Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Basic and Applied Science

Mathematics (2) BA124

Lectures No.3-4
The fundamental theorem of calculus
Integration by substitution
Integration of squared trigonometric functions
Integrals involving powers
of trigonometric functions

Prepared by:
Hossam Shawky
Professor of Engineering Mathematics

Spring 2015-2016
1
 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
If f ( x ) is continuous on a , b and F( x ) is any antiderivative of f ( x ) , then
b
b
f ( x ) dx F(x) a
F(b) F(a ) .
a
This integral called definite Integral.
Properties:
b a
(1) f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx .
a b
a
(2) f ( x ) dx 0.
a

So, the geometric meaning of the integration is the area under the curve of the
function f ( x ) from point (a) to point (b).

Sheet (3)
3

No.1 ( 3x 2 2x) dx
1

Solution:
3
3
(3x 2
2x ) dx x 3
x 2
1
3 3
3 2
1 1
3 2

1
36 2 34

2
 2
sin x cos x
No.2 dx
sin x cos x
4

Solution:

2 2
sin x cos x (cos x sin x )
sin x cos x
dx
sin x cos x
dx ln sin x cos x 2

4
4 4

ln sin cos ln sin cos

2 2 4 4
1 1 2
ln 1 0 ln ln ln 2
2 2 2

Methods of integration:
(I) Integartion by Substitution:

Say cos x esin x dx

dt
Let t sin x , cos x dt cos x dx
dx
cos x esin x dx e t dt e t C esin x C

Integration.

OR cos x esin x dx esin x d sin x esin x C

3
No.3 tan x sec2 x dx

Solution:
1 2
tan x sec2 x dx tan x d tan x tan x C
2

No.4 tan 3 x sec2 x dx

Solution:
1 4
tan 3 x sec2 x dx tan 3 x d tan x tan x C
4
2
ln x
No.5 dx
x

ln x 2 1
Solution: dx ln x 2 d ln x ln x 3
C
x 3
5

No.6 sin x cos x dx

2

Solution:

7
5 5 7
sin 2
x 2 2
sin 2 x cos x dx sin 2 x d sin x C sin x C
72 7

No.7 e 2 sin x cos x dx

Solution:
1 2 sin x
e2 sin x cos x dx e2 sin x d sin x e C
2
4
No.8 ex cot ex dx

Solution:
e x cot e x dx cot e x de x ln sin e x C

No.9 x 3x 2 1 dx

Solution:
2 32
1 12 1 3x 1
x 3x 2 1 dx 3x 2 1 dx 2 C
2 2 32 3
1 2 32
3x 1 C
9
No.10 x sec2 3x 2 dx

2 2 1 1 tan 3x 2
Solution: x sec 3x dx sec2 3x 2 dx 2 C
2 2 3

No.11 x tan x 2 dx

1 1
Solution: x tan x 2 dx tan x 2 dx 2 ln sec x 2 C
2 2

3
No.12 2ex 1 e xdx

4
3 x 3 2e x 1
Solution: 2e x 1 e dx 2e x 1 de x C
8

5
 x
e
No.13 dx
x
x
e x x
Solution: dx 2 e d x 2e C
x

sin x
No.14 3
dx
cos x
Solution:
sin x sin x 1
dx dx tan x sec2 x dx
cos3 x cos x cos 2 x
tan 2 x
tan x d tan x C
2
OR
2
sin x 3 cos x
3
dx cos x d cos x C
cos x 2
1 1 1 2
sec x C
2 cos 2 x 2
sin x sin x 1 1
OR 3
dx dx
cos x cos x cos x cos x
sec2 x
tan x sec x sec x dx sec x d sec x C
2
Recall
1 tan 2 x sec2 x
So,
1 2 1 1
sec x tan 2 x
2 2 2
1 2 1
we can say, sec x C tan 2 x C
2 2
6
 tan x
No.15 dx
sec4 x
Solution:

tan x sin x
dx cos 4 x dx cos3 x sin x dx
sec4 x cos x
1 4
cos3 x d cos x cos x C
4
cos x sin x
No.16 3
dx
sin x
Solution:

cos x sin x cos x 1

3
dx 3
dx 2
dx
sin x sin x sin x
2
3 2 sin x
sin x d sin x cos ec x dx cot x C
2
1
cos ec2 x cot x C
2

sin x 3 sec x
No.17 e dx
cos2 x
Solution:

sin x sin x 1 3sec x

e3sec x dx e dx tan x sec x e3sec x dx
cos 2 x cos x cos x
1 3sec x
e3sec x d sec x e C
3

7
 sin x cos x
No.18 dx
sin x cos x
sin x cos x
Solution: dx ln sin x cos x C
sin x cos x

sin x cos x
No.19 2 dx
sin x cos x
Solution:

sin x cos x 2
2
dx sin x cos x d sin x cos x
sin x cos x
1 1
sin x cos x
C C
1 sin x cos x
1 dx
No.20 ln x
ln x x

Solution:
1 dx 1 1 2
ln x ln x d ln x ln x ln ln x C
ln x x ln x 2

sin x 1
No.21 dx
x 1

sin x 1
Solution: dx 2 sin x 1 d x 1 2 cos x 1 C
x 1

8
 2
cos 3 sin 3
No.22 d
cos 6
Solution:

2
cos 3 sin 3 cos 2 3 2 sin 3 cos 3 sin 2 3
d 2
d
cos 6 cos 6
1 sin 6 1 sin 6 1
d d
cos 2 6 cos 2 6 cos 6 cos 6
1 1
sec2 6 tan 6 sec 6 d tan 6 sec 6 C
6 6

1 3 tan x
No.23 dx
cos2 x
Solution:

1 3 tan x 1
dx 1 3 tan x 2
2 sec x dx 1 3 tan x 1/ 2 d tan x
cos 2 x
1 3 tan x 3 / 2 2 3/ 2
C 1 3 tan x C
32 3 9

ex
No.24 dx
ex 4

ex
Solution: x
dx ln e x 4 C
e 4

9
 ex
No.25 dx
(e x 4) 3
2
ex 3 ex 4
x 3
dx ex 4 de x C
(e 4) 2
Solution:
1 1
C
2 ex 4 2

dx
No.26 6
x1 x

Solution:
5
dx 6 1 x 2 1
6
2 1 x d x 2 C 5
C
x1 x 5 1 51 x

Recall:
1
cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
2
1
sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x
2
dx
No.27
cos 2x 1
dx dx 1 1
Solution: sec2 x dx tan x C
cos 2x 1 2 cos2 x 2 2

10
 dx
No.28
1 cos x
Solution:
dx dx 1 x 1 tan x 2 x
2
sec2 dx C tan C
1 cos x 2 cos x 2 2 2 2 12 2

cos x
No.29
2 32 dx
1 sin x 2 sin x

Solution:
cos x cos x 3
32
dx 32
dx 1 sin x d sin x
2 2
1 sin x 2 sin x 1 sin x
2
1 sin x 1 1
C 2
C
2 2 1 sin x

No.30 tan x sec x dx

Solution:
sin x 1 3
tan x sec x dx dx cos x 2 d cos x
cos x cos x
1
cos x 2
C 2 sec x C
12
OR
sec x
tan x sec x dx tan x sec x dx
sec x
tan x sec x
dx 2 sec x C
sec x

11
No.31 cos2 x cosec4 x dx

Solution:
2 4 cos 2 x
cos x cos ec x dx . cos ec2 x d x cot 2 x. cos ec2 x d x
sin 2 x
2 cot 3 x
cot x d cot x C
3

1 ln x
No.32 dx
3 x ln x
Solution:
d 1
3 x ln x x ln x 1 1 ln x
dx x
1 ln x
dx ln 3 x ln x C
3 x ln x

No.33 x2 2x4 dx

Solution:
1
2 4 2 1
x 2 x dx x 1 2x dx 1 2 x 2 2 dx 2
2
32
1 1 2x 2 1 32
C 1 2x 2 C
2 32 2 6

12
No.34 x x 1 dx

Solution:

dx
Let x 1 t2 2t dx 2t dt
dt
x x 1 dx t 2 1 t 2 t dt 2 t4 t 2 dt

t5 t3 x 152 x 132
2 C 2 C
5 3 5 3

10 2
No.35 x 1 x 2 dx

Solution:

Let x 1 t dx dt

x 1 10 x 2 2 dx t10 t 1 2 dt t10 t 2 2 t 1 dt

12 11 10 t13 t12 t11

t 2t t dt 2 C
13 12 11
1 1 1
x 1 13 x 1 12 x 1 11 C
13 6 11

13
 dx
No.36
x 1 x
Solution:
* conjugate
dx 1 x 1 x x 1 x
dx dx
x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x
x 132 x3 2 2 2 32
x 1 x dx C x 132 x C
32 32 3 3

sin 2x
No.37 dx
sin x 1
Solution:

sin 2x 2 sin x cos x sin x

dx dx 2 d sin x
sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1
Let t sin x
t t 1 1 1
2 dt 2 dt 2 1 dt
t 1 t 1 t 1
2t ln t 1 C 2 sin x ln sin x 1 C

14