;Stu; ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
45. murNuhL el;Gg; ghuhl;bdhYk; nra;aj;jfhjd ahit?
 murNuhL el;Gg; ghuhl;Lk;nghOJ> me;el;gpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> vy;iykPwp
ghuhl;Ljy; $lhJ. mJ ew;gyidj; juhJ> Nfl;bidNa jUk;.
46. giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz; vJ? (mwpTilik)
47. mQ;rj; jFe;jd> mQ;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
 cwTNghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltuplk; mr;rk; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
 thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftiuf;fz;L mr;rk; nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;.
48. tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ vJ? (tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ #J.)
49. ePq;fs; gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fwis vOjp> fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
 gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fws;: vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT.
 fhuzk;: ahu;> vijr; nrhd;dhYk; ek;gptplhky;> cz;ik vJntd Muha;e;J nrayhw;wpl
Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTiu $Wk;gbahf mf;Fws; mike;Js;sjhy;> vdf;F kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;.
50. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j JizahfTk; gifahfTk; ts;Stu; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;?
 ey;y ,dj;ijtpl rpwe;j Jiz cyfj;jpy; Ntwpy;iy.
 jPa ,dj;ijtpl Jd;gj;ijj; jUk; gifAk; Ntwpy;iy.
51. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;Gj; jUf.
 xuP, - nrhy;ypir msngil

 gLg;gJhck; - ,d;dpir msngil
 nrhy;Yjy; - njhopw;ngau;
52. fPo;ePu;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W - nghUs; $Wf.
 fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;ydtw;iwr; nrhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ> ePupy; %o;fpa
xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ.
53. ngUe;Nju; - Gzu;r;rp tpjp $Wf.
 ngUe;Nju; = ngUik + Nju;
tpjp 1: <WNghjy; (ngU + Nju;)
tpjp 2: ,dkpfy; (ngU + e; + Nju;)
54. gUtj;Nj gapu; nra; - Neu Nkyhz;ikNahL nghUj;jp vOJf.
 Vw;wf; fhyj;jpidAk; ,lj;jpidAk; mwpe;J> epu;thf newpAld; nray;gl;lhy;> cyfj;ijNa
milayhk;. mJNghd;Nw> fhyj;jpid czu;e;J> rupahd tpijfisj; Nju;e;njLj;J>
rupahd Kiwapy; tpijj;J ghJfhj;Jte;jhy;> ey;y gyidg; ngwyhk;.
55. ve;jnthU nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpju;fspd; ciog;ig
ehk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. xU NjdPiug; gUFk;NghJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpj ciog;igr;
rpe;jpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij vOJf.
 ehk; gUFk; NjePu; RitahdJ. ,e;jr; Ritf;Ff; fhuzk; mjpYs;s Njapiy> ru;f;fiu>
ghy;> jz;zPu; Nghd;witNa.
 Njapiy gwpg;Nghiug; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fpNwhkh? fUk;gpypUe;J ru;f;fiu jahupg;gjw;F vj;jidNgu;
cioj;Js;sdu;? ghy; vq;fpUe;J vg;gb tUfpwJ?
 ,g;gb> xU NjePiu ehk; Ritg;gjw;F> vj;jid Ngu; cioj;Js;sdu; vd
vz;zpg;ghu;j;jhy; GupAk;. ehk; mDgtpf;Fk; xt;nthU nghUspd; gpd;Gk;> vj;jidNgu;
ciog;G kiwe;Js;sJ. mjpy; ek; gq;F vd;d vdr; rpe;jpj;jhy;> ciog;gpd; cau;T
Gyg;gLk;.
56. mwpTil Nte;jdpd; newp Fwpj;J> gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wtd ahit?
 mwpTil Nte;jd;> kf;fsplk; tupjpul;Lk; newpKiwapid mwpe;J tupiaj; jpul;bdhy;> ehL
ngUQ;nry;tj;ijg; ngw;W nropg;giltNjhL> mtd; vz;zKk; epiwNtWk; vd
gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wfpwhu;.
57. nrtpawpTWhc Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
 murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f mwpTWj;JtJ>
nrtpawpTWhc JiwahFk;.
58. jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs; - Ehy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
 ftpd; fiyfs; Fwpj;J jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy;Ehy;> ‘jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs;’.
Mrpupau; kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp Mthu;.
 jkpo;r;rKjhak; jdJ gioa fiyr; nry;tq;fis kwe;J> jw;ngUik mwpahjpUe;j
epiyfz;L> mf;fiyfis kPz;Lk; epidT+l;bLk; tifapy; gilf;fg;gl;lNj ,e;Ehy;.
59. tpupngU jkpou; Nkd;ik
Xq;fplr; nra;t njhd;Nw
capu;g;gzpahff; nfhz;Nlhd; - ahu;> ahiug; gw;wp> vjw;fhff; $Wfpwhu;?
 ,t;tupfs;> ghNte;ju; ghujpjhrd; mtu;fs; kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp gw;wpf; $wpajhFk;.
 jkpodj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd gy;NtW fiyfs; rhu;e;j Mtzq;fisj; njhFj;J Ma;T
nra;jpLk; gzpapid kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp nra;jjhy; Nkw;fz;lthW $wpdhu;.
60. Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; Nghdjw;F Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; $Wk; fhuzj;ij vOJf.
 jdf;Fs;Ns jd;idj; njhiyj;jjhYk; Kfq;fSld; Kfk; fye;jjpdhYk; vdJ Kfk;
Kftupaw;Wg; NghdJ.

 Kfj;ij njhiyj;jjhy;> clYk; kwe;JNghdJ. jd;Ds; Vw;gLk; kdntOr;rpfSf;fhf
Kfq;fs; khwpajhy;> ntw;Wntspapy; jd; Kfj;ij NjLtjhf Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad;
$Wfpwhu;.
61. ,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; Gyk;gpdu;?
 ,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;l kf;fs;> ,j;jidf; nfhLikfSf;F gpwFk;> ,e;j cyfk;
,d;Dk; gpse;J ntbf;ftpy;iyNa! thdk; ,d;Dk; ,be;J tpotpy;iyNa! fly;ePu; ,d;Dk;
tw;wpg;Nghftpy;iyNa! Vd;> ,e;j cyfk; ,d;Dk; mopahky; jhkjpf;fpwNjh! vd;W $wp
Gyk;gpdu;fs;.
ehd;F kjpg;ngz; - tpdhfs;
1. rq;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff.
 njhd;ikahd nkhopfs;ahTk; rkpf;iQapypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
nkhoprhu;e;j ftpijfs; ,irNahLk; ,irf;fUtpfNshLk;jhd; gpwf;fpdw ; d. mjpy;> XirAk;
nghUSk; ,ize;J fiytbtk; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jidNa> ehk; xypg;gpd;dy; vd;fpNwhk;.
 v-L:
o ‘fLe;jL jhid %tpUq;$b’ vd;w GwehDhw;Wg; ghlypy; td;ikahd czu;r;rpiaf;
fhl;l f> j> l> w vd;w vOj;J mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
o ‘Ee;ij je;ijf;F ,td;je;ij je;ij’ (Gwk;). ,q;F> capu; xyp - mjpYk;> Fwpg;ghf
neby; xypfspd; tUifAk;> rpy xypfs; kw;Wk; rpy nrhw;fs; jpUk;gtuy; jd;ikapidg;
ngw;wpUg;gJk; mtw;wpf;fpilNa eilngWk; nrhy; tpisahl;LfSk; ek; ftdj;jpw;Fupajhf
mikfpd;wJ. mr;nrhy;NyhirNa xypf;Nfhyk;.
2. nrk;gupjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fhlhk; thd nky;yhk; - njhlu;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 rpte;j fjpu;fis cila #upad;> khiy Neuj;jpy; kiyfSf;Fg;gpd;dhy; jd; jiyiar;
rha;j;J kiwthd;. mt;Ntisapy; #upaf;fjpu;fs;gl;L> thdnky;yhk; nre;epwkhff;
fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. mf;fhl;rpapid fw;gideaj;NjhL $w vz;zpaf; ftpQu; rpw;gp> ‘rpte;j
thdj;ij - nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fs; epiwe;j fhL’ vd;Nw tu;zpf;fpwhu;.
3. Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
 ,lk;: ,t;tupfs; jz;bayq;fhuk; vd;Dk; mzpapyf;fz Ehypd;> ciuNkw;Nfhs; ghlypy;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. (Mrpupau; - jz;b)
 nghUs;: fly;#o;e;j ,t;Tyfj;jpd; ,Uis Nghf;fty;yJ #upaDk; jkpOk; vd;gJ
,t;tupfs; czu;j;Jk; nghUs;.
 tpsf;fk;: rhd;Nwhu;fshy; Gfog;gLk; kiyfSf;fpilNa Njhd;wp> fly;#o;e;j cyfj;jpd;
Gw ,Uisg; Nghf;fty;yJ #upad;. mj;jd;ikAld; Njhd;wpa> jd;dpfuw;w Gfopidf;
nfhz;l jha;j;jkpNoh! kf;fspd; mf ,Uisg; Nghf;fty;yJ.
4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;JfspYs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
tOty fhy tifapdhNd. nka;rpypu;f;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy! $tp th> th!
- ed;Dhy; - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
 ghly; 1d; tpsf;fk;: tof;nfhope;j goikiag; Gwe;js;sp> GJikf;F Gj;Japu; Cl;l Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpwJ ed;Dhy;. ,/J midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba xd;W.
 ghly; 2d; tpsf;fk;: GJik vd;w ngauhy; tof;nfhope;j jkpNo! kPz;Lk; goik eyk;ngw;W>
nka;rpypu;f;f> Fapy;Nghy; $tp th! th! vd;fpwhu; rpw;gp. ,/J rpe;jpf;f Ntz;ba xd;W.
 ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;JfspYs;s Ntw;Wik: Kd;dJ> goik mopj;J GJik Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpwJ. gpd;dJ> vtw;iwAk; goiknad js;sptplhNj! goikapYk; rpy rpwg;Gfs; cz;L
vd;fpwJ> ey;y capu;g;G cz;L vd;fpwJ.
5. nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzpapidr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

 mzp ,yf;fzk;: ,U nghUSf;Fupa xw;Wikia Kjypy;$wp> gpd; mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;LtJ ‘nghUs; Ntw;Wikazp’ vdg;gLk;.
 rhd;W: Xq;fypil te;J cau;e;Njhu; njhotpsq;fp
Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;(J) ,Usfw;Wk; - Mq;ftw;Ws;
kpd;Ndu; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;(W) VidaJ
jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo;!
 mzpg; nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy;> jkpOf;Fk; fjputDf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s gad;rhu;e;j
xw;Wikia Kjypy; $wp> gpd;du; mt;tpuz;by; mf ,Uisg; Nghf;fty;y jkpNo> jd;dpfu;
mw;wJ vd NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,/J nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzptifia
rhu;e;jjhf Mapw;W.
6. ePu;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J
cwpQ;RfpwJ xspf;fjpu;fs; - ,f;ftpijapd; mb> ‘Jhq;Fk; gdpePiu thq;Fk; fjpNuhNd’
vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypd; njhlu;r;rpaha; miktijg; gw;wp vOJf.
 ePu;epiyfspy; Njq;fpa ePuhdJ> #upadpd; ntg;gj;jhy; Mtpahtijg; gbj;jpUf;fpdN; whk;.
ghu;j;Jk; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. mf;fhl;rpapidf; fz;l Mrpupau;> kio nga;jgpd; Njhd;wpa #upad;>
jd; jhfj;jpidg; Nghf;fpf;nfhs;s> fjpu;fis cjLfshf;fp kioePupid cwpQ;rpf;
nfhz;lhd; vd;w fw;gidf; fUj;jpidf; ftpijapy; Vw;wpdhu;.
 ,unty;yhk; Gy;ypd; Edpapy; Jhq;fpaJ gdpj;Jsp. tpbe;jJk; ntspte;jr; #upad;>
gdpj;JspNa vOe;jpU! vd jl;bnaOg;gp> fjpu;fis fukhf;fp jd;Ds; thq;fpf;nfhz;lhd;
vd;fpwJ ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;.
 ePupd; Row;rpapidAk;> fjputdpd; gzpapidAk; fw;gid eaj;NjhL - xU ghlypy; mLj;jLj;J
mike;j mbfs;Nghd;W ,itfs; nghUe;jpapUf;fpdw ; d.
7. thilf;fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyu;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; Njbdu;?
 Nfhtyu;fs; jq;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;Gwkhf #o;e;J vOe;j NkfkhdJ> cyfk;
FspUk;gbahf ngUkio nga;jJ. jhq;fs; thOk; jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa
nts;sj;ijf; fz;LntWj;j Nfhtyu;fs;> jq;fspd; epiufis Nklhd ,lj;ij Nehf;fp
Xl;br;nrd;whu;fs;.
 ngUkioahy; Nfhtyu;fs; #bapUe;j fhe;js; kyu;fs; frq;fpd. kiyiaNa eLq;fr;nra;j
FspupypUe;J jq;fis ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s> gyUld; xd;WNru;e;J nfhs;sp neUg;gpdhy;
iffis #Nlw;wpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. MdhYk;> mtu;fspd; gw;fs; Fspuhy;
eLq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jd.
8. kionts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 Nguplu; fhyq;fspy; jhq;ff;$ba Gjpa fl;Lkhdq;fis mikj;jy;. ePu;topg;ghijfSf;fhd
njspthd tiuglk; cUthf;fg;gl;L> njhlu;e;J guhkupj;jy;. r%ff;fhLfs; tsu;g;Gj;
jpl;lj;jpid r%f ,af;fkhf khw;wpaikj;jy;. flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; rJg;Gepyf; fhLfis
cUthf;Fjy;.
9. Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizak; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
 eLtz; muR 2005k; Mz;L brk;gu; 23k; Njjpad;W Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij
mikj;jJ.
 Gay;> nts;sk;> twl;rp> #whtsp> gdpg;Gay;> epyeLf;fk;> epyr;rupT> jPtpgj;J> Ntjptpgj;J
Nghd;w Nguplu;fs; epfOk;nghOJ> gy;NtW mikg;Gfis xUq;fpizj;Jr; Nritahw;w ,e;j
Mizak; cjTfpwJ.
 NkYk;> Nguplu; fhyq;fspy; khepyk;> khtl;lk;> tl;lk;> xd;wpak; vd midj;J epiyfspYk;
,t;thizaf; FOf;fs; xUq;fpize;J gzpahw;wptUfpd;wd.
10. gz;ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf; FLk;gk; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
 rq;f fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> ‘Kjy;epiy cwtpdu;fs;’ kl;LNk ,dk; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
fztd;> kidtp> kfd; MfpNahUld; ngw;Nwhupy; xUtu; Nru;e;JthOk; tpupe;jf; FLk;gNk>

gpd;dhspy; $l;Lf; FLk;gj;jpw;F mbj;jskpl;lJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J> nrtpypAk; mts; kfs;
NjhopAk; FLk;gj;jpd; mq;fkhdjpdhy;> $l;Lf; FLk;gk; vd;w mikg;G> rq;f fhyj;jpd;
,ilepiyapy; GJtpjkhd fl;likg;gpidg; ngw;Wtpl;lJ.
 NkYk;> ,y;yw tho;tpd; ,Wjp fhyj;jpy;> ngUikAk; mwKk; epiwe;j Rw;wj;NjhL
$btho;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;nwz;zp> xd;wpize;J thoj;njhlq;fpajpd; tpisthf $l;Lf;
FLk;gq;fs; Gj;Japu; ngw;wd. gz;ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; ePl;rpahfNt> fztd;> kidtp>
gps;isfs;> fztdpd; jha; je;ij> fztdpd; cld;gpwe;jtu;fs;> mtu;fspd; kidtp
gps;isfs; vd;w kpfg;ngupanjhU $l;Lf;FLk;g fl;likg;gpid> ek; r%fj;jpy; ,d;Wk;
fhzKbfpwJ.
11. FfNdhL Ituhfp> tPlzNdhL vOtuhd epfo;Tfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.
 ,uhkNdhL Nru;j;J cld;gpwe;j rNfhjuu;fs; ehy;tu; Mtu;. gpd;> jdf;F cjtpa
ez;gu;fisAk; jd; rNfhjuu;fshf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhd; ,uhkd;. ,jidNa fk;gu;>
‘FfNdhL Ituhfp> tPlzNdhL vOtu;’ MNdhk; vd Rl;Lfpwhu;.
 FfNdhL Itu;: rpw;wd;idapd; #o;r;rpapdhy; fhl;bw;F nrd;w ,uhkd;> fq;iff; fiuapidf;
fle;jpl cjtp nra;jtd; Ffd;. mt;Tjtpapd; gydhf Ffidj; jd; rNfhjudhf
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; ,uhkd;.
 Fd;W#o; kfNdhL mWtu;: fpl;fpe;ijapy; mDkdhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ltDk;> fjputdpd;
Gjy;tDkhfpa Rf;uPtd; ,lj;jpy;> ‘cd; fpis ,dp vd; fpis> vd; Rw;wk; ,dp cd; Rw;wk;’
vdf; $wp> jd; rNfhjudhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; ,uhkd;.
 tPlzNdhL vOtu;: rPijia rpiwnaLj;jJ KiwNah vd tpdtp> jd; mz;zd;
,uhtzdpd; Nfhgj;jpw;F Mshfp> ,uhkdplk; milf;fyk; GFe;j tPlzid jd;
rNfhjudhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; ,uhkd;.
12. tUgtu; vtuhapDk; ed;wp nrYj;J - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
 ,lk;: [yhYj;jPd; &kp mtu;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;L> vd;.rj;jpa%u;j;jp mtu;fshy; jkpopy;
nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;l ‘tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk;’ vd;w ftpijapy; ,t;tupfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
 nghUs;: “vjpu;ghuhky; tUfpd;w epfo;Tfs; vJthfpDk;> ed;wp nrYj;J” vd;gJ ,t;tupfs;
czu;j;Jk; nghUs;.
 tpsf;fk;: Mde;jk;> mw;gj;jdk;> kdr;Nrhu;T> tpopg;Gzu;T Nghd;w vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfs;
mt;tg;nghOJ midtuJ tho;f;ifapYk; te;Jnry;Yk;. mit> xt;nthd;Wk;
njhiyJhuj;jpw;F mg;ghypUe;J> ekf;fhf mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;l tpUe;jhspfs;. mitfNs>
ek;ik tho;tpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; milar; nra;jpLk; topfhl;bfs;. vdNt> tUgtu; vtuhapDk;
,d;Kfj;NjhL tuNtw;W> ed;wp nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; [yhYjPd; &kp.
13. jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w Kiwapy; ePq;fs;
FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs; ahit?
 vd;Dila mbg;gilahd gzpfis ehNd nra;Jnfhs;Ntd;. jhj;jh> ghl;b> cld; gpwe;j
rNfhju rNfhjupfSf;F Njitahd gzptpilfisAk; cjtpfisAk; mt;tg;NghJ nra;J
Kbg;Ngd;. jz;zPu; vLg;gJ> vupnghUs; vLg;gJ> kspif thq;FtJ> ghy; thq;FtJ
Nghd;w gzpfis vd;Dilajhf;fpf;nfhz;L ngw;NwhUf;F cjtp nra;Ntd;.
 thu tpLKiw ehl;fspy; vd; Jzpfis ehNd Jitj;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;. tz;b thfdq;fis
Rj;jk; nra;Jnfhs;Ntd;. fhy;eilfis guhkupg;gJ> taf;fhLfis ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;tJ>
Njit Vw;gbd; cztpid rikg;gJ Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;J ngw;NwhUf;F cjtpLNtd;.
tPz; tk;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp ngw;Nwhu;fspd; mikjpahd tho;tpw;F gq;fk; tpistpf;f khl;Nld;.
14. rlhAitj; je;ijahf Vw;W> ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikia vOJf.
 rPijia rpiwnaLj;Jr; nrd;w ,uhtzDld; rz;ilapl;L rpwFfis ,oe;J> fhak;
mile;j rlhA> ele;jij ,uhkdplk; $wpag;gpd; ,we;jhd;.
 jd;je;ij jrujdpd; ez;gdhfpa rlhAit> jd;Dila je;ijahfNt vz;zp ,Wjpr;
rlq;Ffisr; nra;a Kw;gl;lhd; ,uhkd;.

 cyfpy; cs;Nshu; tpaf;Fk; tz;zk;> fupa mfpy; fl;ilfisAk; re;jdf; fl;ilfisAk;
nfhz;Lte;J Nru;j;jhd;. mjd;Nky; jUg;igg; Gw;fis xOq;Fgl mLf;fpdhd;. kzypidj;
jpUj;jp Nkilaikj;J kyu;fisj; Jhtpdhd;. ed;dPu; nfhz;L Gdpj ePuhl;bdhd;.
 gpd;> rlhAtpd; clypidj; jd; ,UngUk; iffshy; Jhf;fp> rlq;Ffis nra;J
jd;flikapid ghu;Nghw;w Kbj;Jitj;jhd; ,uhkd;.
15. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk;
mzpia tpsf;Ff.
 mzpr; Rl;ly;: Nkw;fhz; Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUtJ ‘epuy;epiw mzp’ MFk;.
 mzp ,yf;fzk;: nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; tupir tupirahf epWj;jp> mt;tupirg;gbNa
nghUs; nfhs;tJ ‘epuy;epiw mzp’ vdg;gLk;.
 mzpg; nghUj;jk; - tpsf;fk;: md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;>
mJNt> mt;tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;. ,q;F> ‘md;G - mwd;’ vd;w nrhw;fis
Kjybapy; epWj;jp> mjNdhL njhlu;Gila ‘gz;G - gad;’ vd;w nrhw;fis mLj;j
mbapy;epWj;jp> ,uz;bidAk; ,izj;J nghUs;nfhs;sj;jf;f Kiwapy; Fws;
mike;Js;sjhy;> ,/J epuy;epiw mzp Mapw;W.
16. ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ts;Stu; top epd;W tpsf;Ff.
 ,y;tho;f;if md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW tpsq;FtNj
,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDkhFk;.
 mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtNu> Kaw;rpnra;J cau;gtu;fisf; fhl;bYk;
Nkk;gl;ltu; Mthu;.
 cyfpy; thoNtz;ba newpKiwfis ed;fwpe;J> mwnewpapy; tho;gtu;fNs thDyfpy;
thOk; nja;tj;jpw;F ,izahfg; Nghw;wg;gLthu;fs;.
17. vtw;iwnay;yhk; tpl ed;wp cau;e;jJ? - Fws; top tpsf;Ff.
 thdj;jpid tpl ngupaJ: ehk;> Xu; cjtpAk; nra;ahj epiyapy; xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j
cjtpf;F ,t;itafj;ijAk; thdfj;ijAk; nfhLj;jhYk; xg;ghfhJ.
 Qhyj;jpid tpl ngupaJ: Mgj;Jf;fhyj;jpy; xUtu; nra;j cjtp kpfr;rpwpajhf ,Ug;gpDk;>
mJ nra;ag;gl;l fhyj;ij Nehf;Fk;nghOJ> Qhyj;ijtpl ngupajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 flypid tpl ngupaJ: gaid vjpu;ghuhky; xUtu; nra;j cjtpapd; rpwg;ig Muha;e;Jg;
ghu;j;jhy;> mJ fliytplg; ngupajhFk;.
18. rpdj;jhy; tUk; Nfl;bidf; $Wf.
 jPikahd tpisTfs; ahTk; rpdj;jpdhNyNa Vw;gLk; vd;gjpdhy;> ‘rpdk; nfhs;Sjy;’ vd;w
jPa gz;ig kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
 jk; Kfkyu;r;rpiaAk; mfkfpo;r;rpiaAk; mopj;jpLk; rpdj;jpidg; Nghd;wnjhU giftd;
ekf;F NtW ahUkpy;iy.
 xUtu; jd;idf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW fhf;fhtpl;lhy; rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.
 rpdk; jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj;
njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;.
19. VfNjr cUtf mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
 mzp ,yf;fzk;: njhlu;Gila ,U nghUl;fspy; xd;wpid kl;Lk; cUtfk; nra;Jtpl;L>
kw;nwhd;iw cUtfk; nra;ahky; tpl;LtpLtJ ‘VfNjr cUtf mzp’ vdg;gLk;.
 rhd;W: rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
 mzpg; nghUj;jk;: ,f;Fwl;ghtpy;> Rw;wj;ij njg;gkhf cUtfk; nra;Jtpl;L> rpdj;ij
cUtfk; nra;ahky; tpl;Ltpl;ljhy; ,/J VfNjr cUtf mzp tifiar; rhu;e;jJ Mapw;W.

20. %d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W - vit? Vd;? tpsf;Ff.
 vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly; vd;w %d;Wk; ‘%d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;whFk;’.
 ,we;jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjpu;fhyk; vd %d;Wk; ntt;NtW epfo;Tfisf; Fwpg;gjhf
,Ue;jhYk;> fhyk; vd;w nrhy;yhy; xd;nwdj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
 mJNghyNt> vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly; vd %d;Wk; ntt;NtW nghUl;fisf; Fwpj;jhYk;>
mtw;wpd; tpisT vd;gJ xd;whfNt cs;sJ.
 ,q;F vz;zk; vd;gJ NtW> ntspaL P vd;gJ NtW> Nfl;ly; vd;gJ NtW. ,it
vg;nghOJk; xd;wy;y> xd;nwd vz;Zk;NghJ fhyk;Nghy; xd;whfpwJ.
21. ePq;fs; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; newpg;gLj;JtPu;fs;?
 ehd; Mrpupauhdhy;> vijAk; nghWikAld; vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypg; Gupa itg;Ngd;.
 khztu;fs;kPJ cz;ikahd md;Gk; mf;fiwAk; nfhz;ltdha; ele;Jnfhs;Ntd;.
 Nju;r;rpf; FiwT> jtwhd gof;ftof;fk; fz;lhy; mf;fiwNahL fbe;Jnfhs;Ntd;.
 ngw;Nwhiu mioj;J NgRfpNwd; vd;w ghu;itapy;> khzhf;fu; kjpg;gpid ,of;fr;nra;a
khl;Nld;.
22. kzypy; vOjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisj;
njhFj;Jiuf;f.
 Kjd;Kjypy; xU jl;by; ney;ypidg; gug;gpNah my;yJ kQ;rspidg; gug;gpNah vOjf;
fw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ gof;fk;. ,J ,d;Wk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. jpz;izg; gs;spfspy;>
Mw;Wkzypid gug;gp khztu;fs; vOjf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs;.
 cghj;jpahau; Kjypy; jiuapy; vOj> mjd;Nky; khztu;fs; vOjpg; goFthu;fs;. gpwF>
jhNk vOJthu;fs;. mt;thW> vOJk;nghOJ> vOj;Jfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W xl;lhkYk;
tupNfhzhkYk; vOjpg; gofpdhu;fs;. gpd;> Xiyfspy; vOjpLk; tof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. kzypy;
vOjpaJNghd;Nw Xiyr;Rtbfspy; vOjpdhu;fs;. Mdhy;> xw;nwOj;Jfs; kl;Lk;
khWgl;bUe;jJ.
 rpNyl; - gy;gk; Kiwapy; khztu;fs; gz;ila KiwapNy fw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.
NjitahdNghJ mopj;J vOjpl mJ ngupJk; cjtpaJ. fhfpjj;jpy; vOjpLk; gof;fk;
jw;fhyj;jpy;jhd; Vw;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> rpy Mz;LfspNyNa jl;lr;R> fzpdp efy; vd ngupa
khw;wj;ij ngw;wjhy;> vOJk; tof;fk; vd;gNj tof;nfhope;J tUfpwJ.
23. thapNyhNa vdj; njhlq;Fk; xsitahupd; GwehDhw;Wg; ghly; ghlhz; jpizf;F cupaJ
vd;gij epWTf.
 jpiz ,yf;fzk;: ghL + Mz; + jpiz = ghlhz; jpiz. ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdpd;
xOfyhWfshd nfhil> tPuk;> Gfo;> typik Nghd;wtw;iw rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtjhFk;.
 rhd;W: thapNyhNa! thapNyhNa! vdj; njhlq;Fk; xsitahupd; GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;.
 tpsf;fk;: jd;id ehbtUk; guprpyu;f;F thapw;fjit milf;fhjtd; - tpiue;J XLk;
Fjpiuapidf; nfhz;ltd; - Xsit vDk; jkpo;f;fpotp> jd;idtpl;L tpyfhjpUf;f> guprpy;
juhky; ehl;fis ePl;bj;jtd; - neLkhd; mQ;rp. ,g;ghlypy;> neLkhd; mQ;rpapd; nfhil
eyk;> gil gyk;> Xsitapd;kPJ mtu; nfhz;Ls;s gw;W Nghd;w nra;jpfs;
ntspg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,/J ghlhz; jpizf;Fupajhf mikfpwJ.
24. nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fspy;> ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 ,e;jpa - rhurdpf; fl;llf; fiyapy; fl;lg;gl;l kj;jpa njhlu;tz;b epiyak;> njd;dfj;
njhlu;tz;b epiyak;> cau;ePjp kd;wk;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> upg;gd; fl;llk; kw;Wk;
tpf;Nlhupah muq;fk; Nghd;wit nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fshf ,d;Wk; epiyj;J
,Uf;fpdw ; d.
 NkYk;> jkpo;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk;> vOk;G+u; mUq;fhl;rpafk;> Nfhl;il mUq;fhl;rpafk;>
fd;dpkhuh Ehyfk; kw;Wk; jpiug;glj; njhopy;rhu;e;j ,lq;fSk; nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L
milahsq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

25. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahu; cwT Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;fpwhu;?
 kdjpid xUepiyg;gLj;jp> cd; jpUg;ghjq;fis vg;nghOJk; epidj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpdw ;
cj;jku;fspd; cwT Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> cs;nshd;W epidj;J Gwnkhd;W NgRk;
tQ;rfu;fspd; cwT Ntz;lhk; vd;Wk; ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;.
26. gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w Kiwiaj; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; vt;thW gjpT nra;fpwhu;?
 G+k;ghtha;> ,sk;ngz;fs; xd;W$b Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhbLk; tpohfs; epiwe;j
tPjpapid cila Cu; jpUkapiy. vOr;rp kpf;f tpohfs; ele;jpLk; mj;jpUkapiy fghyPr;ru
,iwtDf;F gq;Fdp cj;jpu ehspy; G+irapLk; Muthu tpohtpidf; fhzhky; nry;tJ
KiwahFkh? vd Nfl;gJNghy; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w
Kiwapid jd; Njthu gjpfj;jpy; gjpT nra;fpwhu;.
27. ney;ypd; NeNu ntz;fy; cg;G - ,j;njhlupd; top gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 gz;ilaf; fhy kf;fs;> jhq;fs; thOk; epyj;jpd; ,ay;Gf;F Vw;wthW njhopypid
nra;Jte;jhu;fs;. mt;tifapy;> nea;jy; epyj;jpy; tho;e;Jte;j gujtu;fs;> cg;gq;fopfspy;
ntz;fy; cg;gpid tpistpj;J> gpd; mt;Tg;gpid tz;bfspy; Vw;wpr;nrd;W Cu; Cuha;
tpw;ghu;fs;.
 ‘kUj epyj;jpy; tpise;j ney;ypidf; nfhLj;J> jhq;fs; nfhz;LtUk; cg;gpid thq;f
thuPNuh’ vd ckzu; kfs;> kUj epy kf;fisg; ghu;j;J miof;fpwhs;. ,j;njhlupd;%yk;
cg;ig ney;Yf;F khw;whff; nfhLj;jhu;fs; vd;gij czu;e;Jnfhs;sKbfpwJ. NkYk;>
,jd;%yk; gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; gz;lkhw;WKiw eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gjidAk;
mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
28. ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;ig ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij
vOJf.
 ehl;ba muq;Ffs; mikg;gjw;nfd;Nw xU jdpg;gl;l newpKiw> njhd;Wnjhl;L jkpofj;jpy;
cz;L. me;newpKiwfis gpd;gw;wpNa khjtpapd; ehl;ba muq;Fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd
,sq;Nfhtbfspd; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ.
 ehl;ba muq;fhdJ> fz;L Ritj;jpLk; tpUe;jpdu; mitiaf;fhl;bYk; caukhf
mikj;jply; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; vq;fpUe;J ghu;j;jhYk; Nkil ed;F njupAk;.
 Ehyhrpupau; nrhy;ypa Kiwg;gb Jha epyk; njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ. xU rhz; msTila
%q;fpypd; JizAld;> ePs(8) - mfy(7) - cauk;(1) Fwpf;fg;gl;L NkilahdJ
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ehd;F Nfhy; cauj;jpy; cj;jpuKk;> ,U thapy;fSk; cld;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. vopdpfs;> khl Xtpaq;fs;> Jhz; tpsf;Ffs; KiwNa nghUj;jg;gl;ld.
Kj;J kzpfs; njhq;ftplg;gl;ld.
29. VNjDk; ,uz;L nka;g;ghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd #o;epiyiaf; fw;gidahfg; gilf;f.
 mr;rk;: thu ,Wjp ehl;fspy; toq;fg;gl;l tPl;Lg;ghlj;jpid Kbf;fhky;> jpq;fsd;W
gs;spf;Fr; nrd;why;> Mrpupau; jz;bg;ghu; vd mr;rk; nfhz;L> cly;epiy rupapy;iy vd
ngw;Nwhuplk; ngha;$Wjy;.
 ngUkpjk;: gs;spastpy; Kjyplk; gpbj;jpLthd; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;> jdJ kfDf;F ghuhl;L
tpoh vLf;f Kw;gLfpwhu; je;ij. Mdhy;> kfNdh> khepyj;jpy; Kjyplk; gpbj;J midtiuAk;
Mr;rupaj;jpy; Mo;j;jptpLfpwhd;.
30. jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
 jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;rpahdJ rpwg;ghf mike;Jtpl;lhy;> trdk; ,uz;lhk; gl;rk;jhd;.
jpiug;glj;jpy; trdk; ,d;wp> fhl;rpfis mLj;jLj;J itj;Jf; fijia efu;j;Jtu;.
mf;fhl;rpahdJ gy Neuq;fspy; ,Ugupkhzj;jpYk; Kg;gupkhzj;jpYk; mikaf;$Lk;.
 xUtd; XbtUtjhff; fhl;btpl;L> ‘vd;dhr;rp’ vd;W Nfl;lhy; NghJk;. ,J fhl;rp
nkhopahfptpLk;. xUtd; czu;r;rpiaf; fhl;l Kfj;ijf; fhl;rpahff; fhl;bdhy; NghJk;.
mJNghy> fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj Nfhgj;ijf; fhl;l ebfd; fj;j Ntz;baJ ,y;iy.
fz;zhbf; FLitia ,Wfg;gpbj;J cilg;gijf; fhl;bdhy;NghJk;. ,g;gbahff; fij
efu;Tf;Fj; jpiug;glf; fhl;rp cjTfpwJ.
31. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfo;tijAk; kdjpy; epfo;tijAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpr; nrhw;rpkpopy;
milf;Fk; Kaw;rpNa vd;gij eFyd; ftpijiaf; nfhz;L epWTf.
 kdjpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; epfo;Tfis nrhy;ypy; tbg;gNj ftpij. mjpy; nrhy; GjpJ>
nghUs; GjpJ. ,q;F> ftpQu; eFyd; mtu;fs;> jd; fz;Kd; epfOk; rhjhuz epfo;Tfis
kd epfo;TfNshL njhlu;GgLj;jp> ftpijahfg; gilj;Js;shu;.
 tho;tpd; mq;fkhfpg; Nghd ,wg;gpid> ‘%r;R epd;Wtpl;lhy; Ngr;R mlq;Fk;’ vd;w vspar;
nrhw;fshy; ftpijahf;Ffpwhu;. NkYk;> ‘,Ug;gjw;nfd;Wjhd; tUfpNwhk; - ,y;yhky;
NghfpNwhk;’ vd tho;tpay; jj;Jtj;ij vspjhf ciuf;fpwhu;.
 kdpj tho;tpy; ahuhYk; njhlu;e;J cz;ikiaf;$w KbahJ. gy Neuq;fspy; ngha;fSk;
ntspg;gLk;. mjidNa> ‘cz;ikiar; nrhy;yhky; ,Ug;gjw;F - gy cz;ikfis
nrhy;fpwhu;’ vd XupU tupfspy; nrhw;rpkpopy; thu;j;ijfis milj;J ftpij gilj;Js;shu;
ftpQu; eFyd;.
32. mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f ,fy;Nte;ju;r; Nru;e;J xOFthu; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy;
gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
 mzpr; Rl;ly;: Nkw;fhz; Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUtJ njhopy; ctikazp MFk;.
 mzp ,yf;fzk;: xU nghUspd; njhopy; my;yJ nraypd; fhuzkhf mikAk; ctik>
njhopy; ctik vdg;gLk;.
 mzpg; nghUj;jk;: Fspu;fha;gtu;fs;> jPapid ‘mZfhJ - mfyhJ’ ,Ug;gJNghy>
muridr; rhu;e;J tho;gtu;fSk; mt;turid ‘mZfhJ - mfyhJ’ tho;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,q;F> ‘mZFjy; - mfYjy;’ vd;w ,U njhopy;fs; ctikahf xg;Gikg;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,/J njhopy; ctikazp tifiar; rhu;e;jJ Mapw;W.
33. mwptpd; Nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; top ePtpu; fUJtd ahit?
 mwptpd; rpwg;G: mwpT> mopT Neuhky; Kd;dwpe;J fhf;Fk; fUtpahFk;. NkYk;> mJ
giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muZkhFk;.
 mwptpd; ,yf;fzk;:
o kdij jPa topapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp> ey;y topapy; nrYj;JtNj mwpthFk;.
o ve;jr; nra;jpia vtu; $wf; Nfl;lhYk; mr;nra;jpapd; cz;ikia Muha;e;J fhz
cjTtNj mwpthFk;.
o cyfj;jhu; vt;topapy; elf;fpd;wdNuh mt;topapy; jhDk; elg;gNj rpwe;j mwpthFk;.
 mwpTilahu;f;Fj; Jd;gkpy;iy: gpd;du; tuf;$ba Jd;gj;ij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;idf;
fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilatu;f;F eLf;fk; jUk; Jd;gk; vd;WNk ,y;iy.
34. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
 mzp ,yf;fzk;: ctik xU thf;fpakhfTk;> ctNkak; kw;nwhU thf;fpakhfTk;> ctk
cUG kiwe;Jk; tUtJ ‘vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp’ vdg;gLk;.
 rhd;W: JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;R cz;ghu; fs;cz;gtu;.
 ctik: JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtW my;yu;
 ctNkak;: eQ;R cz;ghu; fs;cz;gtu;
 ctk cUG: Nghy - kiwe;J te;Js;sJ
 mzpg; nghUj;jk;: cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gUk;
eQ;R cz;gtNu Mthu;. ,q;F ‘Nghy’ vd;w ctk cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy;> ,/J
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp Mapw;W.
35. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz;G vd;gijf; Fws;newp epd;W tpsf;Ff.
 tpidj;jpl;gj;jpd; nghUs;: vj;jid ,lu;fs; Vw;gl;lhYk; fyf;fk; milahky;> jhd;
Nkw;nfhz;l nraiyr; nra;J Kbf;Fk; kdtypikNa tpidj;jpl;gk; MFk;.
 tpidj;jpl;gj;jpd; mUik: gpwuhy; nra;a Kbahj nray;fisAk; vd;dhy; nra;a KbAk;
vdf; $Wjy; vspjpYk; vspJ. Mdhy;> nrhy;ypatz;zk; nra;jy; vd;gJ mupjpYk; mupJ.
 tpidj;jpl;gKilahu; va;Jk; gad;: xU nraiy ntw;wpfukhf nra;J Kbf;f KbAk; vd;w
tpidj;jpl;gk; ahuplj;jpy; cz;Nlh> mtNu vz;zpatw;iw vz;zpathW nra;J Kbg;ghu;.
 tpidj;jpl;gk; cilatiu mwpjy;: tbtpy; rpwpa mr;rhzp kpfg;ngupa Njiur; nrYj;Jk;.
mNjNghy;> tbtpy; rpwpatUk; kpfg;ngupa nraiyr; nra;a ty;ytu;. vdNt cUT fz;L
vs;sy; $lhJ.
36. rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JizAkhf ts;Stu; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtpu; mwptdtw;iw vOJf.
 nghJthf> kf;fSf;F ,aw;if mwpT vd;gJ mtutupd; kdj;jpwdhy; Vw;gLk;. Mdhy;>
mtu; mg;gbg;gl;ltu;> ,tu; ,g;gbg;gl;ltu; vd;W cyfpy; cs;Nshuhy; $wg;gLk;
Nghw;WjYf;Fk; Jhw;WjYf;Fk; cupa nrhy;yhdJ> mtu;rhu;e;j ,dj;jpdhy; kl;LNk
Vw;gLk;.
 ey;y ,dj;jpidtpl rpwe;j Jiz cyfpy; Ntwpy;iy. mJNghd;Nw> jPa ,dj;jpidtpl
Jd;gk; jUk; gifAk; Ntwpy;iy.
37. thisAk; ghk;igAk; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;?
 ths;: thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftiuf; fz;L mQ;r Ntz;lhk;.
Mdhy;> cwTNghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltiuf; fz;L mQ;Rjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ths;Nghy; giftiu mQ;rw;f mQ;Rf
Nfs;Nghy; giftu; njhlu;G.
 ghk;G: cs;sj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtu;fSld; $b thOk; tho;f;if vd;gJ> xNu
Fbirapy; ghk;GfSld; tho;tJ Nghd;wJ.
clk;ghL ,yhjtu; tho;f;if Flq;fUs;
ghk;NghL cld;ciwe; jw;W.
38. #Jk; fs;Sk; NfL jUk; - jpUf;Fws; top tptupf;f.
 #J:
o Gfopidf; nfLj;J> Jd;gj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpLk; #jpidg; Nghd;wnjhU NfL Ntwpy;iy.
o xUtupd; fhyk; #jhLkplj;jpy; fopANk Mdhy;> mtdJ nry;tKk; gz;Gk; nfl;lopAk;.
 fs;:
o cwq;fpaUk; ,we;jtUk; NtWgl;ltu;fs; my;yu;. mJNghd;Nw> fs;Sz;gtUk;
eQ;Rz;gtUk; NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;.
o fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatu;fis jpUj;j Kay;tJ vd;gJ> ePupy; %o;fpatu;fis jPg;ge;jk;
nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ.
39. Ntshz;ik Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ePtpu; gupe;Jiug;gdtw;iw vOJf.
 Ntshz;ikf;Fs;Sk; Nkyhz;ikapd; $Wfs; cz;L. Nkyhz;ik newpfis gpd;gw;wpdhy;
Ntshz;ik nropf;Fk;.
 rupahd gapiuj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> cupa Neuj;jpy; tpijj;jy;> ePu; Nkyhz;ikia
newpg;gLj;Jjy;> mWtilf;Fg;gpd; ghJfhj;jy;> cupa tpiy tUk;tiu ,Ug;G itj;jy;
vd;W xt;nthU epiyapYk; tpopg;Gzu;NthL Nkyhz;ikia cl;GFj;jp gapu; nra;Jte;jhy;
Ntshz;ik nropf;Fk;.
40. mjpra kyupd; G+r;nrb vt;thW Kisj;jjhf> jkpo;ejp $Wfpwhu;?
 Nghupd; Fz;Lkioahy; <oepyKk; kuKk; nrbAk; nfhbAk; Kw;wpYk; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 me;epyj;jpy;> kdpj elkhl;lk; ,y;yhj Neuj;jpy; cytpj;jpupe;j ahidapd; vr;rj;jpypUe;j
tpijapd; %ykhfNth my;yJ ahNuh xUtupd; rg;ghj;jpd; gpd;Gwk; xl;bf;fple;j tpijapd;
%ykhfNth ,g;G+r;nrb Kisj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;fpwhu; jkpo;ejp.
41. vq;fpUe;Njh tUfpwJ
tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpnahd;W
gwitfSk; tuf;$Lk; ehis - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.

 ,lk;: ,t;tbfs;> jkpo;ejp mtu;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l mjprakyu; vd;Dk; ftpijapy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
 nghUs;: G+itj;Njb tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp tUtijg;Nghy> ehis gwitfSk; tuyhk;.
 tpsf;fk;: Nghupd; Fz;Lkioahy; <oepyKk; kuKk; nrbAk; nfhbAk; Kw;wpYk;
mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;lJ. me;epyj;jpy;> kdpj elkhl;lk; ,y;yhj Neuj;jpy; cytpj;jpupe;j
ahidapd; vr;rj;jpypUe;j tpijapd; %ykhfNth my;yJ ahNuh xUtupd; rg;ghj;jpd; gpd;Gwk;
xl;bf;fple;j tpijapd; %ykhfNth mg;G+r;nrb Kisj;jpUf;fyhk;. gr;irak; ,oe;j rhk;gy;
epyj;jpy;> gpwe;j Foe;ijNghy rpupf;fpwJ mg;G+r;nrbapy; cs;s G+. mg;G+itj;Njb
tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs; tUfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; kuq;fs; tsu;e;J fhlhdhy;> ehis gwitfSk;
tuyhk;. ,f;Fwpg;gpd;%yk; ehLfle;Jnrd;w mfjpfs; kPz;Lk; tuyhk; vd;w cl;fUj;jpid
mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbfpwJ.
42. ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; nfLNk - ctikiaAk; nghUisAk;
nghUj;jp tpsf;Ff.
 ctik: ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghy - ahidahdJ> jhd;GFe;j epyj;jpYs;s jhdpaq;fis
jhDk; cz;zhky; gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhky; tPzhf;Fk;.
 nghUs;: tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpahky; tup jpul;bdhy;> jhDk; gadilahky;> kf;fSk;
gadilahky; Jd;GWtu;.
 nghUj;jk;: ahid jdpj;Jr; nrd;W taypy; GFe;J cz;Zkhapd; mjd; thapy; GFe;j
ney;iytpl> mjd; fhy;fshy; kpjpgl;L mope;j ney;ypd; msT mjpfkhFk;. mJNghy>
mwpTila murd;> tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J tupapidj; jpul;bdhy; ehL>
Nfhbf; fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk;. ,y;Nyy;> ahidf; fhyhy; kpj pg;gl;L
nfl;lope;j ney;ypidg;Nghy> jhDk; gadilahky;> kf;fSk; gadilahky; Jd;GWtu;.
43. ghlhz; jpiziar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
 jpiz ,yf;fzk;: ghL + Mz; + jpiz = ghlhz; jpiz. ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdpd;
xOfyhWfshd nfhil> tPuk;> Gfo;> typik Nghd;wtw;iw rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtjhFk;.
 rhd;W: ‘fha;ney; mWj;Jf; ftsk; nfhspNd’ vdj; njhlq;Fk; gprpuhe;ijahupd;
GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;.
 jpizg; nghUj;jk;: mwpTila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiwapid mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J
tupapidj; jpul;bdhy; ehL Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk;. ,y;Nyy;>
ahidf; fhyhy; kpjpg;gl;L nfl;lopAk; ney;ypidg;Nghy> jhDk; gadilahky; kf;fSk;
gadilahky; Jd;GWtu;. ,q;F> ghz;bad; mwpTilek;gp mtu;fspd; tupjpul;Lk; KiwAk;
mtdpd; Fzg;gz;Gk; vLj;Jf;$wg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,g;ghly; ghlhz; jpizapy;
mikag;ngw;wjhfpwJ.
44. nrtpawpTWhc Jiwiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
 Jiw ,yf;fzk;: murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd;
Nfl;f mwpTWj;jy;> nrtpawpTWhc vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.
 rhd;W: ‘fha;ney; mWj;J’ vdj; njhlq;Fk;> gprpuhe;ijahupd; GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;.
 Jiwg;nghUj;jk; - tpsf;fk;: ahid jdpj;Jr; nrd;W taypy; GFe;J cz;Zkhapd; mjd;
thapy; GFe;j ney;iytpl> mjd; fhy;fshy; kpjpgl;L mope;j ney;ypd; msT mjpfkhFk;.
mJNghy> mwpTila murd;> tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J tupapidj;
jpul;bdhy; ehL> Nfhbf; fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk;. ,y;Nyy;> ahidf;
fhyhy; kpjpg;gl;L nfl;lopAk; ney;ypidg;Nghy> jhDk; gadilahky;> kf;fSk;
gadilahky; Jd;GWtu; vd gprpuhe;ijahu; mtu;fs; ghz;bad; mwpTil ek;gpf;F mwpTiuf;
$WtJNghy mike;Js;sjhy;> ,g;ghly; nrtpawpTWhc Jiwf;F cupajhfpwJ.
45. kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp epidTr; rpwg;gpjOf;Fr; nra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj; jUf.
 kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp mtu;fs;> nrd;id kapyhg;G+upy; 16.12.1900y; gpwe;jtu;. je;ij rpj;j
kUj;Jtu; rPdpthrd; mtu;fspd; gpd;GyKk; jikadpd; jkpo;g; gpd;GyKk; rPdp.Ntq;flrhkpia
tuyhw;W Ma;thsuhf cUthf;fpaJ.
 25 Mz;Lfs; njhlf;fg;gs;sp Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu;. gzpf;fhyj;jpy;> tpGyhde;j mbfs;
- jpU.tp.f - nj.ngh.kP - r.j.rw;Fzu; Nghd;Nwhu;fSld; Vw;gl;l el;gpidg; gad;gLj;jp>
gy;NtW ,jo;fspy; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufis ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
 rkak;> khDltpay;> jkpof tuyhW> fiy tuyhW> njhy;ypay; Ma;T> nkhopaha;T vd
gy;Jiw Ehy;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;. jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs; vd;w EhYf;fhf
jkpof murpd; guprpidg; ngw;Ws;shu;.
46. filNaO ts;sy;fisAk; mtu;fs; nra;j nraiyAk; ml;ltizg; gLj;Jf.
filNaO
t.vz; Mz;l ehL nra;j nray;
ts;sy;fs;
Fspuhy; eLq;fpa kapYf;F jd; Nghu;itiaf;
1 Ngfd; nghjpdp kiy
nfhLj;jtd;.
2 ghup gwk;G ehL Ky;iyf;F gw;Wf;nfhk;ghf Njupidf; nfhLj;jtd;.
khiyakhd; ,utyUf;F jd; FjpiuiaAk; ngUQ;nry;tj;ijAk;
3 fhup
ehL nfhLj;jtd;.
ePyf;fy;ypidAk; ehfk; nfhLj;j MilapidAk;
4 Ma; nghjpakiy
,iwtDf;Nf nfhLj;jtd;
mjpakhd;
5 jf^u; mupa ney;ypf;fdpia xsitf;F nfhLj;jtd;
(mjpfd;)
jd;id ehbatu;fSk; ez;gu;fSk; gpwuplk; ,uthJ>
6 es;sp Espkiy
cs;sk; kfpOk;gb Fwpg;gwpe;J nfhLg;gtd;
jd; ehl;bd; rpwpa kiyg;gFjpia $j;jUf;F
7 Xup nfhy;ypkiy
nfhLj;jtd;.
47. <rd; kfd; epd;wdu; Xu; Vionad Xu;kpd; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
 ,lk;: vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhu; ,aw;wpa ‘,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;’ vd;Dk; Ehypy; ,t;tupfs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
 nghUs;: ‘giftu;fs; fapw;iwf;nfhz;L fl;Lk;nghOJ> Xu; Vioapidg; Nghd;W cld;gl;L
epd;whu; ,NaR’.
 tpsf;fk;: A+ju;fs; ,iwkfdhupd;kPJ gifnfhz;L> ,opnrhw;fis $wp fapw;wpdhy;
fl;bdhu;fs;. mt;thW fl;Lk;nghOJ> vt;tpj vjpu;g;Gk; njuptpf;fhky;> tWikf;fhyj;jpy;
cjtpfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj Vioapidg;Nghd;W> md;G vd;w fl;bypUe;J tpLglhky;
cld;gl;L epd;whu; mtu;. ,J rhjhuz md;Gr;nray; md;W. gifnfhz;l kdpju;fs;
tho;ehs; KOtJk; Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ug;ghu;fNsh vd;nwz;zpa ,iwkfdhupd; ,uf;fr;nray;
,J.
48. nfhil toq;Fjypd; ePq;fs; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gtdtw;iw vOJf.
 jd;id ehb te;jtu;fSf;F vt;tpj vjpu;ghu;g;Gkpd;wp> thuptoq;fpLk; ts;sy;jd;ikNa
nfhil. mf;nfhilapy; ehd; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gtdtw;wpy; rpy………
 twpatu;fspd; Fwpg;gwpe;J> Njitahdtw;iw NghJnkd;w mstpw;F toq;Fjy;.
 Kjypy; te;jtu;> filrpapy; te;jtu; vd;w NtWghL ,d;wp cjtpfisr; nra;jy;.
 nghUshf kl;Lkpd;wp> eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; rpf;fiy vjpu;nfhs;gtu;fSf;F> mtu;fspd;
Njitawpe;J cjtpfisr; nra;jy;.
MW kjpg;ngz; tpdh - neLtpdh
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
 eil mofpay;: eil mofpay; cUthf;fj;jpw;F> njhy;fhg;gpaNk jsk; mikj;Jj;jUfpwJ.
ftpijapd; ,aq;fhw;wy;jhd; ‘eil’ vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fUj;jhf
cs;sJ.
 nkhoprhu; fiy: ctik> cUtfk;> cs;Siw> ,iwr;rp Nghd;wit nkhopapd; tof;Ffis
fiyapd; tof;Ffshf khw;Wtjhy;> ftpijahdJ nkhoprhu; fiyahf tsu;r;rp ngWfpwJ.
 xypg;gpd;dy; - xypf;Nfhyk;: njhd;ikahd nkhopfs;ahTk; rkpf;iQapypUe;Jk;
,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. nkhoprhu;e;j ftpijfs; ,irNahLk;
,irf;fUtpfNshLk;jhd; gpwf;fpdw ; d. mjpy;> XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J fiytbtk;
nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jidNa ehk; xypg;gpd;dy; vd;fpNwhk;.
o (v-L): ‘Ee;ij je;ijf;F ,td;je;ij je;ij’ (Gwk;). ,q;F> capu; xyp - mjpYk;>
Fwpg;ghf neby; xypfspd; tUifAk;> rpy xypfs; kw;Wk; rpy nrhw;fs; jpUk;gtuy;
jd;ikapidg; ngw;wpUg;gJk; mtw;wpf;fpilNa eilngWk; nrhy; tpisahl;LfSk; ek;
ftdj;jpw;Fupajhf mikfpd;wJ. mr;nrhy;NyhirNa xypf;Nfhyk;.
 nrhw;Gyk; - njhlupay; Nghf;F: xU nghUisf;Fwpf;Fk; gy nrhy;yhfTk;> gy
nghUisf;Fwpf;Fk; xU nrhy;yhfTk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J ghliy rpwg;gpg;git
nrhw;Gyq;fs;. ,JNt> xU jdpkdpjdpd; fiy> gz;ghL> murpay;> tuyhW Nghd;wtw;iw
vLj;Jf;$WgitahFk;. ciueil tof;FfisAk; Ngr;R tof;FfisAk; nra;jpfs; kw;Wk;
czu;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;$WtJ njhlupay; Nghf;FfshFk;.
2. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W> r%fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw
tptupf;f.
 Kd;Diu: ghujp> ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,izaw;wf; ftpQu;. Jtz;Lfple;j Rje;jpu
czu;tpid Jhf;fp epWj;jpatu;. ciueil> ftpij> rpWfij> Gjpdk; vd;w ,yf;fpa
vy;iyfis vl;bf;fle;j Vfiytd;. mtNu> fbj ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb. mtu;jk;
fbjj;jpd; thapyhf ehd; mwpe;Jnfhz;l nkhopg;gw;iwAk; r%fg;gw;iwAk; cq;fs; fz;Kd;
,q;F gilf;fpd;Nwd;.
 nkhopg;gw;W: ,e;jp> kuhj;jp Kjypa tlnkhopfisf;fhl;bYk; jkpo; cau;thdJ vd;gJ
mtupd; Kbthd fUj;J. mjdhy;jhd;> “ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy; ,dpjht
njq;Fk; fhNzhk;” vd;whu;. mNjNeuj;jpy;> gpwnkhopfspd;kPJ ntWg;Gnfhs;shky;
mk;nkhopfisAk; Iak;jPu fw;why;> jkpOf;F GJikf; fUj;Jfs; fpilj;jpLk; vd;whu;. ,/J>
jkpo;nkhopapd; tsu;r;rpf;F mtu; $wpa Gjpa khu;f;fk; mJ. NkYk;> jkpo;! jkpo;! jkpo;! vd;W
jkpio tsu;g;gijNa flikahff; nfhs;. Gjpa Gjpa nra;jp> Gjpa Gjpa Nahrid> Gjpa Gjpa
rpe;jid> Gjpa Gjpa cz;ik> Gjpa Gjpa ,d;gk; vd;W jkpo; tsu;e;Jnfhz;Nl ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. jukhd Ehy;fshy; jkpo; nrOikaila Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. rf vOj;jhsupd;
rpe;jidAk; nraYk; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vdf; $WtjpypUe;J ghujpapd; nkhopgw;wpid
mtu;jk; fbjj;jpd; thapyhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 r%fg;gw;W: ftpij vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpd; fhyf;fz;zhb. mJ> griy vd;w gfilapy;
rpf;fpf;nfhs;shky;> r%fj;jpd; mj;Jiz epfo;TfisAk; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; mJ> epiwFiwfis juhR Nghy mstpl Ntz;Lk;;. rpije;j r%fj;ij rPu;nra;jpl
Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;jhd; ghujp> jkpo;ehL tho;f vd;nwOJ - Neha;fs; jPu;f;f eP vOJ -
jkpo;g; gs;spfs; kypf vd;nwOJ - fiyfs; nropf;f eP vOJ - rq;fPjk;> rpw;gk;> ve;jpuk;>
G+kpEhy;> thdEhy; ngUf eP vOJ - njhopy;fs; ngUfTk; tpaghuk; tsuTk; eP vOJ
vd;fpwhu;. NkYk;> MZk; ngz;Zk; XUapupd; ,U jiyfs;. mit> xd;wpnyhd;W
jho;e;jjpy;iy. ngz;iz mbik nra;jtd;> jd; fz;izf; Fj;jpf;nfhz;ltdhthd;
vd;nwOJ vdf; $WtjpypUe;J mtupd; r%fg;gw;wpid mtu;jk; fbjj;jpd; thapyhf
Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 KbTiu: jd; ,dj;ijAk; nkhopapidAk; ghlhj ftpij Ntupy;yhj kuk; $by;yhj gwit
Nghd;wJ vd;ghu;fs;. mijj;jhd; ghujpAk; jk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; thapyhf nra;jpUf;fpwhu;
vd;gij jk;gp ney;iyag;gUf;F vOjpa fbjj;jpd; thapyhf mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
3. jkpopd; rPupsikj; jpwk; tpae;J ftpQu; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; $Wtdtw;iwj; njhFj;J
vOJf.
 Kd;Diu: jkpo;nkhop ek; milahsk;. ek; gz;ghl;bd; ePsk;. mJ> Njhd;wpa fhyk;njhl;Nl
kf;fshy; Ngrg;gl;Lk; vOjg;gl;Lk; tUfpwJ. mj;jifa rpwg;Gf;Fupa jkpopid kuGf;
ftpijapy; rpwg;gpj;j rpw;gpapd; fhl;rp eaj;ij ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.

 nre;epwj;J G+f;fhL: rpte;j fjpu;fis cila #upad;> khiy Neuj;jpy;
kiyfSf;Fg;gpd;dhy; jd; jiyiar; rha;j;J kiwthd;. mt;Ntisapy; #upaf;fjpu;fs;gl;L>
thdnky;yhk; nre;epwkhf; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. mf;fhl;rpapid fw;gideaj;NjhL $w vz;zpaf;
ftpQu; rpw;gp> ‘rpte;j thdj;ij - nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fs; epiwe;j fhL’ vd;Nw tu;zpf;fpwhu;.
mJNghd;Nw> cioj;Jioj;J rpte;JNghd iffisAila njhopyhsu;fspd; kPJs;s
Kj;JKj;jhd tpau;itj; Jspfis tpae;J ghl> ‘jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk;’ vd;fpwhu;.
cau;thdtw;iw cau;thd nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Nl rpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w cau;e;j
fUj;jpid ek;khy; ,q;F mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbfpwJ.
 goikahd njd;jkpo;: ‘ghz;baupd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jha;’ vd;w tupapd% ; yk;> fhyk;
fle;j Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; Njhd;wpa goikahd nkhop,J vd;gjid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s
KbfpwJ. mq;F> jkpNo Ml;rp nkhop. mjpfhuj;jpd; nkhop. ,ij> czu;j;JtjhfNt ftpQu;
rpw;gp mt;tupfis vLj;jhz;Ls;shu;.
 <uk; epiwe;j nkhop: ‘ghupKjy; ts;sy;fis <d;W je;jha;’ vd;w tupapd% ; yk; kdjpy;
<uj;jd;ikNahL kf;fSs; xUtuha; tho;e;J> kf;fSf;fhfNt jd;Dila nry;tq;fis>
nfhLj;Jjtpa ts;sy;fs; tho;e;j G+kp ,J vd;gjid czu;e;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
muru;fSk; md;idj;jkpopd; mbatu;fshf jpfo;e;jhu;fs; vd;gjid tpsf;fplNt>
,t;tupfis ftpQu; rpw;gp vLj;jhz;Ls;shu;.
 KbTiu: goikahd nkhop vd;whYk; mjd; rPupsik Nghw;WjYf;FupaJ. vd;nwd;Wk;
mopahky; jd;idj;jhNd mJ GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. jkpo; nkhopapd; mj;jifa rpwg;ghdJ
vd;Wk; tpaj;jYf;FupaNj vd;fpwhu; ftpQu; rpw;gp.
4. nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs;(ftpij) vd;Dk; Ehy; cq;fs; gs;sp Mrpupauhy; vOjg;gl;L cq;fs;
gs;spapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. mt;ntspaPl;L tpohtpw;fhd epfo;r;rp epuiy cUthf;fp> ed;wpAiu
xd;iw vOJf.
nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs;
(ftpij)
Ehy; ntspaPl;L tpoh
ehs;: 05.11.2020> 5:00 (gp.g)
,lk;: m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk;.
epfo;r;rp epuy;:
o jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J (khztu;fs;)
o Fj;Jtpsf;Nfw;wy; (jpUkjp.jkpourp)
o tuNtw;Giu (jiyikahrpupau;)
o Ehypid ntspapl;L NgUiu (ftpQu;.ituKj;J)
o tho;j;Jiu (ftpQu;.Afghujp)
o fUj;Jiu (ftpQu;.gh.tp[a;)
o ed;wpAiu (jpU.Nyhfehjd;)
o ehl;Lg;gz; (khztu;fs;)
midtUf;Fk; ftp tzf;fk;! vd;Dila nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs; vd;w ftpij Ehy;

ntspalP ;L tpohtpw;F tUifje;J> Ehypid ntspapl;L> NgUiu Mw;wpa ftpj;jpU.ituKj;J
mtu;fSf;Fk;> tho;j;Jiu ey;fpa ftpj;jpU.Afghujp mtu;fSf;Fk;> ftpijapid Ehyha;T
nra;J fUj;Jiu toq;fpa ftpj;jpU.gh.tp[a; mtu;fSf;Fk;> vk;gs;spapd;
jiyikahrpupaUf;Fk;> Mrpupa ngUkf;fSf;Fk;> mYtyf Copau;fSf;Fk;> fpuhk
nghJkf;fSf;Fk;> kw;WKs;s khzt khztpaUf;Fk; cskhu;e;j ed;wpapidj;
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;.
ed;wp> tzf;fk;!

5. nefpop jtpu;j;J epyj;ij epkpu;j;J vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; Mu;tyu; gRikjhrdhUld;
ePq;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.
ehd; : Iah> tzf;fk;! jq;fisr; re;jpj;jJ kfpo;r;rpahf cs;sJ.
gRikjhru; : tzf;fk;. th….. ahopdp. vd;d gzp nra;fpwha;?
ehd; : jw;nghOJ gj;jpupf;if Jiwapy; gzpahw;wp tUfpNwd; Iah.
jq;fsplk; xU tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wr; nry;y te;Js;Nsd;.
gRikjhru; : k;k;k;k;……… NfSq;fs;.
ehd; : nefpop vd;why; vd;d? tpupthfr; nrhy;Yq;fs; Iah.
gRikjhru; : ‘gpsh];bf;’ vd;W ehk; Fwpg;gpLk; nghUs;jhd; nefpop. gpsh];bf;Nfh];
vd;w fpNuf;f nrhy;ypUe;J gpsh];bf; vd;w nrhy;yhdJ gpwe;jJ.
tise;J nfhLf;fhkYk; cile;J NghfhkYk; ,Uf;Fk; nghUs;jhd;
,e;j gpsh];bf; vd;Dk; nefpop. rpyfhyk; ekf;F Njitahd
nghUshf ,Ue;J> Njitaw;w fhyj;jpy; jplf;fopthf khwp> ,e;j
cyif mopj;JtUk; epfo;Tyf uhl;rrd; mJ.
ehd; : Mdhy;> Iah……… nefpopg; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghL mjpfupj;Jtpl;lNj!
gRikjhru; : cz;ikjhd; ahopdp. nefpopahy; fpilj;jpLk; gad; rpwpaJ vd;whYk;
NfL ngupaJ. czT cz;Zk; jl;bypUe;J ePu; gUFk; Ftistiu
midj;Jk; nefpopg; nghUl;fshy; MditahfNt cs;sJ.
,itaidj;Jk; gad;gLj;jptpl;L> mg;gbNa tPrptpl;Lr; nry;tjhy;>
ngUq;Fg;igf;fhL cUthfpwJ. NkYk;> kl;fhj ,e;j nefpopf;
Fg;igahy; kz;tsKk; mopfpwJ - epyj;jb ePu;kl;lKk; FiwfpwJ.
ehd; : nefpopahy;> ,t;tsT gpur;rid cs;sjh? Iah.
gRikjhru; : ,d;Dk; cs;sJ Nfs;. kl;fhjJ vd vupj;jhy;> vspjpy; vuptJk;
,y;;iy. mt;thW vupe;jhYk; CFC-id ntspapl;L XNrhd; glyj;ij
ghohf;FfpwJ. ,jdhy; gy Neha;fSk; tUfpwJ.
ehd; : ,jw;nfy;yhk; vd;djhd; top Iah.
gRikjhru; : ,jw;nfy;yhk; xNu top. nefpopg; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghl;il kf;fs;
mwNt jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> fz;l fz;l ,lq;fspy;
gutpf;fplf;fpd;w nefpopg;nghUl;fisr; Nrfupj;J> mopj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
kWRow;rpf;F cjthj nefpopg; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F> muR
fl;lhak; jiltpjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpf;nfy;yhk; Kd;ndLg;ghf>
r%f tpopg;Gzu;tpid kf;fsplj;jpy; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
ehd; : tpopg;Gzu;T gyd; jUkh? Iah!
gRikjhru; : epr;rakhf…… jd; tPl;ilAk; ,e;j cyifAk; khw;wpLk; ty;ytu;fs;
Foe;ijfs;. mf;Foe;ijfsplj;jpypUe;J ,e;j tpopg;Gzu;it Kjypy;
Vw;gLj;jpdhy;> ehisa cyfk; ey;yjhfNt mikAk;.
ehd; : kpfr;rpwg;G Iah… nefpop rhu;e;j gy fUj;Jfisf; $wp> vd;idj;
njsptilar; nra;jPu;fs;. ed;wp Iah……
gRikjhru; : ed;wp kfNs! gzp rpwf;fl;Lk;…… tho;j;Jfs;.
6. neLey;thilapy; ef;fPuu; fhl;Lk; kiof;fhy tUzidiar; nrhy;ypy; tbf;f.
 Kd;Diu: neLey;thilapy; ef;fPuu; fhl;Lk; $jpu;f;fhyj;J kiog; nghopitg; gw;wpAk;
Ky;iy epy kf;fs; Fspuhy; ngw;w Jd;gj;ijAk; kiof;fhy tUzidahff; fhz;Nghk;.
 GJngay;: Nfhtyu;fs; jq;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;Gwkhf #o;e;J vOe;j NkfkhdJ> cyfk;
FspUk;gbahf ngUkio nga;jJ. jhq;fs; thOk; jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa
nts;sj;ijf; fz;LntWj;j Nfhtyu;fs;> jq;fspd; ML> khL> vUik Kjypa epiufis
Nklhd ,lj;ij Nehf;fp Xl;br;nrd;whu;fs;.
 tho;tpay; khw;wk;: ngUkioahy; Nfhtyu;fs; #bapUe;j fhe;js; kyu;fs; frq;fpd.
kiyiaNa eLq;fr;nra;j FspupypUe;J jq;fis ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s> gyUld;

xd;WNru;e;J> nfhs;sp neUg;gpdhy; iffis #Nlw;wpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. MdhYk;> mtu;fspd;
gw;fs; Fspuhy; eLq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jd.
 tpyq;Ffspd; Jd;g epiy: Fspupd; kpFjpahy; tpyq;Ffs; Nka;r;riy kwe;jd. Fuq;Ffs;
eLq;fpd. kuq;fspy; jq;fpapUe;j gwitfs; epyj;jpy; tPo;e;jd. gRf;fs; ghYz;z te;j
fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd. me;j $jpu;f;fhy ,uTg; nghOjpy;> Fd;Nw Fspuhy; eLq;Ftjhf
,Ue;jJ.
 KbTiu: Ig;grp - fhu;j;jpif khjk; Fspu;fhyk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; Ky;iy epy kf;fSk;
tpyq;FfSk; gwitfSk; Fspuhy; ngw;w Jd;gj;jpid ef;fPuupd; tUzidAld; fz;Nlhk;.
7. nghWg;Gzu;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; nghWg;Gzu;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;G eyj;ij
tptupf;f.
 Kd;Diu: cj;jkr;Nrhod; (nry;tuh[;) mtu;fspd; gilg;ghf cUthd rpWfijNa
Kjy;fy;. mr;rpWfijapd; ehafdhd kUjd;> nghWg;Gzu;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd;
nghWg;Gzu;r;rpahy; vt;thW khw;wpaikj;jhu; vd;gijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; ePz;L
fhz;Nghk;.
 %o;Fk; gapUk; kUjdpd; gjw;wKk;: Kw;wpa ehw;iw el;L> mjpfg;gbahf cuj;jpidg; Nghl;L>
vg;gbahtJ rk;gh nra;Jtplyhk; vd vz;zpapUe;jdu; fhtpupapd; filkilf;fhuu;fs;.
Mdhy;> mjpf kioapd; fhuzkhfg; gapu;fs; vy;yhk; jz;zPupy; kpjf;Fk; epiyf;F
te;Jtpl;lJ. tstdhw;wpd; tlfiuapy; epd;W> tlf;Nf ghu;j;j kUjDf;Fg; gjw;wk;
mjpfkhfptpl;lJ. fhuzk;> nga;j kio NghjhJ vd;W> thdpiy mwpf;ifapy; gyj;j kio
nga;Ak; vd;W mwptpg;G te;jjpdhy;.
 top gpwe;jJ - tpop kyu;e;jJ: kWgbAk; ngUkioah! vd;w tUj;jj;NjhLk; rpe;jidNahLk;
tbtha;f;fhiyg; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhd; kUjd;. tstdhw;wpd; tbtha;f;fhNyh
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Rkhu;> %d;W iky; ePsk; nfhz;lJ.
fhl;lkzf;Fr; nrbfs; Gju;Nghy; tsu;e;J> tha;f;fhiy Mf;fpukpg;Gr; nra;jpUg;gjpdhy;>
jz;zPu; tba topapd;wp> gapu;fnsy;yhk; %o;fpd. ,e;jg; Nga;r;nrbfisg; gpLq;fp vwpe;jhNy>
cgup ePu; tbaj; njhlq;fptpLk;. tay;fspy; Njq;fpAs;s ePu; tbe;NjhLtJ kl;Lkpd;wp>
fpuhkKk; jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; vd;w rpe;jid kUjdpd; cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. gapiuAk;
CiuAk; fhg;ghw;w top fpilj;Jtpl;lJ vd vz;zp> kfpo;r;rp mile;jhd; kUjd;.
 cjtp ehlYk; cjth kf;fSk;: jdf;F te;j Nahriidia> tbtha;f;fhypy; tiyNghl;L
kPd; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j khupKj;Jitg; ghu;j;Jf; $wj;njhlq;fpdhd; kUjd;. Mdhy;>
kPd; gpbg;gjpNy fz;zhapUe;jhd; khupKj;J. nghWikapoe;j kUjd; mq;fpUe;J fpsk;gp>
fpotu; fhspag;gidg; ghu;f;fr; nrd;whd;. CupNyNa trjp gilj;jtu; fpotu; fhspag;gd;jhd;.
mtu; nrhd;dhy; CNu Nfl;Fk;. mjdhy;> jdf;F te;j Nahridia mtuplKk; $wpdhd;
kUjd;. rpwpJNeuk; Nahrpj;j fpotu;> kUjdhy; ekf;Fk; gz ,og;G Vw;gLNkh vd vz;zp>
ehis kfspd; Cu;tiu nry;y ,Uf;fpNwd;> XupU ehl;fs; nghWj;J ghu;f;fyhk; vdf;$wp
jl;bf;fopj;jhu;. gpd;> me;j Cupd; Kjy; gl;ljhup gpNuk;Fkhiug; ghu;j;J jdJ Nahridf;
$wpdhd;. mtDk;> gy Ntiyfisf; fhuzk; fhl;bj; jg;gpj;jhd;. ,g;gbahf Cupy; cs;s
xt;nthUtUk; xt;nthU fhzj;jpid $wp> tu kWj;Jtpl;lhu;fs;. kUjNdh> kdk;Nrhu;e;J
tPL Nru;e;jhd;.
 jd; ifNa jdf;Fjtp: kdKk; clk;Gk; Nrhu;e;J tPL jpUk;gpa kUjid> mtd; kidtp
my;yp> gjw;wkha;g; ghu;j;jhs;. Fbf;fr; RLfQ;rp nfhLj;jhs;. fhuzj;ijf; Nfl;lhs;. gpd;>
rpupj;jhs;. ‘ekf;FD rf;fuFop epyk;$l ekf;fpy;iy> ,e;j Cu; vg;gbNghdh ekf;nfd;d’
vd kUjidf; fbe;Jnfhz;lhs;. mtru mtrukha; cztpid ms;sp cz;lhd;.
Cikaha;g; gLj;Jtpl;lhd;. ,uT KOtJk; mtdhy; Jhq;f Kbatpy;iy. mjpfhiyapy;
vOe;jhd;> tbtha;f;fhypidNehf;fp Xbdhd;. ,Lg;gsT jz;zPupy; jd;de;jdpNa epd;wgb>
fhl;lkzf;Fr; nrbfis mWj;J vwpaj;njhlq;fpdhd;.
 Ciuf; $l;ba ciog;ghsp kUjd;: gf;fj;jpy; gLj;jpUe;j fztidf; fhztpy;iy vd
Njlj;njhlq;fpdhs; my;yp. gpd;> VNjhnthU rpe;jidapy; tbtha;f;fhiy Nehf;fp Xbdhs;.
mq;F> jdpNa fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbfis mfw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;j kUjid ghu;j;jJk;
fyq;fpdhs;. gpd;> kUjd; mWj;Jf;nfhLg;gij fiuapy;nfhz;L Nru;j;jhs;. ,Utupd;
nraiyg; ghu;j;j khupKj;JTk;> kPd; gpbg;gij tpl;Ltpl;Lf; if nfhLf;f Kd;te;jhd;. jd;
kfs; CUf;Fg; Gwg;gl;L tpy;Ytz;bapy; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;j fpotu; fhspag;gdpd; ghu;it>
tbtha;f;fhy; gf;fk; jpUk;gpaJ. tz;bapypUe;J ,wq;fp> ,Lg;gpy; Jz;ilf; fl;bf;nfhz;L>
tha;f;fhypy; ,wq;fpdhu;. nra;jp CUf;Fg; gutp> xt;nthUtuhf tuj; njhlq;fpdu;.
 KbTiu: kUjdpd; nghWg;Gzu;thy;> jd; kidtp my;yp> khupKj;J> fpotu; fhspag;gd;
kw;Wk; Cu; nghJkf;fs; vd midtiuAk; xd;wpizj;J> gapUf;Fk; CUf;Fk; Neu ,Ue;J
Mgj;jpid mfw;wpdhd;.
8. Gay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FbapUg;GfSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jfplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;Gfisr;
rupnra;af;Nfhup cq;fs; Cu; kpd;thupag; nghwpahsu;fSf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf.
tpLeu;: neLq;fy;
v.Nfhkfs; ahopdp> 05.11.2022
neLq;fy; fpuhkk;>
furq;fhy; mQ;ry;>
kJuhe;jfk; tl;lk; - 603 310.
ngWeu;:
cjtpg; nghwpahsu; mtu;fs;>
jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thupak; - vyg;ghf;fk; fpis>
vyg;ghf;fk; fpuhkk; (k) mQ;ry;>
kJuhe;jfk; tl;lk; - 603 201.
kjpg;gpw;Fupa Iah>
nghUs;: kpd; ,izg;Gfis rupnra;af; NfhUjy; - rhu;e;J.
tzf;fk;! vq;fs; Cupy; Rkhu; 500 FbapUg;Gfs; cs;sd. rkPgj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ‘f[h’
Gaypd; fhuzkhf vq;fspd; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpapy; cs;s kpd; ,izg;Gfs; Jz;bf;fg;gl;Lk;> gy
,lq;fspy; mWe;Jk; fplf;fpdw
; d. vq;fspd; neLq;fy; fpuhkNk fle;j 10 ehl;fshf ,Uspy;
%o;fpf;fplf;fpwJ. ,q;Fs;s Foe;ijfSk; Kjpatu;fSk; NehahspfSk; gs;spg; gps;isfSk;
nra;tjwpahJ jtpf;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt> jaT$u;e;J> mWe;Jfplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;Gfis
rupnra;J nfhLf;FkhW gzpTld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
ed;wp!!!
,g;gbf;F>
Cu; nghJkf;fspd; rhu;ghf
(v.Nfhkfs; ahopdp)
9. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G

fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ - vt;thW? tpsf;Ff.
 FLk; kdpj r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil myF FLk;gk;:
o FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ. FLk;gk; vd;w
mikg;ghdJ Fyk;> $l;lk;> ngUq;FO> r%fk; vd tpuptilfpwJ. FLk;gk; vd;w
mikg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpl jpUkzk; mr;rhukha; cs;sJ. vdNtjhd;> FLk;gKk;
jpUkzKk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs; vd;fpwhu;fs;.
o Flk;ig> FLk;G> fLk;G vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; miof;fg;gl;lhYk; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd;
FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; gapd;Wte;Js;sJ. FLk;G vd;w nrhy;yhdJ mk; vd;w
tpFjpapidg;ngw;W FLk;gk; MdJ. FLk;G vd;why; $b tho;jy; vd nghUs;gLk;.
o njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,y;> kid Nghd;w nrhw;fs; FLk;gj;jpid Fwpj;jpl
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kidtpapd; ,y;yk; jk;kid vdTk;> fztdpd; ,y;yk; Ek;kid
vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 jha; kw;Wk; je;ijtopr; r%fk;:
o rq;f fhyj;jpy; fzr; r%fj;jpw;F jhNa jiyik jhq;fpdhs;. Fyj;njhlu;r;rpf;F jhNa
mr;rhuk; vd;gjpdhy;> ngz; Foe;ijfspd; gpwg;G ngupJk; tpUk;gg;gl;lJ. NkYk;>
nrhj;Jupik toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ngz;fs;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fgpd;Gk; jd; ,y;yj;jpNyNa
jq;fp> FLk;gj;jpid elj;jpLk; jha Kiw ,Ue;jij gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd;%yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s
KbfpwJ.
o rq;fhyj;jpd; ,ilapy; jha;topr; r%fKiw mope;J> je;ijtop r%fKiw Nt&d;wj;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;fSf;fhd nrhj;Jupik KOikahf kWf;fg;gl;L>
Mltiu rhu;e;JthOk; epiyf;F js;sg;gl;lhu;fs;. rpyk;Gfop Nehd;G Kbf;fg;gl;L>
ngz;fs; fztdpd; ,y;yj;jpNyNa jq;fp thOk;epiy ,f;fhyj;jpy;jhd; Njhd;wpaJ.
 jdpf;FLk;gk; - $l;Lf; FLk;gk;:
o rq;f fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> ‘Kjy;epiy cwtpdu;fs;’ kl;LNk ,dk; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
fztd;> kidtp> kfd; MfpNahUld; ngw;Nwhupy; xUtu; Nru;e;JthOk; tpupe;jf;
FLk;gNk(Neu;top)> gpd;dhspy; $l;Lf; FLk;gj;jpw;F mbj;jskpl;lJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J>
nrtpypAk; mts; kfs; NjhopAk; FLk;gj;jpd; mq;fkhdjpdhy;> $l;Lf; FLk;gk; vd;w
mikg;G> rq;f fhyj;jpd; ,ilepiyapy; GJtpjkhd fl;likg;gpidg; ngw;Wtpl;lJ.
o NkYk;> ,y;yw tho;tpd; ,Wjp fhyj;jpy;> ngUikAk; mwKk; epiwe;j Rw;wj;NjhL
$btho;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;nwz;zp> xd;wpize;J thoj;njhlq;fpajpd; tpisthf $l;Lf;
FLk;gq;fs; Gj;Japu; ngw;wd. gz;ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; ePl;rpahfNt> fztd;>
kidtp> gps;isfs;> fztdpd; jha; je;ij> fztdpd; cld;gpwe;jtu;fs;> mtu;fspd;
kidtp gps;isfs; vd;w kpfg;ngupanjhU $l;Lf;FLk;g fl;likg;gpid ,d;Wk;
fhzKbfpwJ.
10. gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;> gpw capu;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwT epiyiag;
ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
 Kd;Diu: fk;gu;> jhd; gilj;j fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiytdhd ,uhkid> gz;gpd; gpwg;gplkhfNt
gilj;Js;shu;. Ntld;> gwit> Kjpats;> thduk;> vjpupapd; jk;gp vd ahtuplj;jpYk;
cs;shu;e;j md;G nfhz;ltdha; ,uhkdpd; fjhg;ghj;jpuk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
mf;fjhg;ghj;jpuj;jpd; md;Grhu; nray;fisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 Ntld; Ffd;: rpw;wd;idapd; #o;r;rpapdhy; fhl;bw;F nrd;w ,uhkd;> fq;iff; fiuapidf;
fle;Jnrd;wpl cjtp nra;jtd; Ntld; Ffd;. mt;Tjtpapd; gydhf> Ntld; Ffidj; jd;
rNfhjudhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; ,uhkd;.
 je;ijf;F ,izahd rlhA: rPijia rpiwnaLj;Jr; nrd;w ,uhtzDld; rz;ilapl;L
rpwFfis ,oe;J fhak; mile;j rlhA> ele;jij ,uhkdplk; $wpag;gpd; ,we;jhd;. jd;
je;ij jrujdpd; ez;gdhfpa rlhAit> jd;Dila je;ijahfNt vz;zp ,Wjpr;
rlq;Ffisr; nra;J Kbj;jhd; ,uhkd;.
 gf;jp epiwe;j rtup: ,uhkdplj;jpy; kpFjpahd md;Gk; gf;jpAk; nfhz;lts; rtup. mr;rtupapd;
tpUe;J cgrupg;gpd;%yk;> mts; Nkw;nfhz;l jtj;jpid mwpe;Jnfhz;lhd; ,uhkd;. gpd;>
“,t;tsT fhyk; eP Jd;gk; VJkpd;wp eyKld; ,Ue;jhay;yth?” vd> jd; jhapidf;
Nfl;gJNghy; gupTld; Nfl;L el;G ghuhl;bdhd;.
 thduk; Rf;uPtd;: fpl;fpe;ijapy; mDkdhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ltDk;> fjputdpd;
Gjy;tDkhfpa Rf;uPtd; ,lj;jpy; ‘cd; fpis ,dp vd; fpis> vd; Rw;wk; ,dp cd; Rw;wk;’
vdf; $wp> jd; rNfhjudhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; ,uhkd;.
 vjpupapd; jk;gp: rPijia rpiwnaLj;jJ KiwNah vd tpdtp> jd; mz;zd; ,uhtzdpd;
Nfhgj;jpw;F Mshfp> ,uhkdplk; milf;fyk; GFe;jhd; tPlzd;. mtidAk; jd;
rNfhjudhfNt Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> md;G nrYj;jpdhd; ,uhkd;.
 KbTiu: ‘jd;idg;Nghy; gpwiuAk; epid’ vd;w cau;e;j gz;gpid cs;sj;jpy;
nfhz;ljhy;jhd; gwit> tpyq;F> ,isatu;> Kjpatu;> giftu; vd;w NtWghLfs; mw;W
midtuplj;jpYk; md;G nrYj;jpdhd; ,uhkd;.

11. ‘cupikj; jhfk;’ fijapy; rNfhju;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;………
fijiaj; njhlu;e;J vOjp Kbf;f.
 Kd;Diu: G+.khzpf;fthrfk; vd;w G+kzpapd; rpwe;j gilg;Gfspy; xd;W cupikj;jhfk;.
mr;rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fijapd; ehafu;fshd Kj;ijahTk; nts;isr;rhkpAk;
,izahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> vd;d ele;jpUf;Fk; vd;gij fw;gid eaj;NjhL njhlu;Nthk;.
 ek;gpf;iff; fpiuak;: NkYhu; gq;fhUrhkpaplk; thq;fpa 200 &ghia jpUg;gpf;nfhLf;f
Kbahjjhy;> cq;fs; jk;gp nts;isr;rhkp Nkyf;fhl;bd; Gd;nra; epyj;jpy; xU gFjpia
ek;gpf;iff; fpiuak; vOjpf; nfhLj;J ,Uf;fpwhdhk; vd;W Kj;ijadplk; Kiwapl;lhs;
%f;fk;khs;. Kj;ijaDf;F kdR JUJUj;jJ.
 ghfj;NjhL ghrKk; gpupe;jJ: Kj;ijaDf;F jk;gp nts;isr;rhkpkPJ ngupajhf Nfhgk;
xd;Wkpy;iy. Mdhy;> nrhj;ijg; gpupj;jNghJ ‘ePnay;yhk; vdf;F mz;zdhf;Fk;’ vd
nts;isr;rhkp $wpa thu;j;ij> ghfj;NjhL ghrj;ijAk; gpupj;Jtpl;lJ. je;ij ,we;j
ehspypUe;J Njhspy; Rke;J tsu;j;j fijnay;yhk; epidj;Jg; ghu;j;J ghu;j;J kdk; fre;J
Nghdhd; Kj;ijah. nts;isr;rhkp Ngrpa thu;j;ijfSk; jpUkzj;jpw;Fgpd; mts;
kidtpapd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;Lnfhz;L> mtd; ele;Jnfhz;l tpjKk; gpbf;fhky; Nghdjpdhy;
Kj;ijad; xJq;fpf;nfhz;lhd;.
 cwtpdu;fspd; cjtpia ehly;: mz;zDld; Vw;gl;l kdf;frg;ig kdjpw;Fs;
itj;Jf;nfhz;l nts;isr;rhkp> mz;zNdhL NgRtij Kw;wpYkhf tpl;Ltpl;lhd;.
mz;zdpd; cjtp fpilf;fhJ vd cWjpahfj; njupe;j epiyapy; kw;w cwtpdu;fspd;
cjtpia ehbdhd;. Mdhy;> mtu;fNsh> MSf;nfhU fhuzk; nrhy;yp kWj;Jtpl;ldu;.
 ahUk; Kd;tutpy;iy: cwtpdu;fspd; cjtp fpilf;fhjjhy; epyj;ij kPl;f Kbahky;
jtpj;jhd; nts;isr;rhkp. filrpapy; epyk; gq;fhUrhkpapd; iffSf;Fg; NghdJ.
gq;fhUrhkpapd; Ml;fNsh epyj;ij cOj; njhlq;fptpl;lhu;fs;. nts;isrhkpf;F cjtp
nra;a ahUk; Kd;tutpy;iy.
 Ciutpl;L nry;Yk; epiy: jd; epyk; gwpNghdjhYk;> jdf;fhf gq;fhUrhkpaplk; NgRtjw;F
Mspy;yhj fhuzj;jpdhYk; kdk; nehe;Jg;Nghdhd; nts;isr;rhkp. jd; epyj;jpy; NtW
xUtd; cOtijf;fhzg; nghWf;fhky;> Ciutpl;Nl nry;Yk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhd;.
 KbTiu: gifahy; rNfhjuu;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; Nghdhu;fs;. mz;zdpd; Ngr;ir
kjpf;fhjjhy; epyKk; ifiatpl;Lg; NghdJ. filrpapy; Kd;NdWtjw;Fk; gpiog;gjw;Fk;
topapdw ; p NtW CUf;Fr; nry;Yk; mtyepiy Vw;gl;lJ.
12. nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jiznfhz;L epWTf.
 Kd;Diu: ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafk; vd;ghu; ghujpjhrd;. mtupd;
Nghw;WjYf;Fupa jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s nra;e;ed;wpawpjy; vd;Dk; mjpfhuNkh ‘ed;wpf;fhd
,yf;fzj;ijAk; ed;wp kwthikf;fhd ,ay;gpidAk;’ vLj;Jf;$WfpwJ. mf;fUj;Jfis
,q;F ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 ehk;> Xu; cjtpAk; nra;ahj epiyapy; xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j cjtpf;F ,t;itafj;ijAk;
thdfj;ijAk; nfhLj;jhYk; xg;ghfhJ.
nra;ahky; nra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;
thdfKk; Mw;w yupJ.
 Mgj;Jf;fhyj;jpy; xUtu; nra;j cjtp kpfr;rpwpajhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mJ nra;ag;gl;l fhyj;ij
Nehf;Fk;nghOJ> Qhyj;ijtpl ngupajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
fhyj;jp dhy;nra;j ed;wp rpwpJvdpDk;
Qhyj;jpd; khzg; ngupJ.
 gaid vjpu;ghuhky; xUtu; nra;j cjtpapd; rpwg;ig Muha;e;Jg; ghu;j;jhy;> mJ flypDk;
ngupajhFk;.
gad;Jhf;fhu; nra;j cjtp ead;Jhf;fpd;
ed;ik flypw; ngupJ

 xUtu; jpidasT cjtpiar; nra;j NghjpYk; mjd; gad; njupe;jtu;fs;> mjidNa
gidasT nfhz;ljhfg; Nghw;Wthu;fs;.
jpidj;Jiz ed;wp nrapDk; gidj;Jizahf;
nfhs;tu; gad;njup thu;.
 gpwu; nra;j ed;ikia kwj;jy; $lhJ. Mdhy;> gpwu; nra;j jPikia mg;nghONj kwj;jy;
ed;W.
ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;yJ
md;Nw kwg;gJ ed;W.
 vj;jifa mwj;jpid mopj;jtDf;Fk; mg;ghtj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePq;f topAz;L. Mdhy;> xUtu;
nra;j ed;wpia kwe;jtDf;F mg;ghtj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePq;f topapy;iy.
ve;ed;wp nfhd;whu;f;Fk; ca;Tz;lhk; ca;tpy;iy
nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;w kfw;F.
 KbTiu: mwq;fspy; rpwe;jJ gpwu; nra;j ed;wpia kwthJ ,Uj;jYk; gpwUf;Fk; jPik
nra;ahky; ,Uj;jYNk vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd% ; yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbfpwJ.
13. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy; top tpupj;Jiuf;f.
 Kd;Diu: jpUts;Stkhiyahy; Nghw;wpg;ghlg;gl;l Ehy; jpUf;Fws;. mj;jpUf;Fwspy; 31tJ
mjpfhukhf mike;jJjhd; ‘ntFshik’. ,uz;L mbfspy; cyifNa mse;j
Kg;ghyhdJ> ‘rpdj;ijf; fhj;jhy; tho;T Nkk;gLk;’ vd mwpTWj;JfpwJ. mf;Fws;
mwpTWj;jpa fUj;Jfis ,q;F ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 rpdj;ijf; fhg;gtu;: jk;kplKs;s rpdk;> nry;Yk;gbahFk; nkypatuplj;jpy; nfhs;shky;
fhg;gtNu> cz;ikapy; rpdk; fhg;gtu;.
 rpdj;ij kwj;jy;: jPikahd tpisTfs; ahTk; rpdj;jpdhNyNa Vw;gLk; vd;gjpdhy;> ‘rpdk;
nfhs;Sjy;’ vd;w jPa gz;ig kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
kwj;jy; ntFspia ahu;khl;Lk; jPa
gpwj;jy; mjdhd; tUk;.
 NtWgif ,y;iy: jk; Kfkyu;r;rpiaAk; mfkfpo;r;rpiaAk; mopj;jpLk; rpdj;jpidg;
Nghd;wnjhU giftd; ekf;F NtW ahUkpy;iy.
 jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;: xUtu; jd;idf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; tuhky;
fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW fhf;fhtpl;lhy; rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.
jd;idj;jhd; fhf;fpd; rpdk;fhf;f fhthf;fhy;
jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;
 cwit mopf;Fk; neUg;G: rpdk; jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ
Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;.
rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Gidiar; RLk;.
 KbTiu: rpdj;jhy; gy NfLfs; Vw;gLtjhy;> rpdk; tuhky; ek;ik fhj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; mJ ek;ikAk; ek;tho;itAk; Rw;wj;ijAk; mopj;JtpLk; vd;w
Nkyhd fUj;jpid Fws;top mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbfpwJ.
14. ‘rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL’ - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; nra;aNtz;bad ahit?
 rhiy tpgj;Jfspy; Kjd;ik khepyk;: cyfpNyNa mjpfr; rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
trjpfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ ngupa ehL ,e;jpah. ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpFe;j rhiy
tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepykhfj; jkpo;ehL ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gLk; nkhj;jr; rhiy
tpgj;Jfspy; 15 rjtPj tpgj;Jfs;> jkpo;ehl;by; elg;gJ vd;gJ Ntjidf;FupaJ.
 rhiy tpgj;JfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;: tpgj;Jfs;> vjpu;ghwhky; Vw;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;>
kdpjj; jtWfNs kpFjpahd tpgj;JfSf;Ff; fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd. xt;nthUtUk;
jhq;fs; nra;Ak; jtWfisj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tjhYk; tpjpfis Kiwahfg; gpd;gw;WtjhYk;
rhiy tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;f;f KbAk;.
 ,Urf;fu Cu;jp tpgj;Jfs;: jkpo;ehl;by; eilngWk; nkhj;j tpgj;Jfspy; 25 rjtPjk;>
,Urf;fu thfdq;fshy; Vw;gLfpwd;wd. vdNt> ,Urf;fu Cu;jp Xl;Leu;fs;> mjw;fhd
rhiy tpjpKiwfisf; fl;lhak; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
o 18 taJ epiwe;jtu;> Kiwahd gapw;rp%yk; Xl;Leu; cupkk; ngWjy; mtrpak;.
o gs;sp khztu;fs;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fs; Xl;LtJ rl;lg;gb Fw;wkhFk;.
o ,Urf;fu thfd Xl;bfs;> jiyf;ftrk; fl;lhak; mzpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
o ifg;Ngrpapy; Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl tz;bfis Xl;lf;$lhJ.
 tpopg;Gzu;T ,y;yhik: rhiy tpjpfs; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;T ,y;yhjJk;> tpgj;Jfs; Vw;glf;
fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
o Xl;Leupd; ftdf; FiwT.
o Nghjpa gapw;rpapd;ik.
o kpFjpahd Ml;fisNah ruf;FfisNah Vw;wpr; nry;Yjy;.
o njhlu;tz;b ,Ug;Gg; ghijfisf; ftdpf;fhky; flj;jy;.
Xl;Leu;fs;> Nkw;fz;l Fiwfisj; jtpu;g;ghu;fNsahdhy;> tpgj;Jfs; epfohky;
ghJfhf;fyhk;.
 gs;sp khztu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfs;: gs;sp khztu;fspilNa rhiy tpjpfs;
kw;Wk; tpgj;Jfisj; jLg;gJ Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rhiy tpjpKiw
Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;T ,y;yhj epiyapy;>
o rhiyfspy; tpisahLtJ.
o Cu;jpfisf; ftdpf;fhky; jpBnud flg;gJ.
o eilNkilapy; nry;yhky;> rhiyapd; eLtpy; ele;J nry;tJ.
o Ntfkhf nry;Yk; tz;bfspd; gpd;Gwj;ijg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L> kpjptz;bapy; gazpg;gJ.
o XLk; NgUe;jpy; VWtJ - ,wq;FtJ.
o NgUe;jpy; njhq;fpagb gazpg;gJ Nghd;w nray;fspy; <LgLfpwhu;fs;. ,e;j epiy
vjpu;tUk; fhyq;fspy; Kw;wpYk; khWkhdhy;> tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehl;ilf; fhzyhk;.
15. gz;ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfisj; njhFj;njOJf.
 Kd;Diu: fy;tpapd; Nehf;fKk; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk; Mz;bw;fhz;L khWghL
mile;Jte;Js;sJ. mt;tifapy; gz;ilaf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; epfo;e;j fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 fw;wy;:
o khztupd; Ie;jhk; taJKjy; fw;wy; njhlq;FfpwJ. mf;fw;wy; nray;ghLfspy;
khztu;fspd; nkhopj;jpwDf;Fk; nray;jpwDf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nky;thapyf;fk;> fPo;thapyf;fk;> Fopkhw;W Nghd;w tha;ghLfis jiyfPo;g; ghlkhf gapy
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;. Mrpupau; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; rl;lhk;gps;isNa tFg;giwapid
topelj;jpdhd;. Xiyr;Rtbfis Rakhf jahupf;f mt;tg;nghOJ gapw;rpapidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. khztu;fs;> FOthf Nru;e;J fw;f tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;ljhy;>
fw;wy;jpwd; gutyhf;fg;gl;lJ.
o Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd; Nghd;w Ehy;fs; khztu;fspd; Qhgfj;jpwid mjpfupf;f
tYt+l;bd. nfhba jz;lidfspd;wp Mrpupaupd; md;gpdhy; topfhl;lg;gl;lhu;fs;.
Mrpupau;kPJs;s kupahij> khztu;fSf;F gaj;jpid cz;lhf;fpaJ. Gupahjij>
Mrpupauplk; Nfl;lwpe;J gbf;f khztu;fs; gae;jhu;fs;. thjk;Gupajy; vd;w epfo;tpd;%yk;
rpwe;j khztu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L> ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;fs;. rhe;Jizf; fw;wYf;Fk;
Xjw;gpupTf;Fk; tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fw;gpj;jy;:
o gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ> Mrpupau; kw;Wk; khztu;fSf;fpilNa eilngWk;
xUtpj fUj;J gupkhw;wkhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. mq;F> MrpupaUf;F kl;LNk mjpf

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. vij fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;> ahUf;F fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;>
vg;nghOJ fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd midj;ijAk; mtNu jPu;khdpj;jhu;.
o neLq;fzf;F KiwfspNyNa fw;gpj;jy; midj;Jk; njhlq;fpaJ. epfz;L> ed;Dhy;>
fhupif> jz;bayq;fhuk; Nghd;w ,yf;fz Ehy;fSk; Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd;
Nghd;w ePjp Ehy;fSk; khztu;fSf;F fw;gpj;jy; ghlkhf Mrpupau;fs;
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. tpdh Nfl;ly; %yk; khztu;fspd; jpwdpid mt;tg;nghOJ
Nrhjpj;J mwpe;Jnfhz;lhu;fs;. ikahly;> Kiwitg;G> thjk; Gupjy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfs;
fw;gpj;jiy NkYk; Cf;fg;gLj;jpaJ.
 KbTiu: ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> fy;tpAld; kpf neUq;fpaj; njhlu;G cilaJ.
gz;ilaf;fhy fw;wy; fw;gj;jy; nray;ghLfSk; mtw;iw kpfj;njspthf
vLj;Jf;fhl;LtjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ vd;gjpid ,f;fl;Liuapd% ; yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s
KbfpwJ.
16. ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdthfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tptupf;f.
 ftpij NtW> ciueil NtW: tpz; NtW> tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;Ffpd;w ntz;kjp - nrq;fjpu;
- Kfpy; NtW. kz; NtW - kzy; NtW. gdpj;Jsp NtW - kioj;Jsp NtW. Gz; NtW -
tpOg;Gz; NtW. Gfo; NtW - nry;thf;F NtW. mJg;Nghd;Nw> ftpij vd;gJ NtW>
ciueil vd;gJ NtW vd;gij ftpij vOJtjw;FKd; njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ftpij kw;Wk; ciueilf;fhd ,yf;fzk; mwpjy;: Mf;Fk;tiu muprp vd;Wk; Mf;fpag;gpd;
NrhW vd;Wk; miof;fpd;Nwhk;. G+f;Fk;tiu mUk;G vd;Wk; G+j;jgpd; G+ vd;Wk;
nrhy;Yfpd;Nwhk;. mJNghyNt> vJif - Nkhid ,y;yhky;> mb msT mwpahky; thu;g;gNj
trdk; vd;Wk; vJif - Nkhid nghUj;jp> mb msit mwpe;J> ahg;gpyf;fzg;gb miktJ
ftpij vd;Wk; miof;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gil ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;jpUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 ftpij gilj;jpLk; topKiw: gOj;jpUe;jhy; rhWtUk;> fodpfspy; jz;zPu; gha;e;jpUe;jhy;
VWtUk; vd;gJNghy> vOj;J> mir> rPu;> jis> mb> njhil Nghd;wtw;iwg;gw;wp Iakw
njupe;jpUe;jhy;> ey;y ftpij tUk; vd;gij xt;nthU ftpQUk; njupe;Jnfhz;L ftpij
vOjj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Gfo;kpf;f ftpijfis ,aw;Wjy;: NjkhTk; GspkhTk; rPu;fspy; fha;j;jpLk;tz;zKk; jis
jl;lhkYk; ftpijfs; ,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> mJ vspa kf;fSf;F GupAk;tz;zk;
mike;jply; Ntz;Lk;. Kd;Ndhu;fisg;Nghy; vOj;njz;zpf; fw;W> mwKk; nghUSk;
epiwe;j ftpijfis ,aw;wpte;jhy;> Gfo;te;J NrUk; vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhz;L ftpijfs;
,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
17. ‘xt;nthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; tbtKk; cz;L’ - ePq;fs; ghu;j;j my;yJ tho;e;j xU
efuk; Fwpj;J ,Ugf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
 Kd;Diu: tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gk; tbtoFk; kpf;f efuq;fSs; Kjd;ikahdJ kJiu.
mk;kJiu ehd; ghu;j;J tpae;j khefu;fSs; xd;W. mk;khefupd; rpwg;Gfisg; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 kJiu efupd; njhd;ik: itif ejpapd; fiuapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; efuhfpa kJiu>
filr;rq;fk; mikj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ.
njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lk;> kJiu khefUf;F cz;L. gpw;fhyg; ghz;bau;>
ehaf;fu; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyau; Mz;l fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dNu> ,yq;if kd;dd; tp[ad;> jd;
gl;lj;J murpahd kJuhGup (kJiu) ,sturpia kze;jjhf> tuyhw;W Ehyhd kfhtk;rk;
$WfpwJ.
 efupd; mikg;G: kJiu efupd; eLehafkhf> kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
ehd;F GwKk; Mb tPjpfs; cs;sd. mij mLj;Jr; rpj;jpiu> Mtzp %yptPjpfSk; cs;sd.
khjq;fspd; ngau;fisf; nfhz;l tPjpfs; tpuptile;J nry;fpdw ; d. ,e;efu;> gy;NtW
mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;l efukhFk;. ehd;F gf;fq;fSk; MAjf;fplq;Fk;> Nfhl;il mfopAk;
cs;sd. kJiu> rpwg;ghd efu mikg;NghL mofhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 rq;ffhy kJiu: jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghw;fhyk;> kJiu jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpw;Fupa fhyNk.
gupghly;> kJiuf;fhQ;rp Kjypa rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjypa
fhg;gpaq;fspYk; gf;jpg;ghly;fs; - rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; gytw;wpYk; ghLnghUshf kJiu
,Ue;Js;sJ.
 gz;ghLk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk;: kJiu> gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;G tha;e;j efukhFk;. el;G> tpUe;J
cgrupg;G vd;Dk; ghuk;gupar; rpwg;Gfisg; ngw;w efukhFk;. njd;dpe;jpa czT
tiffSf;Fk;> ky;ypifg;G+Tf;Fk; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ kJiu. ,q;F> tptrhak;> nerT Nghd;w
gy;NtW njhopy;fs;> eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. ,e;efuk;> “Jhq;fh efuk;” vd;Dk; rpwg;gpid
cilajhfTk; tpsq;fptUfpwJ. Nfhtpy;fspd; efukhf tpsq;fptUk; kJiu> [y;ypf;fl;L
tpohtpdhy; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;wjhf tpsq;fptUfpwJ.
 KbTiu: kPdhl;rpak;kd; Myak;> tz;bA+u; khupak;kd; Nfhtpy;> njg;gf;Fsk;> jKf;f
ikjhdk;> khl;Lj;jhtzp vd tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f ,lq;fs; ,Ug;gjpdhy; vd; epidTfspy;
kJiuf;nfd;W xU jdpaplk; cz;L.
18. ‘fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd’ - ,J Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij tptupf;f.
 fhzhky; Nghd fpuhkq;fs;: fpuhkq;fs; vg;NghJk; ,aw;if tdg;NghLk; tsj;NjhLk;
mike;jpUg;;git. vq;Fg; ghu;j;jhYk; kuq;fSk;> gl;L tpupj;jhw;Nghd;w tay;fSk;
fhzg;gLk;. rpWrpW Vupfs;> Fsq;fs;> ,tw;iw epug;g XbtUk; ePNuhilfs; ,ay;gha;
mike;jpUg;gJjhk; fpuhkj;Jr; #oy;. ,d;iwa fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> ,itnay;yhk; vq;Nf
Nghapd vd;W Nfl;fj;jhd; Njhd;WfpwJ.
 tpisepyq;fs; tpiy epyq;fshf khwptpl;ld: fpuhkq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;njhopNy tptrhakhf
,Ue;jJ. epyq;fis coj;njhlq;fp> ney;kzpfis %l;il%l;ilahf tPl;by;
mLf;fpitj;J> mfkfpo;e;J tho;e;J te;jdu; fpuhkj;J tptrhapfs;. tay;fspy;
Ntiynra;Ak; tptrhaf; $ypfSk;> kpFe;j kfpo;r;rpNahL ciog;ig Kd;dpWj;jp> $ypapidg;
ngw;W> epk;kjpahd tho;T elj;jpdu;. Mdhy;> ,d;Nwh tptrhak; nra;J te;j cotu;fs;>
tpisepyq;fis tpiyNgrpf; fl;llq;fs; fl;Ltjw;F> tpw;gid nra;J tUfpd;wdu;.
 ML khLfspy;yh mdhijf; fpuhkq;fs;: fpuhkq;fspy; tPl;Lf;FtPL ML> khL> Nfhopfs; vd
midj;Jk; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy;> ,d;Nwh khl;Lj;njhOtk;> Ml;Lg;gl;b> Nfhopf;$L
vd;gdnty;yhk;> VNjh GJikahd nrhw;nwhlu;fshfp tpl;ld. tPLfspd; $iufspYk;
Kw;wq;fspYk; $Lfl;b tho;e;j gwitfSf;Nfh> ,g;nghOJ ,lkpy;iy. jk;Kila ,ay;Gj;
jd;ikia ,oe;J epw;fpdw ; d gy fpuhkq;fs;.
 tPl;L epfo;;r;rpfs; ntspA+upy; elf;fpd;wd: tPl;by; elj;jg;ngWk; rpWrpW epfo;r;rpfSk;$l>
efu kz;lgq;fspy; elj;jg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd. cw;whu; cwtpdu;> epfo;r;rp ehSf;F Kd;Ng
te;J jq;fp> czitj; jhNk rikj;J> kfpo;r;rpahf midtUk; $l;lhf mku;e;J cz;l
epiy> ,g;nghOJ ,y;iy. fhiyapypUe;J ,uTtiu tpUe;J eilngWk; fpuhkj;J tPLfspy;>
,g;nghONjh> efu;g;Gw kz;lgq;fspy; epfo;r;rpia Vw;ghL nra;Jnfhz;L> xUNtis
czitkl;LNk mspj;Jtpl;L> cwtpdiu mDg;gpitf;Fk; epiyf;F khwpAs;sd.
 ehfupfg; Nghu;itf;Fs; kiwe;JtUk; fpuhkq;fs;: Mz;fs; Ntl;bAk;> ngz;Foe;ijfs;
ghthil rl;ilAk;> igad;fs; fhy;rl;ilAk; mzpe;J> fpuhkj;jpw;Nf cupa gz;ghl;ilf;
fhj;J te;jdu;. Ntl;bf;Fg; gjpy; [Pd;];> ghthil rl;ilf;Fg; gjpy; Rbjhu;> Fu;jh> iel;b
vd tlehl;L - Nkdhl;L ehfupfj;ijf; fpuhkj;Jf;Fs; Eioatpl;Ltpl;ldu;. mk;kh> mg;gh
vd;Dk; mofpa jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;> kk;kp - lhb vd khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpUtpohf;fspy; fpuhkpa
fiyepfo;r;rpfs; Ngha;> jpiug;glf; fhl;rpfs; muq;NfWfpd;wd. nkhj;jj;jpy; fpuhkj;J
kf;fs; jq;fs; milahsj;ijj; njhiyj;Jtpl;ldu;. fpuhkq;fs; jq;fspd; Kftupia
,oe;J tUfpwJ vdyhk;.
19. nrd;id kapyhg;G+u;> fe;jNfhl;lg; gFjpfs; nra;Aspy; vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwd?
 Kd;Diu: Nfhtpy; ,y;yh Cupy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;gJ KJnkhop. ehfuPfk;> r%f
xw;Wik> kfpo;r;rp> gz;ila tuyhW Mfpatw;wpd; KO milahskhf Nfhtpy;fs;
,Ue;JtUfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy;> kapyhg;G+upYk; fe;jf; Nfhl;lj;jpYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;
jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs; nra;As; gFjpfspy; vt;thW fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjid ,q;F
ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 kapyhg;G+u; fghyPr;ruk;:
o nrd;id kapyhg;G+upy; Mz;LNjhWk; tpohf;fs; eilngWtJ tof;fk;. mt;tifapy;
Mz;LNjhUk; gq;Fdp khjj;jpy; nfhz;lhlg;gl;LtUk; gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpohtpidr;
rpwg;gpj;J> jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; mtu;fs;> jdJ Njthug;ghlypy; (jpUkapiyg; gjpfj;jpy;)
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
o G+k;ghtha;> ,sk;ngz;fs; xd;W$b Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhbLk; tpohfs; epiwe;j
tPjpapid cila Cu; jpUkapiy. vOr;rp kpf;f tpohfs; ele;jpLk; mj;jpUkapiy fghyPr;ru
,iwtDf;F gq;Fdp cj;jpu ehspy; G+irapLk; Muthu tpohtpidf; fhzhky; nry;tJ
KiwahFkh? vd Nfl;gJNghy; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w
Kiwapid tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
 fe;jf;Nfhl;l fe;jd;:
o Md;kNea xUikg;ghL> rka xUikg;ghL> xsp topghL Nghd;w rPu;jpUj;jr; rpe;jidfs;>
ts;syhupd; kdjpy; Njhd;wpl fhuzkha; ,Ue;j Cu;> nrd;id fe;jNfhl;lk;. NkYk;>
ts;syhu; mtu;fs; tlYhu; nrd;W> jkJ Md;kPf ikaj;ij epWtpl Cw;Wf;fz;zhf
,Ue;j CUk; nrd;id fe;jNfhl;lk;.
o KUfDf;fhd tpohfs; rpwg;ghf eilngw;wpLk; fe;jf;Nfhl;lk; gw;wp ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;
mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ> ‘mwk; nra;Nthu; epiwe;j nrd;id fe;jNfhl;lk;’ vd;Nw
jdJ nja;tkzp khiyapy; (5k; jpUKiw) Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 KbTiu: jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; kw;Wk; ,uhkypq;f mbfshu; mtu;fspd; mUl;ngWk;
ghu;itapd;fPo; nrd;idapd; kapyhg;G+Uk; fe;jNfhl;lKk; ,iwtdpd; mUSk; ey; mwKk;
epiwe;j Cu;fs; vd;gjpid mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
20. epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J nt.,iwad;G $Wk; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.
 Kd;Diu: kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpaNghNj Nkyhz;ikAk; njhlq;fptpl;lJ. ,aw;ifNahL
,ize;J thoTk; ,lu;fis fise;jplTk; Nkyhz;ik mtrpakhd xd;W. Nkyhz;ik gy
tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whd epUthf Nkyhz;ikg; gw;wp ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.
 epUthf Nkyhz;ik: cau; gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; epGzj;Jtk;
ngw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy. Mdhy;> ahu; jpwikrhyp vd;W mwpe;J> mtiu
mUfpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; NghJk;. xU nraiy njupe;Jitj;jpUg;gJ xUtpj mwpT
vd;why;> mr;nray; ahUf;F njupAk; vd njupe;J itj;jpUg;gJk; xUtif mwpthFk;.
,jidNa ehybahu;> ‘fy;yhNu ahapDk; fw;whiur; Nru;e;njhOfpd; (139)’ - vd;fpwJ.
 N\f;];gpau; $Wk; epUthf Nkyhz;ik: epUthfj;jpy; tuNt nryitj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tuitj; jhz;b epiwar; nryT nra;gtd;> mLj;jtu;fsplk; ifNae;j Ntz;ba mty
epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLthd;. ,ijNa> ‘N\f;];gpaupd’; epjp Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa ehlfk;
tpsf;FfpwJ. ilkd; vd;gtd; Vnjd;]; efupy; ,Ue;jhd;. mtd; tuT Fiwe;jhYk; nryT
ePbj;jJ. mtdJ cjtpahsu; epjp epiyikiag; gw;wpg; Ngr tUfpw nghOnjy;yhk; Nfl;f
kWj;jhd;. xU fl;lj;jpy; fld; nfhLj;jtu;fs; fOj;ij neupf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy;>
mg;NghJk; mtd; tUe;jtpy;iy. jhd; mspj;j tpUe;ij cz;ltu;fs;> cjTthu;fs; vd;W
ngha;fzf;Fg; NghLfpwhd;. mtDila Nrtfu;fs; ehd;F jpirfSf;Fk; nrd;W ntWk;
ifNahLk; ntspwpa Kfj;NjhLk; jpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;. mtd; CUf;F xJf;Fg;Gwkhfr;
nry;fpwhd;. kdpj ,dj;ijNa ntWf;fpwhd;. ,t;thW nray;gl;lhy; vt;thW epUthfk;
rpwg;Gld; fhzg;gLk;.
 ey;topf; $Wk; epUthf Nkyhz;ik: xUtd; jd; tUthiatpl mjpfk; nryT nra;jhy;>
mtd; fld; thq;fp> jd; khdj;ij ,oe;J nrhe;j Gj;jpia ,oe;JtpLthd; vd;gijNa
‘Md Kjypy; mjpfk; nrythdhy; khdk; mope;J kjpnfl;L Nghdhd; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 KbTiu: epUthfj;jpy; tuNt nryitj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJNt> ntw;wpapd;
mbg;gilahf mikAk; vd epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J nt.,iwad;G $Wfpwhu;.
21. jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;gJ Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;gw;Wk; njhopyh? my;yJ fiyfspd; rq;fkkh?
cq;fs; ghu;itiaf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
 jpiug;glk;: jpiu muq;fpw;Fr; nrd;W> ehk; gy jpiug;glq;fis fz;L kfpo;e;jpUf;fpdN; whk;.
mj;jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpf;Fg;gpd;> vt;tsT fbdkhd ciog;G ,Uf;fpwJ? vj;jid
Ngu;fspd; $l;L Kaw;rp ,Uf;fpwJ? vd;gJ Fwpj;J vd;whtJ rpe;jpj;jJz;lh?
mr;rpe;jidapd; tbtkhfNt ,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
 ngUe;njhopy;: jpiug;glk; jahupg;gJ vd;gJ> ngUKjyPl;by; nra;ag;gLfpd;w xU
ngUe;njhopyhFk;. fij cUthf;fk;> ebfu;fs; Nju;T> ciuahly; vOJjy;> ghly;
vOJjy;> ghlYf;F ,ir mikj;jy;> ebg;gjw;Fupa ebfu;fNshL glk; vLg;gjw;Fupa
,lq;fisj; Nju;T nra;jy;> mtw;iwg; glkhf;fy;> glj;ijr; rPuikj;J xyp xspg;gjpTfs;
nra;jy;> Nju;Tf; FOTf;F mDg;Gjy;> glj;ij ntspaplj; jpiuauq;Ffisj; Njb
fz;Lgpbj;jy;> gj;jpupifahsu;fSf;Fk; Clfq;fSf;Fk; nra;jp njuptpj;jy; vd>
vj;jidNah nray;fisr; nra;j gpwFjhd;> xU glj;ijj; jpiu muq;fpy; fhl;lKbAk;.
 gyiu thoitf;Fk; njhopy;: NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l nray;fisr; nra;tjw;Fg; gy EhW
Ml;fisj; Nju;T nra;J> Ntiy thq;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fSf;F cupa Neuj;jpy;
cztspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Cjpak; ju Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifapy; vz;zw;w FLk;gq;fisf;
fhf;fpd;w njhopyhfj; jpiug;glj;njhopy; tpsq;FfpwJ. mtu;fspd; FLk;gq;fs;> ,e;jj;
njhopiy ek;gpj;jhd; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
 fiytsu; njhopy;: jpiug;glj;jpy; ebg;G> trdk; kl;Lkpy;yhky; ,irAk; Nru;fpwJ. Mly;>
ghly; fiyfs; mjdhy; Gj;jhf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. rpy glq;fspy; rz;ilf;fhl;rpfs;
,lk;ngWk;. mjpy; gzpGupar; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gapw;rp ngw;w fiyQu;fs; ,Ug;gu;. rpy fhl;rp
mikg;Gfis cUthf;f ,aw;if moF epiwe;j ,lq;fisj; Nju;T nra;tu;. md;wp
,aw;iff; fhl;rpfis tiue;Njh> Fwpg;gpl;l tifapyhd muq;Ffis mikj;Njh
glg;gpbg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,t;tifapy; cw;W Nehf;fpdhy;> jpiug;glj;njhopy; vd;gJ>
vz;zw;w fiyfis tsu;f;Fk; njhopw;$lkhf kl;Lk; ,y;yhky;> Mapuf;fzf;fhd
FLk;gq;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopyhf tpsq;FtJk; Gyg;gLk;.
22. kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf.
 Kd;Diu: kiyahsf; ftpQUk; ebfUkhd ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL mtu;fs;> Nfushtpy;
cs;s guT+upy; gpwe;jtu;. vu;zhFsj;jpy; mike;Js;s k`huh[h fy;Yhupapy; Mq;fpyg;
gl;lk; ngw;wtu;. md;dhu; mtu;fs;> vOjpa ‘rpjk;gu ];kuz’ vd;w Ehypy;> ebfu; jpyfk;
rpth[pfNzrd; cldhd xUehs; re;jpg;gpidg; gw;wpAk; ebg;Gj;jpwidg; gw;wpAk; thdshtpa
mstpy; Gfo;e;J tptupj;Js;shu;. Nkw;gbahd Ehypid> Nf.tp.iry[h mtu;fs; ‘rpjk;gu
epidTfs;’ vd;w ngaupy;> jkpo;nkhopapy; nkhopngau;j;Js;shu;. mf;fl;Liuapy; cs;s
fUj;Jfs; gw;wp> ghyr;re;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;jpy; fhz;Nghk;.
 gpwg;Gk; tsu;g;Gk;: goFtjw;F kpfTk; vspatuhd rpth[pfNzrd; mtu;fs;> tpOg;Guj;jpy;
gpwe;jtu;. tpOg;Guk; rpd;idah fNzrd; vd;gNj mtupd; ,aw;ngau;. ,jd; RUf;fNk>
tp.rp.fNzrd; vd;gjhFk;. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhz;L> rpiwr;nrd;w
je;ijapid> jd;Dila xd;gjhtJ tajpy;jhd; Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lhu;. FLk;g tWikapd;
fhuzkhf> jd;Dila Ie;jhtJ tajpNyNa ehlff; fk;ngdpapy; gzpf;Fr; Nru;e;J> gpd;
gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndwp rpdpkhj;Jiwapy; fhy;gjpj;jhu;.
 ehafu;fspd; cUtk;: mwpQu; mz;zhJiu mtu;fspd; ehlfj;jpy;> rj;ugjp rpth[pahf
NtlNkw;W ebj;jhu;. mtupd; ebg;Gj;jpwidf; fz;Ltpae;j> je;ij ngupahu; mtu;fs;>
tp.rp.fNzrDf;F ‘rpth[pfNzrd;’ vd;W ngaupl;lhu;. mg;ngaNu> gpd;dhspy;
epiyj;Jtpl;lJ. Copj; jhz;ltkhLk; Uj;ud;> ftr Fz;lyk; nfhLj;j fu;zd;>
fhsNkfj;jpy; ftpij jJk;gr; nra;j fhspjhrd;> jkpopd; cd;djf; ftp ghujp> jkpo;
kz;zpd; tPukfd; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;> Mq;fpNyaUf;F mQ;rhj fg;gNyhl;baj; jkpod;
vd vz;zw;w ehafu;fspd; cUtkhfNt mtu; fhl;rpaspj;J tUfpwhu;. mg;Ngu;gl;l
ebg;Gyfr; rf;futu;j;jpapd; tPl;bw;Fs;> ,uT tpUe;jpw;fhf ghyr;re;jpud; mtu;fs; nrd;wpl
tha;g;G fpilj;jJ.
 gpwtpf; fiyQd;: Ie;J &gha; rk;gsj;jpy;> ‘jq;fg;gjf;fk;’ jpiug;glj;jpd; gjhifAld;>
njUj;njUtha; fj;jpj;jpupe;j ghyr;re;jpud; mtu;fs;> Kjy;Kiwahf rpth[pfNzridg;
ghu;f;f> mtupd; tPl;bw;Fs; nry;fpwhu;. vjpNu> xU rPuha; mb vLj;J> ghjk; Kd;Ndhf;f>
vjpu;Njhs; gpd;Ndhf;f> jiy epkpu;e;J> neQ;R tpupe;J> iffs; tPrp> ,ik mirahky;> nky;y
nky;y rpq;f eilapl;L te;j me;j kfhebfidf; fz;lJk;> ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd;
tUifiaf; fz;ljhfNt czu;e;jhu; ghyr;re;jpud;. gpd;> midtUk; mku;e;jhu;fs;. uh[Pt;
mtu;fs;> Gjpa glj;jpw;fhd fijf;fsj;jpid $wj;njhlq;fpdhu;. mijf; Nfl;L
urpj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhu; rpth[pfNzrd;. mt;tg;nghOJ> mtupd; GUtq;fSk; fz;fSk;
cau> Kf mgpeaq;fs; $l> iftpuy;fs; jhs[jp Nghl vd khwpkhwp gw;gy nra;iffs;
elj;Jnfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd. ,itaidj;ijAk; ghu;j;Jurpj;j ghyr;re;jpud; mtu;fs;>
rpth[pfNzrd; ‘Xu; gpwtp fiyQd;’ vd;gij czu;e;Jf;nfhz;lhu;.
 trdk; kwth kd;dd;: ,ilapy;> uh[Pt; mtu;fs; rpth[pfNzridg; ghu;j;J> tPughz;ba
fl;lnghk;kd; jpiug;glj;jpy; ePq;fs; Ngrpa trdk; epidtpUf;fpwjh? vd tpisahl;lha; xU
Nfs;tpapidf; Nfl;lhu;. rpth[pfNzrd; Nfhgpj;Jf;nfhs;thNuh vd mQ;rpdhu;
ghyr;re;jpud;. Mdhy;> rpth[pfNzrNdh rpwpJNeuk;> fz;iz%b jpwe;jhu;. gpd;> vOe;jhu;>
Ntl;bapd; kbg;gpidg; gpbj;jhu;> nkJthf epkpu;e;J tp];t&gk; vLj;jhu;. fp];jp - jpiu - tup
- tl;b> thdk; nghopfpwJ - g+kp tpisfpwJ - cdf;Nfd; nfhLg;gJ fp];jp. vq;fNshL
taYf;F te;jhah? Vw;wk; ,iwj;jhah? ePu;gha;r;rp - neLtay; epiwaf; fz;lhah? ehw;W
el;lhah? fis gwpj;jhah?..................... vd xU%r;rpy; NgrpKbj;jhu;. kapu;fhy; $r;rpl>
nka;kwe;Jf; fple;jhu;fs; ghyr;re;jpuDk; mtUld; nrd;wtu;fSk;.
 thry;tiu te;J topaDg;G gz;ghsd;: jpiug;glk; rhu;e;J midj;Jk; Ngrp Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;> mWRitapid cz;L kfpo;e;jhu;fs;. fpsk;gpLk; jUthapy;> thry;tiu te;J topaDg;gp
itj;jhu; rpth[pfNzrd;. ghyr;re;jpud; mtu;fs; fhupy; VwpdhYk; mtupd; kdNkh
rpth[pfNzrd; mtu;fspd; tPl;bidNa Rw;wpj;jpupe;jJ. mtupd; kdNthl;lNkh
rpth[pfNzrdpd; ebg;Nghl;lj;jpy; fye;J fple;jJ.
 KbTiu: ebg;Gr; rf;futu;j;jpahd rpth[pfNzrd; mtu;fs;> gj;k= - gj;k G+rz; -
fiykhkzp - nrthypau; - nfa;Nuh tpUJ - jhjhrhNfg; ghy;Nf tpUJ Nghd;w tpUJfisg;
ngw;Ws;shu;. md;dhu; mtu;fSldhd xUehs; re;jpg;gpy;> ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
mtu;fs; ngw;w mDgtkhfNt ,e;Ehy; mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ. (vd;idg; Nghy; rpth[p
ebg;ghu;. Mdhy;> vd;dhy;jhd; rpth[p Nghy; ebf;f KbahJ - khu;yd; gpuhz;Nlh)
23. cq;fs; Cu;g; gFjpapy; thOk; fiyQu; xUtu; Neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf;
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
 fiyQu; fiythzd;: ‘fiythzd;’ vd;wJk; eifr;Rit ehafd; vd;.v];.fpU\;zd;
epidTf;F tUthu;. ehd; mtiug; gw;wpg; Ngrtpy;iy. mg;ngaiuj; jk; ,aw;ngauhff;
nfhz;ltiug; gw;wpf; Ngrg;NghfpNwd;. mtu;jhk;> nghk;kyhl;lf; fiyQuhf tyk;
te;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; K.fiythzd;. ,d;iwf;Fk; Cu; Cuhfg; gazk; nra;Jnfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpwhu;. nghk;kyhl;l epfo;r;rpfis elj;JtNjhL> mf;fiyiag; gapw;Wtpj;Jf;nfhz;Lk;
cs;shu;. fiykhkzp ftpQu;.j.kh.Kj;Jf;$j;jd;> ,tUila je;ijahthu;. rpwe;j
eitr;Rit ebfuhfTk; ghlyhrpupauhfTk; jpfo;e;jtu;.
 fiythzd; ngau;f;fhuzk;: ,sk; taJKjy; ngupahu; nfhs;ifapy; <LghL nfhz;l
Kj;Jf;$j;jd;> rhjp kWg;Gj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;ltu;. jhk; nfhz;l nfhs;ifapy;
khwhJ> jk; tho;ehs;tiu tho;e;J fhl;ba nfhs;ifahsu;. fiyAyfj; jiykfd;
fiythzu;kPJ nfhz;l <Lghl;lhy;> jk; xNu kfDf;Ff; fiythzd; vdg; ngau;
itj;jhu;. mjdhy;jhNdh vd;dNth> ,tUf;Fk; Xtpak;> nghk;kyhl;lk;> gyFuy;>
Nkilg;Ngr;R vdg; gy fiyfSk; ahuplKk; fw;Wf;nfhs;shkNy xl;bf; nfhz;lJ.
 nghk;kyhl;lf; fiyapy; <LghL: 1972-73y; tFg;gpy; Mrpupia ghlk; elj;Jtijg; ghu;j;j
fiythzd;> mtiug; NghyNt> glq;fis jhspy; tiue;J> mij ntl;b nghk;kyhl;lk;
elj;Jthu;. fj;jpupf;fha;> cUisf;fpoq;F> Kl;il XL Mfpatw;wpy; fz;> fhJ> %f;F>
tha; tiue;J tpuypy; khl;b Ml;Ltpg;gJ vd> tpisahl;lha;r; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhu;. gs;sp

ez;gd; utpAld; Nru;e;J gs;sp ,yf;fpa tpohtpy; nghk;kyhl;lk; fhl;lj; njhlq;fpdhu;. gpd;>
tpLKiw ehl;fspy; tPl;by; 10 fhR fl;lzk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> Cu;g; gps;isfis vy;yhk;
mioj;Jg; nghk;kyhl;lk; fhl;bdhu;.
 nghk;kyhl;lk; r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd fUtp: nghk;kyhl;lj;ij> xU Gul;rpfukhd> r%f
khw;wj;jpw;fhd fUtp vd epidj;jhu; fiythzd;. Kd;ngy;yhk; gf;jpf; fijfisr;
nrhy;Ytjw;fhf epfo;j;jg;gl;L te;j nghk;kyhl;lj;jpy;> r%f eyf; fUj;ijAk;
nrhy;yKbAk; vdj; jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd;Kjypy; epfo;j;jpf; fhl;baJ ,tu;jhd;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 1995y; jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s xU rpw;Whupy;> ‘jupRepyk;
jUk; gupT’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;> jupRepy Nkk;ghL> kuk; tsu;g;gpd; mtrpak; gw;wpa;
nghk;kyhl;lk;> ‘rplh’ epWtdj;jpd; rhu;gpy; elj;jg;ngw;wJ.
 fw;gpf;Fk; cj;jp - nghk;kyhl;lk;: gs;spfspy; fw;gpf;Fk; fUtpahfg; nghk;kyhl;lf;
fiytbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf> jkpo;ehL nghk;kyhl;lf; fiyf;
fy;tpafj;ij cUthf;fp cs;shu;. mt;tpaf;fj;jpd;%yk; gs;sp Mrpupau;fs;> Foe;ijfs;>
fy;Yhup khztu;fs; vd midtUf;Fk; nghk;kyhl;lg; gapw;rp Kfhk; elj;jp tUfpwhu;.
fiythzd;> fiyf;FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu; vd;w nra;jp> mtupd; Xtpak; kw;Wk;
nghk;kyhl;lf; fiy epfo;Tfspd;%yk; ntspr;rkhfpwJ.
24. mwpTilik tho;tpd; cau;Tf;Fj; Jizepw;Fk; vd;gij ts;Stk; top epd;W epWTf.
 mwptpd; rpwg;G: mwpT> mopT Neuhky; Kd;dwpe;J fhf;Fk; fUtpahFk;. NkYk;> mJ
giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muZkhFk;.
mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthu;f;Fk;
cs;mopf;fy; Mfh muz;
 mwptpd; ,yf;fzk;:
o kdij jPa topapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp> ey;y topapy; nrYj;JtNj mwpthFk;.
nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxuP,
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT
o ve;jr; nra;jpia vtu;$wf; Nfl;lhYk; mr;nra;jpapd; cz;ikia Muha;e;J fhz
cjTtNj mwpthFk;.
vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT
o cyfj;jhu; vt;topapy; elf;fpd;wdNuh mt;topapy; jhDk; elg;gNj rpwe;j mwpthFk;.
vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL
mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT
 mwpTilahu;f;Fj; Jd;gkpy;iy: gpd;du; tuf;$ba Jd;gj;ij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;idf;
fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilatu;f;F eLf;fk; jUk; Jd;gk; vd;WNk ,y;iy.
vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy
mjpu tUtNjhu; Neha;
25. vspa kf;fspd; typfis ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tbtq;fNs KOikahfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd – epWTf.
 Kd;Diu: kdpj rKjhak; vij mDgtpj;jNjh> vijf; fw;wNjh mijf; Ftpj;J
itj;jpUf;Fk; Nrkpg;G miwNa ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs;. mit> vspa kf;fspd; typfis
KOikahfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd; Ntu;fs;> kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; midj;J epiyfspYk;
kpf Mokhfg; gjpe;Js;sd. mijg; gw;wp ,q;F ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;: kf;fspilNa fijf; $Wjy; vd;gJ Xu; nghJthd gz;ghFk;. kf;fs;
jq;fsJ tho;tpy; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; mDgtq;fis vLj;Jf;$Wtjw;fhfTk; nghOJ
Nghf;fpw;fhfTk; fijfis $wj; njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. ,d;wsTk; $Wfpwhu;fs;. jd;Dila
tho;tpay; KiwfisAk; tWik epiyfisAk; mjpypUe;J tpLgl;L rhjpj;jijAk;
mf;fijfs; ntspg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.
 tpLfijfs;: tpLfij vd;gJ VjhtJ xU fUj;ij jd;dplk; kiwj;Jf; nfhz;L $WtJ.
,tw;iw> mwpT Cl;Lk; nray;> gaDs;s nghOJNghf;F vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
 gonkhopfs;: mwptpd; RUf;fNk gonkhop. ,it> RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;Fk; Mw;wy;
nfhz;lit. gonkhopfs; vd;gJ gyuJ mwpitAk; xUtuJ Ez;Zzu;itAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jgit. mJ> Mokhd rpe;jidiaj; Jhz;bLk; mDgt Cw;W.
 xg;ghupg;ghly;fs;: ,we;jtu;fis epidj;J mtu;fs;kPJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fis xg;ghup
vd;gu;. xg;ghup ghLgtu; jd;Dila epiyik> FLk;gj;jpd; epiyik> jd;Dila f\;lk;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,izj;Jg;ghLthu;fs;. ,we;jtUf;Fk; jdf;Fkhd cwitAk; ,og;igAk;
mJ gpujpgypf;Fk;.
 KbTiu: ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs; kdpjdpd; tho;tpaiy kpf mofhf glk;gpj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. gonkhop> tpLfij> fijg;ghly;fs;> fijfs; Nghd;wit kdpjdpd; epiyfs;
gw;wpAk; typfisAk; KOikahf gpujpgypf;fpd;wd vdyhk;.
26. rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s> Gf@u;f; fy;ntl;L vt;tifapy; JizGupfpwJ - tpsf;Ff.
 Kd;Diu: rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fNs Kjd;ikr;
rhd;Wfshf tpsq;fpd. gpd;> mt;tpyf;fpaq;fSf;F epfuhdjhfTk; rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw
glk;gpj;Jf;fhl;bLk; fhyf;fz;zhbahfTk; tpsq;fp tUgit fy;ntl;LfNs.
,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wk; tuyhw;Wj; jlq;fis ,g;gFjpapy; ehk; ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 fy;ntl;Lfs; Xu; Ma;T: fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;s vOj;Jfis Ma;tnjd;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhd
gzpahFk;. Gyg;glhj vOj;Jfs;> mfuhjpapy; mlq;fhj nrhw;fs;> rpjykile;j Rtu;fs;
vd gyj; jilfisf; fle;J> fy;ntl;Lfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfis fz;lwpjy; vd;gJ
flYs;%o;fp Kj;njLg;gjw;F rkk;. mg;gzpapid kpf yhtfkhf ifahz;ltu;fspy; Iuhtjk;
kfhNjtd; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;. 30 Mz;Lfhyk; njhlu;e;J fy;ntl;Lfs; rhu;e;j
Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ltu;. NkYk;> fy;ntl;L vd;w ,jopidTk; njhlu;e;J elj;jpatu;.
 Gf@u; fy;ntl;L: f&iu mLj;Js;s Cu; Gf@u;. mq;Fs;s MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpy;> gy
Fiffs; cs;sd. mf;Fifspy; xd;wpDs;> ehd;F tupfspy;> gpuhkpa vOj;Jfshy;
vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;L ,Ug;gjhfTk;> mJ kpfTk; gOjile;j epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhfTk;>
gbg;gjw;F VJthf ,y;iy vdTk; gutyhf Ngrg;gl;L te;jJ. NkYk;> mf;fy;ntl;L Nruu;
fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ vdTk; $wg;gl;L te;jJ.
 Nruu; tuyhW: nghJthf gpuhkpaf; fy;ntl;Lfs; kpfr; RUf;fkhfTk;> xNu tupapy; %d;W
my;yJ ehd;F nrhw;fisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. kdpj elkhl;lkw;w Kl;Gju;fs;
epiwe;j MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpd; Fifapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l gpuhkpaf; fy;ntl;lhdJ 40
Mz;Lfs; gbf;fg;glhkNyNa fple;jJ. mf;fy;ntl;bf; KjypYk; KbtpYk; XupU vOj;Jfs;
ePq;fyhf Vida vOj;Jfs; vitnad Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Mjd; vd;w nrhy;iy
itj;Nj> ,J NruUila fy;ntl;L vd KbTf;F te;jhu;fs;. ,Wjpahf Iuhtjk;
kfhNjtd; mtu;fspd; ngUKaw;rpahy;> ,f;fy;ntl;L KOikahf gbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fy;ntl;L $Wk; tuyhW:
‘mk;kz;zd; ahw;Whu; nrq;fhagd; ciwa;
Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiw kfd;
ngUq; fLq;Nfhd; kfd; (,)sq;
fLq;Nfh (,)sq;Nfh Mf mWj;j fy;’
,q;F> ehd;F tupfs; nfhz;l gpuhkpa vOj;Jfspy; Kjy;tup> ahw;Whu; vd;Dk; ,lj;ijr;
Nru;e;j rkzj; Jwtpahd nrq;fhagd; trpf;Fk; ,lk; ,J vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. %d;W
kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; tupfspy; ngUq;fLq;Nfh> ,sq;fLq;Nfh> ,sq;Nfh vd mLj;J Nru
kd;du;fspd; ngau;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ,k;kd;du;fspd;
ngau;fs;> fy;ntl;by; fhzf;fpilg;gJ ,JNt Kjy;KiwahFk;.
 KbTiu: Gf@u; fy;ntl;Lr; rhu;e;j jd; Ma;T Kbtpid> tuyhw;W Nguhrpupau; jpU.ePyfz;l
rh];jpupaplk; fhl;b> epiwFiwfis mstpl;L nkUNfw;wpdhu;. NkYk;> mjid ‘jp ,e;J’
ehspjopy; rpWfl;Liuahf ntspapl;lhu;. xU Ma;T xU tuyhw;iw fz;lwpAk; vd;gij ,q;F
ek;khy; mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbfpwJ.
27. kapiyahu; Xu; ‘Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu;’ vd;Dk; $w;wpidr; rhd;WfSld; fl;Liuf;f.
 gpwg;Gk; gzpAk;: kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp mtu;fs;> nrd;id kapyhg;G+upy; 16.12.1900y;
gpwe;jtu;. je;ij rpj;j kUj;Jtu; rPdpthrd; mtu;fspd; gpd;GyKk; jikadpd; jkpo;g;
gpd;GyKk; rPdp.Ntq;flrhkpia tuyhw;W Ma;thsuhf cUthf;fpaJ. 25 Mz;Lfs;
njhlf;fg;gs;sp Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu;. gzpf;fhyj;jpy;> tpGyhde;j mbfs; - jpU.tp.f
- nj.ngh.kP - r.j.rw;Fzu; Nghd;Nwhu;fSld; Vw;gl;l el;gpidg; gad;gLj;jp> gy;NtW
,jo;fspy; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufis ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
 njhlf;ffhy Ma;Tfs;: ‘fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk;’ vd;Dk; Ehy;> kapiy.rPdp. Ntq;flrhkpapd;
Kjy; Ma;T EhyhFk;. rkaf; fho;g;Gzu;T ,d;wpg; ‘ngsj;jKk; jkpOk;’> ‘rkzKk; jkpOk;’
vd gy Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;. tl;nlOj;J> NfhnyOj;J> gpuhkp Mfpatw;wpy; Gyik
ngw;wpUe;jhu;. mjdhy;> fy;ntl;Lf;fis vspjhf thrpj;J> 19k; Ehw;whz;L kd;du;fs;
Fwpj;Jj; njhlu;e;J vOjpte;jhu;. gpd;> fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpapy; jkpou;fs; vd;Dk; EhiyAk;
ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
 fiy> fy;ntl;L Ma;Tfs;: xU epiyapy;> gy;ytu; kw;Wk; Nrhou;fhy Xtpaq;fs;>
rpj;jd;dthry; Xtpaq;fs; Fwpj;j Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak; Fwpj;j
Ma;thy;> ‘jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs;’ vd;Dk; ftpd;fiy Ehy;> jkpopy; Kjd;Kjypy;
ntspte;jJ. ,e;Ehy;> jkpof murpd; Kjw;guprpidg; ngw;wJ. ,iwtd; Mba vOtifj;
jhz;ltk;> Ez;fiyfs;> ,irthzu; fijfs; Mfpadtw;iw vOjpaNjhL>
Ez;fiyfSf;Fg; glq;fisj; jhNk tiue;J ntspapl;lhu;. ,J ,tuJ fiyj;jpwDf;Fr;
rhd;whFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpak;> fy;ntl;L Mfpatw;iw Ma;T nra;Jk;>
Ehy;fis ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ‘jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW’ vd;Dk; Ehy;> jkpof tuyhw;wpidg; gy
Nfhzq;fspy; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;jJ vdf; $wyhk;.
 gd;nkhopg; Gyik: kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> rk];fpUjk;> ghyp> Mq;fpyk; Kjypa nkhopfisf;
fw;Wj;Nju;e;jtu;. jkpofj;jpd; tuyhw;iw milahsg;gLj;jpatu;. ,tUila Ma;Tfs;
jkpOyFf;F Kjd;ikahd Ma;thFk;. kJiug; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ‘jkpo;g; Nguitr; nrk;ky;’
vd;Wk;> mwpQu; ngUkf;fs;> ‘Muha;r;rp NguwpQu;’ vd;Wk; gl;lq;fis toq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jdu;.
jkJ Ma;thy; jkpOf;Fk; jkpo;ehl;bw;Fk; Ra milahsq;fis kPl;Lj; je;jtu; Mthu;.
28. vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhu; ‘fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu;’ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
 Kd;Diu: ,NaR ngUkhdpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw> jkpo; kuGf;Fl;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l
cUtff; fhg;gpaNk ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;. ,f;fhg;gpak; vr;.V.fpUl;bzd; mtu;fshy;
gilf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu; Vd;? fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu; vd;gijg; gw;wp>
ek;ghlg;gFjpapd; cjtpAld; ,q;F ePz;L fhz;Nghk;.
 topEhy; - jOty;: tlnkhopapy; thy;kPfpahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,uhkhazj;ij Kjy;
Ehyhff;nfhz;L> fk;guhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lNj fk;guhkhazk;. mJNghd;Nw> [hd; ghdpad;
mtu;fshy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l gpy;fpupk;]; GNuhfpui] Kjy; Ehyhff;nfhz;L
vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lNj ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;. ,q;F> ,uhkhazj;jpid jkpo;
kuGf;Fl;gl;L fk;guhkhazkhf fk;gu; gilj;Js;shu;. fk;giug; Nghd;Nw> gpy;fpupk;];
GNuhfpui] jkpo; kuGf;Fl;Lgl;L> ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfkhf vr;.V.fpUl;bzd; gilj;Js;shu;.
 mikg;G: fk;guhkhazk; 6 fhz;lg;gpupTfisAk; 113 glyq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mJNghd;Nw> ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpufk; 5 gUtq;fisAk; 47 glyq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,q;F> ngUk;gpupTfs; fhz;lk; - gUtk; vd NtWgl;bUe;jhYk;> cl;gpupTfs; glyk; vd
xj;Jg;NghfpwJ. NkYk;> fk;gupd; mbnahw;wpNa> vr;.V.fpUl;bzd; mtu;fs; jd;Dila
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpid tpUj;jj;jpy; mikj;Js;shu;.
 ghj;jpu GidT: fk;guhkhazk;> ,uhkd; vd;w xg;gw;wj; jiytid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJNghd;Nw> ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfKk; ,NaRit xg;gw;wj; jiytdhff;
nfhz;L gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F> khDldhfg; gpwe;J ,iwepiyia ,uhkd; mile;jhu;
vd;fpwhu; fk;gu;. ,uhkidg; Nghd;Nw> ,NaRTk; khDldhfg; gpwe;Nj ,iwepiyia
mile;jhu; vd;fpwhu; vr;.V.fpUl;bzd; mtu;fs;.

 tdthrk;: ,t;tpU Ehy;fspYk; fhg;gpaj; jiytDf;F ‘tdthrk;’ tho;tpd; xU
mq;fkhfNt mike;Js;sJ. Muz;athrj;jpw;Fgpd; fhg;gpaj; jiytdhd ,uhkd;
cr;repiyia miltjhf fk;gu; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. fk;giug; Nghd;Nw>
Muz;athrj;jpw;Fgpd; fhg;gpaj; jiytdhd ,NaRTk; cr;repiyia miltjhf
vr;.V.fpUl;bzd; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhu;.
 ez;gu;fspd; cjtp: fk;guhkhzaj;jpd; Muz;afhz;lj;jpy; ,uhkDf;F ez;gu;fs;
ve;nje;jtifapy; cjtpahf ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. mJNghd;Nw>
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpYk; Muz;ag; gUtj;jpy;> ,NaRngUkhdpd; ez;gu;fs; vt;thW
cjtpahf ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. ,q;F> fk;giug; Nghd;Nw
vr;.V.fpUl;bzDk; ez;gu;fspd; cWJizia tptupj;Js;shu;.
 ghiy - kjk;: jpizf;Fupa ,lg;ngaupy; ghiyj;jpiz> jkpo; epyj;jpw;FupaJ md;W. Mdhy;>
fk;gu; ghiyiaf; Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;Nw> vr;.V.fpUl;bzd; mtu;fSk; ghiy jpizapidf;
Fwpg;gpl;L ghly;fis mikj;Js;shu;. NkYk;> ,e;J kjj;jpd; fUj;jpay;fis fk;guhkhazk;
vLj;Jf;$WtJ Nghd;Nw> fpwpj;Jt kjj;jpd; fUj;jpay;fis ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;
vLj;Jf;$WfpwJ.
 KbTiu: fk;guhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l fk;guhkhazj;jpd; fij fsj;NjhLk;> fUj;jpaNyhLk;>
ftpij eaj;NjhLk;> ghj;jpug;GidT - ghlyikT - ngUk;gpupT cl;gpupT - khDlepiy
,iwepiy vd gy;NtW$Wfspy; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; xj;Jg;NghFk; tifapy;
mikag;ngw;wjhy;> vr;.V.fpUl;bzd; mtu;fs; fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
29. Nfhilkio fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpj Neag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.

 Kd;Diu: ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;J jtpf;Fk; Foe;ij. Foe;ijf;fhfNt tho;e;JtUk; ngupatu;.
ngupatupd; f\;lj;ij Nghf;f epidf;Fk; ghG. Foe;ijAld;Nru;j;J ngupatiuAk;
jj;njLf;Fk; jk;gjp vd kdpjNeag; gz;Gfisg; glutpl;Ls;shu; gilg;ghsu; rhe;jh jj;
mtu;fs;.
 ghrg;gpizg;G: ngupatu; MWKfk; kidtpia ,oe;jtu;. rpy khjq;fSf;F Kd;jhd; jd;
kfidAk; ,oe;jtu;. tajhd je;ijiaAk; gpQ;Rf; Foe;ijiaAk; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba kfd;> kidtpapd; gpupitj; jhq;f Kbahky; tp\k; Fbj;J ,we;JNghdhd;.
ahUkw;w epiyapy; Ngudpd; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhfNt tho;e;jhfNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F
js;sg;gl;lhu; ngupatu; MWKfk;.
 ghGtpd; kdpjNeak;: MWkhjf; Foe;ijia itj;Jf;nfhz;L> ngupatu; MWKfk; gLk;
f\;lj;ij jpde;jpdk; ghu;g;gtd; ghG. ngupatupd; f\;lj;ij Nghf;f> jdf;Fj;njupe;j xU
jk;gjpf;F Foe;ijia jj;Jf;nfhLj;Jtplyhk; vd topfhl;bdhd;. Mdhy;> ngupatNuh
mjw;F xj;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

 ngupatupd; kdkhw;wk;: xU ehs; Foe;ijf;F cly;epiy rupapy;yhjf; fhuzj;jpdhy;
kUj;Jtkidf;F mioj;Jr;nry;fpwhu; ngupatu;. mq;F> xU jhapd; mutizg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;
Foe;ijiaf; fhz;fpwhu;. jdf;Fg;gpd;> ,e;jf;Foe;ijia ahu; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu; vd;w
vz;zk; NkNyhq;fpaJ mtUf;F. jd; Nguf;Foe;ijf;F ,JNghd;wnjhU xU MWjy;
Ntz;Lk; - mutizg;Gk; Ntz;Lk; vd KbntLf;fpwhu;. mij> ghGtplKk;
njuptpj;JtpLfpwhu;.
 jj;njLj; jk;gjpaupd; gz;Geyk;: ghG $wpa jk;gjpau;fs; Foe;ijiaj;
jj;njLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. Foe;ijia tpl;Ltpl;L> ngupatu; jdpNa tUe;Jthu; vdf;fUjp
mtiuAk; jq;fSld; tUkhW Ntz;bf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,ijf;Nfl;l ngupatu; fz;fyq;fp
iff;$g;gp tzq;fpdhu;.
 KbTiu: kdpj Neaj;ij kl;LNk mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rpWfij vOJgtu;
ngz;gilg;ghsuhd rhe;jh jj; mtu;fs;. ,f;fijapy; tUk; fjhkhe;ju;fspd; kdpj Neag;
gz;Gfis ek; fz;Kd;Nd glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sJ.
2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhfs; - ,yf;fzk;
1. gpioahd njhliuf; fz;lwpf.
m. fhisfisg; g+l;b> taiy cOjdu;.
M. kiykPJ Vwp> fy;ntl;Lfisf; fz;lwpe;jdu;.
,. fhisapy; G+j;j ky;ypif> kdk; tPrpaJ.
<. new;gapu;fs; kioePupy; %o;fpd.
2. Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; mike;j njhliuf; fz;lwpf.
m. mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njupAk;.
M. Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp eilngWfpwJ.
,. twl;rp> vy;yh ,lq;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ.
<. kapy;fs; tpwypaiug;Nghy; MLfpd;wd.
3. Kbe;jhy; juyhk;> Kbj;jhy; juyhk; - ,t;tpU nrhw;nwhlu;fs; czu;j;Jk; nghUis mwpe;J
njhlu; mikf;fTk;.
 Kbe;jhy; juyhk;: ViofSf;F> cd;dhy; Kbe;jhy; juyhk;.
 Kbj;jhy; juyhk;: cd;dplKs;s ciueil Gj;jfj;ij> eP gbj;J Kbj;jhy; juyhk;.
4. jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs; ahit?
 NgRtJ NghyNt vOJjy; $lhJ.
 Ntfkhf vOJjy; $lhJ.
 nf> Nf> nfh> Nfh - Nghd;w nfhk;Gila vOj;Jfspy; Fwpy;> neby; NtWghLfis mwpe;J
vOjpg; goFjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 vOj;Jfspd; xypg;GKiw> tup tbtk;> miktplk; Mfpatw;iw ed;fwpe;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 e>z>d - w>u - y>s>o Mfpa vOj;Jfspd; xyp NtWghLfis mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 njhlf;fj;jpy; rpy fhyk; tha;tpl;Nlh my;yJ kdjpw;Fs; cr;rupj;jgbNah vOjpg; gof
Ntz;Lk;.
5. vOJk;nghOJ Vw;gLk; gpiofis vj;jid tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;? mit ahit?
 vOJk;nghOJ Vw;gLk; gpiofis 4 tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
 mit: 1.vOj;Jg;gpio 2.nrhw;nghUl;gpio 3.nrhw;nwhlu;g;gpio 4.nghJthd gpio.
6. jkpopy; jpizg;ghFghL nghUl;Fwpg;G mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7. ‘cau;jpiz vd;kdhu; kf;fl; Rl;Nl - m/wpiz vd;kdhu; mtuy gpwNt’ - ,e;Ehw;gh
,lk;ngw;w ,yf;fzEhy; njhy;fhg;gpak;.
8. ahu;? vJ? Mfpa tpdhr;nrhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J> czu;j;Jk; jpizfs; KiwNa
cau;jpiz> m/wpiz.
9. nghUj;jp tpil Nju;f.
m. mtd;> mts;> mtu; - 1. csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik.
M. ehq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik.
,. ehk; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;.
<. ehq;fs;> ehk; - 4. gjpypL ngau;fs;. (tpil: 4>1>2>3)
10. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd
vit? jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Nghd;wit.
11. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW ,uz;L njhlu;fis vOJf.
 gj;J khztu;fs; Nju;T vOjpdhu;fs;.
 ,uz;L tPuu;fs; Nghu; nra;jhu;fs;.
12. njhlu;fisr; rupahf khw;wp mikf;f.
 Nfhtyd; kJiuf;Fr; nrd;wJ.
Nfhtyd; kJiuf;Fr; nrd;whd;.
 gwitfs; ney;kzpfis Ntfkhff; nfhj;jpj; jpd;wJ.
gwitfs; ney;kzpfis Ntfkhff; nfhj;jpj; jpd;wd.
 FjpiuAk; ahidAk; Ntfkhf XbaJ.
FjpiuAk; ahidAk; Ntfkhf Xbd.
13. nghUs; Fog;gkpd;wp vOJtjw;Fupa fhuzq;fSs; nghUe;Jtijj; Nju;f.
m. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsp tplhky; vOJjy;.
M. Njitaw;w ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsp tpl;L vOJjy;.
,. epWj;jf; Fwpfis cupa ,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy;.
<. ty;ypd nka;fisj; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,lhky; vOJjy;.
14. ty;ypdk; kpF> kpfhj; njhlu;fspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.
m. ghiy ghbdhd; - 1. Njiu vd;Dk; capupdj;ijg; ghu;j;jhd;.
M. ghiyg; ghbdhd; - 2. Njupidg; ghu;j;jhd;.
,. Njiu ghu;j;jhd; - 3. ghypidg; ghbdhd;.
<. Njiug; ghu;j;jhd; - 4. ghiyj;jpiz ghbdhd;. (4>3>1>2)
15. khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu; - NtnwhU nghUs; mikAkhW
nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;Jj; njhluikf;f.
 khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu;.
 khztu;fs;tupirapy; epd;W> mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu;.
16. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; ,UNtW njhlu;fis mikf;f.
 Kd; : mtd; Kd;te;J $wpdhd;.
: mtd;Kd; te;J $wpdhd;.
 jhNd : fz;zd; jhNdvOJtjhfr; nrhd;dhd;.
: fz;zd;jhNd vOJtjhfr; nrhd;dhd;.
 nfhz;L : thiog;goj;ijf; nfhz;L nrd;whd;.
: thiog;goj;ijf;nfhz;L nra;jhd;.
 tpl;lhd; : kPidg; gpbj;Jtpl;lhd;.
: kPidg;gpbj;J tpl;lhd;.
17. fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs; kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
 mts;> mf;fhs; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;whs;.
 mts; mf;fhs;> tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;whs;.
18. jpUtsu;r;nry;td;> jpUtsu;nry;td; - ,tw;wpy; rupahd njhlu; vJ? ,yf;fz tpjp ahJ?
 jpUtsu; nry;td; vd;gNj rupahd njhlu;.
 ,yf;fz tpjp: tpidj;njhifr; nrhy;Yf;fpilapy; ty;ypd xw;W kpfhJ.
19. ryry> te;J te;J> fyfy> tpk;kp tpk;kp - ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf; fpstpj; njhlu;fis vOjp
mtw;iw vOJk; Kiwiaf; $Wf.
 ,ul;ilf; fpstpj; njhlu;fs;: ryry> fyfy
 ,ul;ilf; fpstpfis vOJk; Kiw: ,ul;ilf; fpstpfisr; Nru;j;Nj vOjNtz;Lk;. gpupj;jy;
$lhJ. gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ.
20. ntz;ghtpw;Fupa Xir nrg;gNyhir. ntz;gh td;gh vd miof;fg;gLk;.
21. jis vd;gjw;Fupa nghUs; ahJ? fl;Ljy; (m) gpzpj;jy;.
22. ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit?
 ,aw;rPu; ntz;lis: kh Kd; epiu - tpsk; Kd; Neu;
 ntz;rPu; ntz;lis: fha; Kd; Neu;
23. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
 xU tpfw;gk;: ntz;ghtpw;Fupa ehd;F mbfspd; Kjy;rPupYk;> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wpte;jhy;
m/J xU tpfw;gk;.
 gy tpfw;gk;: ntz;ghtpd; KjypU mbfspy; Xu; vJifAk;> mbj;j ,U mbfspy; kw;nwhU
vJifAk; ngw;Wte;jhy; m/J gy tpfw;gk;.
24. ntz;ghtpw;fhd ,yf;fzk; ahJ?
 ,aw;rPu; ntz;lisAk; ntz;rPu; ntz;lisAk; ngw;W tUk;.
 <uirr; rPUk; (khr;rPu;> tpsr;rPu;) %tirr;rPUk; (fha;r;rPu;) ngw;W tUk;.
 <w;wb Kr;rPuhfTk; Vida mbfs; ehw;rPuhfTk; ngw;WtUk;.
 <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPu; ehs;> kyu;;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;w tha;ghLfspy; xd;wpidg; ngw;W KbAk;.
25. ntz;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
 ntz;gh 7 tifg;gLk;. mit>
1. Fws; ntz;gh(2)
2. Neupir rpe;jpay; ntz;gh(3)
3. ,d;dpir rpe;jpay; ntz;gh(3)
4. Neupirr; ntz;gh(4)
5. ,d;dpir ntz;gh(4)
6. g/nwhil ntz;gh(5-12)
7. fypntz;gh(13 Kjy;)
26. ntz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPu; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;? nghUj;jkhd rPupidf; nfhz;L
Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.
m. md;Ng jfspaha; (Mu;tkha; - jfspaha;)
M. thd;kio Jhwypd; (Jhwypd; - nghope;jpbd;)
,. fz;zpuz;Lk; ,y;yhu; (,yhjhu; - ,y;yhu;)
<. ntz;zpyT fha;fpwJ (fha;fpwJ - xspu;fpwJ)
c. nta;Nahd; xspu;e;jpl (fha;e;jpl - xspu;e;jpl)
27. %d;whtJ rPu; mikj;J vOJf.
m. fy;tp fiuapy fw;gtu;.
M. fy;yhNu MapDk; fw;whiu.
,. ey;yit nra;apd; eyNkahk;.
<. mtkjpg;Gk; Md;w FzDk;.
c. cz;zhJ Nehw;ghu; ngupahu;.
28. nghUj;Jf.
m. khr;rPu; - 1. fUtpsk;> $tpsk;.
M. fha;r;rPu; - 2. ehs;> kyu;.
,. tpsr;rPu; - 3. Njkhq;fha;> Gspkhq;fha;.
<. Xuirr;rPu; - 4. Njkh> Gspkh (tpil: m-4> M-3> ,-1> <-2)
29. gbkk; vd;gjpd; nghUs; fhl;rp.
30. ‘fhiy ,sk; ntapy; ed;whf Nka> Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; GJntapy;’ ,f;ftpijapy;
tpidg;gbkk; gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
31. $w;W : ctik cUtfk; Nghyg; gbkKk; tpid> gad;> nka;> cU Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Njhd;Wk;.
fhuzk;: vt;tifahd gbkkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ fhl;rp topNa fUj;jpid tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
tpil: $w;Wk; rup> fhuzKk; rup.
32. nka;g; gbkj;jpw;Fupa ghliyj; Nju;T nra;f.
m. neUQ;rpf; fl;fpd; GJkyu; Kl;gae; jhq;F……
M. fl;by; epzf;Fk; ,oprpdd; ifaJ……
,. ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk; rptg;Gf; Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk;………
<. nte;jhW nghd;dpd; me;jp G+g;g………
33. khe;Njhg;G> tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ - ,jpy;> vt;tifg; gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ?
(,jpy; cs;shu;e;j xg;gPlhd nka;g; gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ)
34. gbkk; vd;why; vd;d?
 tpsf;f te;j xU fhl;rpiaNah> fUj;ijNah fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpw cj;jpNa ‘gbkk;’
vdg;gLk;. gbkk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F fhl;rp vd;W nghUs;.
35. gbkk; vtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;?
 tpid> gad;> nka;(tbtk;)> cU(epwk;)
36. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;. (kapiyehju;)
37. $w;W 1: fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fhg;G + ,ak; vdg; gpupe;J> ‘kuigf; fhg;gJ> ,ak;GtJ>
ntspg;gLj;JtJ> nkhopiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ’ vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs; jUfpwJ.
$w;W 2: Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpy; xd;W ePyNfrp ($w;W 1 rup> $w;W 2 jtW)
38. rupahdtw;iwg; nghUj;Jf.
m. fhij - 1). fe;jGuhzk;
M. rUf;fk; - 2). rPtf rpe;jhkzp
,. ,yk;gfk; - 3). #shkzp
<. glyk; - 4). rpyg;gjpfhuk; (tpil: 4>3>2>1)
39. jtwhd ,iziaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m. tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahu;
M. Mrpupag;gh - mfehDhW
,. fypntz;gh - JhJ
<. Fws;ntz;gh - jpUf;Fws; (tpil: tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahu;)
40. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
 fhg;gpak; 2 tifg;gLk;. mit> 1. ngUq;fhg;gpak; 2.rpWfhg;gpak;
41. fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpwngau;fs; ahit?
 mfyf;ftp> kfhfhtpak;> rupjk;> Guhzk;> khf;fij> fijr; nra;As;> njhlu;epiyr; nra;As;.
42. fhg;gpar; rpw;WWg;Gfs; rpytw;iw vOJf. (fhij> rUf;fk;> ,yk;gfk;> glyk;)
43. ghtpfk; - tpsf;Ff.
 ghtpfk; vd;gJ fhg;gpag; gz;Ng - jz;b (89).
 fhg;gpaj;jpy; ftpQd; Fwpg;gpl tpUk;Gk; mbg;gilf; fUj;Nj ‘ghtpfk;’ vdyhk;.
44. ngUq;fhg;gpak; - rpWfhg;gpak; mbg;gilf; fUj;jpid NtWgLj;Jf.
 ngUq;fhg;gpak;: mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehd;F cWjpg;nghUl;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L miktJ.
 rpWfhg;gpak;: mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehd;F cWjpg;nghUl;fspy; xd;W Fiwe;Njh
my;yJ xd;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nlh miktJ.
45. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhd;kj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhj xd;wpidj; Nju;f.
m. fu;zd; Njhw;whd; Ngh.
M. tajpy; rpwpats;> MdhYk; jiytp.
,. ,e;j ehujuplk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,U.
<. ,e;jh Nghwhd; jUkd;
46. njhd;kk; gw;wpa $w;WfSs;> jtwhd xd;iwj; Nju;f.
m. cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfptpl;l fUj;J tbtq;fs;.
M. goq;fijiaf; nfhz;L> fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.
,. ek;g KbahjJNghyj; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rpfs; nra;jpfs;.
<. tpsq;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gonkhopapd% ; yk; tpsf;FtJ.
47. rhgtpNkhrdk;> mfypif - fijfspy; njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpatu;? (GJikg;gpj;jd;)
48. gz;Gf;FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;ju;fNshL nghUj;Jf.
m. mwk; - 1.fu;zd;
M. typik - 2.kDePjpr;Nrhod;
,. ePjp - 3.gPkd;
<. ts;sy; - 4.jUkd; (tpil: 4>3>2>1)
49. njhd;kk; - tpsf;Ff.
 njhd;kk; vd;why; goq;fij> Guhzk; vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs;gLk;. njhd;kj;ij ,yf;fpa
cj;jpahfNt Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; njhy;fhg;gpau;.
 fhyk; fhykhf cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfptpl;l fUj;J tbtq;fNs njhd;kk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
50. Ngr;R tof;fpy; njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; ,U njhlu;fis vOJf.
 ,td; ngupa mupr;re;jpud;.  ,tU ngupa ju;ku;.
51. cs; kdk; xU ghw;fly; - mijf; file;jhy; - mKjk; kl;Lky;y - MyfhyKk; ntspg;gLk;
vd;gij - eP mwptha; my;yth? ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk; ahJ?
 ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk;: ghw;fly;> mKjk;> Myfhyk;.
 tpsf;fk;: mKjk; Ntz;b filag;gl;l ghw;flypy; Myfhy tp\k; ntspg;gl;lJ. ,q;F>
Kuz;gl;lij tpsf;f njhd;kk; gad;gl;lJ.
52. FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;Jf.
m.ngz; - 1.rkhjhdk;
M.Gwh - 2.tPuk;
,.juhR - 3.tpsf;F
<.rpq;fk; - 4.ePjp (tpil: 3-1-4-2)
53. $w;W : 19k; Ehw;whz;by; FwpaPl;bak; Xu; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf cUg;ngw;wJ.
fhuzk; : nghjNyu;> iuk;Ngh> ntu;Nyd;> ky;yhu;Nk Kjyhdtu;fs; FwpaPl;baj;ij
tsu;j;jhu;fs;. (tpil: $w;Wk; rup> fhuzKk; rup)
54. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> mfj;jpiz khe;ju;fspd; cs;sj;J czu;Tfisf; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;Jk;
FwpaPLfs; cs;Siw ctik.
55. ‘jpl;lk;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; tuq;fs; rhgq;fs; MFnkd;why; ,q;Nf jtq;fs; vjw;fhf? vd;W
vOjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; ‘tuk;’ vjw;Ff; FwpaPlhfpwJ? (mKjRugp)
56. FwpaPL vd;why; vd;d?
 xd;iw kiwj;Jr; nrhy;yTk;> kpFj;Jr; nrhy;yTk;> mOj;jpr; nrhy;yTk; gad;gLfpw
,yf;fpa cj;jpNa> FwpaL P vdg;gLk;.
57. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapy; xU GJf;ftpij vOJf.
 ,d;Dk;
rhtpj;jpup rj;jpathid
kPl;fr; nry;fpwhs;
kJghdf; filf;F
58. tpau;itf; ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; FwpaL P fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 tpau;itj;Jsp - Mjpiug;gUf;if  nropg;G - mKjRugp.
59. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf.
 Rl;ba nghUSf;Fk; Fwpal P ;Lg; nghUSf;Fk; VNjDk; xU njhlu;G ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Rl;Lk; nghUshdJ> midtUk; mwpe;j xd;whf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nkhopg;gapw;rp gFjp
1. ctikj; njhlu;fisr; nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; mikj;njOJf.
o jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy: rhJf;fs;> ‘jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy’ ,y;yw tho;tpy; gw;ww;Wf;
fple;jdu;.
o fpzw;Wj; jtis Nghy: ehl;L elg;Gfis mwpe;Jnfhs;shky; ‘fpzw;Wj; jtis Nghy’
tho;tJ> mwpTf;F mofy;y.
o vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy: ehDk; vd; jq;ifAk; ‘vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy’ vg;nghOJk;
rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;Nthk;.
o mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Nju;Nghy: Nghjpa Mrpupau;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; khztu;fspd; fy;tpahdJ
‘mr;rhzp ,y;yhj NjuNghy’ js;shLfpwJ.
o cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy: kuk; tsu;j;jhy; kiotUk; vd;gJ ‘cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp
Nghy’ ahtUk; mwpe;j xd;Nw.
2. Fwpg;Gfspy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; jkpowpQu;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;Nghk;.
 jkpowpQu;; - KjypU vOj;Jfshy; kiwf;fyhk;. (kiwkiy mbfs;)
 jha;nkhop - <w;wpU vOj;Jfs; ntspr;rk; jUk;. (jkpo; xsp)
 rpWfij Mrpupau; - Kjy;ghjp etPdk;. (GJikg;gpj;jd;)
 Kd;ndOj;J murd; - gpd;ndOj;J jkpo; khjk; (Nfhij)
 ftpQu; - <w;wpU nrhy;yhy; mzpfyd; nra;ayhk;. (ftpkzp)
3. jkpohf;fk; jUf.
 Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.
fw;NwhUf;F nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G
 A new langusge is a new life.
xU Gjpankhop vd;gJ> xU Gjpa tho;f;if Nghd;wJ.
 If you want people to understand you, speak their language.
kf;fs; cd;id Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy;> mtu;fspd; nkhopapy; eP NgR.
 Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.
nkhopfspd; mwpNt> Qhdj;jpd; topj;jlk;.
 The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
vd; nkhopapd; vy;iyNa> vd; cyfj;jpd; vy;iy.
4. kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fis xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf.
 jiy> jis> jio : jioia jisg;gLj;jp jiyapy; Rke;Jte;jhd;.
 fiy> fis> fio : fioapy; fis gwpg;gJ xUtpj fiy.
 miy> mis> mio: misapy; GFe;j ghk;gpidf;fz;L mywp miof;Fk; Kd;Ng>
kf;fs; miyaiyaha; Xbte;jhu;fs;.
 tpiy> tpis> tpio: tpise;j ney;iy> ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;f tptrhap tpioe;jhu;.
5. Gjpu;f;Nfw;w tpilia mwpf.
 milkio nga;j mLj;j ehs;; gilgilaha; te;jjhk;; guq;fp ehl;L tpkhdk;; vjpup
RlhkNyNa ,wnfhbe;J ,we;jjhk; - vd;d? (<ry;)
 jz;zPUk; kioAk; ,y;yhky;; gapu; gr;iraha; ,Uf;fpwJ> ghf;F ntw;wpiy Nghlhky;; tha;
rptg;gha; ,Uf;fpwJ? - vd;d? (gr;irf;fpsp)
6. ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf.
 vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd;; mtu;fs; vy;yh
gpur;rpidfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ij Nghy vjpu;nfhz;Lj; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.
vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpa jiyKiw kPJjhd;; mtu;fs; vy;yhg;
gpur;rpidfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ijg; Nghy vjpu;nfhz;L jPu;g;ghu;fs;.
 vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ
ek;gpf;ifapd;wp Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if nfhs;.
vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjidf; fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ
ek;gpf;ifapd;wpj; Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;iff; nfhs;.
 ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ
$u;e;Jf; ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gil NjitahFk;.
ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ijg; nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk;
gbf;Fk;nghOJ $u;e;J ftdk; mwpitg; ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gilj;
NjitahFk;.
 khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fis jkJ ez;gu;fshf ghtpj;J el;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ
,d;g Jd;gq;fis ngw;Nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fisj; jkJ ez;gu;fshfg; ghtpj;J el;G nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ
,d;g Jd;gq;fisg; ngw;Nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 MrpupaUf;F fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf; nfhz;L>
mwpahikapid mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iw fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.
MrpupaUf;Ff; fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iwj; njupe;J nfhz;L>
mwpahikapid mfw;wpg; gy ey;ydtw;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;.
7. njhlupYs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.
 ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 vq;fs; Cupy; Ehyff; fl;blk; fl;l mwR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
vq;fs; Cupy; Ehyff; fl;llk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
 uq;fd; ntq;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
uq;fd; ntz;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
 khdk; ghu;j;j G+kpapy; gapW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
thdk; ghu;j;j G+kpapy; gaW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
 mg;grp milkioapy; CUdp epiwe;jJ.
Ig;grp milkioapy; CUzp epiwe;jJ.
 ,d;dpf;F rhaq;fhyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;.
,d;iwf;F rhAq;fhyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;.
8. nrhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; nghUs; nfhs;f.
 gyif : gyifapy; mku;e;Njd;.
gy iffs; xd;wpize;jhy;> ntw;wp epr;rak;.
 jhkiu : Fsj;jpy; jhkiuiag; ghu;j;Njd;.
fhl;by; jh kiuiag; ghu;j;Njd;.
 Nfhtpy; : ahopdp NfhtpYf;F nrd;whs;.
Nfh tpy; rpwe;jtd; uhruhrd;.
 ntq;fhak;: rpwpa ntq;fhak; clYf;F ey;yJ.
Nghupy; rpy tPuu;fs; kl;Lk;> ntq;(k;)fhak; gl;lhu;fs;.
 jiyik : jiyikg; nghWg;gpy; cs;stu;fs; Neu;ikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jiy(f;F)ik G+rp> eiuKbia kiwg;ghu;fs; rpyu;.
9. Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf.
 ,g;g vdf;Fg; GupQ;R Nghr;R. ePAk; GuQ;rpf;Nfh.
,g;nghOJ vdf;F Gupe;Jtpl;lJ> ePAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;.
 epyj;jf; nfswZk;lh mg;gjhd; tFW epiwAk;.
epyj;ijf; fpsw Ntz;Lklh! mg;nghOJjhd; tapW epiwAk;.
 mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f Ntz;bajhd.
md;iwf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; nfhLj;J> cjtpapUf;f Ntz;baJjhNd?
 T+l;lhz;l ntisahz;l nfhae;ijia mg;gh vq;f ,];JfpD NghdhU.
tPl;bd; mUfpy; tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;j Foe;ijia> mg;gh vq;Nf ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghdhu;?
 Gs;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %Z ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
gps;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %d;W ehl;fshf rpukg;gLfpwJ.
 uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; Nght nrhy;.
,uTf;F> rpwpa je;ijia fhtYf;F Nghfr; nrhy;.
10. <w;wb vOjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwT nra;f.
 G+l;ba tPl;bYk; G+j;Jr; rpupf;fpwJ Ky;iy.
 tpOk; kuq;fs; mopAk; fhL ghiy.
 mg;gbnad;d nrhy;ypaJ fhw;W> Fjpj;jhLfpwJ Nkfk; njd;wy;.
 G+j;j kynuhd;W gwf;fpwJ tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rp.
 thdk; mOfpwJ> G+kp rpupf;fpwJ fhu;fhyk;.
11. fPo;f;fhZk; gFjpiag; gbj;Jg; ghu;j;J> gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J jkpo;g;gLj;Jf.
ru;f;fhu; nfhLf;Fk; rk;gsk; [Ptdj;Jf;Fg; NghJkh? mjw;Fs; [Ptdk; elj;j KbAkh?
vd;W mtu; rpe;jpj;jJ fpilahJ. rpe;jpf;f Kad;wJk; fpilahJ. vy;yhk; khia cs;@u epw;Fk;
Mj;kh khRgltpy;iy. jhd; NtW ,e;j khia NtW. jhd; ,e;jg; gpugQ;rj;ij Ml;bitf;Fk;
rf;jpapy; xU mk;rk; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpapUe;jhu;. Vndd;why;> mtuJ Mj;k tprhuj;ijr;
Nrhjid Nghl;Lg; ghu;f;f ,Jtiu nja;tj;Jf;Nfh kD\Df;Nfh mtfhrk; fpilj;jjpy;iy.
kD\ tu;f;fk; KOtJNk jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikia ];Glk; Nghl;Lg; ghu;g;gJ
Nghy jtWf;F Nky; jtW nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ.
 ru;f;fhu; - murhq;fk;  kD\Df;Nfh - kdpjDf;Nfh
 rk;gsk; - Cjpak;  kD\ tu;f;fk; - kdpj ,dk;
 [Ptdj;Jf;F - tho;f;iff;F  ];Glk; Nghl;L -neUg;gpy; ,l;L
 [Ptdk; - tho;T(capu;)  mk;rk; - jd;ik
 gpugQ;rk; - ngUntsp  Mj;kh - capu;
 khia - ,Ug;gJNghy; Njhd;WtJ (fw;gid)
 Mj;k tprhuj;ij - capu; gw;wpa ftiy
12. fPo;f;fhZk; njhlu;fspy; milg;Gf;Fs; cs;s ngau;r;nrhy;iyj; njhlu;fSf;F Vw;wthW
khw;wp vOJf.
 fgpyd; jpwikahdtu; vd;W FkuDf;Fj; (Fkud;) njupAk;.
 New;WKjy; mizapd; (miz) ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.
 cq;fSf;F ahuhy; (ahu;) ek;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;.
 KUfd; Ntfkhfr; (Ntfk;) nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
 ek;Kila Njitapd; (Njit) msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.
13. nghUs; NtWghl;bid mwpe;J njhlu; mikf;f.
 fyk;> fsk;: Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; Gz;gl;l tPuu;fSf;F> fyj;jpy; ePu; jug;gl;lJ.
 tyk;> tsk;: ejpapd; tyg;Gwj;jpYs;s tay;fs;> ePu;tsj;jhy; nropj;jpUe;jd.
 Gy;> Gs;: Gy;ypy;> Gs; ,iuiaj; NjbaJ.
 cio> cis: Ntfkhf Xba cio> cisapy; rpf;fpaJ.
 fhd;> fhz;: fhdfj;jpYs;s fhl;rpfisf; fhz;gJ kdjpw;F kfpo;r;rpaspf;Fk;.
 Cz;> Cd;: gyu;> Cd; Czpid tpUk;gp cz;ghu;fs;.
 jpd;ik> jpz;ik: gpwUf;F jpd;ik nra;jy;$lhJ vd;gjpy; jpz;ikahf ,U.
14. fPo;f;fhZk; ehd;F nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L njhlu; vOJf.
 thdk;> gw> epyT> njhL - thdj;jpy; gwg;Nghk;> gwe;J epyitj; njhLNthk;.
 rUF> tpO> kz;> miy - rUFfs; kz;zpy; miyaiyaha; tpOe;jd.
 tpz;kPd;> xspu;> vup> tpO - tPz;kPdf; s; xspu;fpd;w Neuj;jpy;> vupfy; xd;W G+kpapy; tpOe;jJ.
 Fjpiu> Ntfk;> XL> jhT - Ntfkhf Xba Fjpiuapy; jhtp Vwpdhd; tPud;.
 Foe;ij> el> jspu;el> tpO - Foe;ij jspu;eilapl;L elf;Fk;> me;eilapy; tpOk; gpd; vOk;.
 jpiu> fhz;> ifjl;ly;> kf;fs;- kf;fs;> ifj;jl;b Muthuk; nra;J jpiug;glq;fis
fhz;fpwhu;fs;.
15. kuGr; nrhw;fis njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf.
 Mw mku: Mw mku rhl;rpfis tprhupj;jg;gpd;Nd> jPu;g;gpid toq;fpdhu; ePjpgjp.
 Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy: jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s fUj;Jfs; ahTk;> Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy
khztu;fspd; kdjpy; gjpa Ntz;Lk;.
 mfyf;fhy;: Kjywpe;J mfyf;fhy; itf;fhky;> njhopy; elj;JtNj rpwe;jJ.
 toptopahf: vq;fs; FLk;gk;> toptopahf tptrhak; nra;JtUfpwJ.
 fz;Jilg;G : murpay;thjpfs; fz;Jilg;Gf;fhf> ntw;W thf;FWjpfis nfhLg;ghu;fs;.
16. njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.
 thiof;fhl;by; Fapy;fs; mywpf;nfhz;Lk; fhfq;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
thioj;Njhl;lj;jpy; Fapy;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk;> fhfq;fs; fiue;Jnfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
 KUfd; NrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Fbj;jhd;.
KUfd; NrhW cz;L> ghy; gUfpdhd;.
 Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; fl;b $iu mikj;jhu;.
Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; vOg;gpf; $iu Nta;e;jhu;.
 tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf;Fl;bAk; fz;Nld;.
tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; FUisAk; ahidf; fd;iwAk; fz;Nld;.
 Ml;Lj; njhOtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; nghe;Jfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
Ml;Lg; gl;biar; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; tisfis mikj;jpUe;jd.
 gid kl;ilahy; $iu itj;jpUe;jdu;.
gid Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jpUe;jdu;.
17. gj;jpiag; gbj;J Njitahd ,lq;fspy; epWj;jf;Fwpfis ,l;L vOJf.
 tpdh: ,sq;Nfh mbfs; rhj;jdhuplk; Kd;nra;j tpid epiwNtWk; fhyk; vd;wPu;fNs
mtu;fSila Ke;ija tpid ahJ mjd; tpisT vd;d epfo;e;j fhyk; ahJ mij ePq;fs;
mwpe;jpUe;jhy; $Wf vdf; Nfl;lhu;.
 tpil: ,sq;Nfh mbfs; rhj;jdhuplk;> “Kd;nra;j tpid epiwNtWk; fhyk; vd;wPu;fNs!
mtu;fSila Ke;ija tpid ahJ? mjd; tpisT vd;d? epfo;e;j fhyk; ahJ? mij ePq;fs;
mwpe;jpUe;jhy; $Wf!” vdf; Nfl;lhu;.
18. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikf;f.
 FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ve;j Ehypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?
 eLtz; muR 2005k; Mz;L brk;gu; 23 md;W Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij
mikj;jJ.
eLtz; muR> vg;nghOJ Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ?
 rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPu; nra;aTk; ghJfhg;ghf
gazpf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd.
rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaL P fs; vtw;wpw;F cjTfpd;wd?
 1856,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; ,uhaGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; vq;F> vg;nghOJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
 ‘ajhu;j;j epfo;itg; gilg;ghSikAld; ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk;’ vd;fpwhu; fpupNahu;rd;.
vjid> Mtzg;glk; vd;fpwhu; fpupNahu;rd;?
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Ljy;
ntl;babf;FJ kpd;dy; - fly;
tPuj; jpiunfhz;L tpz;iz apbf;FJ
nfhl;b apbf;FJ Nkfk; - $
$ntd;W tpz;izf; FilAJ fhw;W
rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl ll;lh - vd;W
jhsq;fs; nfhl;bf; fidf;FJ thdk;
vl;Lj;jpirAk; ,ba - kio
vq;qdk; te;jjlh jk;gp tPuh! - ghujpahu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J: ghujpapd; ,t;tupfs;> fhu;fhyj;jpy; kio nghope;jpLk; Kiwapid
tpsf;ff;$bajhf mike;Js;sJ.
 jpuz;lf; fUj;J: jk;gp tPuh! ,e;j kio vg;gb te;jJ? ghu;j;jhah? ntl;babj;jpLk; kpd;dy;.
jpiuf;flNyh tPu miynfhz;L tpz;izapbf;fpwJ. nfhl;b Koq;Fk; Nkfk;. $$ vd;W
tpz;izf; FilAk; fhw;W. rl;lr; rlrl vd;W jhsk; nfhl;Lk; thdk; vd vl;Lj;jpf;Fk; ,bAk;
GilAkhf thdk; kpd;dy;ntl;b ngUkio nghopfpwJ.
 njhil eak;:
o Nkhid: Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptug; gpwg;gJ Nkhid.
 f : fly; - fidf;FJ
 v : vl;Lj;jpirAk; - vq;qdk;
 r : rl;lr;rl - rl;lr;rl
o vJif: ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptug; gpwg;gJ vJif.
 l; : ntl;babf;FJ - nfhl;b - rl;lr;rl - vl;Lj;jpirAk;
 z; : tpz;iz - tpz;iz
o ,iaG: filrp vOj;J xd;wptug; gpwg;gJ ,iaG.
 J : ntl;babf;FJ - tpz;izapbf;FJ - nfhl;bapbf;FJ
 W : fhw;W - $ntd;W
 k; : vl;Lj;jpirAk; - vq;qdk;
o Kuz;: vjpu;r;nrhy;yhf miktJ Kuz;.
 ,g;ghlypy; Kuz; gapd;Wtutpy;iy.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
 gz;Gj;njhif (ik) - nre;jkpo;> nrk;gupjp> nre;epwk;> ntq;fjpu;> njhy;newp> neLtop>
fUe;jlk;> ntq;FUjp> ed;fyk;> GJngay;> nfhLq;Nfhy;>
ngUq;fly;> mUe;jpwy;> nts;sUtp> neLNty;> ed;dhL.
 mLf;Fj;njhlu; (2) - Kj;JKj;jha;> Cd;w Cd;w.
 cUtfk; (rpwpJ>ngupJ)- tpau;itnts;sk;> jkpo;f;Fapy;.
 tpidnar;rk; (c>,) - rpte;J> nte;J> rpde;J> Nghe;J.
 nganur;rk; (m) - Gf;f> nrhw;w> jpUe;jpa> tha;j;j> ctg;g> nfhLj;j> <j;j
 njhopw;ngau; (jy;) - kwj;jy;> gpwj;jy;> nt/Fjy;> nrhy;Yjy;.
 nra;Aspir msngil (Mm) - rpwhmu;> cohmJ> fthmd;.
 nrhy;ypir msngil (<,) - xuP,.

 ,d;dpir msngil (Cc) -
gLg;gJhck;.
 ,ilf;Fiw -
,yhj> csJ.
 cupr;nrhw;nwhlu; (kh>edp) -
khjtk;> khkapiy.
 tpidj;njhif -
jho;fly;> tsu;jyk;> fha;ney;> taq;Fnkhop> tpupfly;.
 k&cr; nrhy; Ee;ij.-
 ctikj;njhif kyub. -
 vz;Zk;ik -
MlYk; ghlYk;> md;Gk; mwKk;> gz;Gk; gaDk;>
itafKk; thdfKk;> eifAk; ctifAk;.
 Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W - Xu;kpd;.
 Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W - cd;dypu;.
 MFngau; - cyF
 <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk; (M) - ngha;ah> milah> kwth> mwpah
 tpidahyizAk; ngau; (mtu;> mu;> xu;> Xu;) - cau;e;Njhu;> nrw;wtu;> ghjfu;.
Gzu;r;rp tpjp
1. cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
v-L: thdnky;yhk; = thdk; + vy;yhk;.
tpjp : cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (thdnky;yhk;)
v-L: cuDil = cud; + cil
tpjp : cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (cuDil)
2. ,<I top at;Tk; - cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
v-L: cd;iday;yhy; = cd;id + my;yhy;
tpjp 1: ,<I top at;Tk; (cd;id + a; + my;yhy;)
tpjp 2: cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (cd;iday;yhy;)
v-L: jdpahop = jdp + Mop
tpjp 1: ,<I top at;Tk; (jdp + a; + Mop)
tpjp 2: cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (jdpahop)
v-L: xUikAld; = xUik + cld;
tpjp 1: ,<I top at;Tk; (xUik + a; + cld;)
tpjp 2: cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (xUikAld;)
v-L: Vionad = Vio + vd
tpjp 1: ,<I top at;Tk; (Vio + a; + vd)
tpjp 2: cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (Vionad)
3. capu;tupd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;L XLk; - cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
v-L: Mq;ftw;Ws; = Mq;F + mtw;Ws;
tpjp 1: capu;tupd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;L XLk; (Mq;f; + mtw;Ws;)
tpjp 2: cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (Mq;ftw;Ws;)
4. <WNghjy;
v-L: nrk;gupjp = nrk;ik + gupjp
tpjp : <WNghjy; (nrk;gupjp)
v-L: ed;nkhop = ed;ik + nkhop
tpjp : <WNghjy; (ed;nkhop)
5. <WNghjy; - ,dkpfy;
v-L: mUq;fhdk; = mUik + fhdk;
tpjp 1: <WNghjy; (mU + fhdk;)
tpjp 2: ,dkpfy; (mUq;fhdk;)
v-L: ngUq;fly; = ngUik + fly;
tpjp 1: <WNghjy; (ngU + fly;)
tpjp 2: ,dkpfy; (ngUq;fly;)
6. <WNghjy; - Kd;dpd;w nka; jpupjy;
v-L: nre;jkpo; = nrk;ik + jkpo;
tpjp 1: <WNghjy; (nrk; + jkpo;)
tpjp 2: Kd;dpd;w nka; jpupjy; (nre;jkpo;)
v-L: ntq;fjpu; = ntz;ik + fjpu;
tpjp 1: <WNghjy; (ntz; + fjpu;)
tpjp 2: Kd;dpd;w nka; jpupjy; (ntq;fjpu;)
7. <WNghjy; - ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
v-L: GJg;ngay; = GJik + ngay;
tpjp 1: <WNghjy; (GJ + ngay;)
tpjp 2: ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; (GJg;ngay;)
8. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
v-L: vj;jpir = v + jpir
tpjp : ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; (vj;jpir)
v-L: jiyf;Nfhy; = jiy + Nfhy;
tpjp : ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; (jiyf;Nfhy;)
9. G+g;ngau;Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk;
v-L: G+k;ghtha; = G+ + ghtha;
tpjp : G+g;ngau;Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk; (G+k;ghtha;)
10. jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk; - cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
v-L: nry;yplj;J = nry; + ,lj;J
tpjp 1: jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk; (nry;y; + ,lj;J)
tpjp 2: cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (nry;yplj;J)
v-L: Kd;Dil = Kd; + cil
tpjp 1: jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk; (Kd;d; + cil)
tpjp 2: cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng (Kd;Dil)
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. rha;g;ghd; = rha; + g; + g; + Md;
rha; - gFjp> g; - re;jp> g; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy> Md; - glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. tpk;Kfpd;w = tpk;K + fpd;W + m
tpk;K - gFjp> fpd;W - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy> m - nganur;r tpFjp
3. epidf;fpd;w = epid + fpd;W + m
epid - gFjp> fpd;W - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy> m - nganur;r tpFjp
4. tpae;J = tpa + j;(e;) + j; + c
tpa - gFjp> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> c -tpidnar;r tpFjp
5. mwpe;J = mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c
mwp - gFjp> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> c -tpidnar;r tpFjp
6. fise;J = fis + j;(e;) + j; + c
fis - gFjp> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> c -tpidnar;r tpFjp
7. mwpj;J = mwp + j; + j; + c
mwp - gFjp> j; - re;jp> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> c -tpidnar;r tpFjp
8. ,bj;J = ,b + j; + j; + c
,b - gFjp> j; - re;jp> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> c -tpidnar;r tpFjp
9. gifj;j = gif + j; + j; + m
gif - gFjp> j; - re;jp> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> m - nganur;r tpFjp
10. ,Ue;jha; = ,U + j;(e;) + j; + Ma;
,U - gFjp> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> Ma; - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
11. cau;e;Njhu; = cau; + j;(e;) + j; + Xu;
cau; - gFjp> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> Xu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;WtpFjp
12. tpsq;fp = tpsq;F + ,
tpsq;F - gFjp> , - tpidnar;r tpFjp
13. fyq;fp = fyq;F + ,
fyq;F - gFjp> , - tpidnar;r tpFjp
14. rhw;wp = rhw;W + ,
rhw;W - gFjp> , - tpidnar;r tpFjp
15. te;J = th(t) + j;(e;) + j; + c
th - gFjp (t vd FWfpaJ tpfhuk;)> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
16. je;jdd; = jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
jh - gFjp (j vd FWfpaJ tpfhuk;)> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
md; - rhupia> md; - glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
17. nghype;jhd; = nghyp + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
nghyp - gFjp> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> Md; - Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp.
18. mku;e;jhd; = mku; + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
mku; - gFjp> j; - re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> Md; - Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp.
19. gopj;jdu; = gop + j; + j; + md; + mu;
gop - gFjp> j; - re;jp> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> md; - rhupia> mu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
tpFjp.
20. itj;J = it + j; + j; + c
it - gFjp> j; - re;jp> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
21. NgRthu; = NgR + t; + Mu;
NgR - gFjp> t; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy> Mu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
22. fz;lhd; = fhz;(fz;) + l; + Md;
fhz; - gFjp (fz; vd FWfpaJ tpfhuk;)> l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> Md; - Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp
23. nra;j = nra; + j; + m
nra; - gFjp> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> m - nganur;r tpFjp
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhfs;
1. ‘,se;jkpNo’ vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; Ehy;njhFg;G epyTg;G+.
2. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; rhfpj;a mfhnjkp gupR ngw;w Ehy; xU fpuhkj;J ejp.
3. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad; mtu;fs; ghujpahu; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;j;Jiw jiytuhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhu;.
4. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad; mtu;fs; 2 Kiw rhfpj;a mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;Ws;shu;.
5. ‘jkpo; mofpay;’ vd;Dk; Ehypd; Mrpupau; ahu;? jp.R.eluhrd;.
6. jppwdha;Tf; fiyia jkpopy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;fspy; Kf;fpakhdtu; jp.R.eluhrd;.
7. eilngw;wpay; gw;wp $wpLk; njhy;fhg;gpa ,ay; fpstpahf;fk;
8. eiletpd;nwhOFk; vd;w nrhy;yhliy vLj;Jf;$Wk; njhy;fhg;gpa ,ay; nra;Aspay;.
9. Mrpupa elj;Nj tQ;rp - Vid ntz;gh elj;Nj fyp vd Fwpg;gpLk; Ehy; njhy;fhg;gpak;.
10. Ie;jpizf; Nfhl;ghLfis NgrpLk; ,yf;fz Ehy; njhy;fhg;gpak;
11. ftpijapd; ,aq;fhw;wy; eil.
12. rq;fg;ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpag; gz;G xypf;Nfhyk;.
13. mzpapyf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; $Wk; Ehy; jz;bayq;fhuk;.
14. jz;bayq;fhuk;> tlnkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhtpaju;rk; vd;w Ehiyj; jOtp ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
15. jz;bayq;fhuj;jpd; Mrpupau; jz;b.(fp.gp12k; Ehw;whz;L).
16. jz;bayq;fhuk; nghJtpay;> nghUszpapay;> nrhy;yzpapay; vd;w 3 gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
17. vl;ilaGu kd;du;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwf;$Wk; tk;rkzp jPgpif vd;Dk; Ehiy ftpNfrup rhkp
jPl;rpju; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.(1879)
18. tk;rkzp jPgpif vd;Dk; Ehypd; kWgjpg;ig ntspapl;ltu; ,sir kzp(2008).
19. ca;Ak; top vd;Dk; Ehypd; Mrpupau; guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu;.
20. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu; ,aw;wpa ciueil Ehy; t.c.rpjk;gudhupd; tho;f;if tuyhW.
21. ghujpapd; fbjq;fs; vd;Dk; Ehypd; Mrpupau; uh.m.gj;kehgd;.
22. ghujp> jd;Dila 15k; tajpy;> fy;tp Ntz;b vl;laGu murUf;F fbjk; vOjpAs;shu;.
23. ghujp> filrpahf Fj;jpf;Nfrtu; vd;gtUf;F fbjk; vOjpAs;shu;.
24. cyfg; Gtp ehs; Vg;uy; 22.
25. cyf Rw;Wr;#oy; jpdk; [_d; 5.
26. khkio Nghw;WJk; vd Fwpg;gpLk; Ehy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
27. ePupd;wp mikahJ cyfk; vd Fwpg;gpLk; Ehy; jpUf;Fws;.
28. ,aw;ifapd; Row;rpNa ,aw;if rkepiy vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
29. nts;sr; rkntsp mopaf; fhuzk; kzy; ms;Sjy;.
30. Mu;bf; gFjpapYs;s gdpf;fl;bfs; cUFtjw;Fk; fhuzk; Gtp ntg;gkiljy;.
31. gRikf;Fby; thAf;fspd; mjpfupg;ghy; Gtp ntg;gk; milfpwJ.
32. Gtp ntg;gkiljy; kdpjd; cUthf;fpf;nfhz;l rpf;fy; vdf; $wpau; Nltpl; fpq;.
33. #upa Mw;wy;> fhw;W Mw;wy;> jhtu Mw;wy; Nghd;wit fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy;fs; MFk;.
34. fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;l Nguit (unfccc) 1992k; Mz;L If;fpa ehLfs; mitapd; %yk;
upNah b n[dpuhtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. (193 ehLfs; cWg;gpdu;fs;)
35. 2009k; Mz;il ,e;jpa thdpiy Ma;T ikak;> mjpf ntg;gk; kpf;f Mz;lhf mwptpj;Js;sJ.
36. eLtz; muR Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij 2005 brk;gu; 23y; njhlq;fpaJ.
37. ,d;W vd;w ftpij FWk;glj;ij ,aw;wpatu; ma;ag;g khjtd;.
38. ma;ag;g khjtd; ,aw;wpa ftpij Ehy;fs; kiof;Fg; gpwFk; kio> ehndd;gJ NtnwhUtd;>
ePu;ntsp.
39. euk;Gfspy; tPiz kPl;bf;nfhz;bUg;gJ kioj;Jspfs;.
40. Nfhtyu;fs; jiyapy; #bapUe;j G+? fhe;js;.
41. ntw;wpngw;w murd; ntw;wpapidf; nfhz;lhLk; nghUl;L #Lk; G+? thif.
42. Nghu;Nkw; nrd;w murd;> Fspu;fhyj;jpy; jq;Fk; gil tPL $jpu;g;ghriw.
43. neLey;thilapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu; ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;.
44. neLey;thilapd; Mrpupau; kJiu fzf;fhadhupd; kfd; ef;fPuu;.
45. neLey;thil 188 mbfs; nfhz;lJ. (gj;Jg;ghl;by; xd;W).
46. neLey;thil jiytDf;F ey;thil - jiytpf;F Jd;g thil.
47. ‘Kjy;fy;’ vd;w rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; cj;jkNrhod;(nry;tuh[;).
48. jQ;irr; rpWfij vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rpWfij? Kjy;fy;.
49. cj;jNrhod; mtu;fs;> 12 Mz;Lfshf elj;jpa jpq;fs; ,jo;? fpof;F thry; cjak;.
50. FLk;gk; vd;w rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.
51. kdpj r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil myF FLk;gk;.
52. xU ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fs; jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;.
53. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; ,y;yhj nrhy; jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;.
54. FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,lk;ngw;w Ehy; jpUf;Fws;(1029).
55. FLk;G vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; $btho;jy;.
56. ,y;> kid vd;w ,U thoplq;fis njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
57. kidtpapd; ,y;yk; jk;kid - fztdpd; ,y;yk; Ek;kid.
58. jw;fhypf jq;Fkplk; Gf;fpy;.(GwehDhW)
59. jpUkzj;jpw;Fgpd; fztDk; kidtpAk; ngw;Nwhiug; gpupe;J jdpj;J thOkplk; jd;kid.
60. jpUkzk; Kbe;j fztDk; kidtpAk; Kjy; Foe;ij gpwf;Ftiu thOkplk; kze;jfk;.
61. rpyk;Gfop Nehk;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; Ehy; Iq;FWEhW(399)
62. kidAiw kfspu;f;F Mltu; capNu vd;fpwJ FWe;njhif(135).
63. fztd;> kidtp> kfd; MfpNahUld; je;ij Nru;e;J thOk; Neu;top tpupe;j FLk;g Kiwg; gw;wp
GwehDhw;Wg;ghlypy; $wpatu; xf;$u; khrhj;jpahu;.
64. jkpou; FLk;g Kiw vd;w Ehypd; Mrpupau; gf;jtj;ry ghujp.
65. [yhYjPd; &kpapd; ftpijfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngau;j;jtu; Nfhy;kd; ghu;f;];.
66. [yhYjPd; &kpapd; ftpijfis jkpopy; ‘jhfq;nfhz;l kPndhd;W’ vd;w ngaupy; nkhopngau;j;jtu;
vd;.rj;jpa%u;j;jp.
67. [yhYjPd; &kp mtu;fs; Mg;fhdp];jhd; ehl;ilr; rhu;e;j ghurPff; ftpQu;.(fp.gp.1207)
68. [yhYjPd; &kpapd; ftpijfs; midj;Jk; Mokhd Md;kPff; fUj;Jfs; epiwe;j k];dtp.
69. jpthd; - < - \k;]; - < - jg;uP]p vd;Dk; Ehypd; Mrpupau; [yhYjPd; &kp.
70. [yhYjPd; &kp mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tpUe;jpdu;fs; Mde;jk;> mw;gj;jdk;> kdr;Nrhu;T> tpopg;Gzu;T.
71. NtLtj;jiytd;> ghiw Nghd;w clYk; gQ;R Nghd;w kdKk; nfhz;ltd; Ffd;.
72. ,uhtzDld; rz;ilapl;L ,we;jtd; fOF Nte;jd; rlhA.
73. ,uhkidf; fz;ljhy; gpwtp Nkhl;rk; ngw;wts; rtup.
74. ,uhkDk; Rf;uPtDk; ez;gu;fshf fhuzkhts; rtup.
75. thduj; jiytd; Rf;uPtd;. ,uhtzdpd; jk;gp tPlzd;.
76. #upadpd; Gjy;td; Rf;uPtd;.
77. cth - mkhtir> cLgjp - re;jpud;> ,utp - #upad;.
78. ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp vd miof;fg;gl;ltu; fk;gu;.
79. fk;gu; jk; EhYf;fpl;l ngau; ,uhkhtjhuk;.
80. fk;gu; fp.gp.12k; Ehw;whz;ilr; rhu;e;jtu;.
81. cupikj; jhfk; vd;w rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; G+kzp (G+.khzpf;fthrfu;).
82. G+kzp mtu;fs; ,af;fpaj; jpiug;glk; vJ? fUNtyk;G+f;fs;.
83. G+kzp mtu;fs; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;w Ehy; vJ? mQ;Qhb - Gjpdk;(2014).
84. jpUf;Fwspy; gapd;W te;Js;s gh tif - Fws; ntz;gh.
85. jpUf;Fwspy; gapd;W te;Js;s MFngau; - milaLj;j fUtp MFngau;.
86. jpUf;Fws; gjpndz;fPo;f; fzf;F Ehy;fspy; xd;W.
87. cyfg; nghJkiw - jkpou; jpUkiw - mwtpyf;fpak; vd miof;fg;gLk; Ehy; jpUf;Fws;.
88. MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;FWjp> ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp - ,jpy; ehy; vd;gJ ehybahiuAk;
,uz;L vd;gJ jpUf;FwisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
89. jpUf;FwSf;F ciu vOjpatu;fs; gjpd;ku;.
90. jpUf;Fws; Kjd;Kjypy; mr;rplg;gl;l Mz;L? 1812.
91. ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J> thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL vd ghbatu; ghujpahu;.
92. ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhy;> ngw;wNj Gfo; itafk; vd ghbatu; ghujpjhrd;.
93. mwj;Jg;ghypy; 38> nghUl;ghypy; 70> fhkj;Jg;ghypy; 25 mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd.
94. jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s nkhj;j ,ay;fspd; vz;zpf;if 9.
95. ghaputpay;> ,y;ywtpay;> Jwtwtpay;> Copay; vd;w ,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ mwj;Jg;ghy;.
96. murpay;> mikr;rpay;> xopgpay; vd;w ,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ nghUl;ghy;.
97. fstpay;> fw;gpay; vd;w ,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ fhkj;Jg;ghy;.
98. jpUts;StUf;F 133 mbapy; rpiy epWtg;gl;Ls;s ,lk;? fd;dpahFkup.
99. Cu;NjhUk; ngupa kuj;jbapy; cs;s Nkil kd;wk; my;yJ mk;gyk; (jpz;izg;gs;sp) vdg;gLk;.
100.tpj;jpahuk;gk; - fy;tpj;njhlf;fk;. tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; - fy;tpg;gapw;rp.
101.cghj;jpahau; - Mrpupau;. mf;\uhg;gpahrk; - vOj;Jg;gapw;rp.
102.fPo;thapyf;fk; - gpd;d vz;zpd; fPo;j;njhif. Nky;thapyf;fk; - gpd;d vz;zpd; Nky;njhif.
103.Fopkhw;W - ngUf;fy; tha;g;ghL. rPjhs gj;jpuk; - jhiokly;.
104.etj;tPgk; - tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Xu; Cu;.
105.tFg;giwapy; Mrpupau; nrhy;Ytij khztu;fs; kPz;Lk; nrhy;tJ Kiw itg;G vdg;gLk;.
106.Mrpupau; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; tFg;giwapid rl;lhk;gps;is ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
107.Xiyr;Rtb nra;a Njitahdit: trk;G> kQ;rs;> kzj;jf;fhspapiyr; rhW my;yJ
Ckj;ijapiyr; rhW> khtpiyf;fup> ju;g;igf;fup.

108.Xiyr;Rtbfspy; kQ;rs; G+rp thrpf;fj; njhlq;Ftij ikahly; tpoh vd;ghu;fs;.
109.ikahly; gw;wp $wpa Ehy;fs; rpe;jhkzp kw;Wk; jkpo;tpL JhJ.
110.Iahz; nla;jp ikahb mwpe;jhu; fiyfs; vdf;$wpa Ehy; rpe;jhkzp.
111.kQ;rs; Fspg;ghl;b ikapl;L Kg;ghYk; - kpQ;rg; Gfl;l kpftsu;e;jha; vdf;$wpa Ehy; jkpo;tpL JhJ.
112.VLfspy; nrg;Gf; fk;gpfs; my;yJ %q;fpy; Fr;rpfisr; nrUfpf;fl;Lk; Kiwf;F ehuhrk; vd;W ngau;.
113.vOj;jhzpapd; tiffs;: Fz;nlOj;jhzp> thnuOj;jhzp> klf;nfOj;jhzp.
114.thjk;Gupe;J ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fis nfhbfl;bapUg;ghu; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; Ehy; kJiuf;fhQ;rp.
115.fy;tpf;fhf gpupAk; fhyj;ij Xjw;gpupT vdyhk;. (3 Mz;Lfs;)
116.capu;kPl;rp vd;w fl;Liuapd; Mrpupau; c.Nt.rh.
117.jkpo;j;jhj;jh> Gyikg; ngUq;fly; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu; c.Nt.rh.
118.c.Nt.rhtpd; gl;lq;fs;: kfhkNfhghj;jpaha> jpuhtpl tpj;jpah G+\zk;> jhf;\pzhj;jpa fyhepjp.
119.c.Nt.rh mtu;fs; jkpo; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa fy;Yhup? Fk;gNfhzk; muR fy;Yhup kw;Wk;
nrd;id khepyf; fy;Yhup.
120.c.Nt.rh mtu;fSf;F 1932y; ve;j gy;fiyf;fofk; lhf;lu; gl;lk; toq;fpaJ? nrd;id.
121.c.Nt.rh mtu;fspd; rpiy khepy fy;Yhupy; mike;Js;sJ.
122.c.Nt.rh mtu;fspd; ngaupy; cs;s Ehyfk; nrd;idapy; jpUthd;kpA+upy; mike;Js;sJ.
123.Rtu;f;f ePf;fk; vd;Dk; Ehypd; Mrpupau; kpy;ld;.
124.kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhupd; Mrpupau; nksdFU.
125.ew;wpizapd; ciuahrpupau; gpd;dj;Jhu; ehuhazrhkp.
126.kdg;ghlk; nra;a ,Ue;j Rtb? gpugthjp Rtb.
127.Kjypy; tUk; khztdpd; ngau; Ntj;jd;.
128.JiwKfk; vd;Dk; Ehypd; Mrpupau; Rujh.
129.Rujhtpd; ,aw;ngau; ,uhrNfhghyd;.
130.ghujpjhrd; kPJs;s gw;wpd; fhuzkhf jd; ngaupid khw;wpf;nfhz;ltu; Rujh.
131.Rg;G uj;jpd jhrd; vd;gjpd; RUf;fNk Rujh.
132.ctikf;ftpQu; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu; Rujh.
133.Rujh elj;jpa ,yf;fpa VLfs;: ,yf;fpak;> tpz;kPd;> Cu;tyk;.
134.Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo; fhtpak;.
135.Rujh vOjpa Ehy;fs; rpy: Njd;kio> kq;ifau;f;furp> mKJk; NjDk;.
136.Rujh ngw;w tpUJfs; rpy: jkpof murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ> ghujpjhrd; tpUJ> jQ;ir jkpo;g;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,uhruhrd; tpUJ.
137.,ilaPL vd;w ftpijapd; Mrpupau; rp.kzp(rp.godpr;rhkp).
138.,ilaPL vd;w ftpij ve;j njhFg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ? ,Jtiu
139.vOj;J vd;w ,jopy; ftpijfis ntspapl;ltu; rp.kzp.
140.rp.kzp mtu;fs; elj;jp te;j rpw;wpjopd; ngau; eil.
141.rp.kzp mtu;fspd; rpwe;j Ehy;fs;: tUk; NghFk;> xspr;Nru;f;if> ahg;Gk; ftpijAk;.
142.GJf;ftpijapy; mq;fjj;ij mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpatu; rp.kzp.
143.rp.kzp mtu;fs; ngw;w tpUJfs;: tpsf;F tpUJ> jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fof tpUJ> Mrhd;
ftpij tpUJ> ftpQu; rpw;gp tpUJ.
144.rp.kzp mtu;fspd; Gidg; ngau;fs; : Nt.khyp> nry;tk;.
145.ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfisg; gw;wp $WtJ ghlhz; jpiz.
146.fyd; - aho;> fyg;ig - fUtpfs; itf;Fk; ig.
147.Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L vd;w NtWngau;fisf; nfhz;l vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;? GwehDhW.
148.mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rp vd;w rpw;wurdplk; el;G ghuhl;b JhJ nrd;wtu; Xsit.
149.Xsitf;F guprpy; juhky; fhyk; ePl;bj;jtd; mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rp.
150.mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpapd; mitfsg; Gytu; Xsit.
151.cyfpNyNa mjpf rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ ngupa ehL ,e;jpah.
152.,e;jpahtpNyNa mjpf rhiy tpgj;Jfs; eilngWk; khepyk; jkpo;ehL(15 tpOf;fhL).
153.rhiyapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s FwpaPLfspd; tiffs;: cj;juTf; FwpaPLfs;> vr;rupf;if FwpaPLfs;> jfty; FwpaPLfs;.
154.ehfuPf Ma;tpy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;w nrd;idapy; cs;s MW? nfhw;wiy MW.
155.kapyhg;G+iu> jhykp mtu;fs; ky;ypau;gh vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.(fp.gp.2k; Ehw;whz;L).
156.khtypGur; nryT vd;w Ehypd; Mrpupau; ghujpjhrd;.
157.gy;yhtuj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l goq;fhyg;nghUs; fw;Nfhlhup.
158.njd;dpe;jpahtpd; EioTthapy; nrd;id.
159.nrd;idia Mq;fpNyau;fspd; FbNaw;wj;jpw;Fupa ,lkhfj; njupT nra;jtu;? gpuhd;rp];Nl.
160.nrapd;l; [hu;[; Nfhl;ilapd; cl;gFjp nts;isau; efuk;.
161.gzpahsu;fs; tho;e;j ntspg;gFjp fUg;gu; efuk;.
162.nrd;id vd;w khfhzj;ij cUthf;fpatu; vyp Nay;.
163.nrd;idapd; nghw;fhyk; jhk]; gpl; mtu;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyk;.
164.Mrpahtpy; cUthd Kjy; INuhg;gpa gs;sp vJ? Gdpj Nkup Njthya ju;kg; gs;sp (1715).
165.1812 - nrd;idf; Nfhl;ilf; fy;Yhup njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
166.1837 - nrd;idf; fpwpj;jtf; fy;Yhup njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
167.1840 - gpurpnld;rp gs;sp(khepyf; fy;Yhup) njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
168.1857 - nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
169.1914 - ngz;fSf;fhf jdpahf ,uhzpNkupf; fy;Yhup njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
170.Kfyhaf; fl;llf;fiy> gpupj;jhdpaf; fl;llf;fiy> ,e;jpag; ghuk;gupa ghzp ,ize;J
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;Njh-rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy.
171.njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; ,uhaGuj;jpy;(1856) njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
172.ts;syhu; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu; ,uhkypq;f mbfs;.
173.,uhkypq;f mbfs; gpwe;j Cu; kUJhu;.
174.,uhkypq;f mbfs; ,aw;wpa jpUtUl;gh vj;jid jpUKiwfshf gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? MW.
175.nrd;id fe;jNfhl;lj;J KUfdpd; mUisNtz;b ,uhkypq;f mbfshy; ghlg;ngw;wJ?
nja;tkzpkhiy.
176.,uhkypq;f mbfs; ,aw;wpa jpUtUl;ghtpd; Ie;jhk; jpUKiwapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghkhiy
nja;tkzpkhiy.
177.rkur rd;khu;f;f newpfis Nghjpj;jtu;> grpg;gpzpia Nghf;fpau; ,uhkypq;f mbfs;.
178.rpWtajpNyNa ftpghLk; jpwd; ngw;wtu;> thba gapiuf; fz;lNghnjy;yhk; thbatu; ,uhkypq;f mbfs;.
179.Md;kNea xUikg;ghL vq;Fk; jiof;fTk; cz;iknewp Xq;fTk; cioj;jtu; ts;syhu; ,uhkypq;f mbfs;.
180.Cid cUf;fp cs;nshsp ngUf;Fk; jd;ikAila ghly;fis ghbatu; ,uhkypq;f mbfs;.
181.,uhkypq;f mbfs; ,aw;wpa Ehy;fs; rpy: kDKiw fz;l thrfk;> [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;.
182.jpUKiwfs; nkhj;jk; gd;dpuz;L.
183.Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfis vOjpatu; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;.
184.jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; ,aw;wpa jpUKiwfs; Njthuk; vd miog;ghu;fs;.
185.jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jtu; ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp.
186.jpUkapyhg;G+u; gjpfk; vj;jidahtJ jpUKiwapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ? ,uz;L.
187.rKjhaj;jpd; nghUshjhu fiy gz;ghl;L epiyfs;> jkpOf;F ,Ue;j cau;epiy> ,ir jj;Jtk;>
rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; midj;Jk; jpUQhdr;rk;ge;jupd; ghlypy; tputpf; fhzg;gLk;.
188.flYf;F mUfpy; kzy; jpl;Lfspy; fly;ePu; Njq;fpapUf;Fk; gFjpf;F cg;gq;fop vd;W ngau;.
189.cg;G tpisAk; fsj;jpw;F msk;(cg;gsk;) vd;W ngau;.
190.ckzu;fs;(gujtu;fs;) gz;lkhw;Wg; nghUshf cg;ig gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.
191.ghly;itg;G Kiwapy; ghly; vz;zpw;F Vw;gj; jpizfs; tupirahf itj;Jj; njhFf;fg;gl;l
mfj;jpiz Ehy; mfehDhW.
192.vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;fspy; xd;whd mfehDhW vj;jid gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ? %d;W.
193.mfehDhupy; nea;jy; jpizg;ghly;fs; ghbatu; mk;%tdhu;.
194.mk;%tdhu; mfj; jpizg;ghly;fs; kl;LNk ghbatu;.
195.Qkyp vd;gjpd; nghUs; - eha;.
196.GJikg;gpj;jd; ney;iyj;jkpo;> rz;KfRe;juk; Nfhitj;jkpo;> n[afhe;jd; nrd;idj;jkpo;>
jp.[hdfpuhkd; jQ;irj;jkpo;> Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; Fkupj;jkpo;.
197.Nfhtpy;gl;b jkpio mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fupry; ,yf;fpak; gilj;jtu; fp.uh[ehuhazd;.
198.tl;lhuj; jkpio mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gilf;fg;gl;l Ehy;? jQ;irf; fijfs;.
199.xU Fl;bj;jPtpd; tiuglk; (jiyf;Fsk;) vd;w Ehypd; Mrpupau; Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;.
200.Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; mtu;fs; fd;dpahFkhup khtl;lk;> Njq;fha;g;gl;lzk; vDk; rpw;Whupy;
(1944)y; gpwe;jhu;.
201.Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; mtu;fspd; rhfpj;jpa mfnjkp tpUJ ngw;w Ehy;? rha;Tehw;fhyp(1997).
202.Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; mtu;fspd; jkpof murpd; tpUJ ngw;w Ehy;? JiwKfk;> $dd; Njhg;G.
203.efUk; glq;fis glk;gpbf;Fk; fUtpapidf; fz;lwpe;jtu; jhk]; My;th vbrd;.
204.mjprak; gpwf;fpwJ vd;w jiyg;gpy; uapy; glq;fis ntspapl;ltu;fs; Yhkpau; rNfhjuu;fs;.
205.jpiug;glq;fspy; fij $Wk; Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jtu; [hu;[; kpyp.
206.jpiug;glq;fspy; fhl;rp rpwg;ghf mike;Jtpl;lhy;> trdk; ,uz;lhk; gl;rk;jhd;.
207.fhl;rpfs; khWtij czu;j;j> xU fhl;rpiar; rpwpJ rpwpjhf kq;fyhff; fhl;b> mLj;j fhl;rpf;F
nry;tJ fhl;rp kiwT vdg;gLk;.
208.xw;iwf; Nfhzf;fiy vd;gJ ehlfk;.
209.Gjpaj; jpiuauq;Ffs; tuf; fhuzkhdtu; rhkpf;fz;Z.
210.eFydpd; ,aw;ngau; b.Nf.Jiurhkp (Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; gpwe;J> jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; tho;e;jtu;).
211.jkpopd; midj;J rpw;wpjo;fspYk; GJf;ftpij vOjpatu; eFyd;.
212.ghujpapd; ftpijfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngau;j;jtu; eFyd;.
213.eFyd; vOjpa Ehy;fs; rpy: %d;W> Ie;J> fz;zhbahFk; fz;fs;> eha;fs;> RUjp> thf;F%yk;.
214.jkpoupd; fiy> ehfupfk;> gz;ghL Kjyhdtw;iw cs;slf;fpa fUT+ykhfj; jpfOk; Ehy;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
215.Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;> %Nte;ju; fhg;gpak;> Kj;jkpo; fhg;gpak;> Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;> ciuapilapl;l
ghl;Lilr; nra;As;> nghJikf; fhg;gpak;> xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;> tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak; vd;nwy;yhk;
miof;fg;gLk; Ehy;? rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
216.rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; njhlu;r;rp vd miof;fg;gl;l fhg;gpak;? kzpNkfiy.
217.,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs; vit vit? rpyg;gjpfhuk; - kzpNkfiy.
218.rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; Mrpupau; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.
219.Nrud; jk;gp rpyk;ig ,irj;jJk; - vd Fwpg;gpl;ltu;? ghujpahu;
220.,sq;Nfhtbfs; jd;idg; gw;wp rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; vq;F Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;? tue;jU fhij.
221.,sq;Nfhtbfspd; mz;zd; Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;.
222.MlYk; ghlYk; moFk; epiwe;jts; khjtp.
223.khjtp 12k; tajpy; muq;Nfw;wk; elj;jpdhs;.
224.jiyf;Nfhy; mikjp vd;Dk; gl;lj;jpid ngw;wts; khjtp.
225.Mke;jpupif vd;gJ ,lf;if thj;jpak;.
226.njhy;fhg;gpak; KOikf;Fk; ciu vOjpatu; ,sk;G+uzu;.
227.njhy;fhg;gpaiu jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhu;fs; xy;fhg; ngUk;Gfo;j; njhy;fhg;gpad; vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;whu;fs;.
228.ebg;Gyfr; rf;futu;j;jp> ebfu; jpyfk; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu; rpth[p fNzrd;.
229.rpth[p gpwe;j Cu; tpOg;Guk;.
230.rpth[papd; ,aw;ngau; rpd;idah fNzrd;.
231.rpd;idah fNzrd;> mz;zhJiuapd; ehlfj;jpy; rj;ugjp rpth[p vd;w fjhg;ghj;jpuj;jpid Vw;W
ebj;jjpdhy; ngupahupd; jpUthahy; rpth[p fNzrd; vd ngau; ngw;whu;.
232.rpth[p fNzrd; mtu;fs; ebj;j Kjy; jpiug;glk;? guhrf;jp.
233.vd;idg; Nghy; rpth[p ebg;ghu;. Mdhy;> vd;dhy;jhd; rpth[p Nghy; ebf;f KbahJ - khu;yd; gpuhz;Nlh.
234.kiyahsf; ftpQUk; ebfUkhd ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spfhL mtu;fs; vOjpa Ehy;? rpjk;gu ];kuz.
235.rpjk;gu ];kuz vd;w Ehiy jkpopy; ‘rpjk;gu epidTfs;’ vd nkhopngau;j;jtu; Nf.tp.iry[h.
236.Xu; murd; xU ehis vt;thW ifahsNtz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLk; mjpfhuk;? kbapd;ik.
237.gyu; JQ;rTk; jhd; JQ;rhd; - Nrhod; eyq;fps;sp (NfhT+u;fpohu; $w;W).
238.126 xw;iw tupfs; nfhz;l cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w Jspg;ghtpid vOjpau;? `puhf;spl];.
239.,uz;L Kiw xUtd; xNu ejpapy; ,wq;f KbahJ vdf; $wpatu; `puhf;spl];.
240.xt;nthU ehSk; #upad; GjpJ vdf; $wpatu; `puhf;spl];.
241.,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkyhz;ik vd;Dk; Ehypid ,aw;wpatu; nt.,iwad;G.
242.,.M.g Nju;tpy; jkpopid tpUg;gg; ghlkhf; nfhz;L ntw;wpngw;wtu; nt.,iwad;G.
243.nt.,iwad;G mtu;fs; ,aw;wpa Ehy;fs; rpy: tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs;> VohtJ mwpT> cs;nshspg;
gazk;> %isf;Fs; Rw;Wyh.
244.1995k; Mz;by; jkpo; tsu;r;rpj; Jiwapd; gupRngw;w nt.,iwad;Gtpd; Ehy;? tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs;.
245.jkpo;ejp mtu;fspd; ,aw;ngau; fiythzp.
246.jkpo;ejp mtu;fs; ,yq;ifapYs;s jpUNfhzkiyapy; gpwe;jtu;. (fdlhtpy; trpf;fpwhu;)
247.jkpo;ejpapd; rpy Ehy;fs;: fhdy; tup> <ok; - iftpl;l Njrk;> ghu;j;jPdpak;.
248.jkpo;ejp mtu;fspd; FWehty; fhdy;tup.
249.Gyk;ngau;e;j jkpou;fspd; ,Ug;GfisAk; typfisAk; ftpijfspy; vLj;jhz;ltu; jkpo;ejp.
250.mjpra kyu; vd;w ftpij ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ftpij njhFg;G vJ? mjd; gpwFk; vQ;Rk;.
251.ghuj kf;fspd; gupjhgr; rpe;J vd;w Njapiyj; Njhl;lg; ghl;L(Fk;kp) ,aw;wpatu; Kfk;kJ ,uhTj;ju;.
252.kf;fspd; ,ay;Gfis ghly;fspy; $Wgit fijg;ghly;fs;.

253.fijg;ghly;fspd; NtWngau;fs;: ntFrd ,yf;fpak;> Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak;> F[pyp Ehy;fs;> fhyzh
miuazh ghl;Lg; Gj;jfq;fs;> ngupa vOj;Jg; Gj;jfq;fs;> njUg;ghly;fs;.
254.nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpa kuG ghlhj> nrhy;yhj my;yJ Gwf;fzpj;j fUg;nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Njhd;wpait fijg;ghly;fs; (19>20k; Ehw;whz;L).
255.GwehDhw;wpy; cs;s fha;ney; mWj;J vdj; njhlq;Fk; 184tJ ghliyg; ghbatu; gprpuhe;ijahu;.
256.gprpu; vd;gJ ghz;ba ehl;bYs;s Xu; Cu;. Me;ijahu; vd;gJ ,aw;ngau;.
257.ghz;bad; mwpTil ek;gpf;F tupjpul;Lk; Kiw gw;wpf;$wp mwpTiu toq;fpa tu;? gprpuhe;ijahu;
258.gz;ila kd;du;fspd; tPuk;> nfhil> Nghu;jpwd;> ifaWepiy> eLfy; topghL gw;wp $wpLk; Ehy; GwehDhW.
259.GwehDhw;iw Kjd; Kjypy; gjpg;gpj;jtu; c.Nt.rh(1894).
260.GwehDhw;iw Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngau;j;j fypNghu;dpah gy;fiyf;fof jkpo;g; Nguhrpupau;?
[hu;[;.vy; `hu;l;(1999).
261.murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f mwpTWj;JtJ
nrtpawpTWhc Jiw.
262.f&iu mLj;j Gf@upy; cs;s Fd;W? MWehl;lhd; Fd;W.
263.MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l fy;ntl;by; Nru kd;du;fspd; tuyhW ntspg;gl;lJ.
264.MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l fy;ntl;by; fhzg;ngw;w Nru kd;du;fspd; ngau;fs;;?
ngUq;fLq;Nfhd;> ,sq;fLq;Nfhd;> ,sq;Nfh.
265.gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Nru kd;du;fspd; ngau;fs; Gf@u; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
266.ahw;Whu; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; trpj;j rkzj;Jwtp nrq;fhagd;.
267.fy;ntl;Lfspd; je;ij Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;.
268.Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; elj;jpa ,jopd; ngau; fy;ntl;L.
269.Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; mtu;fs; ngw;w tpUJfs;: [tfu;yhy; NeU Ma;twpQu; tpUJ> ,e;jpa tuyhw;W
Muha;r;rp ika tpUJ> jhkiuj;jpU tpUJ.
270.Iuhtjk; kfhNjtdpd; fz;Lgpbg;gpid ntFthf ghuhl;batu; Nf.tp.Rg;gpukzpad;.
271.ekJ milahsq;fis kPl;ltu; kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp.
272.r.j.rw;Fzupd; ciuapidf; Nfl;L kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp mtu;fshy; gilf;fg;gl;l Ehy;?
fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk;.
273.kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkpapd; mupa Mtzg; gzpahf fUjg;gl;l Ehy;? kiwe;JNghd jkpo; Ehy;fs;.
274.kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkpapd;> jkpof murpd; Kjw;guprpidg; ngw;w Ehy; vJ? jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf;
fiyfs;.
275.kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkpahy; rkaf; fho;g;Gzu;r;rpapd;wp ntspaplg;gl;l Ehy;? rkzKk; jkpOk;.
276.kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkpapd; nrhy;yha;Tf; fl;Liufs; mQ;rpiwj; Jk;gp vd;w ngaupy; ntspte;jd.
277.kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp jkpo;j;NjdP vd;w milnkhopahy; miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
278.kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp ,isQuhapDk;> Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; Kjpatu; vd Gfo;e;jtu; tpGyhde;j mbfs;.
279.kNfe;jputu;kd; vOjpa Ehy; kj;jtpyhrk;.
280.gRk;G+z; ghz;bad; vd;w rq;ffhy kd;ddpd; nfhbapy; fhzg;gLk; rpd;dk; ahid vdf; fz;lwpe;J
$wpatu; kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp(mfehDhW)
281.Kfk; vd;w ftpijapd; Mrpupau; Rfe;jp Rg;ukzpad;.
282.jkpopd; etPd ngz; ftpQu;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu; Rfe;jp Rg;ukzpad;.
283.Rfe;jp Rg;ukzpadpd; rpy Ehy;fs;: GijAz;l tho;f;if> kPz;nlOjypd; ufrpak;.
284.jpUney;Ntypapy; ,Ue;J ntspte;j ew;Nghjfk; vDk; Md;kPf khj ,jopy; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; 13
Mz;Lfs; njhluhf ntspte;jJ.
285.,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; 1894k; Mz;L Nk khjk; Kjy; gjpg;G ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
286.[hd; gd;ad; mtu;fshy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l Ehy; gpy;fpupk;]; GNuhfpu];.
287.gpy;fpupk;]; GNuhfpu]; vd;w Ehiyj; jOtp> vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhu; mtu;fshy; gilf;fg;gl;l Ehy;
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;.
288.fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu; vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhu;
289.,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; 3766 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l cUtff; fhg;gpak; MFk;.
290.,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpy; cs;s gUtq;fs; ahit? Mjpp gUtk;> Fkhug; gUtk;> epjhdg; gUtk;>
Muzpa gUtk;> ,ul;rzpa gUtk;.
291.vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhu; ,aw;wpa NtW Ehy;fs;: Nghw;wpj; jpUtfty;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;.
292.VR ngUkhDf;F jz;lid toq;fpa MSeu; Nghe;jpA gpyhj;J.
293.mwpklKk; rhd;Nwhu;f;F mzp vd Fwpg;gpLk; Ehy; gonkhop ehDhW.
294.GwehDhW Fwpg;gpLk; Kjpu kiy kd;dd; Fkzd;.
295.Fkzdplk; guprpy; ngwte;jtu; ngUe;jiyr; rhj;jdhu;.
296.jkpOf;Fj; jiy nfhLj;j Fkz ts;sy; vd GwehDhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.(158>164> 165)
297.rpWghzhw;Wg;gil vd;Dk; gj;Jg;ghl;L Ehiy ,aw;wpatu; ahu;? ey;Yhu; ej;jj;jdhu;.
298.rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ey;ypaf;Nfhld;(269 mbfs;).
299.guprpy; ngw;w rpwpa ahopidf; nfhz;l ghzd; xUtd;> kw;nwhU ghzid Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf
mike;j Ehy; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil.
300.ey;ypaf;Nfhldpd; epyg;gFjp fplq;fy;(jpz;btdk;).
301.Nfhilkio vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; rhe;jh jj;.
302.Nfhilkio vd;Dk; rpWfij mKjRugpapy; ntspte;Js;sJ.
303.Nfhilkio vd;Dk; rpWfij ,yf;fpar; rpe;jid vd;w mikg;gpd; tpUjpidg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
304.i`juhghj;jpy; ntspahFk; epiw vd;w khj ,jopd; Mrpupau; rhe;jh jj;.
305.jpir vl;Lk; vd;w nkhopngau;g;G ,jopd; Mrpupau; FOtpy; cs;stu;? rhe;jh jj;.
gbg;Nghk; gad;gLj;JNthk;
Subscription cWg;gpdu; fl;lzk; Affidavit Miz cWjp Mtzk;
Biography tho;f;if tuyhW Allegation rhl;Liu
Manuscripts ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp Conviction jz;lid
Fiction GidT Jurisdiction mjpfhu vy;iy
Archive Mtzf; fhg;gfk; Plaintiff thjp
Bibliography Ehy; epuy; Artist ftpd;fiyQu;
Platform eilNkil Animation ,aq;Fglk;
Train Track ,Ug;Gg; ghij Newsreel nra;jpg;glk;
Railway Signal njhlu;tz;b topf;Fwp Cinematography xspg;gjpT
Ticket Inspector gazr;rPl;L Ma;thsu; Sound Effect xyp tpisT
Level Crossing ,Ug;Gg;ghij flf;Fkplk; Multiplex Complex xUq;fpize;j jpiuauq;f tshfk;
Metro Train khefuj; njhlu;tz;b Debit Card gw;W ml;il

Lobby Xa;tiw Demand Draft Nfl;G tiuNthiy
Checkout ntspNaWjy; Withdrawal Slip jpUk;gg; ngwy; gbtk;
Tips rpw;wPif Teller tpiuT fhrhsu;
Mini Meals rpw;WzT Mobile Banking miyNgrp top tq;fp Kiw
Arrival tUif Internet Banking ,iza tq;fp Kiw
Departure Gwg;ghL Stamp Pad ik nghjp
Conveyor Belt Cu;jpg;gl;il Stapler fk;gp ijg;Gf; fUtp
Domestic Flight cs;ehl;L thDhu;jp Folder kbg;Gj;jhs;
Passport flTr;rPl;L File Nfhg;G
Visa EioT ,irT Rubber Stamp ,Oit Kj;jpiu
Take off thDhu;jp fpsk;Gjy; Eraser mopg;ghd;
gyTs; njupf
,ay; 1 ,ay; 2 ,ay; 3 jpUf;Fws; ,ay; 4 ,ay; 5
1. , 1. (3421) 1. M 1. , 1. , 1. <
2. < 2. , 2. , 2. M 2. M 2. <
3. , 3. M 3. < 3. , 3. < 3. ,
4. , 4. < 4. , 7. m 4. , 4. ,
5. < 5. m 5. < 10. M 5. M 5. ,
,ay; 6 jpUf;Fws; ,ay; 7 ,ay; 8
1. < 1. M 6. , 1. M 1. ,
2. < 2. M 7. < 2. m 2. m
3. m 3. , 8. m 3. , 3. <
4. < 4. < 9. M 4. , 4. ,
5. M 5. M 5. M
1.tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;: tho;tpay; rpe;jidf; fijia vOJf.

 tho;tpay; epfo;T: vd; tFg;Gj; jiytd; nry;yd;. ahUkpy;yh Neuj;jpy;> gpwu; igapy; cs;s
nghUl;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> kw;wtu; kPJ gopiag; Nghl;Ltpl;L> ngha; $wp jg;gpg;gjpy; ty;yd;.
MrpupaUk; mtd; nrhy;tJ cz;iknadf; fUjp jz;lidAk; jUthu;. Xu; ehs;> kyu;tpopapd;
gs;spf;fl;lzk; 2000 &gha; fhzhky; NghdJ. ngupanjhif vd;gjhYk;> njhlu;e;J jpUl;L
elg;gjhYk; Mrpupau; tprhuizapy; ,wq;fpdhu;. gzk; fhzhky; Nghd Neuj;jpy; nry;yd; kl;LNk
,Ue;jhd; vd;gJ njupatu> Mrpupaupd; KO ghu;itAk; mtd;kPJ jpUk;gpaJ. Mrpupaupd; fpLf;Fgpb
tprhuizapy; nry;yd; rpf;fpdhd;. filrpapy; jg;gpf;f NtW topapy;yhky; nry;yd; jtiw
xg;Gf;nfhz;lhd;. mtDf;F khw;Wr;rhd;wpjo; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. MrpupaUk; jd; jtWf;F kd;dpg;G
Nfhupdhu;. tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWj;jhd;.
 czu;j;Jk; cz;ik: fhyq;fs; fle;jhYk; cz;ik vd;Wk; Njhw;gJ ,y;iy.

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tPo;tJ ehkhf ,Ue;jhYk;! tho;tJ jkpohf ,Uf;fl;Lk;!

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 1

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 6

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 7

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 8

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 9

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 10

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 11

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m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 15

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 18

midtUf;Fk; ftp tzf;fk;! vd;Dila nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs; vd;w ftpij Ehy;

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m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 20

9. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 23

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 24

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 26

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 27

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 31

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 34

29. Nfhilkio fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpj Neag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 35

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 40

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 45

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 50

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 53

Metro Train khefuj; njhlu;tz;b Debit Card gw;W ml;il

1.tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;: tho;tpay; rpe;jidf; fijia vOJf.

m.vopyurd;> m.Nk.ep.gs;sp - vyg;ghf;fk; - nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk; - 9600113368 56

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