FINAL MODULE TO PRINT

ENGLISH 18 | LITERARY CRITICISM
NOTE TO STUDENTS
I am delighted to welcome you all to our journey through English 18: Literary Criticism.
This subject aims to provide you with a robust understanding of the major theories and
practices in the world of literary criticism, thereby fostering a deeper appreciation for
literature.
Throughout the term, we will delve into diverse critical theories such as Structuralism,
Deconstruction, Post-colonialism, Feminism, and more. We will examine how these
perspectives help us interpret texts in fresh, insightful ways, allowing us to unearth the
hidden layers and dimensions of meaning in literature.
This subject is more than just learning critical theories; it's about opening our eyes to the
ways literature interacts with our world. We'll not only analyze the works of great authors
but also explore how they reflect and shape cultural, social, and political values and
experiences.
As your instructor, I encourage active participation, questions, and thoughtful

discussions. I believe that learning is a collaborative process, and I am excited to learn
with you as we challenge ourselves to understand and appreciate literary works through
various critical lenses.
Keep an eye out for the reading list and make sure to keep up with the readings and
submissions.
Please remember that understanding and interpreting literature is subjective. It's

perfectly okay to have a unique perspective or to disagree with common interpretations.
Be ready to think independently, argue your viewpoint coherently, and respect differing
opinions.
It's also essential to note that understanding critical theory takes time and practice.
Don't be disheartened if you don't grasp a concept immediately. Remember, the goal is
not to memorize theories but to understand and apply them in a way that enriches your
reading and interpretation of texts.
We do not condone cheating and, most especially, plagiarism. Please answer your
outputs with utmost honesty and originality. Failure to do so will affect your grades in this
subject.
I am thrilled to embark on this exciting journey with you. Please feel free to reach out
to me for any assistance, clarification, or discussion. Let's make this term an inspiring and
insightful learning experience!
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Table of Contents
Page
Note to Students i
Table of Contents ii
Course Outline v
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Literary Criticism & Classical
Literary Criticism
LESSON 1: Introduction to Literary Criticism and Classical 1
Literary Criticism
LESSON 2: The Importance of Literary Criticism 6
LESSON 3: The General Steps in Literary Criticism 9
LESSON 4: Plato and Aristotle in Literary Criticism 7
CHAPTER 2: Classical Literary Criticism Continues &
Introduction to Romantic Criticism
LESSON 1: Classical Literary Criticism Continued 9
LESSON 2: Horace and Longinus: Classical Pillars of 10
Literary Criticism
LESSON 3: Wordsworth and Coleridge: The Romantic 11
Revolution in Literary Criticism
CHAPTER 3: Victorian Criticism & Introduction to Modernist
Approaches
LESSON 1: Victorian Criticism 13
LESSON 2: Matthew Arnold and Walter Pater: Victorian 14
Voices in Literary Criticism
LESSON 3: New Criticism: A Close Reading Revolution in 15
Literary Analysis
CHAPTER 4: Modernist Approaches Continued
LESSON 1: Modernist Approaches Continued: Diving 17
Deeper into 20th Century Literary Criticism
LESSON 2: Russian Formalism and Structuralism 18
CHAPTER 5: Introduction to Post-Modern Approaches
LESSON 1: Introduction to Post-modern Approaches in 20
Literary Criticism
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LESSON 2: Deconstruction 21
LESSON 3: Post-Structuralism 23
CHAPTER 6: Marxist Literary Criticism
LESSON 1: Marxist Literary Criticism: Literature Through 25
the Lens of Class Struggle
LESSON 2: Marxist Literary Criticism: An Overview and 26
Application
CHAPTER 7: Feminist Literary Criticism
LESSON 1: Feminist Literary Criticism: Shattering the Glass 28
Ceiling of Literary Analysis
LESSON 2: Feminist Literary Criticism: Overview and 29
Application
CHAPTER 8: Postcolonial Criticism
LESSON 1: Postcolonial Criticism: Unveiling Narratives of 31
Power and Resistance
LESSON 2: Edward Said and Postcolonial Criticism: 32
Decoding the West’s Representation of the East
CHAPTER 9: Introduction to Queer Theory
LESSON 1: Introduction to Queer Theory: Disrupting 34
Normative Views of Gender and Sexuality
LESSON 2: Queer Theory: Overview and Application 35
CHAPTER 10: Introduction to Ecocriticism
LESSON 1: Introduction to Ecocriticism: Nature and 37
Literature Intersect
LESSON 2: Overview of Ecocriticism and its relevance to 38
literary criticism
CHAPTER 11: Reader-Response Criticism
LESSON 1: Introduction to Reader-Response Criticism: 40
The Role of the Reader in Literary Interpretation
LESSON 2: Reader-Response Criticism: An In-depth 41
Overview
LESSON 3: The Role of the Reader in Text Interpretation: 42
An In-depth Exploration
CHAPTER 12: Psychoanalytic Criticism
LESSON 1: Psychoanalytic Criticism: An In-Depth 44
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Overview
LESSON 2: Freudian Theories and Literary Analysis: An In- 45
Depth Exploration
References 47
Tasks 48
Final Performance Task 52
Appendices 54
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COURSE OUTLINE IN ENGLISH 118
Course Code: English 118
Course Name: Literary Criticism
Course Description:
This course introduces the fundamentals of literary criticism, studying various

approaches from the earliest to contemporary. Students will engage with diverse
literary texts, applying these critical theories to their readings and analyses. The course
covers key schools of thought, including formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism,
Marxism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and postcolonialism. Students will develop the skills
to interpret literature critically and appreciate the value of different critical
perspectives and be equipped to conduct in-depth literary analyses, articulate
informed interpretations, and contribute meaningfully to scholarly debates in literary
criticism.
Contact Hours/week: 5 hours/week

Prerequisite: ENGLISH 111, ENGLISH 112, ENGLISH 113, ENGLISH 114, ENGLISH 115, ENGLISH 116
Course Outcomes:
• Explain the key concepts and theories in literary criticism

• Discuss the main ideas, methods, and perspectives of different schools of literary
criticism and how they contribute to our understanding of literary texts.
• Apply different theories of literary criticism to analyze various pieces of literature,
and justify the chosen approach for a specific literary work.
• Critically analyze and compare different literary theories and their applicability to
specific works of literature.
• Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding and practical application of
literary criticism theories by conducting an in-depth analysis of a selected literary
work effectively presenting their findings, and critically evaluating the strengths
and limitations of the chosen theory.
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COURSE OUTLINE AND TIME FRAME

COURSE CONTENT/SUBJECT MATTER
CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Literary Criticism & Classical Literary
WEEK 1 Criticism
• Introduction to Literary Criticism & Classical Literary Criticism
• Importance of literary criticism
• General Steps in Literary Criticism
• Plato and Aristotle
WEEK 2 CHAPTER 2 : Classical Literary Criticism Continued &
• Classical Literary Criticism Continued
• Horace and Longinus
• Wordsworth and Coleridge
WEEK 3 CHAPTER 3 : Victorian Criticism & Introduction to Modernist
Approaches
• Victorian Criticism
• Matthew Arnold and Walter Pater
• New Criticism
CHAPTER 4 : Modernist Approaches Continued
• Modernist Approaches Continued: Diving
Deeper into 20th Century Literary Criticism
• Russian Formalism and Structuralism
WEEK 4 CHAPTER 5 ; Introduction to Post-Modern Approaches
• Introduction to Post-Modern Approaches
• Deconstruction
• Post-Structuralism
WEEK 5 CHAPTER 6 : Marxist Literary Criticism
• Overview and application
Week 6 CHAPTER 7: Feminist Literary Criticism Overview and
application
Week 7 CHAPTER 8 : Postcolonial Criticism
• Edward Said and postcolonial criticism
CHAPTER 9 : Introduction to Queer Theory
• Overview and application
Week 8 CHAPTER 10 ; Introduction to Ecocriticism
• Overview of Ecocriticism and its relevance to literary
criticism
WEEK 9 CHAPTER 11 : Reader-Response Criticism
• Overview of Reader-Response criticism
• Exploring the role of the reader in the interpretation of a
text
WEEK 10 CHAPTER 12 : Psychoanalytic Criticism
• Overview of Psychoanalytic criticism
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Alignment of Course Outcomes with Summative Assessment Tasks

Course Outcomes Summative Assessment Details
Tasks
Explain the key concepts and Module Tasks The students will be assigned
theories in literary criticism. to complete their module
tasks with tasks related to
explaining the key concepts
and theories in literary
criticism.
Discuss the main ideas, Module Tasks The students will be assigned
methods, and perspectives to complete their module
of different schools of literary tasks with tasks related to
criticism and how they discussing the main ideas,
contribute to our methods, and perspectives
understanding of literary of different schools of literary
texts. criticism and how they
contribute to our
understanding of literary
texts.
Apply different theories of Literary Theory Application In this specific research
literary criticism to analyze using works from prolific writers project, students are
various pieces of literature, from Mindanao required to explore a literary
and justify the chosen work written by our very own
approach for a specific prolific writers from Mindano
literary work. and its fit within the modern
literary canon. They must
research, evaluate, and
then construct a reasoned
argument. This involves
gathering information from
multiple sources, evaluating
the relevance and credibility
of that information, and
effectively communicating
their conclusions.
Critically analyze and Comic Strip and Reflection
This activity allows students to
compare different literary Paper
critically analyze and
theories and their
compare different theories of
applicability to specific works literary criticism and their
of literature applicability to specific works
of literature in a creative and
engaging way.
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Demonstrate a In-depth Literary Analysis Students will demonstrate a

comprehensive Presentation comprehensive
understanding and practical understanding and practical
application of literary application of literary
criticism theories by criticism theories by
conducting an in-depth conducting an in-depth
analysis of a selected literary analysis of a selected literary
work effectively presenting work, effectively presenting
their findings, and critically their findings, and critically
evaluating the strengths and evaluating the strengths and
limitations of the chosen limitations of the chosen
theory. theory.
Reference and Suggested Readings

"Literary Theory: An Anthology" by Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan - This anthology is a
definitive collection of classic and contemporary statements in the field of literary
theory and criticism.
"The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism" by Vincent B. Leitch - This
comprehensive anthology includes a wide selection of critical and theoretical writing,
presenting a thorough introduction to the historical and contemporary modes of
literary analysis.
"A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory" by Raman Selden, Peter

Widdowson, and Peter Brooker - A clear and thoroughly updated introduction to
contemporary literary theory.
"Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide" by Lois Tyson - An accessible

introduction to the major schools of contemporary literary theory, including detailed
examples of how these approaches can be used to interpret specific literary works.
"Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory" by Peter Barry - This
comprehensive guide introduces students to the complex landscape of literary
theories, making complicated ideas accessible without oversimplifying them.
"The Routledge Companion to Critical Theory" by Simon Malpas and Paul Wake - This
resource provides an authoritative exploration of the major themes, topics, thinkers,
and debates in contemporary critical theory.
"How to Read Literature Like a Professor: A Lively and Entertaining Guide to Reading
Between the Lines" by Thomas C. Foster - While not strictly a book on theory, it's a
great reference for learning to read critically and understand some of the underlying
themes and symbols in literary works.
Prepared by:
Socorro Isobelle Marie C. Mananay
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LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
1. Explain what literary criticism is and its significance in understanding literature.; and
2. Describe the origins and development of the classical literary criticism.
Lesson 1 : Introduction to Literary Criticism & Classical Literary Criticism

Literary criticism is an essential part of understanding literature. It is the process of
interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating pieces of literature, including novels, short stories,
plays, poems, and even film. Literary criticism provides the necessary tools to dissect and
appreciate these works, enabling us to delve deeper into their meaning, significance, and
the craft of their creation.
Literary criticism is not merely an academic exercise. It allows us to engage with

literature on a more profound level, connecting us with the shared human experience that
literature encapsulates. This process helps to illuminate the ideas, emotions, social norms, and
cultural beliefs that are embodied in a piece of literature, thereby broadening our
perspectives and enriching our understanding of the world.
Writing a literary criticism involves a thorough analysis of a literary work using various
critical techniques. The following is a step-by-step guide to writing a literary criticism:
Select a Text: The first step is to select a text/literary piece that you want to analyze. This could
be a novel, a poem, a play, a short story, or even a film or song lyric. Choose a text that
interests you and that has enough depth and complexity to warrant an in-depth analysis.
Read the Text Thoroughly: Read and reread the text multiple times to ensure that you
understand it fully. Pay attention to the plot, characters, themes, and stylistic features. Note
down any patterns, contradictions, or peculiarities that you notice.
Choose Your Approach: Decide on the critical approach or theory that you will use to
analyze the text. In this sense, choose whatever is required of you by your teacher. Your
chosen approach should provide a lens through which you can interpret the text in a
meaningful way.
Develop a Thesis Statement: Based on your chosen approach and your reading of the text,
formulate a thesis statement. This is a concise statement that expresses your main argument
or interpretation of the text.
Find Evidence: Find passages from the text that support your thesis. These could include
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quotations, descriptions, dialogue, or any other parts of the text that support your argument.
Make sure that you reference these accurately.
Create an Outline: Organize your thoughts by creating an outline for your criticism. Typically,
this will involve an introduction (which includes your thesis statement), several body
paragraphs (each presenting and analyzing one piece of evidence), and a conclusion
(which restates your thesis and summarises your argument).
Write the First Draft: Based on your outline, start writing your criticism. Make sure to clearly state
your thesis in the introduction, present and analyze evidence in the body paragraphs, and
summarize your findings in the conclusion.
Revise and Refine: Review your first draft and revise it as necessary. Look for any errors or
inconsistencies, and check that your argument is coherent and persuasive. You might find it
helpful to get feedback from others at this stage.
Proofread: Carefully proofread your final draft to check for any spelling, grammar, or
punctuation errors.
Cite Your Sources: Finally, make sure to correctly cite all the sources you used, including the
primary text and any secondary sources. Use the appropriate citation style, such as MLA,
APA, or Chicago, as required.
Remember that writing a literary criticism involves presenting your own interpretation of
the text, so don't be afraid to express your own ideas and opinions, as long as you can
support them with evidence from the text.
There are several approaches to literary criticism, each providing unique lenses
through which to explore literature. From examining a work's structural aspects or delving into
its cultural and historical contexts, to exploring its psychological dimensions or assessing it
through the lens of gender or race - each approach has its own merits.
Classical Literary Criticism
Classical literary criticism is an ancient discipline, dating back to the times of Aristotle
and Plato. This form of criticism is based on the theories and ideas articulated by philosophers
and scholars of ancient Greece and Rome. They attempted to define what literature is and
what its functions should be, thus laying the foundation for future literary and critical theory.
Aristotle's "Poetics" is one of the most influential works in classical literary criticism. In this
treatise, Aristotle explores the nature and purpose of tragedy, establishing concepts such as
catharsis, mimesis (imitation), and the unity of time, place, and action that are still discussed
in literature classrooms today.
Plato, another major figure in classical criticism, viewed literature as an imitation of an

imitation, and thus twice removed from reality. He also held concerns about the moral
impact of certain kinds of literature, especially poetry.
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The Roman philosopher Horace, known for his "Art of Poetry," focused more on the didactic
purpose of literature. He argued that literature should both delight and instruct, highlighting
the balance between aesthetic pleasure and moral guidance.
Classical literary criticism, despite its antiquity, remains relevant today. Many of the ideas and
theories posited by the ancients are still invoked in contemporary discussions of literature.
Studying classical criticism not only helps us to understand the origins of literary theory, but it
also allows us to see how our views of literature have evolved and continue to evolve.
In conclusion, both literary criticism as a whole and classical literary criticism in particular,
serve to enrich our understanding of literature. They help us peel back the layers of meaning
within texts, appreciate the craft of writing, and connect more deeply with the worldviews
and human experiences depicted therein. As such, they are invaluable tools for anyone
looking to engage more profoundly with literature.
SAMPLE CLASSICAL LITERARY CRITICISM BASED ON ARISTOTLE’S ‘POETICS’
Title: "Hamlet through the Lens of Aristotle's Poetics"
Introduction:
William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" has long been recognized as one of the towering
achievements of English literature, presenting a complex narrative replete with profound
reflections on life, death, and the human condition. Yet to understand its full depth and
complexity, it is valuable to apply the principles of Aristotle's "Poetics," the seminal work of
literary criticism from classical antiquity. The application of Aristotelian principles to this work
yields fascinating insights into the structure and philosophy of this timeless tragedy.
Hamartia and Peripeteia:
Aristotle deemed 'hamartia,' or tragic flaw, as one of the central elements of tragedy.
Hamlet’s indecisiveness, manifested in his procrastination in avenging his father's death,
corresponds to the Aristotelian concept of hamartia. This flaw eventually leads to his downfall
- in accordance with Aristotle’s idea of 'peripeteia,' or reversal of fortune. Hamlet’s inaction
allows Claudius to plot against him, thereby precipitating his tragic end.
Anagnorisis:
In Aristotle's "Poetics," 'anagnorisis,' or recognition, refers to the protagonist's moment of

critical discovery. This is well exhibited in Hamlet's play-within-a-play, "The Mousetrap." It is at
this moment that Hamlet recognizes Claudius’s guilt, confirming his father's ghost's allegations.
This 'anagnorisis' profoundly alters the trajectory of the play, just as Aristotle suggested it
should in a well-crafted tragedy.
Catharsis:
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According to Aristotle, the purpose of tragedy is to induce 'catharsis,' a purgation or

purification of the audience's emotions, particularly those of fear and pity. This is
accomplished in "Hamlet" with remarkable intensity. The audience is left in fearful suspense
due to Hamlet's delayed revenge and pities Hamlet as a tragic figure caught in an impossible
situation. His eventual death, thus, leads to a profound sense of catharsis, as both these pent-
up emotions find a resolution.
Unity of Time, Place, and Action:
One area where "Hamlet" seemingly diverges from Aristotelian principles is in the unity
of time, place, and action. Aristotle suggested that a well-made play should occur in a single
location and span a 24-hour period. "Hamlet," however, is not limited in these respects. The
play unfolds in multiple locations and over a significant period. Nonetheless, Shakespeare
maintains unity of action by focusing intensely on Hamlet's mental state and his singular,
overriding quest for revenge.
Conclusion:
Aristotle’s "Poetics" thus provides a useful framework for appreciating the profound
artistry of "Hamlet." Despite some deviations from Aristotle's formula, such as the unity of time
and place, Shakespeare’s tragedy adheres to the core Aristotelian principles of hamartia,
peripeteia, anagnorisis, and catharsis, rendering "Hamlet" a timeless and universal exploration
of the human condition. By embodying Aristotelian principles, Shakespeare’s masterpiece
prompts the profound emotional response that Aristotle deemed the essence of true tragedy.
Lesson 2 : The Importance of Literary Criticism

Literary criticism is an integral aspect of the study and appreciation of literature. It
provides a platform for understanding, interpreting, and engaging with literary works in a
broader and deeper context. Here, we'll delve into the importance of literary criticism and
how it influences both the readers and the larger literary world.
Enhancing Understanding
Literary criticism aids in the comprehension of literature. It helps the reader to decipher
complex themes, symbols, and literary techniques used by the authors. By breaking down
and interpreting these elements, literary criticism allows readers to appreciate the deeper
meanings of a work beyond the surface narrative.
Providing Context
One of the key roles of literary criticism is to provide a contextual understanding of the
literature. Works of literature are often a reflection of the society, culture, and time period in
which they were written. Criticism helps to explore these contexts, illuminating the socio-
political, historical, or cultural background that influenced the author and their work. This
gives readers a more informed perspective and enhances their understanding of the text.
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Enabling Critical Thinking
Literary criticism fosters critical thinking. By encouraging readers to analyze and

evaluate literary works, it promotes a deeper engagement with the text. This is not just about
understanding the author's intent or the narrative's meaning, but also about forming one's
own judgments and opinions. It allows readers to question, challenge, and rethink their own
beliefs and perspectives.
Adding to Literary Scholarship
Literary criticism contributes significantly to literary scholarship. Through the rigorous

analysis of texts, critics generate new insights, theories, and interpretations that can change
our understanding of the literature. This often leads to vibrant academic discussions and
debates that help to enrich the field of literary studies.
Enhancing Appreciation for the Art of Literature
At its core, literary criticism is a celebration of the art of literature. It helps readers to
recognize and appreciate the craft of writing - the way authors use language, create
characters, build narratives, evoke emotions, and convey deep philosophical, moral, or
social ideas. It provides a pathway to not just understand but to relish the beauty and power
of literature.
Literary criticism plays a pivotal role in the world of literature. It is not just about
analyzing and interpreting texts, but also about encouraging critical thought, enriching
literary scholarship, and fostering a deeper appreciation of the art of literature. It equips
readers with the tools to engage more profoundly with literary works, providing a richer and
more rewarding reading experience.
Lesson 3 : The General Steps in Literary Criticism: An In-depth Guide

Literary criticism involves the evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of literature. It's a
process that helps us understand and appreciate literary works more deeply by considering
their themes, styles, structures, and contexts, among other aspects. Here's an in-depth look at
the general steps involved in literary criticism:
Thorough Reading
The first step in literary criticism is a careful and thorough reading of the literary work. It
is essential to understand the plot, get familiar with the characters, and grasp the overall
themes of the text. Multiple readings are often necessary to understand the complexities and
nuances fully.
Identifying Key Aspects
Next, identify the key elements of the text, such as the main themes, character
development, narrative structure, use of language, and style. This includes looking at
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elements like symbolism, metaphors, and imagery used in the text. This step might also involve
making a note of any particularly important or striking passages for further analysis.
Developing a Thesis Statement
Based on the understanding and identification of key aspects, develop a clear thesis
statement. This is your central argument or interpretation of the text, which should be specific,
arguable, and supported by evidence from the text. It serves as the foundation for your
analysis.
Gathering Evidence
Find evidence from the text to support your thesis statement. This could include
quotations, specific events or actions, descriptions, dialogue, or any other elements of the
text that back up your argument. The selected evidence should be relevant and sufficiently
compelling.
Analysis
Analyze the evidence in relation to your thesis statement. This step involves interpreting
the text, making connections, and drawing conclusions. This is where you use your critical
thinking skills to argue your point and provide a deep, insightful analysis of the text.
Contextual Understanding
Understanding the context of the work is essential. This includes knowing about the
author’s life, the historical period in which the work was written, the cultural and social
conditions, and any philosophical or theoretical movements of the time. This broader
understanding can help elucidate themes, character behavior, and the significance of the
text.
Application of Critical Theory
Depending on your aim, you might apply a specific critical theory or lens to your
analysis. This could be anything from feminist theory to psychoanalytic criticism to
postcolonial theory, and each will provide a different perspective on the text.
Presentation of Arguments
The final step is to present your arguments clearly and coherently, making sure each
point is well-supported by evidence from the text. This typically involves writing an essay or
paper that articulates your thesis, analysis, and conclusions about the text.
Conclusion
While these steps provide a general guide, it's important to remember that literary
criticism is not a rigid process, but rather a flexible and iterative one that may vary depending
on the specific text or the critic's goals. It requires critical thinking, careful reading, and
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insightful interpretation to reveal the deeper meanings and complexities within a piece of
literature.
Lesson 4 : Plato and Aristotle in Literary Criticism

The foundation of Western literary criticism can be traced back to two of history's
greatest philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Their ideas, debates, and philosophical
perspectives have influenced generations of literary theorists and critics. Understanding their
contributions helps us appreciate how literary criticism has evolved over centuries.
Plato
Plato is often regarded as the first literary critic. His observations and critiques about
literature, specifically poetry, are scattered throughout his works, especially in "The Republic"
and "Ion".
Plato had a somewhat sceptical view of poetry. In "The Republic", he expressed

concern that poetry could have a corrupting influence, as it often depicted gods and heroes
acting immorally. He viewed poetry as an imitation of the physical world, which itself is an
imperfect imitation of the ideal Forms. Thus, for Plato, poetry was twice removed from truth or
reality.
However, Plato's critique also hints at the profound power of literature. He recognized
the emotional impact that poetry could have, its capacity to sway people's beliefs and
behaviours. Despite his critique, this acknowledgement underscores the influential nature of
literature.
Aristotle
Aristotle, a student of Plato, had a more favourable view of literature, particularly of

tragedy. His work "Poetics" is considered one of the earliest and most influential treatises on
literary criticism.
In contrast to Plato, Aristotle saw literature, especially tragedy, as a reflection of life,

rather than an imitation. He introduced the concept of 'catharsis', which describes the
purging or cleansing of emotions (such as fear and pity) that a spectator experiences while
watching a tragedy. For Aristotle, this cathartic function served a healthy and beneficial
purpose for the individual and society.
Aristotle also discussed the elements of a good tragedy, including plot, character,
thought, diction, melody, and spectacle. He argued for the unity of time, place, and action
in a drama, ideas that have significantly influenced subsequent literary criticism and dramatic
structure.
Conclusion
Both Plato and Aristotle have left indelible marks on the field of literary criticism. While
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their views diverged, with Plato's more skeptical stance and Aristotle's more constructive
analysis, both contributed to the development of literary criticism and theory.
Plato made us consider the moral and philosophical implications of literature, while
Aristotle gave us tools for its analysis and appreciation. Their ideas continue to resonate,
sparking debates about the purpose and value of literature, the process of imitation, and the
emotional impact of tragic drama.
Understanding Plato and Aristotle's contributions thus offers us valuable insights into the
foundations of literary criticism, and how we continue to interpret, evaluate, and appreciate
literature today.
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Classical Literary Criticism Continued & Introduction to Romantic Criticism
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
2. Describe the origins and development of the romantic criticism.
LESSON 1: Classical Literary Criticism Continued

Following our exploration of Plato and Aristotle's contributions to classical literary
criticism, it's crucial to note other prominent figures in this field. One such figure is the Roman
poet Horace, whose work "Ars Poetica" (The Art of Poetry) provides practical advice to poets,
emphasizing the need for unity of character and plot, and arguing that literature should both
instruct and delight.
The critic Longinus, often associated with the treatise "On the Sublime," focused on the
aesthetic qualities that elevate a work of literature to greatness. For Longinus, true sublimity in
literature involves an interaction between elevated language, a noble subject, and the
passion of the author.
Classical literary criticism remains influential for its foundational ideas on the nature of
literature, the creation of art, the role of imitation, and the significance of emotional and
moral engagement.
With the advent of the Romantic period in the late 18th century, the focus of literary
criticism began to shift. Romantic critics broke away from the classical norms and
conventions, valuing personal emotion, imagination, and the beauty of the natural world.
Key figures in Romantic criticism include Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William
Wordsworth. In their "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads," Wordsworth and Coleridge advocated
for the use of simple, everyday language and subjects in poetry. They argued that poetry
should be the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, emphasizing the significance of
individual experience and subjective interpretation.
Coleridge further developed his critical theories in his "Biographia Literaria," where he
differentiates between imagination and fancy. For him, imagination is the ultimate creative
force, shaping and giving meaning to the raw material of nature.
Percy Bysshe Shelley, in his "A Defence of Poetry," argued that poets are the
"unacknowledged legislators of the world." For Shelley, poetry is more than mere aesthetic
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pleasure; it carries moral and social significance.
Romantic criticism is characterized by a focus on the individual (both the writer and
the reader), an emphasis on subjective interpretation, the significance of imagination, and a
fascination with nature. It reflects a shift from the more formal, objective criticism of the
classical tradition towards a more personal, emotional, and subjective approach.
Classical and romantic criticism offer unique lenses through which to view and
interpret literature. While classical criticism lays the foundation for understanding literature's
structure and function, romantic criticism allows us to explore its emotional depth, the role of
imagination, and the importance of individual experience. Understanding these approaches
equips us with a broader, richer toolkit for the analysis and appreciation of literature.
LESSON 2: Horace and Longinus: Classical Pillars of Literary Criticism

Horace
Horace, a prominent figure in Roman literature, significantly contributed to the field of

classical literary criticism through his notable work, "Ars Poetica" (The Art of Poetry). Unlike his
Greek predecessors, Horace’s literary criticism was less philosophical and more practical,
providing guidance for poets and writers.
Horace advocated for the concept of "decorum" in writing, which stresses the
appropriateness of style and character behavior. He argued that every genre and character
should adhere to certain expectations and standards. The epic, the satire, the ode - each
has its own stylistic and thematic rules that should be followed.
Another significant aspect of Horace’s literary theory is his belief that the purpose of
literature is to "instruct and delight". He insisted that literary works, while providing intellectual
and moral lessons, should also engage and entertain the reader. This belief served as a
foundational idea in literature and literary criticism, echoed and explored by many critics and
theorists in the centuries to come.
Longinus
Longinus, often associated with the treatise "On the Sublime," shifted focus from the
technical aspects of literature to the aesthetic and emotional effect it has on the reader.
In "On the Sublime," Longinus analyzes the ingredients necessary for great writing,
specifically focusing on the concept of the "sublime". The sublime, as defined by Longinus, is a
quality in literature that elevates readers, provoking feelings of awe, reverence, and even
fear.
Longinus asserts that five sources contribute to sublimity in literature: grandeur of

thought, strong and inspired emotion, certain figures of thought and speech, noble diction,
and dignified and elevated word arrangement. He emphasizes the idea that sublime
literature has the power to transport readers, moving them out of their ordinary experiences.
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Longinus's work is important not only for its emphasis on the sublime but also for its
reader-centered approach to criticism. He recognized that the effect of a literary work on its
audience is as significant as its intrinsic qualities.
Conclusion
Both Horace and Longinus, despite the cultural and historical differences between
them, made vital contributions to classical literary criticism. Horace's emphasis on decorum
and the dual function of literature to "instruct and delight" and Longinus's exploration of the
sublime and the reader's emotional response have greatly influenced the study and
understanding of literature. Their insights continue to resonate in contemporary literary
criticism, reminding us of the technical craft, aesthetic beauty, and emotional power of
literature.
LESSON 3: Wordsworth and Coleridge: The Romantic Revolution in Literary Criticism

The Romantic era ushered in a new perspective in literature and its criticism. This shift
was driven in part by poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who didn't
just contribute to literature with their poems but also with their insightful literary criticism. Their
ideas significantly altered the landscape of literary criticism, emphasizing emotion,
imagination, and nature.
William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth, along with Coleridge, heralded the Romantic era with the joint
publication of "Lyrical Ballads" in 1798. Wordsworth's "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads" served as
a manifesto of Romantic poetry and criticism.
Wordsworth championed the use of simple, everyday language and subjects in

poetry, veering away from the high style and lofty subjects often associated with classical
traditions. He believed that poetry should stem from "emotion recollected in tranquillity,"
highlighting the central role of personal emotion and experience in creating literature.
For Wordsworth, the role of the poet was akin to that of a prophet, someone who
could present the ordinary in extraordinary ways, revealing the universal truths hidden in
everyday experiences.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a close associate of Wordsworth, provided some of the most
influential Romantic criticism. His "Biographia Literaria" is a seminal work, combining
philosophy, literary criticism, and personal reflection.
Coleridge distinguished between "fancy" and "imagination," two elements of the mind
engaged in the process of poetic creation. He saw "fancy" as merely associative, collecting,
and juxtaposing images. In contrast, "imagination" was a creative, unifying force, shaping
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and giving meaning to raw perceptions.
Coleridge's criticism also leaned towards a more organic view of literature. He saw
each poem as a unified, self-consistent whole, akin to a living organism. This view contrasted
with the more mechanistic views of neoclassical critics, who saw literary works as
assemblages of distinct parts.
Conclusion
Wordsworth and Coleridge significantly shaped Romantic criticism, emphasizing

imagination, emotion, the importance of the everyday, and the unity of literary works. Their
ideas marked a shift from the rules and formalism of neoclassical criticism to a more personal,
creative, and holistic approach to literature.
Their belief in the transformative power of poetry, the role of personal emotion and
experience, and the significance of the natural world continue to resonate in literary criticism.
Wordsworth and Coleridge's influence highlights the fact that literary criticism isn't just about
analyzing texts—it's also about understanding the philosophical and cultural shifts reflected in
and influenced by these works.
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Victorian Criticism & Introduction to Modernist Approaches
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
2. Describe the origins and development of the modernist criticism.
LESSON 1: Victorian Criticism

Victorian criticism marked a distinct shift from the Romantic era's focus on individual
emotion and imagination. The Victorian period, characterized by the Industrial Revolution
and significant social change, saw literary criticism take on a more societal focus.
Victorian critics, such as Matthew Arnold and Thomas Carlyle, emphasized literature's
moral and social function. Arnold, in his essay "Culture and Anarchy," argued that literature
and culture should be a force for moral and social improvement, serving as a
counterbalance to the social unrest and dislocation brought on by industrialization. His
famous phrase "the best that has been thought and said" encapsulates his belief in the
instructive power of great literature.
Carlyle, in his work "Heroes and Hero Worship," expounded on the idea of the 'great
man' and the transformative power of heroic individuals. He saw literature, particularly
biography and history, as a means of understanding and learning from these figures.
Introduction to Modernist Approaches
As the 20th century dawned, new approaches to literary criticism began to emerge,
reflecting the aesthetic, philosophical, and societal shifts of the Modernist era.
Modernist criticism often focused on the formal aspects of a work, exploring the ways
in which authors used language, narrative structure, and literary devices to create meaning.
This was partly a response to Modernist literature itself, which often experimented with
narrative form, fragmented structures, and stream-of- consciousness techniques.
Prominent modernist critics like T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf brought fresh perspectives
to literary criticism. Eliot, in his essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent," argued that a writer
must engage with the literary tradition while simultaneously expressing their unique
perspective.
Virginia Woolf, in "A Room of One's Own," advocated for a distinct female literary
tradition, arguing that women's experiences and perspectives offered unique and valuable
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contributions to literature and criticism.
As the Modernist era evolved, it also gave rise to various critical schools such as
Formalism, New Criticism, and later, structuralism, post-structuralism, and deconstruction.
These approaches marked a departure from the moral and societal focus of Victorian
criticism and paved the way for the diverse and multi-faceted landscape of contemporary
literary criticism.
In conclusion, both Victorian and Modernist criticism offer vital insights into the evolving
relationship between society, the individual, and literature. They reflect the shifting cultural
and philosophical landscapes of their times, providing us with richer, more nuanced tools for
interpreting and appreciating literature.
LESSON 2: Matthew Arnold and Walter Pater: Victorian Voices in Literary Criticism
Two of the most influential critics of the Victorian era were Matthew Arnold and Walter
Pater. Each brought unique perspectives to literary criticism, reflecting and shaping the
cultural and intellectual climate of the time.
Matthew Arnold
Matthew Arnold is often considered one of the most significant literary critics of the
Victorian era. His work combines literary criticism with cultural and social commentary,
reflecting his belief in the instructive power of literature.
Arnold's most famous piece of criticism, "Culture and Anarchy," posits culture as the
pursuit of perfection, both on a personal level and within society. For Arnold, literature plays a
crucial role in this pursuit, as it represents "the best that has been thought and said."
Arnold stressed the importance of high standards and objective judgment in criticism.
He argued that the critic's job is to discern and uphold the highest quality literature, to help
society discern the true and the beautiful amidst the chaos and complexity of life. His work
stands as a call for intellectual rigor, moral seriousness, and the transformative power of
culture.
Walter Pater
Walter Pater, on the other hand, brought a very different perspective to Victorian
criticism. Pater, an advocate of "aestheticism," stressed the importance of personal
experience and sensual pleasure in the appreciation of art and literature. He famously
argued that art exists for the sake of its beauty alone, not to serve moral or didactic purposes.
In his book "The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry," Pater famously declared that
"art comes to you proposing frankly to give nothing but the highest quality to your moments
as they pass." For Pater, the critic's job is not to moralize or instruct, but to perceive and
appreciate beauty, to savor the unique aesthetic pleasure each work of art provides.
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His emphasis on subjective experience, on the individual response to art, was a

significant departure from the more objective, moralistic criticism often associated with
Victorian era. His work laid the groundwork for the "art for art's sake" movement and had a
lasting influence on the aesthetic theories of the Modernist period.
Conclusion
Matthew Arnold and Walter Pater, two significant voices in Victorian literary criticism,
offer contrasting perspectives on the role and purpose of literature and criticism. Arnold's
belief in literature as a moral and cultural force contrasts sharply with Pater's focus on
aesthetic experience and individual perception. Together, they encapsulate the tension and
dynamism of Victorian criticism, reflecting a period of rapid change and intellectual ferment.
Understanding their contributions allows us to appreciate the richness and diversity of
Victorian literary thought.
LESSON 3: New Criticism: A Close Reading Revolution in Literary Analysis

New Criticism is a school of literary criticism that emerged in the mid-20th century,
primarily in the United States. It marked a significant shift in the approach to literary analysis,
advocating for a close reading of texts with a focus on their internal elements rather than
their historical or biographical contexts.
Principles of New Criticism
New Criticism emphasizes the text itself as a self-contained entity. Unlike other forms of
criticism that consider the author's intentions, societal influences, or reader reactions, New
Critics argue that the meaning of a text should be derived solely from its structure, themes,
symbols, and techniques.
One of the key concepts in New Criticism is the "intentional fallacy," which rejects the
author's intentions as a valid means of interpreting a work. Another is the "affective fallacy,"
which dismisses the reader's emotional response as a measure of a text's meaning or value
The New Critics viewed literature as a form of art that should be studied and
appreciated for its intrinsic qualities. They saw the literary work as a carefully crafted object,
its meaning derived from the complex interplay of its constituent parts.
Key Figures in New Criticism
Key figures in New Criticism include John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, and W.K.
Wimsatt. These critics, along with others, established the principles and techniques of New
Criticism through their essays and scholarly articles.
For instance, Cleanth Brooks, in his book "The Well-Wrought Urn," argued that the true
meaning of a poem derives from the interplay of its images and metaphors, and that any
interpretation should consider the work as a coherent, unified whole.
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Impact and Legacy of New Criticism
The New Criticism approach has had a profound impact on the way literature is
taught, particularly in high school and undergraduate settings. Its focus on close reading and
text-based interpretation has become a standard part of literary study.
While New Criticism has been criticized for its narrow focus and dismissal of historical
and cultural contexts, it nonetheless paved the way for other formalist approaches and
fostered the development of structuralism and post-structuralism.
In conclusion, New Criticism is a pivotal movement in literary criticism that shifted the
focus to close reading and formal analysis. Despite criticisms and the emergence of other
literary theories, its influence on the way we study and interpret literature remains significant.
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Modernist Approaches Continued
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
2. Describe the origins and development of the modernist criticism.
LESSON 1: Modernist Approaches Continued: Diving Deeper into 20th Century

Literary Criticism
The Modernist period, characterized by societal shifts and intellectual revolution,

significantly shaped the landscape of literary criticism. During this era, various critical
approaches emerged, broadening the scope of literary analysis and reshaping our
understanding of literature. Let's delve deeper into some of the pivotal Modernist approaches
to literary criticism.
Psychoanalytic Criticism
Psychoanalytic criticism applies the theories of psychoanalysis, largely developed by

Sigmund Freud, to interpret and understand literary texts. It considers literary works as
expressions of the author's unconscious mind, and seeks to uncover hidden desires, anxieties,
and internal conflicts within the narrative.
Key Freudian concepts such as the Oedipus complex, repression, the unconscious,
and the division of the psyche into id, ego, and superego, have been employed to analyze
characters, motivations, and narrative structure. Freud's theory of psychosexual development
has also been used to trace character development and understand recurring symbols and
themes in literature.
Carl Jung's theory of collective unconscious and archetypes is another crucial element
of psychoanalytic criticism. According to Jung, certain symbols, images, and narrative
patterns recur across cultures and time periods. This universality, Jung argues, is due to a
shared collective unconscious, an idea that has profoundly influenced the way critics
analyze character types, symbols, and themes in literature.
Formalism and New Criticism
Formalism, including the American New Criticism, treated the literary text as a self-
contained object of study. Formalists focused on the intrinsic elements of a text—its
language, structure, imagery, symbolism, and so forth—rather than its historical context or the
author's biography. They championed the concept of "close reading," a detailed and
nuanced analysis of the text, often at the level of individual words and phrases.
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New Criticism, a subset of Formalism, emphasized the unity of the text and sought to
discover a singular, objective interpretation. The New Critics, such as I.A. Richards, Cleanth
Brooks, and W.K. Wimsatt, posited that a work's meaning could be uncovered through careful
examination of its form and content, without resorting to external sources or subjective reader
responses.
Structuralism and Post-Structuralism
Structuralism emerged in the mid-20th century, greatly influenced by the Swiss linguist
Ferdinand de Saussure. Structuralist critics, like Roland Barthes and Claude Levi-Strauss,
viewed literature as a system of signs where meaning arises from the relationships and
contrasts between these signs.
Post-structuralism, including Deconstruction, emerged as a response and challenge to

Structuralism. It posited that meaning is not fixed or stable, but is constantly shifting and
contingent on context. Jacques Derrida, a leading post-structuralist, argued that texts
contain inherent contradictions and that any assertion in a text automatically implies its
opposite, leading to a state of "undecidability."
Marxist and Feminist Criticism
Marxist criticism applies the social and economic theories of Karl Marx to literature. It
examines how literature reflects class struggles, economic realities, and ideological
constructs. Marxist critics, such as Georg Lukács and Raymond Williams, view literature as a
product of its socioeconomic context and as a potential force for social change.
Feminist criticism emerged prominently in the late 20th century, focusing on gender
relations in literature and society. It examines the ways literature reinforces or challenges
patriarchal norms, represents women, and constructs gender identities. Feminist critics, such
as Elaine Showalter and Sandra Gilbert, also highlight the female literary tradition and
advocate for the recognition and study of women's contributions to literature.
Conclusion
Modernist approaches significantly expanded the scope and depth of literary

criticism. From the psychological insights of psychoanalytic criticism to the text- focused
analysis of formalism, from the sign-based approach of structuralism to the socially-oriented
critiques of Marxist and feminist criticism—each approach offers unique tools for exploring
and appreciating literature. These Modernist approaches not only reflect the intellectual
currents of the 20th century, but they also continue to influence contemporary literary
criticism, shaping the multifaceted, dynamic field that it is today.
LESSON 2: Russian Formalism and Structuralism

Russian Formalism and Structuralism: Rigorous Approaches to Literary Criticism
Literary criticism in the 20th century was significantly shaped by two movements: Russian
Formalism and Structuralism. Both offered rigorous, systematic approaches to literature,
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focusing on the intrinsic elements of literary works and the underlying structures of literature as
a system.
Russian Formalism
Russian Formalism, which emerged in Russia in the 1910s, marked a shift away from
traditional criticism that focused on content and context. Instead, the Formalists turned their
attention to the formal features of literary texts: their language, structure, and literary devices.
Russian Formalists, including Victor Shklovsky, Boris Eikhenbaum, and Roman Jakobson,
sought to distinguish 'literary' language from 'practical' language. They explored the concept
of 'defamiliarization' (or 'estrangement'), whereby literature presents the familiar in unfamiliar
or strange ways, forcing the reader to see things anew.
Their criticism was not about what literature 'means' but about how it means, how it
uses language and form to create a distinct, aesthetic experience. While the movement was
relatively short-lived due to political pressures in the Soviet Union, it left a lasting impact on
literary criticism.
Structuralism
Structuralism emerged in the mid-20th century, heavily influenced by the linguistic

theories of Ferdinand de Saussure. Saussure argued that meaning in language arises from the
differences and relations between words, rather than their inherent properties.
Applying this concept to literature, Structuralists like Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-
Strauss viewed literary works as systems of signs. Each element in a literary work (a character,
a symbol, a plot event) is a 'sign' that gains meaning through its relationship with other signs
within the system.
Structuralists sought to uncover the underlying structures that govern literature, such as
recurring patterns, themes, and character types. They aimed to reveal the 'grammar' of
literature, the rules and conventions that shape literary works.
Conclusion
Russian Formalism and Structuralism represent significant developments in 20th-

century literary criticism. By focusing on form, language, and underlying structures, they
offered new ways of looking at literature. They showed that literature is not just about what is
said, but also about how it's said, and how it's organized and structured.
These movements remind us that literature is a unique mode of communication with its
own conventions and complexities. By studying these, we can appreciate the craft of
literature, understand its workings, and enjoy a richer, more nuanced reading experience.
Although both movements faced criticisms and gave way to new theories, their influence
remains significant in the field of literary studies.
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Introduction to Post-Modern Approaches
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
2. Describe the origins and development of the post-modernist criticism.
LESSON 1: Introduction to Post-Modern Approaches in Literary Criticism: A Deeper

Exploration
Post-Modern approaches to literary criticism emerged in the latter half of the 20th
century, marking a significant departure from the established norms of the past. These
approaches are characterized by a profound skepticism towards meta- narratives and
universal truths, focusing instead on the complexities, contradictions, and constructed nature
of human experience.
Deconstruction
Deconstruction is an approach developed by French philosopher Jacques Derrida. It

undermines the foundational assumption that language is a stable system of signification
capable of conveying precise meanings. Derrida posited that meaning is always deferred,
endlessly sliding from one signifier to another, leading to an indefinite play of interpretations.
In literary criticism, deconstruction challenges the binary oppositions—such as

presence/absence, speech/writing, man/woman—that traditional literary analysis often relies
on. Deconstructive critics examine the interplay between these oppositions, revealing how
texts undermine their own foundational assumptions and how they can be read against
themselves to generate new meanings.
Post-Colonial Criticism
Post-Colonial criticism emerged in response to the cultural legacy of colonialism. It

explores the literature of countries and cultures that have been historically marginalized or
subjugated through colonial rule. Post-colonial critics, like Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, and
Homi Bhabha, examine issues of identity, power, race, and representation.
Post-Colonial criticism interrogates the depiction of the "other," the cultural stereotypes
and eurocentric perspectives inherent in colonial literature. It also celebrates the voices and
perspectives of writers from formerly colonized nations, highlighting their narratives of
resistance, cultural hybridity, and identity formation.
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Feminist and Gender Criticism
Feminist criticism analyzes the ways in which literature and literary criticism have
marginalized women and reinforced patriarchal norms. It uncovers the gender biases in
literary texts and promotes the study of women's writing as a distinct literary tradition.
Feminist critics, such as Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert, and Susan Gubar, have
explored the representation of women in literature, the social and psychological oppression
of women, and the unique narrative techniques employed by female writers.
Building upon feminist criticism, Gender Criticism examines the social construction of
gender, masculinity, femininity, and sexual identity. Queer theory, an offshoot of gender
criticism, critiques heteronormative assumptions and explores the diverse expressions of
sexuality in literature.
Reader-Response Criticism
Reader-Response criticism, associated with critics like Stanley Fish and Wolfgang Iser,
emphasizes the role of the reader in the creation of a text's meaning. This approach
challenges the notion of a fixed, authorial meaning, asserting that each reader brings their
unique perspectives, experiences, and interpretations to a text. The meaning of a text thus
becomes a dynamic, interactive process between the reader and the text.
Conclusion
Post-Modern approaches to literary criticism represent a seismic shift in the field. They
challenge the tenets of objective analysis, universal truths, and stable meanings, offering
instead a fluid, fragmented, and subjective view of literature.
These approaches allow us to examine literature through the lens of power dynamics,
identity politics, cultural representation, reader interaction, and the instability of meaning. As
we navigate our increasingly complex, diverse, and interconnected world, these Post-
Modern approaches provide essential tools for engaging with, understanding, and
appreciating literature.
LESSON 2: Deconstruction
Deconstruction: Unraveling Textual Meaning
Deconstruction is a post-structuralist critical technique developed predominantly by

the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. The term is used in contemporary criticism to denote
a process by which the texts and languages of Western philosophy (particularly metaphysical
oppositions like presence/absence or speech/writing) are shown to be irreducibly complex,
unstable, or impossible.
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Principles of Deconstruction
Deconstruction revolves around the idea that language, rather than being a stable
system that represents fixed meanings, is inherently fluid and full of contradictions. Derrida
argued that words derive meaning from their difference and relationship with other words in
a system. However, these relationships are not fixed; they shift and evolve over time and in
different contexts.
According to Derrida, every attempt to fix meaning—through definitions, categories,

binary oppositions—only serves to further destabilize it. This idea leads to the key
deconstructive concept of différance, a term Derrida coined to describe the deferral and
difference inherent in language.
Another cornerstone of deconstruction is the exploration of binary oppositions—such

as man/woman, speech/writing, presence/absence. Derrida contended that these binaries
are not neutral but hierarchical, favoring one term (the dominant or "privileged" term) over
the other. Deconstruction aims to subvert these hierarchies by showing that the marginalized
term is necessary for the dominant term's definition and thus undermines its privileged
position.
Deconstruction in Literary Criticism
In literary criticism, deconstruction is used as a strategy to unravel a text's layers of

meaning. A deconstructive reading involves identifying the binary oppositions in a text,
revealing their hierarchies, and then subverting these hierarchies by showing their
dependence on the marginalized term.
Deconstruction challenges the notion that a text has a single, unified meaning,
proposing instead that texts are multi-faceted and open to a range of interpretations. It
reveals the ways in which a text can undermine or contradict its apparent meaning.
Influence and Critique of Deconstruction
Deconstruction has had a profound influence on various fields, including literary

theory, cultural studies, gender studies, and postcolonial theory. Its focus on language, power
dynamics, and marginalization has opened up new areas of inquiry and changed the way
we interpret and analyze texts.
However, deconstruction has also faced criticism. Some critics argue that it leads to
excessive relativism, making any interpretation valid and thus rendering criticism meaningless.
Others suggest that it is overly complex and inaccessible, obscuring rather than illuminating a
text's meaning.
Conclusion
Deconstruction is a complex and potent tool in literary criticism. It pushes us to question

our assumptions about language, meaning, and power, offering a way to uncover the
complexities, contradictions, and ambiguities of a text. While it may be challenging and
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controversial, deconstruction provides valuable insights into the workings of language, the
construction of meaning, and the dynamics of power within texts, making it an indispensable
approach in contemporary criticism.
LESSON 3 : Post-Structuralism
Post-Structuralism: Beyond Fixed Structures and Meanings
Post-Structuralism is a theoretical framework that emerged in France during the 1960s

as a reaction against Structuralism. This approach problematizes the idea of stable structures
and fixed meanings, advocating instead for the fluidity and multiplicity of meaning, the
importance of discourse, and the deep interconnection of knowledge and power.
The Principles of Post-Structuralism
While Structuralism sought to uncover the underlying structures that govern human
practices and perceptions, Post-Structuralism challenges the very concept of these
immutable structures. It posits that our perceptions and understandings are not determined
by fixed structures but are produced and shaped by discourse—the ways in which
knowledge is shared and communicated.
Post-Structuralists argue that meaning is not inherent in signs, symbols, or texts but is
continually constructed and deconstructed through discourse. This leads to the idea of
intertextuality—the understanding that texts are not isolated entities but are in constant
dialogue with other texts.
Another key concept in Post-Structuralism is the notion of the "death of the author,"
proposed by Roland Barthes. This idea challenges the authority of the author over the
interpretation of a text, asserting that a text's meaning is not dictated by the author's
intentions but is created by the reader in the act of reading.
Post-Structuralism in Literary Criticism
In literary criticism, Post-Structuralism has introduced new ways of reading and

interpreting texts. A Post-Structuralist analysis might explore how a text constructs and
deconstructs meaning, how it interacts with other texts, and how it is shaped by and shapes
discourse.
Post-Structuralist criticism often employs deconstruction, a technique developed by

Jacques Derrida, to uncover the contradictions and ambiguities within a text. It may also use
Michel Foucault's concepts of discourse and power to examine the socio- political
implications of a text.
Influence and Critique of Post-Structuralism
Post-Structuralism has greatly influenced various fields, including literary theory, cultural
studies, sociology, and philosophy. Its emphasis on the constructed nature of meaning and
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the interplay of knowledge and power has opened up new ways of thinking and interpreting.
However, Post-Structuralism has also faced criticism. Some argue that its emphasis on
instability and fluidity can lead to a problematic form of relativism where nothing is definite or
reliable. Others criticize its complex jargon and abstract concepts as inaccessible and
obscure.
Conclusion
Despite its complexities and controversies, Post-Structuralism provides valuable insights

into the fluid nature of meaning, the dynamics of discourse, and the intricate relationship
between power and knowledge. As a theoretical approach, it prompts us to question our
assumptions, to recognize the constructed nature of our perceptions, and to continually
reassess our interpretations—a critical stance that is crucial not only in literary analysis but also
in navigating our increasingly complex world.
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Marxist Literary Criticism
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
1. Explain the fundamental principles of Marxist literary criticism, including the emphasis
on class struggle, labor, and capitalism; and
2. Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of Marxist literary criticism, considering
its contributions and critiques.
LESSON 1: Marxist Literary Criticism: Literature through the Lens of Class Struggle
Marxist literary criticism is a critical approach that interprets literary works within the
framework of Marxist theory, which emphasizes the role of class struggle, labor, and
capitalism in shaping society. Rooted in the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, this
approach asserts that literature is not an isolated phenomenon but is deeply interwoven with
the social and economic conditions of its time.
Key Concepts of Marxist Literary Criticism
Marxist criticism posits that literature reflects the social institutions from which it
originates and is a product of specific economic and ideological conditions. It evaluates the
depiction of class struggle, the representation of labor, and the critique (or lack thereof) of
capitalism within literary works.
Marxist critics often explore how the socio-economic class of the author influences
their worldview and hence their work. They also examine how literature portrays class relations
and the conflicts arising from economic disparities.
Furthermore, Marxist criticism engages with the concept of "base and superstructure".
The "base" refers to the economic system of society, the means and relations of production.
The "superstructure" includes the cultural, ideological, and institutional aspects of society,
including literature. Marxist critics analyze how the base influences the superstructure and
how this, in turn, reinforces or challenges the base.
Marxist Literary Criticism in Practice
When analyzing a text, a Marxist critic might ask: What does the work say about the
distribution of power and wealth? How are labor and work portrayed? What are the class
relations between the characters? How does the work critique or uphold capitalist values?
What ideologies does the text implicitly or explicitly endorse?
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For instance, a Marxist reading of Charles Dickens' "Hard Times" might focus on the
novel's portrayal of the industrial revolution, the exploitation of workers, and the stark socio-
economic divisions of Victorian England. It might also explore how Dickens critiques capitalist
values and champions social reform.
Influence and Critique of Marxist Criticism
Marxist literary criticism has greatly influenced the field of cultural and literary studies. It
has contributed to the development of critical theories such as cultural materialism, critical
race theory, and feminist criticism.
However, Marxist criticism has also faced critique. Some argue that it overly simplifies
literature by viewing it solely through the lens of class struggle. Others contend that it tends to
downplay the role of individual agency and reduce the complexity of human experience to
economic factors.
Conclusion
Despite these criticisms, Marxist literary criticism offers a valuable perspective for
analyzing and understanding literature. By foregrounding class struggle, labor, and
capitalism, it prompts us to consider how these economic factors shape literature and
society. It allows us to see literature not just as a source of aesthetic pleasure but also as a site
of social and economic commentary, reflection, and potential resistance.
LESSON 2: Marxist Literary Criticism: An Overview and Application

Marxist literary criticism is a critical approach rooted in the political and economic
theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Viewing literature as a product of its historical and
economic context, it explores how texts reflect and challenge the socio- economic
conditions of their time.
Overview of Marxist Literary Criticism
Marxist criticism interprets literary works within the context of Marxist theory, which
emphasizes class struggle and the role of economic forces in shaping society. The approach
underscores three major concepts:
Historical Materialism: According to Marx, historical change is driven primarily by material

(economic) conditions rather than ideas or beliefs. Marxist critics apply this principle to
literature, examining how a work reflects the economic conditions of its time.
Base and Superstructure: Marx argued that society's economic base (the mode of production
and class relations) fundamentally shapes its superstructure (culture, politics, religion, and
literature). Marxist critics analyze how a literary work, as part of the superstructure, reflects or is
shaped by the economic base.
Ideology and False Consciousness: Marxists believe that the ruling class uses the
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superstructure to propagate its ideology and maintain its power. Literary texts can either
reinforce this dominant ideology (resulting in false consciousness) or challenge it.
Application of Marxist Literary Criticism
Let's apply Marxist criticism to a specific literary work: F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great
Gatsby". This novel is set in 1920s America, a time of economic prosperity known as the
Roaring Twenties, leading up to the Great Depression.
Historical Materialism: The extravagant lifestyles of the characters in "The Great Gatsby"
reflect the economic prosperity of the Roaring Twenties. The novel depicts the immense
wealth amassed by a few individuals and the vast economic disparities in American society.
Base and Superstructure: The economic base—capitalism and class division—is clearly
mirrored in the novel. Characters like Jay Gatsby and Tom Buchanan belong to the upper
class, while characters like George Wilson are from the lower class. The wealthy characters'
disdain for the lower class and their ability to evade consequences for their actions reflect the
power dynamics in a capitalist society.
Ideology and False Consciousness: "The American Dream," the belief that anyone can
achieve wealth and success through hard work, is a central theme in the novel. Gatsby's
pursuit of wealth to win Daisy's love embodies this dream. However, his ultimate failure and
tragic end critique this dominant ideology, revealing it as a false promise that benefits the
existing capitalist structure.
Conclusion
Marxist literary criticism offers a lens to explore how literature is influenced by its
economic context and how it reflects, reinforces, or challenges the dominant ideologies of its
time. While some critics argue that this approach overly simplifies literature and human
experience, its focus on socio-economic factors provides valuable insights into the intricate
relationship between literature, history, and economics. By applying Marxist criticism, readers
can gain a deeper understanding of the societal commentary within literary
27
Feminist Literary Criticism
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
1. Explain essential concepts of feminist criticism such as patriarchy, gender

representation, intersectionality, and gynocriticism within the context of feminist theory;
and,
2. Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of Feminist literary criticism, considering
its contributions and critiques.
LESSON 1 : Feminist Literary Criticism: Shattering the Glass Ceiling of Literary

Analysis
Feminist literary criticism emerged alongside the feminist movements of the 20th
century as a critical response to a literary canon predominantly centered on the male
perspective. This approach revolutionized literary criticism by demanding the recognition of
female voices, experiences, and values in literature.
Defining Feminist Literary Criticism
Feminist literary criticism is an analytical tool that challenges patriarchal norms and
explores gender representation in literature. This school of criticism views literature as a
cultural product that reflects society's norms, beliefs, and values about gender.
It is concerned with the representation of gender in literature, the role of women in

literary production, the reception and interpretation of texts by female readers, and the
relationship between gender and power in literature.
Waves of Feminist Literary Criticism
Feminist literary criticism has evolved through different "waves," paralleling the progress
of the feminist movement itself.
First-Wave Feminist Criticism: Coinciding with the early feminist movement, the first wave
primarily focused on the woman as reader, seeking out "lost" or overlooked works by female
authors and critiquing the portrayal of female characters in canonical literature. Virginia
Woolf's seminal essay "A Room of One's Own" exemplifies this wave, arguing that women's
marginalization in literature was a result of their socio-economic oppression.
Second-Wave Feminist Criticism: The second wave emerged during the 1960s and 70s,
expanding the focus to the ideology of patriarchy embedded in literature and society. This
wave interrogated how gendered power relations were represented in text and how female
28
writers resisted patriarchal norms. It gave rise to "gynocriticism," a term coined by Elaine
Showalter to describe the study of women's writing as a distinct literary tradition.
Third-Wave Feminist Criticism: The third wave, from the 1990s onwards, embraced
intersectionality, acknowledging the influence of race, class, sexuality, and other social
categories on the experience of gender. It questioned the essentialist assumptions of earlier
feminism, recognizing the diversity of women's experiences across different cultural, historical,
and socio-economic contexts.
Application of Feminist Literary Criticism
In practice, a feminist reading might consider questions such as: How are women
portrayed in the text? What gender norms and expectations are conveyed? How do female
characters resist or conform to these expectations? How do intersections of race, class, and
sexuality shape women's experiences in the text?
For instance, in a feminist analysis of Kate Chopin's "The Awakening," one might explore
the protagonist Edna Pontellier's struggle for selfhood and independence against the
constraints of the patriarchal society of late 19th-century America.
The Impact and Critiques of Feminist Literary Criticism
Feminist literary criticism has revolutionized the field of literary studies. It has unearthed
neglected works by women, highlighted gender bias in literature and criticism, and offered
fresh interpretations of texts through the lens of gender.
However, feminist criticism has also faced challenges. Some critics argue it risks
essentializing women's experiences and neglecting the diversity of women's voices. In
response, contemporary feminist criticism has increasingly embraced intersectionality and the
exploration of multiple identities.
Conclusion
Feminist literary criticism offers invaluable insights into the intricate ways literature
reflects and shapes gender norms and power relations. By bringing gender to the forefront of
analysis, it allows us to see familiar texts in a new light and encourages a more inclusive,
diverse, and nuanced understanding of literature. As a living, evolving field, feminist criticism
continues to adapt and respond to the changing landscape of gender politics, ensuring its
ongoing relevance in the 21st century.
LESSON 2 : Feminist Literary Criticism: Overview and Application

Feminist literary criticism is a lens of literary analysis that arose from the feminist
movement, particularly during the second half of the 20th century. It advocates for the
exploration and reinterpretation of literary works in the light of gender relations, power
structures, and female experiences.
29
Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism
Feminist criticism approaches literature with an acute awareness of the historical and
sociocultural oppression of women. It interrogates the portrayal of women and gender roles
in texts, nalyse the narrative techniques employed by female writers, and challenges the
male-dominated canon of literature.
Feminist literary critics argue that literature not only reflects gender biases in society but
also plays a significant role in shaping and reinforcing them. Consequently, feminist criticism
seeks to expose these biases, resist patriarchal norms, and recover silenced female voices.
Feminist criticism is not monolithic; it encompasses various approaches that differ in

focus and methodology. This includes liberal feminism, which advocates for equal
representation and rights; radical feminism, which interrogates patriarchal structures; and
third-wave feminism, which highlights intersectionality and the diversity of women’s
experiences.
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POSTCOLONIAL CRITICISM
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
1. Explain the fundamental concepts and historical context of postcolonial criticism,

including the cultural, political, social, and economic impacts of colonization and
decolonization; and,
2. Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of postcolonial literary criticism,
considering its contributions and critiques.
LESSON 1 : Postcolonial Criticism: Unveiling Narratives of Power and Resistance

Postcolonial criticism is a theoretical approach that scrutinizes the cultural, political,
social, and economic impact of colonization and decolonization on societies and literature. It
emerged in the mid-20th century, in the wake of decolonization movements around the
world, and it seeks to challenge and deconstruct the narratives of Western dominance and
the marginalization of the 'Other'.
Understanding Postcolonial Criticism
Postcolonial criticism examines the complex power dynamics and cultural implications
of colonization and its aftermath. It explores themes such as identity, nationalism, resistance,
and representation in the context of colonial power structures.
This approach highlights the ways in which colonial ideologies have shaped literature
and culture, both in colonized societies and in the colonizing West. It interrogates the
stereotypes, biases, and Eurocentric perspectives often perpetuated in colonial literature,
and it celebrates the voices and perspectives of those who have historically been
marginalized or silenced.
Postcolonial criticism is rooted in the work of thinkers like Frantz Fanon, who analyzed
the psychological impact of colonization, and Edward Said, who introduced the concept of
Orientalism—the Western tradition of depicting the East as exotic, backward, and uncivilized.
Application of Postcolonial Criticism
Postcolonial criticism can be applied to a wide range of texts—from colonial-era

novels to contemporary works from postcolonial societies. It involves examining how a text
represents colonizers and colonized, exploring the power dynamics and resistance strategies
depicted in the text, and critiquing the text's underlying assumptions about race, culture, and
identity.
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For instance, a postcolonial reading of Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" might

analyze the novel's representation of Africa and Africans, critique its dehumanizing and
exoticizing tendencies, and explore the ways in which it both reflects and reinforces colonial
ideologies.
Influence and Critique of Postcolonial Criticism
Postcolonial criticism has profoundly influenced the fields of literary and cultural
studies. It has led to a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of world literature,
shedding light on previously overlooked voices and narratives.
However, it has also faced critique. Some critics argue that the term "postcolonial" is
misleading, as it suggests that the effects of colonization have ended, despite ongoing neo-
colonialism and economic disparities. Others argue that postcolonial criticism, in focusing on
Western colonization, risks neglecting other forms of domination and resistance.
Conclusion
Postcolonial criticism offers a critical lens for examining the profound and complex
impact of colonization on literature and culture. By highlighting the narratives of resistance
and subaltern voices, it pushes us to question dominant narratives, challenge Eurocentric
perspectives, and engage more deeply with the diverse voices and experiences that shape
our world. Despite its critiques, postcolonial criticism remains an essential tool for
understanding and appreciating the complexity and diversity of world literature.
LESSON 2 : Edward Said and Postcolonial Criticism: Decoding the West’s

Representation of the East
Edward Said, a Palestinian-American scholar, is a key figure in postcolonial criticism. His
influential book “Orientalism” (1978) unveiled how the West’s representation of the East (the
Orient) is not a neutral or objective portrayal but rather a construct that serves to justify and
perpetuate Western dominance.
Edward Said and Orientalism

In “Orientalism,” Said nalysin Western scholarship, literature, and culture to reveal how the
East has been depicted as exotic, backward, uncivilized, and dangerous. This “Orientalist”
view, he argued, reflects and reinforces the power dynamics of colonialism.
Said suggested that the West (the Occident) defines itself in opposition to the East— it
constructs its identity as rational, developed, and superior by representing the East as its
irrational, undeveloped, inferior ‘Other’. This construction of the ‘Other’ is a powerful strategy
of colonialism, legitimizing the West’s domination over the East.
Furthermore, Said contended that the East is not just a passive victim of Orientalist
32
representation but actively participates in its construction, often internalizing and reproducing
Orientalist stereotypes.
Application of Said’s Theory in Literary Criticism

Said’s theory has had a profound influence on literary criticism. Critics using an Orientalist lens
examine how texts represent the East and the West, critique the stereotypes and power
dynamics inherent in these representations, and explore the ways in which texts both reflect
and shape colonial ideologies.
For instance, applying Said’s theory to Rudyard Kipling’s “The Man Who Would Be King”
would involve nalysing how the novella portrays the East (in this case, Afghanistan) as exotic
and uncivilized, how it represents the Western characters as superior, and how it both reflects
and reinforces the ideologies of British colonialism.
Said’s Influence and Critique
Said’s work has reshaped postcolonial criticism and has influenced diverse fields,
including cultural studies, international relations, and history. It has pushed critics to
interrogate their own perspectives and biases and to challenge the dominant narratives of
the West.
However, Said has also faced critique. Some argue that his concept of Orientalism
oversimplifies the complex relationship between the West and the East and neglects the
diversity and agency of Eastern societies. Others suggest that he focuses too much on
discourse at the expense of material realities.
Conclusion
Despite these critiques, Edward Said’s contribution to postcolonial criticism remains

crucial. He has challenged us to recognize the power dynamics embedded in cultural
representations and to question the narratives we take for granted. By unveiling the construct
of Orientalism, he has offered a powerful tool for decoding and critiquing the West’s
representation of the East, opening up new possibilities for understanding and engaging with
literature and culture.
33
Introduction to Queer Theory
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
1. Explain the foundational concepts of queer theory, including its critique of normative
categories of gender and sexuality as socially constructed and fluid; and,
2. Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of queer literary criticism, considering its
contributions and critiques.
LESSON 1 : Introduction to Queer Theory: Disrupting Normative Views of Gender

and Sexuality
Queer theory is an interdisciplinary field that emerged in the early 1990s, challenging
normative views of gender, sexuality, and identity. Drawing on feminist theory,
poststructuralism, and LGBT studies, it disrupts conventional categories and binaries, arguing
for the fluidity, complexity, and social construction of gender and sexuality.
Foundational Concepts of Queer Theory
Queer theory begins with the assertion that categories of gender and sexuality—such
as male/female or heterosexual/homosexual—are not natural or inherent but are socially
constructed and subject to change. Queer theory critiques these binary categorizations and
embraces a spectrum of identities and orientations.
Queer theory also critiques the notion of fixed identities. It proposes that our identities
are not static or essential but are fluid, multifaceted, and performative— created and
recreated through repeated behaviors and societal norms.
The term "queer" itself has been reclaimed from its derogatory usage and used to
challenge norms and celebrate difference. "Queer" resists definition and categorization,
embodying the theory's emphasis on fluidity and resistance to normative constraints.
Key Figures in Queer Theory
Queer theory's foundational figures include Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, and Eve
Kosofsky Sedgwick.
Michel Foucault's work on the history of sexuality and the construction of sexual
identities laid the groundwork for queer theory. He argued that sexuality is not inherent but is
34
a social construct used to regulate behavior and maintain power structures.
Judith Butler further developed these ideas, introducing the concept of gender
performativity—the idea that gender is not a static identity but a set of behaviors and actions
performed repeatedly, creating the illusion of a fixed gender.
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick is known for her work on the homoerotic undertones in literature
and the exploration of male homosocial bonds. Her work expanded the understanding of the
multitude of ways in which sexuality can be represented and understood.
Queer Theory and Literary Criticism
In literary criticism, queer theory offers a lens to explore the representation of gender
and sexuality in texts, the disruption of normative identities and behaviors, and the subversion
of heteronormative assumptions. Queer readings of texts can reveal hidden or alternative
interpretations and challenge conventional understandings of characters, relationships, and
themes.
Critiques and Contributions of Queer Theory
Queer theory has been criticized for being overly abstract and disconnected from
practical activism and for potentially erasing specific identities under the umbrella term
"queer." Despite these criticisms, queer theory has significantly contributed to our
understanding of gender and sexuality. It has encouraged the acceptance of diverse
identities, challenged normative assumptions, and fostered inclusivity and respect for
difference.
Conclusion
Queer theory offers a radical and transformative approach to understanding identity,

gender, and sexuality. By challenging normative assumptions and binaries, it liberates our
understanding of identity from conventional constraints and encourages a more inclusive,
fluid, and nuanced view of the human experience. Its influence extends beyond academic
discourse and into the realms of culture, politics, and personal identity, making it an essential
framework for contemporary critical thought.
LESSON 2 : Queer Theory: Overview and Application

Queer theory is a field of critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields
of queer studies and women's studies. Queer theory rejects the idea that identities are fixed,
instead suggesting that they are fluid and changing over time and space. Its primary purpose
is to challenge and disrupt normative and binary understandings of sexuality and gender.
Overview of Queer Theory
The term "queer" is reclaimed from its historical use as a derogatory term for
homosexuality and is used as a broad, inclusive umbrella term for individuals who do not
35
conform to heterosexual and cisgender norms. Queer theory itself critiques and deconstructs
the categories and identities associated with sexuality and gender, such as male/female and
gay/straight binaries.
At its core, queer theory is about questioning and challenging the "normal." This
involves interrogating societal norms around sexuality and gender and highlighting the
artificial, socially constructed nature of these norms. Queer theory argues that identities are
not inherent or fixed but are instead performative, resulting from repeated behaviors and
societal expectations.
Key figures in the development of queer theory include Michel Foucault, whose work
on the history of sexuality highlights the social construction of sexual categories, and Judith
Butler, who introduced the concept of "gender performativity," arguing that gender is an act
that has been rehearsed, much like a script, and is learned and acquired from societal norms
and regulations.
Application of Queer Theory
Applying queer theory in literary criticism involves analyzing and interpreting texts
through a lens that challenges normative assumptions about sexuality and gender. This might
involve investigating how gender and sexuality are represented in the text, how the text
challenges or reinforces societal norms, and what the text suggests about the nature and
social construction of identity.
For example, applying queer theory to Oscar Wilde's "The Picture of Dorian Gray," a
critic might examine the novel's subversion of normative Victorian values, its depiction of non-
heteronormative desire and relationships, and its complex portrayal of identity and aging.
Influence and Critiques of Queer Theory
Queer theory has significantly influenced diverse fields, including literature, sociology,
law, and psychology, challenging and expanding traditional perspectives on gender and
sexuality. However, it has also faced criticism. Some argue that its focus on fluidity and
deconstruction risks erasing specific identities or experiences. Others contend that its
academic jargon and theoretical complexity make it inaccessible to many people.
Conclusion
Queer theory offers a critical tool for challenging normative assumptions and exploring
the complex, fluid nature of identity. By questioning societal norms and deconstructing binary
categories, it fosters a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of gender, sexuality, and
identity. While it may be complex and controversial, the application of queer theory provides
valuable insights into literature, culture, and society, pushing the boundaries of traditional
perspectives and paving the way for more diverse and inclusive interpretations.
36
Introduction to Ecocriticism
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
1. Explain the definition of ecocriticism as a branch of literary criticism that examines the
representation of nature in literature and its implications for environmental ethics; and,
2. Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of ecocentric literary criticism,
LESSON 1 : Introduction to Ecocriticism: Nature and Literature Intersect

Ecocriticism is a branch of literary criticism that emerged in the late 20th century,
coinciding with growing public concern for environmental issues. It studies the relationship
between literature and the physical environment, examining how literary works represent the
natural world and humans' interaction with it.
Defining Ecocriticism
Ecocriticism, or environmental criticism, involves analyzing and interpreting the

depiction of nature in literature, considering both the aesthetic value of these portrayals and
their implications for environmental ethics. It recognizes that literature does not exist in a
vacuum, but reflects and influences human understanding of, and interaction with, the
environment.
Ecocritical approaches may vary widely, from focusing on the romanticism of nature in
a poem to critiquing the representation of industrial pollution in a novel. However, at its core,
ecocriticism promotes an awareness of ecological issues and encourages a greater respect
for and understanding of the natural world.
Key Concepts in Ecocriticism
Several key concepts guide ecocritical analyses. These include "nature," "place,"
"wilderness," "ecology," and "environmental justice." These concepts are explored in literature
in a variety of ways, helping to define humans' place within the natural world and our ethical
responsibilities towards it.
Moreover, ecocriticism frequently intersects with other critical theories. For instance, it
might engage with postcolonial criticism to explore the environmental impacts of
colonization, or with feminist criticism to investigate the gendered aspects of environmental
degradation and care.
Ecocriticism in Practice
37
In literary criticism, an ecocritical approach involves examining how a text represents

the natural world and humans' place within it, how it portrays environmental challenges, and
how it reflects or challenges dominant cultural attitudes towards the environment.
For example, an ecocritical reading of Henry David Thoreau's "Walden" might explore
Thoreau's depiction of nature and wilderness, his critique of industrial society, and his
reflections on the relationship between humans and the natural environment.
The Influence and Critique of Ecocriticism
Ecocriticism has significantly expanded the scope of literary criticism, encouraging

critics and readers to consider the environmental contexts and implications of literature. It has
promoted awareness of environmental issues and fostered a greater appreciation for the
natural world in literary studies.
However, like any theoretical approach, ecocriticism has faced critiques. Some argue
that it can be overly moralizing or didactic, while others note that it often focuses on rural,
wilderness settings, thereby neglecting urban and suburban environments.
Conclusion
Despite these critiques, ecocriticism offers a vital lens for reading and interpreting
literature, particularly in an era of escalating environmental crises. By exploring the intricate
relationships between literature, culture, and the physical environment, ecocriticism
encourages us to consider not only how we write about nature, but also how we might live
more sustainably within it.
LESSON 2 : Overview of Ecocriticism and its relevance to literary criticism

Ecocriticism: A Deep Dive into the Intersection of Literature and Environment
Ecocriticism is a critical approach in literature that investigates the intricate relationship

between literature and the physical environment. Emerging as a prominent theory in the
1990s in tandem with growing global environmental concerns, ecocriticism has since
provided a platform for examining literary texts through an environmental lens, increasing our
understanding of both literature and ecological issues.
Overview of Ecocriticism
Ecocriticism revolves around the belief that human culture is connected to the
physical world, affecting it and affected by it. It provides a framework for analyzing and
interpreting literary works based on how they portray nature and environmental issues. The
central task of ecocriticism is to explore the role of nature in literary texts and to analyze the
various ways literature can reflect and influence an individual's relationship with the natural
world.
38
Underpinning ecocriticism is the understanding that literature does not merely mirror nature
but shapes our perceptions and attitudes toward the environment. Thus, ecocriticism aims to
uncover the environmental underpinnings and implications of literature, from the
romanticized portrayal of nature in Romantic poetry to the depiction of environmental crises
in contemporary fiction.
The Relevance of Ecocriticism in Literary Criticism
Ecocriticism holds substantial relevance in literary criticism, primarily because it brings

to light an often-overlooked aspect of literary analysis: the role of the physical environment.
By focusing on environmental themes and the depiction of nature, ecocriticism adds depth
to literary analysis and helps us gain a more comprehensive understanding of literary works.
More importantly, ecocriticism promotes environmental consciousness. It encourages

readers and scholars to consider how literature shapes our perceptions of the environment,
which can subsequently influence our attitudes and behaviors towards the natural world.
Finally, ecocriticism often intersects with other critical approaches, such as

postcolonial theory, feminist theory, and cultural studies, to explore how environmental issues
are tied to issues of race, gender, class, and cultural identity. This intersectionality broadens
the scope of ecocriticism and enriches its contribution to literary criticism.
Conclusion
Ecocriticism offers a unique and essential perspective in literary criticism. By examining

the intricate relationship between literature and the environment, it provides valuable insights
into how literary works reflect and shape our understanding of the natural world. Amid
increasing global environmental challenges, ecocriticism's role in literary criticism becomes
even more vital, reminding us of the intertwined destiny of human culture and the physical
environment and encouraging a more environmentally conscious reading of literary texts.
39
Reader-Response Criticism
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
1. Explain the fundamental principles of Reader-Response Criticism; and,

2. Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of reader-response literary criticism,
LESSON 1 : Introduction to Reader-Response Criticism: The Role of the Reader in

Literary Interpretation
Reader-Response criticism is a school of literary theory that focuses on the reader and
their experience of a literary work in contrast to other schools that focus on the author or the
content and form of the work. Emerged in the 1960s and 70s, this approach holds that the
reader's interpretation plays a crucial role in the creation of the literary text's meaning.
Defining Reader-Response Criticism
Reader-Response criticism argues that a text has no meaning before a reader

experiences it. Rather than viewing a text as an isolated object with a fixed meaning, it sees
the text as a dynamic field of possibilities that the reader actualizes in the process of reading.
According to this approach, each reader brings their unique experiences, emotions,
and interpretive skills to a text. Therefore, the reading process is a creative act, and different
readers may derive different meanings from the same text. Reader- Response criticism
considers the act of reading as an interaction between the reader and the text.
Key Concepts in Reader-Response Criticism
Reader-Response criticism encompasses various theories and concepts regarding the

reader's role in interpreting texts. Among the most influential theorists in this field are Stanley
Fish, Wolfgang Iser, and Hans-Robert Jauss.
Stanley Fish introduced the concept of "interpretive communities," suggesting that

readers belonging to the same social or cultural group are likely to share certain interpretive
strategies and therefore have similar responses to a text.
Wolfgang Iser focused on the concept of "gaps" or "blanks" in the text. These are
elements that the author leaves open-ended, requiring the reader to fill them in, thereby
actively participating in the creation of the text's meaning.
40
Hans-Robert Jauss's reception theory is also a part of Reader-Response criticism,

focusing on the historical reader's response at the time of a work's publication.
Application of Reader-Response Criticism
Applying Reader-Response criticism involves considering how a reader might interpret

a text based on their unique perspective. For example, two readers might have different
responses to a novel depending on their personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, or even
their mood at the time of reading.
Critiques and Contributions of Reader-Response Criticism
Critics of Reader-Response criticism argue that it risks relativism, with every

interpretation holding equal value, thereby undermining the idea of a text having any
inherent or objective meaning. Despite these critiques, Reader-Response criticism significantly
contributes to our understanding of literature by highlighting the active role of the reader in
the construction of meaning.
Conclusion
Reader-Response criticism offers a transformative perspective in literary criticism,

emphasizing the active and creative role of the reader in the process of literary
interpretation. It encourages us to acknowledge and value our personal responses to a text,
reminding us that our unique perspectives enrich the tapestry of literary interpretation. By
placing the reader at the heart of the interpretive process, Reader- Response criticism
broadens our understanding of the dynamic relationship between the reader, the text, and
the meaning that emerges from their interaction.
LESSON 2 : Reader-Response Criticism: An In-depth Overview

Reader-Response criticism is a school of literary theory that emerged in the 1970s and
1980s, focusing primarily on the reader's role in creating the meaning and experience of a
literary work. This approach dramatically shifted the focus of interpretive power from the
author and the text itself to the reader.
Overview of Reader-Response Criticism
The central tenet of Reader-Response criticism is that readers actively construct a text's
meaning in the process of reading. This view opposes the traditional concept that meaning
resides solely within the text itself, independent of the reader's engagement with it.
Reader-Response critics argue that a reader's interpretation of a text is shaped by

personal experiences, social attitudes, cultural background, and historical context. As such,
they maintain that different readers may have different but equally valid interpretations of
the same text.
41
Reader-Response criticism emerged as a counterpoint to New Criticism, which

prioritizes the close reading of the text itself, excluding the reader's response and the author's
intention from the interpretation.
Key Concepts and Theorists in Reader-Response Criticism
Several key concepts and theorists underpin Reader-Response criticism. For example,
Louise Rosenblatt, one of the pioneers of this approach, distinguished between the "efferent"
and the "aesthetic" reading. Efferent reading is about extracting information from the text,
while aesthetic reading involves readers' emotional responses and personal engagement
with the text.
Stanley Fish introduced the concept of "interpretive communities," asserting that the
meaning of a text is not just a personal interpretation but is also shaped by the social and
cultural norms of the reader's community.
Wolfgang Iser proposed the idea of "implied reader," a hypothetical reader who the
text seems to address, capable of decoding its meaning in the way the author intends. Iser
also suggested that texts often have "gaps" or "blanks" that readers must fill in, making them
active participants in creating the narrative.
Application and Influence of Reader-Response Criticism
Reader-Response criticism has significantly influenced the study of literature and the
humanities. It acknowledges the reader as an active agent in constructing textual meaning,
providing a more democratic and interactive model of reading.
In practical terms, a Reader-Response critic might ask: How does a reader's personal
history, cultural context, or mood shape their interpretation of the text? How does the text
guide or manipulate the reader's response? What emotions, thoughts, or memories does the
text evoke in the reader?
Conclusion
While it may seem challenging to apply due to its subjective nature, Reader-Response
criticism provides a valuable perspective on the dynamic process of reading. It
acknowledges the essential role that readers play in breathing life into the words on a page
and creating the rich tapestry of a narrative. Through this approach, we come to see that the
act of reading is not a passive reception of a pre-packaged meaning, but rather an active,
imaginative, and deeply personal engagement with a text.
Lesson 3 : The Role of the Reader in Text Interpretation: An In-depth Exploration

The role of the reader in interpreting a text is a topic of considerable interest in the field
of literary theory. Particularly within the school of Reader-Response criticism, it's held that
readers are not passive recipients of a text's meaning, but active participants in the creation
of that meaning.
42
Decoding and Meaning-Making
When a reader encounters a text, they bring to it their own unique set of experiences,
beliefs, and cultural understandings. These pre-existing perspectives shape how the reader
decodes the text. The act of reading then becomes a process of meaning- making, wherein
the reader constructs their interpretation of the text based on their personal context.
Active Participation and Engagement
The reader actively engages with the text, filling in gaps and making connections
based on their prior knowledge and experiences. For instance, a text might not explicitly
describe every detail of a scene or character, leaving the reader to imagine these elements.
This process, often unconscious, can lead to varying interpretations among different readers.
Emotional and Intellectual Response
A reader's emotional and intellectual responses to a text also significantly shape its
interpretation. A text might evoke specific emotions or provoke particular thoughts that can
influence the reader's understanding. For instance, a reader might identify with a character's
struggle due to their own personal experiences, leading to a more empathetic reading of the
text.
Interpretive Communities
The concept of interpretive communities, introduced by Stanley Fish, further highlights

the role of the reader in text interpretation. It suggests that readers belonging to a particular
social, cultural, or professional group often share similar strategies of interpretation, leading to
some shared understandings of a text within that community.
The Reader and the Implied Reader
In addition to the actual reader, there's also the concept of the implied reader, as
introduced by Wolfgang Iser. The implied reader is a hypothetical reader who can
understand and interpret the text as the author intended. The actual reader's interpretation
may deviate from that of the implied reader due to their personal context.
Conclusion
The reader's role in interpreting a text is central to our understanding of literature. They
are not just consuming the text but actively engaging with it, filling gaps, and creating
meaning based on their unique perspectives. This active participation in the interpretation of
a text adds a level of dynamism and subjectivity to the reading process, making literature a
rich, multi-dimensional, and deeply personal experience. Understanding this role allows us to
appreciate the diversity of interpretations and opens up new ways of engaging with and
appreciating literary works.
43
Psychoanalytic Criticism
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
1. Explain key Freudian concepts such as the unconscious mind, the Oedipus complex,
repression, and dream symbolism, and how these concepts are applied in literary
analysis.; and,
2. Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of psychoanalytic literary criticism,
LESSON 1: Psychoanalytic Criticism: An In-Depth Overview

Psychoanalytic criticism is a school of literary criticism that emerged in the mid-20th
century, drawing on the theories of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud. This
approach applies Freudian theories to literature to illuminate the motivations of characters,
the symbolic meanings of the text, and the psychological influences on the author.
Key Concepts in Psychoanalytic Criticism
Psychoanalytic criticism is heavily influenced by several of Freud's key concepts,

including the unconscious mind, the Oedipus complex, repression, and dream symbolism.
The Unconscious Mind: Freud theorized that our behaviors are significantly influenced by our
unconscious mind—a part of our psyche that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that
we're not consciously aware of but that impact our actions and emotions. In literature,
characters' actions may be driven by unconscious desires or fears that the text subtly implies.
The Oedipus Complex: This Freudian theory suggests that a child experiences subconscious
sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry with the parent of the same sex.
This theory is often used in literature to examine characters' family dynamics and their
development throughout the narrative.
Repression: Repression is a defense mechanism where disturbing or unacceptable thoughts

are pushed into the unconscious mind. Literature, particularly those with darker themes, may
explore repressed desires or traumas and their subsequent impact on characters.
Dream Symbolism: Freud believed that dreams were the "royal road to the unconscious,"
often containing symbolic meanings that reflect our unconscious desires. In literature, dream
sequences or symbols may be analyzed to uncover deeper, unconscious meanings.
44
Application of Psychoanalytic Criticism
Applying psychoanalytic criticism involves looking at a literary work through the lens of
these Freudian concepts. A psychoanalytic critic may explore the unconscious motivations of
characters, analyze the symbolic meanings within the text, or consider how the author's own
psychology might have influenced the work. For instance, a psychoanalytic reading of Edgar
Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" might focus on the narrator's guilt and paranoia as
manifestations of a repressed unconscious mind.
Influence and Critiques of Psychoanalytic Criticism
Psychoanalytic criticism has been influential in its capacity to delve deep into
characters' motivations and authors' intentions, offering rich, psychological readings of texts.
However, it has also faced criticism, with some arguing that Freudian theories are outdated or
overly deterministic. Critics have also suggested that psychoanalytic criticism can be overly
speculative, particularly when psychoanalyzing the author.
Conclusion
Despite these critiques, psychoanalytic criticism offers a valuable lens for exploring the
complex psychological dimensions of literature. It prompts us to consider the unconscious
underpinnings of characters' actions, the symbolic content of the text, and the psychological
influences on the author, enriching our understanding and interpretation of literary works.
LESSON 2 : Freudian Theories and Literary Analysis: An In-Depth Exploration
Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, has had a profound and lasting impact
on many fields beyond psychology, and literary analysis is no exception. His theories have
inspired a critical approach known as psychoanalytic criticism, which applies Freudian
concepts to the interpretation of literary works.
Freud's Influence on Character Analysis
Freud's theory of the mind's structure – the id, ego, and superego – provides a
framework for analyzing characters. The id represents primal desires, the superego symbolizes
societal and ethical rules, and the ego mediates between the two. Literary characters often
exhibit struggles between these components, offering insight into their motivations and
conflicts.
For instance, in Robert Louis Stevenson's "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," Dr. Jekyll can be
seen as the ego, striving to balance his primal desires (Mr. Hyde, or the id) with his societal
reputation (the superego).
The Unconscious and Repression in Literature
Freud's concept of the unconscious, where thoughts and memories are kept out of
conscious awareness, has been instrumental in examining themes of repression in literature.
Characters may show signs of repressed memories or desires that reveal themselves through
45
slips, symbols, or dreams.
Freud's theory of repression also underpins the concept of the Freudian slip, where an
error in speech, memory, or physical action reveals a repressed thought or desire. This
concept has been used to analyze seemingly trivial details in literature that might signify
deeper, unconscious meanings.
Oedipus Complex in Literature
Freud's theory of the Oedipus complex, wherein a child subconsciously desires the
parent of the opposite sex and views the same-sex parent as a rival, has influenced the
interpretation of family dynamics in literature. For example, Shakespeare's "Hamlet" has often
been analyzed through the lens of the Oedipus complex, with Hamlet's relationship with his
mother Gertrude and his hostility towards his uncle Claudius.
Dream Analysis and Symbolism
Freud's work on dream analysis, particularly his book "The Interpretation of Dreams,"
posits that dreams are symbolic expressions of repressed desires. This approach has been
applied to the analysis of dream sequences in literature, viewing them as pathways to
understanding a character's unconscious mind.
Criticisms and Conclusions
While Freudian theories have significantly influenced literary analysis, they also attract
criticism. Some critics argue that psychoanalytic criticism can be overly speculative or
reductionist, seeing sexual symbolism in trivial details or reducing complex characters to
Freudian archetypes. Others question the universal applicability of Freud's theories,
particularly to female characters, given that Freud's theories were largely based on the male
psyche.
Despite these criticisms, Freud's theories have undeniably enriched literary analysis,
offering a psychological depth to the understanding of characters, themes, and symbolism.
Freudian psychoanalysis continues to provide valuable tools for the interpretation of literature,
deepening our insight into the human mind's complexities as reflected in literary works.
46
Key references:
• "Literary Theory: An Anthology" by Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan - This anthology is a
definitive collection of classic and contemporary statements in the field of literary
theory and criticism.
• "The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism" by Vincent B. Leitch - This
comprehensive anthology includes a wide selection of critical and theoretical writing,
presenting a thorough introduction to the historical and contemporary modes of
literary analysis.
• "A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory" by Raman Selden, Peter
Widdowson, and Peter Brooker - A clear and thoroughly updated introduction to
contemporary literary theory.
• "Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide" by Lois Tyson - An accessible introduction
to the major schools of contemporary literary theory, including detailed examples of
how these approaches can be used to interpret specific literary works.
• "Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory" by Peter Barry - This
comprehensive guide introduces students to the complex landscape of literary
theories, making complicated ideas accessible without oversimplifying them.
• "The Routledge Companion to Critical Theory" by Simon Malpas and Paul Wake - This
resource provides an authoritative exploration of the major themes, topics, thinkers,
and debates in contemporary critical theory.
• "How to Read Literature Like a Professor: A Lively and Entertaining Guide to Reading
Between the Lines" by Thomas C. Foster - While not strictly a book on theory, it's a great
reference for learning to read critically and understand some of the underlying themes
and symbols in literary works.
47
ACTIVITY 1:
Answer the following questions: (10 points each)
1. Why is literary criticism essential in understanding and appreciating literature? Discuss

how it enhances comprehension, provides context, promotes critical thinking, and
contributes to literary scholarship.
2. Plato raised concerns about the moral impact of literature. Discuss the ethical
implications of literary criticism. Should literary critics consider the moral messages and
potential effects of a literary work on its audience?
3. Evaluate the impact of Wordsworth's and Coleridge's ideas on the development of
Romantic criticism. How do their theories reflect the broader cultural and philosophical
shifts of the Romantic era?
4. Discuss the importance of imagination and emotion in Romantic criticism. How do
these elements contrast with the rational and structured approaches of classical
criticism?
ACTIVITY 2:
Create a timeline mapping of the development of literary criticism from the Victorian
time up until the modernist time. Highlight important events that led to the development of
critical approaches to literature. Make your timeline creative and informational. (60 points)
ACTIVITY 3:
Research: Choose one theory from the discussed literary criticism theories. You will
independently research this theory using resources such as textbooks, scholarly articles, and
reliable online sources.
Theory Fact Sheet: Using your research, create a one-page fact sheet for each of the theories
discussed in this module.
This should include:

A brief description of the theory
The key concepts associated with this theory
An example of how the theory can be applied to a piece of literature
You can be as creative as you want
Review: Review your fact sheet, ensuring it is accurate, concise, and clear. Make sure all key
points about your assigned theory are covered.
Submission: Submit your fact sheet to your teacher for review and feedback.
48
ACTIVITY 4:
Research: Choose two different schools of literary criticism to study (for example, Feminism
and Post-colonial criticism). Utilize available resources like textbooks, scholarly articles, and
reliable online sources to learn about these theories.
Comparison Chart Creation: Create a comparison chart using a piece of paper or digital tool
available online.
The chart should include the following categories:

• Name of the Theory
• Main Ideas
• Methods
• Perspectives
• Contribution to Understanding Literary Texts
• Fill in each category for both of the literary criticism theories.
Literature Application: Choose a short piece of literature - a poem, short story, or a novel
excerpt. Briefly explain how each theory could be applied to this piece, noting the insights or
understandings we might gain from each theoretical perspective.
Reflection: Write a short paragraph reflecting on the differences and similarities between the
two theories and their respective contributions to understanding literature.
Submission: Submit your completed chart, literature application, and reflection for review and
feedback from your instructor.
This activity should assist you in comprehending the key ideas, methods, and perspectives of
different literary criticism theories, and enable you to explain their contributions to our
understanding of literary texts.
49
ACTIVITY 5:
• Macario D. Tiu
• Ricardo M. de Ungria
• Victorio N. Sugbo
• Tita Lacambra-Ayala
• Jhoanna Cruz
• Don Pagusara
• Arnel Murga
• John Bengan
• Gutierrez Mangansakan II
• Christine Godinez-Ortega
• Anthony L. Tan
• Rogelio Braga
• Arifah Jamil
• Sam Macaisa
• Rosa May Maitem
Theory and Work Selection: Choose two different PROLIFIC DAVAOEÑO writers listed above.
Also, select one piece of literature written by your chosen writers— these can be poems, short
stories, or excerpts from novels.
Critical Analysis: Write an analysis for each piece of literature using one of the chosen
theories. Make sure your analysis reflects the key principles of the corresponding theory and
how it influences your interpretation of the text.
Theory Review and Reflection: After applying each theory to a piece of literature, write a
review of how effective each theory was in providing new insights about the text.
Answer the following questions in your review:
What insights or understanding did this theoretical lens bring to the piece?
Were there any challenges or limitations in applying this theory to the piece?
If you were to analyze this text again, would you choose the same theoretical lens? Why or
why not?
Submission: Submit your analyses and theory reviews for review and feedback from your
instructor.
This activity should help you apply different theories of literary criticism to pieces of
literature, evaluate their effectiveness, and reflect on their utility for specific texts.
50
ACTIVITY 6:
Theory Selection: Choose two different schools of literary criticism (from CHAPTER 1- 12). Use
textbooks, scholarly articles, and reliable online sources to ensure a robust understanding of
these theories.
Literature Selection: Select a short piece of literature - a poem, a short story, or an excerpt
from a novel.
Analysis: Apply each of the chosen theories to the selected piece of literature. Write a brief
analysis of the piece from the perspective of each theory, focusing on how the theory
impacts your interpretation of the text.
Comic Strip Creation: Now, let's get creative! For each theory, create a comic strip that
visually represents how the theory interprets your chosen piece of literature.
Your comic strip should:

• Include a title panel that names the literary theory.
• Have a minimum of 6 panels that depict key moments in the story as interpreted by
the theory.
• Include dialogues or captions that highlight the insights gained from the theory's
interpretation.
• Use color and illustrations to engage viewers and enhance understanding.
Reflection: Write a brief reflection (around 200 words) on how the two theories differently
interpreted the same piece of literature, and which theory you found more compelling or
insightful and why.
Submission: Submit your two analyses, interpretive comic strips, and reflection for review and
feedback from your instructor.
This activity allows you to critically analyze and compare different theories of literary criticism
and their applicability to specific works of literature in a creative and engaging way.
51
FINAL PERFORMANCE TASK

"In-depth Literary Analysis Presentation"
For this final performance task, you will showcase your understanding and application
of literary criticism theories through an in-depth analysis and presentation.
Task Description:
Selection of Theory and Literary Work: Choose one school of literary criticism that you found
particularly engaging or challenging throughout the course. Next, select a comprehensive
piece of literature such as a novel, play, or a collection of poems from a single author.
In-depth Analysis: Write a comprehensive analysis of your chosen literary work using your
selected theory. Your analysis should be deep and detailed, highlighting the unique insights
this theory provides about the literary work. You should also address the strengths and
limitations of using this theory to interpret this specific literary work.
Presentation Preparation: Prepare a presentation based on your analysis. The presentation

should be designed to educate an audience that is unfamiliar with literary criticism about
your chosen theory and its application to your selected literary work.
Your presentation should include:

• An introduction to the literary theory
• An overview of the literary work
• A summary of your analysis, with emphasis on the insights gained through the
application of the theory
• A critical evaluation of the theory's strengths and limitations in interpreting the literary
work
• A conclusion summarizing the value of literary criticism in understanding literature
Presentation Delivery: Deliver your presentation to a panel of English Teachers. The

presentation should be approximately 15-20 minutes long, followed by a 5-10 minute Q&A
session.
Written Report Submission: Alongside the presentation, submit a written report of your analysis.
The report should follow academic conventions in structure, citation, and style.
Evaluation Criteria:
Your final performance task will be evaluated on the following criteria:

• Depth and quality of your literary analysis
• Understanding and application of the chosen literary theory
• Effectiveness of your presentation in terms of content, organization, clarity, and
delivery
• Ability to respond effectively to questions during the Q&A session
52
• Quality, structure, and academic rigor of your written report
This task will allow you to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of literary criticism
and its practical application in interpreting and understanding literature.
53
APPENDICES
Rubrics for Timeline Mapping:
CRITERIA 10 8 5 2
Content All important Most important Several important Some important
Accuracy events and events and events and events and
critical critical critical critical
approaches are approaches are approaches are approaches are
accurately accurately included but with missing or
included with included with limited inaccurately
detailed detailed descriptions. described.
descriptions. descriptions.
Chronological All events are Most events are Several events Many events are
Order presented in presented in are out of out of
correct correct chronological chronological
chronological chronological order. order.
order. order.
Creativity The timeline is The timeline is The timeline The timeline
highly creative, creative, visually shows some shows minimal
visually engaging, appealing, and creativity but creativity and is
and effectively uses some design lacks visual not visually
uses colors, elements engagement. engaging.
images, and effectively.
design elements
to enhance
understanding.
Informational Provides Provides good Provides basic Provides limited
Value comprehensive information that information with information that
information that aids in some gaps in does not
enhances understanding understanding significantly aid
understanding of the development the development understanding of
the development of literary criticism. of literary criticism. the development
of literary criticism. of literary criticism.
Critical Thoroughly Highlights and Highlights and Highlights but
Approaches highlights and explains most explains some poorly explains
explains the critical critical the critical
critical approaches approaches approaches
approaches developed during developed during developed during
developed during the Victorian and the Victorian and the Victorian and
the Victorian and Modernist periods. Modernist periods. Modernist periods.
Modernist periods.
Important All key events that Most key events Some key events Few key events
Events influenced literary that influenced that influenced that influenced
criticism are literary criticism literary criticism literary criticism
clearly identified are identified and are identified and are identified and
and explained. explained. explained. explained.
54
RUBRIC FOR SCORING THE FACT SHEET
CRITERIA Excellent (20 points): Satisfactory (10 points): Needs Improvement (5

points)
Understanding of Student demonstrates Student demonstrates a Needs Improvement (0-
Theory a comprehensive and good understanding of 19 points): Student
accurate the assigned theory with demonstrates a limited
understanding of the minor inaccuracies or understanding of the
assigned theory. The omissions. assigned theory with
information is well- . significant inaccuracies
researched and or omissions.
thorough
Content of Fact The fact sheet includes The fact sheet mostly The fact sheet does not
Sheet a clear, concise meets the criteria but adequately meet the
description of the may lack depth or clarity criteria, missing or
theory, accurately in certain areas inaccurately
identifies key concepts, representing key
and provides an elements.
appropriate example
of the theory's
application to a piece
of
literature
Organization The fact sheet is well- The fact sheet is mostly The fact sheet is not
and Presentation organized, easy to well- organized and easy well- organized, is hard
read, and visually to read, but there may to follow, or does not
engaging. It uses be areas where use visual elements to
appropriate headings, presentation could be effectively present
bullet points, and/or improved. information.
graphics to effectively
present information.
Grammar and The fact sheet is free of The fact sheet has a few The fact sheet has
Writing Quality grammar and spelling grammar or spelling many grammar or
errors. The writing is errors, but these do not spelling errors, making it
clear and concise. significantly detract from difficult to understand.
the overall
understanding.
55
Rubric for scoring Comparison Chart :
CRITERIA 20 15 10
Research and Student demonstrates Student demonstrates a Student demonstrates

Understanding of a clear and thorough good understanding of a limited understanding
Theories understanding of both both theories with minor of the theories with
literary theories. inaccuracies or significant inaccuracies
Research is omissions. or omissions. Research
comprehensive and Research is adequately is inadequately
accurately represented in the chart. represented in the
represented in the chart.
comparison chart.
Comparison Comparison chart is Comparison chart is Comparison chart is
Chart fully completed with mostly complete with incomplete or lacks
Completion thoughtful and satisfactory entries for depth in entries. Entries
detailed entries for each category. Some do not clearly
each category. Entries entries may lack depth distinguish between the
clearly distinguish or clarity in distinguishing theories.
between the two between the theories.
theories
Literature Student clearly and ): Student provides a Student struggles to
Application effectively explains reasonable explanation explain how the
how each theory could of how each theory theories could be
be applied to the could be applied to the applied to the
selected piece of literature but may lack literature, or
literature, depth or clarity in explanation lacks
demonstrating a deep explanation. coherence or depth.
understanding of the
theories.
56
Rubric for scoring Literary Theory Application using works from prolific writers from Mindanao:
20 15 10
Understanding and Student Student Student
Application of demonstrates a deep demonstrates a good demonstrates a
Theories understanding of understanding of limited understanding
both literary theories. both theories with of the theories with
The application of minor inaccuracies in significant
each theory to the application. inaccuracies in
literature is application.
insightful and
accurate.
Analysis Quality Both analyses are Analyses are Needs Improvement
comprehensive, reasonably well-done (0- 14 points):
detailed, and but may lack depth Analyses lack depth,
demonstrate a clear or contain minor contain errors, or are
understanding of the errors or omissions. not fully developed.
literary work through
the applied theory.
Theory Review and Reviews of each Reviews are mostly Reviews are
Reflection theory's effectiveness well- done but may superficial, lack
are thoughtful, lack depth or critical reflection, or
thorough, and specificity in do not adequately
provide insightful reflection. address the strengths
reflections on the and weaknesses of
strengths and the applied theory.
weaknesses of the
applied theory.
Grammar and Writing The submission is free The submission has a The submission has
Quality of grammar and few grammar or many grammar or
spelling errors. The spelling errors, but spelling errors,
writing is clear and these do not making it difficult to
concise. significantly detract understand.
from the overall
understanding.
57
RUBRIC FOR SCORING COMIC STRIP AND REFLECTION PAPER:
20 15 10
Understanding Student Student Student
and demonstrates a deep demonstrates a good demonstrates a
Application of understanding of understanding of limited understanding
Theories both literary theories. both theories with of the theories with
The application of minor inaccuracies significant
each theory to the in application. inaccuracies in
literature is insightful application.
and accurate.
Analysis Quality Both analyses are Analyses are Analyses lack depth,
comprehensive, reasonably well-done contain errors, or are
detailed, and but may lack depth not fully developed.
demonstrate a clear or contain minor
understanding of the errors or omissions.
literary work through
the
applied theory
Comic Strip Comic strips Comic strips Comic strips lack
effectively represent generally represent clarity in representing
the the the interpretation of
interpretation of the interpretation of the the text or are visually
text according to the text according to the unengaging.
respective theories. respective theories,
They are visually but may lack
engaging, creative, creativity or clarity in
and enhance some panels
understanding of
the
theory
Reflection Quality Reflection is Reflection is generally Needs Improvement
thoughtful and well-done, but may (0-4 points):
insightful, lack depth or clarity Reflection lacks
demonstrating a in comparing theories depth or clarity, or
clear understanding or justifying does not effectively
of the comparison preference. compare the theories
between the theories or justify preference.
and justifying the
preferred theory
effectively.
58
Rubrics for In-depth Literary Analysis Presentation:
CRITERIA 20 15 10 5
Depth and Analysis is Analysis is Analysis is clear Analysis is basic
quality of exceptionally thorough and but may lack and lacks depth,
literary analysis thorough, detailed, offering depth or detail, detail, or insight,
insightful, and clear insights and demonstrating a demonstrating a
detailed, demonstrating general limited
providing unique strong understanding of understanding of
perspectives and understanding of the literary work the literary work
demonstrating the literary work and theory. and theory.
deep and theory.
understanding of
the literary work
and theory.
Understanding Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates
and exceptional strong general limited
application of understanding understanding understanding understanding
the chosen and application and application and application and application
literary theory of the literary of the literary of the literary of the literary
theory, effectively theory, clearly theory, linking it to theory, with weak
linking it to the linking it to the the literary work or unclear links to
literary work and literary work and with some insights. the literary work.
highlighting providing
unique insights. meaningful
insights.
Effectiveness of Presentation is Presentation is Presentation is Presentation is
Presentation exceptionally well-organized, organized and somewhat
well-organized, clear, and clear, with disorganized or
clear, and engaging, with adequate unclear, with
engaging, with strong content content that content that only
comprehensive that educates the educates the partially educates
content that audience audience. the audience.
educates the effectively.
audience
effectively.
Critical Provides a Provides a strong Provides a basic Provides a limited
Evaluation of comprehensive evaluation of the evaluation of the evaluation of the
Theory’s and insightful theory’s strengths theory’s strengths theory’s strengths
Strengths and evaluation of the and limitations, and limitations, and limitations,
Limitations theory’s strengths demonstrating demonstrating demonstrating
and limitations, clear critical some critical minimal critical
demonstrating thinking and thinking. thinking.
critical thinking understanding.
and depth of
understanding.
Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation
Delivery delivery is delivery is strong, delivery is delivery is weak,
59
exceptional, with with clear and adequate, with with unclear

clear, confident, confident generally clear communication
and engaging communication communication that struggles to
communication that maintains that holds hold audience
that maintains audience interest. audience interest interest.
audience interest most of the time.
throughout.
Response to Responds to Responds to Responds to Responds to
Q&A Session questions with questions with questions with questions with
exceptional clarity, depth, adequate clarity limited clarity or
clarity, depth, and insight, and understanding,
and insight, demonstrating understanding, demonstrating
demonstrating strong demonstrating minimal critical
thorough understanding general critical thinking.
understanding and critical thinking.
and ability to thinking.
think critically on
the spot.
Quality, Quality, Structure, Written report is of Written report is of Written report is of
Structure, and and Academic exceptional high quality, well- adequate quality,
Academic Rigor of Written quality, well- structured, and generally well-
Rigor of Written Report structured, and adheres to structured, and
Report adheres to academic adheres to
academic conventions with academic
conventions with strong rigor. conventions with
precision and some rigor.
rigor.
60

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ENGLISH 18 | LITERARY CRITICISM

As your instructor, I encourage active participation, questions, and thoughtful

Please remember that understanding and interpreting literature is subjective. It's

COURSE OUTLINE IN ENGLISH 118

Course Code: English 118

Course Name: Literary Criticism

This course introduces the fundamentals of literary criticism, studying various

Contact Hours/week: 5 hours/week

• Explain the key concepts and theories in literary criticism

COURSE OUTLINE AND TIME FRAME

Alignment of Course Outcomes with Summative Assessment Tasks

Demonstrate a In-depth Literary Analysis Students will demonstrate a

Reference and Suggested Readings

"A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory" by Raman Selden, Peter

"Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide" by Lois Tyson - An accessible

Lesson 1 : Introduction to Literary Criticism & Classical Literary Criticism

Literary criticism is not merely an academic exercise. It allows us to engage with

Classical Literary Criticism

Plato, another major figure in classical criticism, viewed literature as an imitation of an

SAMPLE CLASSICAL LITERARY CRITICISM BASED ON ARISTOTLE’S ‘POETICS’

Title: "Hamlet through the Lens of Aristotle's Poetics"

Hamartia and Peripeteia:

In Aristotle's "Poetics," 'anagnorisis,' or recognition, refers to the protagonist's moment of

According to Aristotle, the purpose of tragedy is to induce 'catharsis,' a purgation or

Unity of Time, Place, and Action:

Lesson 2 : The Importance of Literary Criticism

Enabling Critical Thinking

Literary criticism fosters critical thinking. By encouraging readers to analyze and

Adding to Literary Scholarship

Literary criticism contributes significantly to literary scholarship. Through the rigorous

Enhancing Appreciation for the Art of Literature

Lesson 3 : The General Steps in Literary Criticism: An In-depth Guide

Identifying Key Aspects

Developing a Thesis Statement

Application of Critical Theory

Lesson 4 : Plato and Aristotle in Literary Criticism

Plato had a somewhat sceptical view of poetry. In "The Republic", he expressed

Aristotle, a student of Plato, had a more favourable view of literature, particularly of

In contrast to Plato, Aristotle saw literature, especially tragedy, as a reflection of life,

Classical Literary Criticism Continued & Introduction to Romantic Criticism

LESSON 1: Classical Literary Criticism Continued

Introduction to Romantic Criticism

pleasure; it carries moral and social significance.

LESSON 2: Horace and Longinus: Classical Pillars of Literary Criticism

Horace, a prominent figure in Roman literature, significantly contributed to the field of

Longinus asserts that five sources contribute to sublimity in literature: grandeur of

LESSON 3: Wordsworth and Coleridge: The Romantic Revolution in Literary Criticism

Wordsworth championed the use of simple, everyday language and subjects in

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

and giving meaning to raw perceptions.

Wordsworth and Coleridge significantly shaped Romantic criticism, emphasizing

Victorian Criticism & Introduction to Modernist Approaches

LESSON 1: Victorian Criticism

Introduction to Modernist Approaches

contributions to literature and criticism.

His emphasis on subjective experience, on the individual response to art, was a

LESSON 3: New Criticism: A Close Reading Revolution in Literary Analysis

Principles of New Criticism

Key Figures in New Criticism

Impact and Legacy of New Criticism

Modernist Approaches Continued

LESSON 1: Modernist Approaches Continued: Diving Deeper into 20th Century

The Modernist period, characterized by societal shifts and intellectual revolution,

Psychoanalytic criticism applies the theories of psychoanalysis, largely developed by