24TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES

24TH 国际航空科学大会

CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND

PRACTICES FOR AIRCRAFT DESIGN AT AIRBUS
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践
Thierry Pardessus

蒂埃里·帕尔德苏斯
Airbus, Vice President Design Methods and Deployment
空中客车公司设计方法和部署副总裁

Keywords: concurrent engineering, processes, methods, design, aeronautics

关键词： 并行工程、过程、方法、设计、航空

Abstract with the support of Computer Aided Design

摘要 (CAD) and is managed by a Product Data
Management (PDM) system that also supports the
Reduction of cycles (development time, series industrial drawing release process and
lead time) and costs along the aircraft lifecycle configuration management.
is a permanent priority. Concurrent engineering 数字模型（DMU）成为产品信息的核心。
aims at enabling this reduction, by putting 它是在计算机辅助设计（CAD）的支持下创建
together in a multidisciplinary way of working
的，由产品数据管理（PDM）系统管理，该系
all the relevant skills contributing to product
统还支持工业图纸发布过程和配置管理。
engineering, and by setting and managing the Practical operations in concurrent
operational conditions for work in parallel. engineering lead to significant business benefits,
缩短飞机生命周期中的周期（开发时间、系 which can be measured in terms of lead-time and
列交付时间）和成本是一个永久的优先事 reduction of effort in development. These
项。并行工程旨在通过以多学科的方式将有 benefits have now been made visible for the
助于产品工程的所有相关技能结合在一起， development of the A340- 500 and A340-600,
并通过设置和管理并行工作的操作条件来实 and for the A380.
现这种减少。 并行工程中的实际操作会带来显著的商业
It is mainly a question of processes and way 利益，这可以通过开发中的交付时间和工作量
of working. For maximum business benefit, its 的减少来衡量。这些优势现在已经在 A340-
implementation requires a strong sponsorship at 500 和 A340-600 以 及 A380 的 开 发 中 显 现 出
top level, and discipline throughout the 来。
organizations, in order to define and fully apply As a vision, Airbus expects further
common processes and common methods, integration steps in the design office technology,
supported by common tools. targeting a Virtual Aircraft, with stronger links
这主要是一个流程和工作方式的问题。 between Systems Engineering (including
为了获得最大的业务利益，其实施需要高层 Architectural Design and Requirement Based
的大力支持和整个组织的纪律，以便在通用 Engineering), Design to Decision Objectives
工具的支持下定义和充分应用通用流程和通 around the DMU, and supported by the PDM.
用方法。 作为一个愿景，空客期望在设计办公室技
The Digital Mock-up (DMU) becomes the 术中进一步集成步骤，以虚拟飞机为目标，在
heart of the product information. It is created 系统工程（包括架构设计和基于需求的工
1
程）、围绕 DMU 的设计到决策目标之间建 of configuration management.
立更强的联系，并得到 PDM 的支持。 只是为了固定想法，A380 的定义由一组
大约 1 00 万张图纸组成，这比 A340 的图纸
数量大得多。系统的功能架构被分解成大约
70 个主要系统，导致数百件设备。必须仔细
1 Business context and 管理所有这些定义信息和数据，以确保根据
programmes requirements 客户的合同要求对给定飞机的定义进行完全
业务环境和方案要求 可追溯性。这就是配置管理的目标。

1.1 About large aircraft 关于大飞机

A completed commercial aircraft is in
many ways the compromise of the knowledge,
experience and creativity of the numerous
engineers involved in an aircraft
manufacturers ‘multidisciplinary design and
production groups. But it must be also
essentially the smart response to requirements
coming from ever more demanding
Customers, as well as from airworthiness
authorities. These requirements cover safety,
product aircraft performance and operational
characteristics, customization, and associated
response time, acquisition costs, operating and
maintenance costs, environmental
requirements, and others. From the business
side, competition is fierce, and Airbus’
approach is to offer permanently world class
products and services which set the industry’s
standards.
一架完整的商用飞机在许多方面都是
参与飞机制造商多学科设计和生产团队的
众多工程师的知识、经验和创造力的妥
协。但它本质上也必须是对日益苛刻的客
户以及适航当局的要求的明智回应。这些
要求涵盖安全性、产品飞机性能和操作特
征、定制以及相关响应时间、采购成本、
操作和维护成本、环境要求等。从商业方
面来看，竞争非常激烈，空客的方法是永
久提供世界一流的产品和服务，为行业树
立标准。

Just to fix the ideas the definition of the

A380 is composed of a set of about 1 000 000
drawings, which is dramatically much bigger
than the number of drawings of the A340. The
functional architecture of the systems is
broken down into about 70 major systems,
leading to several hundreds of pieces of
equipment. All these definition information
and data have to be managed carefully to
ensure full traceability of the definition of a
given aircraft against its customer’s
contractual requirements. This is the objective

2
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
FOR AIRCRAFT DESIGN AT AIRBUS
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践

The size and complexity of the product has whole development workload). 在 上 游 阶 段
led Airbus since the beginning to define and （概念、可行性、初步定义），流程是高
implement an industrial work sharing for 度交互和迭代的。自由度众多，必须小心
aircraft development and series production. This 管理，以免过早冻结。工作主要集中在架
has led to a high industrial specialization, with 构级别，并且经常进行权衡，对配置有很
local processes sometimes, which have had 大影响。飞机构型和主要部件的总体设计
recently to be harmonized to a wide extent. 之间的权衡是频繁的。这些阶段的劳动力
产品的规模和复杂性导致空客从一开始 仍然有限（与整个开发工作量相比）。
就定义和实施飞机开发和批量生产的工业工  In the development phase, degrees of freedom
作共享。这导致了高度的工业专业化，有时 are limited to very local design, industrial
是本地流程，最近不得不在很大程度上进行 performance (link of engineering to
协调。 manufacturing) is paramount, deployed
workforce is huge to produce the definition
1.2 Development costs and design processes and industrialize the product, sensitivity to
开发成本和设计流程 operational configuration management
When developing a new product, the well- increases dramatically. 在开发阶段，自由度
known comparison of the costs committed by 仅限于非常局部的设计，工业性能（工程
the definition progress versus actual costs at any 到制造的链接）是最重要的，部署的劳动
time clearly shows the necessity to drastically 力是巨大的，以产生定义和工业化产品，
improve at the earliest the best knowledge we 对操作配置管理的敏感性急剧增加。
can have about the complete product to be One of the key conditions to reach cost and time
developed and delivered. In the mean time, reductions is to ensure that expensive
reduction of development cycle and production development phases (detailed design,
cycle is absolutely mandatory, to deliver better industrialization), then series production phases,
response time to market and reduce final cost of are performed with maximum efficiency. This
the product. 降低成本和时间的关键条件之一是确保以最高
效率执行昂贵的开发阶段（详细设计、工业
在开发新产品时，定义进度承诺的成本与任
化），然后是批量生产阶段。这个
何时候的实际成本的众所周知的比较清楚地
表明，有必要尽早大幅提高我们对要开发和
交付的完整产品的最佳知识。同时，缩短开 leads also to make sure that the concept and
发周期和生产周期是绝对强制性的，以提供 feasibility phases, in which the large trade-offs
更好的上市响应时间和降低产品的最终成 are performed in a rather iterative manner,
本。 deliver sound baselines. As far as a design
Two main features can characterize design change is concerned during the development
engineering processes: phase, the later it occurs, the more expensive it
两个主要特征可以描述设计工程过程： will be. Consequently, all disciplines must
 In upstream phases (concept, feasibility, interact in an efficient manner, with a common
preliminary definition), processes are highly objective, the successful and efficient
interactive and iterative. Degrees of development of the aircraft.
freedom are numerous, and must be
还可以确保概念和可行性阶段（其中以相当
managed carefully in order not to be frozen
迭代的方式执行大型权衡）提供合理的基
too early. Work is mainly focused on
线。就开发阶段的设计变更而言，发生得越
architectural level, and trade-offs are
晚，成本就越高。因此，所有学科必须以有
frequent with a high impact on the
效的方式相互作用，共同的目标是成功和有
configuration. Trade-offs between aircraft
效地开发飞机。
configuration and the overall design of main
components are frequent. Work force in 2 Concurrent Engineering approach 并行工
these phases is still limited (compared to the 程方法
3
 Th. Pardessus
overall workflow, and toTh.帕尔德苏
maximize
2.1 Fundamentals 基本面 process quality. 尽可能多地从流程集成
The main concepts supporting Concurrent 的角度进行思考，简化整体工作流
Engineering are: 程，并最大限度地提高流程质量。
支持并行工程的主要概念有：
 Managing complexity of the product in
making it accessible to each team, then to
each individual in the team. This leads to
break down the product into certain
“concurrent engineering products” or
business objects, which represent design
domains (geometrical, functional), and
which enable to maximize the work in
parallel. 管理产品的复杂性，使每个团
队都能访问它，然后是团队中的每个
人。这导致将产品分解为某些“并行工
程产品”或业务对象，它们代表设计域
（几何、功能），并且能够最大化并行
工作。
 Synchronization, to ensure that the
resulting development cycle is under
control. 同步，以确保由此产生的开发周
期处于受控状态。
 Control of interfaces of the different
design domains. 控制不同设计领域的界
面。
 Multidisciplinary engineering. 多 学 科 工
程。
 “Break the walls”, especially by
developing collaborative techniques
throughout the extended enterprise. “打破
围墙”，特别是通过在整个扩展的企业
中开发协作技术。
 Permanent traceability of product
configuration information. 产品配置信息
的永久可追溯性。
 Think process, then method and then tool.
This process based paradigm implies: 思考
过程，然后是方法，然后是工具。这种
基于过程的范例意味着：
1. to really consider how design teams
actually cooperate in design context,
what business objects they use, how
they share them, how these objects
evolve as design evolves or when
change occurs. 真正考虑设计团
队在设计环境中如何实际合作，他
们使用什么业务对象，他们如何共
享它们，这些对象如何随着设计的
发展或变化发生而发展。
2. to think as much as possible in terms of
process integration, to streamline the
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 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
FOR AIRCRAFT DESIGN AT AIRBUS
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践

Airbus has been widely investing in the

development and deployment of concurrent drawings has to be produced and delivered,
engineering capabilities. The project, known as when tooling has to be designed and
ACE (= Airbus Concurrent Engineering), is now manufactured.
a key integrator, as well as a strong vehicle of
change management. 当必须设计和制造工具时，必须制作和交付
图纸。
空客一直在广泛投资并行工程能力的开发和
部 署 。 该 项 目 被 称 为 ACE （ = 空 客 并 行 工 Each milestone is described in terms of
程），现在是一个关键的集成商，也是变革 expected engineering content, and thus the
管理的强大工具。 engineering work is specified in a visible and
shareable manner. Even though in the actual
Through the significant reduction of the lead- implementation there can be some tuning (due
time, concurrent engineering leads to significant to programme specifics), this gives a strong
cost reduction. Also, the need to share a lot of framework for development organization, work
information and data with numerous users from structure, and planning.
different skills has induced the implementation 每个里程碑都根据预期的工程内容进行描
of strong structuring concepts. 述，从而以可见和可共享的方式指定工程工
通过显著减少提前期，并行工程导致显著降 作。尽管在实际实现中可能会有一些调整
低成本。此外，与来自不同技能的众多用户 （由于程序细节），但这为开发组织、工作
共享大量信息和数据的需求导致了强结构化 结构和规划提供了一个强大的框架。
概念的实施。
2.3 The Digital Mock-Up (DMU) 数 字 模 型
（DMU）
2.2 Synchronization through common
Practically, even if it does require new
visible milestones 通 过 公 共 可 见
generation powerful tools, concurrent
里程碑进行同步
engineering is not just a tool problem: it is
A common and structured development cycle, firstly a question of technical processes and
has been developed. It is now the baseline for work organization, from which dedicated
all Airbus programmes. methods and tools have to be developed.
已经开发了一个通用的和结构化的开发周 实际上，即使它确实需要新一代强大的工
期。它现在是空客所有项目的基线。 具，并行工程也不仅仅是一个工具问题：它
首先是一个技术过程和工作组织的问题，必
‘Fig.1. A common view of development 须从中开发专用的方法和工具。
milestones’
图 1。对发展里程碑的共同看法 ‘Fig.2. DMU’
图 2。DMU'
The Digital Mock-Up (DMU) enables Design & Configuration
Management
A common view of development milestones
对发展里程碑的共同看法

Definition Instruction
of basic to proceed Entry
concept (ITP) Go into
基本概念 继续指导 ahead service
界定 （ITP） 去吧 投入服
务
M3 M5 M7 M13

FEASABILITY CONCEPT DEFINITION DEVELOPMENT SERIES

可行性 概念 定义 发展 系列

Order Definition Instruction Begin First Entry

released of basic to proceed Go final flight into
for project concept (ITP) ahead assembly 第一 service
已发布项目
M1 基本概念M3 继续指导 开始总装
M9 次飞
M11 投入服
M13
M5 去吧
M7
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M0 M2 M4 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14

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 The Digital Mock-Up is defined by Parts desig positioned in the Space, managed by
the PDM
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
Strong Link between Geometry and Aircraft Configuration Management

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This common development model is broken

down into five major phases:
这种共同的发展模式分为五个主要阶段：
 Feasibility (M0 – M3).
可行性（M0-M3）。
 Concept (M3 – M5).
概念（M3-M5）。
 Definition (M5 – M7).
定义(M5-M7)。
 Development (M7 – M13).
开发（M7-M13）。
 Series (M13 – M14).
系列（M13-M14）。
Typically, in a programme, the ramp-up of
resources takes place after M5, and even more
significantly after M6, when the complete set of
通常，在一个方案中，资源的增加发生在
M5 之后，甚至更重要的是在 M6 之后，当一
整套

As already mentioned, concurrent engineering

means that design engineering teams are
working in parallel. This makes sense only if
they know at each time the status of the
product they are working on, which means to
enable a sharing of the information, according
to the different needs of the users.
如前所述，并行工程意味着设计工程团队
并行工作。只有当他们每次都知道他们正
在开发的产品的状态时，这才有意义，这
意味着根据用户的不同需求实现信息的共
享。

5
 Th. Pardessus
Th.帕尔德苏

It also appeared quickly that this approach led to
define several “design products” representing
the aircraft; these design products being actually
large information objects. One can also consider
each of these design products as one perspective
or point of view relevant to certain needs. And
since the objective of design engineering is
mainly to produce data for manufacturing, this
package of design information is called Digital
Mock-Up (DMU).
人们也很快发现，这种方法导致了几种代表
飞机的“设计产品”的定义；这些设计产品
实际上是大型信息对象。人们也可以将这些
设计产品中的每一个视为与某些需求相关的
一个视角或观点。由于设计工程的目标主要
是为制造产生数据，因此这种设计信息包被
称为数字模型（DMU）。
The DMU is consequently defined as an
organized set of information, reflecting the
different needs of the design teams, and
structured according to a Product Structure.
The Product Structure is mainly the core
structure describing and managing how the
drawing sets (when considering the output for
manufacturing) are organized. It is also one of
the key enablers of Configuration Management.
From a technology perspective, the DMU relies
on techniques similar to Virtual Reality. Thus it
is possible to “navigate” in the DMU, to explore
selected design areas.
因此，DMU 被定义为一组有组织的信
息，反映设计团队的不同需求，并根据产品
结构进行结构化。产品结构主要是描述和管
理图纸集（当考虑制造输出时）如何组织的
核心结构。它也是配置管理的关键促成因素
之一。从技术角度来看，DMU 依赖于类似虚
拟现实的技术。因此，可以在 DMU 中“导
航”，以探索选定的设计区域。
 The Master Geometry resulting mainly from
the definition of the aerodynamic shape of the
aircraft can be used by the structure design
team to derive a preliminary definition of the
structure and associated design principles, by
the manufacturing engineering teams to have
a preliminary definition of the final assembly
line operations and building, and by the
operations engineering teams to study the
servicing capability at the airport. 主要由飞机
的空气动力学形状的定义产生的主几何形
状可由结构设计团队用于导出结构和相关
设计原则的初步定义，由制造工程团队用
于具有最终装配线操作和建筑的初步定
义，以及由操作工程团队用于研究机场的
维修能力。
 The Space Allocation Model enables the
systems engineering teams to perform the pre-
installation of systems and various pieces of
equipment. It also enables the design
supportability teams to assess how the
maintenance operations can be performed. 空
间分配模型使系统工程团队能够执行系统
和各种设备的预安装。它还使设计支持团
队能够评估如何执行维护操作。

The DMU is composed of several design

products: each of these products is used to
satisfy the engineering expectations of the
different teams along the product lifecycle. For
instance:
DMU 由几个设计产品组成：这些产品
中的每一个都用于满足产品生命周期中不同
团队的工程期望。例如：

6
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
 FOR AIRCRAFT
Eventually, the Definition Model is the DESIGN AT AIRBUS
最终，定义模型是 DMU 的最后阶段，从中导出
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践
final stage of the DMU, from which the 制造数据。
data for manufacturing is derived. Some of the other DMU products are: the
Design Principles, the Frontier Models, the
Stress Design Reference Base, the
Systems/Equipment Installation Requirements
Dossier.
其他一些 DMU 产品有：设计原则、前沿模
型、应力设计参考基础、系统/设备安装要求
档案。
The concepts of Master Geometry and Space
Allocation Model also apply to tooling.
主几何和空间分配模型的概念也适用于工
具。
The DMU is now the central tool between
the different engineering teams, and also a
fundamental dialog tool between Engineering
and Manufacturing.
DMU 现在是不同工程团队之间的中心
工具，也是工程和制造之间的基本对话工
具。

‘Fig.3. Development process’

图 3。开发过程
The development process involves several shared products

M3 M5 M7 M13
7
FEASABILITY CONCEPT DEFINITION DEVELOPMENT SERIES

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Mock-ups are Key Integration Elements
24th ICAS Congress - Yokohama 10 Page 10

2.4 Way of working, new jobs 工作方式、新

工作

2.4.1 Working around the DMU 围 绕 DMU 工

作
As a consequence, concurrent engineering
has placed the DMU at the heart of the technical
quality of the design process. It has been
necessary to establish around the DMU the
7
 Th. Pardessus
appropriate technical control processes. This is Th.帕尔德苏
mainly achieved through the DMU reviews.
Held at regular time periods, the DMU
reviews allow progressive validation of the
product design thanks to the participation of
the multidisciplinary teams.
因此，并行工程将 DMU 置于设计过程
技术质量的核心。有必要围绕 DMU 建立适
当的技术控制流程。这主要是通过 DMU 审
查实现的。DMU 评审定期举行，由于多学
科团队的参与，可以逐步验证产品设计。

8
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
FOR AIRCRAFT DESIGN AT AIRBUS
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践

It is a strong contribution to the business implemented a new skill: DMU Data Quality
requirement to get it right first time. Using the Management.
DMU enables also to suppress the development 因此，空客还定义并实施了一项新技能：
and use of expensive (in time and cost) physical DMU 数据质量管理。
mock-ups.
第一次就把它做好是对业务需求的巨大 2.4.3 Development plateaus 发展平台期
贡献。使用 DMU 还能够抑制昂贵(在时间和 Implementation of concurrent engineering has led
成本上)的物理模型的开发和使用。 to organize the design teams in plateaus. In the
plateau concept, teams from different skills (such
as Engineering disciplines, Manufacturing,
2.4.2 DMU integrators, DMU Data Quality Customer Services,
DMU 集成商，DMU 数据质量 Procurement…) are co-located in proper
The DMU is quite a complex engineering collaborative environment for rapid and efficient
object, and requires proper management. communication and decision-making. Every
Otherwise all benefits of concurrent engineering involved discipline is the carrier of his/her home
are lost, there is a risk of more manual work competence, and the validation and decision-
(and hence limited cost reduction, risk not to making process is properly defined. The plateau
meet programme milestones), or even worse is also the place where during the definition
loss of baseline. phase of a programme,
DMU 是一个相当复杂的工程对象，需 并行工程的实施导致了在高原上组织设计团
队。在高原概念中，来自不同技能（如工程学
要适当的管理。否则，并行工程的所有好处
科、制造、 客户 服务、采
都将丧失，存在更多人工工作的风险（因此
成本降低有限，存在达不到计划里程碑的风 购……）位于适当的协作环境中，以实现快速
险），甚至更糟的是失去基线。 高效的沟通和决策。每个涉及的学科都是
Therefore Airbus has defined and 他/她的家庭能力的载体，验证和决策过程被
implemented the skill of “DMU integrators”. 适当地定义。平台也是在方案的定义阶段，
In each component design and build team there
is now one or several DMU Integrator(s), whose risk-sharing subcontractors are co-located with
job is mainly: Airbus teams to optimize the specification of
因此，空客定义并实施了“ DMU 集成 their work package.
商”的技能。在每个组件设计和构建团队
中，现在都有一个或多个 DMU 集成商，他 风险分担分包商与空客团队位于同一地点，
以优化其工作包的规格。
们的工作主要是：
 To ensure the validity of the data composing 3 Key enabling technology: Computer
the DMU, especially those related to Aided Design (CAD), Product Data
configuration. 确保组成 DMU 的数据的有 Management (PDM)
效性，尤其是与配置相关的数据。 关键使能技术：计算机辅助设计
 To perform problem analysis and ensure the （CAD）、产品数据管理（PDM）
correctness of the DMU (especially after
integration phases), e.g. to check that there
3.1 Computer Aided Design (CAD) 计算机辅
is no “hole”, no erratic data, to identify the
助设计
first clashes. 执行问题分析并确保 DMU 的
The CAD technology now enables us to
正确性（尤其是在集成阶段之后），例如
support a complete product process from the
检查没有“漏洞”、没有不稳定的数据，
first pre-design concepts in the design office to
以识别第一次冲突。
 Hence, to contribute to design process the detailed programming of the numerical
controlled machine for the manufacture of basic
quality. 因此，有助于设计过程质量。
parts. This leads to the concept of Integrated
Airbus has consequently also defined and
9
 Th. Pardessus
Th.帕尔德苏
Technological Process (ITP). 引擎。它尤其能够：
CAD 技术现在使我们能够支持完整的  At DMU level: 在 DMU 级别：
产品流程，从设计办公室的第一个预设计  The management of the product
概念到用于制造基本零件的数控机床的详 structure (that is the way the set of
细编程。这就产生了集成工艺流程（ITP） The 管理 的 the 产品结
的概念。 构（即
Designing in 3D is not only managing
pure geometries. It is mainly the way to ensure
that the parts are designed as a whole, in a
holistic approach, integrating and managing
functional requirements or constraints (e.g.
interfaces, holes, clearance requirements,
parametric definition).
3D 设计 不仅仅 是管理 纯粹 的几何 图
形。它主要是确保零件以整体方法作为一
个整体进行设计的方法，集成和管理功能
需求或约束（例如接口、孔、间隙要求、
参数定义）。
Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE)
applications: embedding more knowledge (and
managing this knowledge in configuration)
into the CAD system, and hence creating a
seamless CAD + KBE package, delivers more
and more collective benefit, and contributes to
industrial processes quality.
基于知识的工程（KBE）应用：将更
多知识（并在配置中管理这些知识）嵌入
到 CAD 系 统 中 ， 从 而 创 建 无 缝 的
CAD+KBE 包，可以带来越来越多的集体
利益，并有助于提高工业流程质量。
ITPs can be envisaged for all product/part
families of an aircraft, such as: sheet metal,
machined parts, composites, piping, tubing,
and electricity.
ITP 可以设想用于飞机的所有产品/零
件系列，例如：金属板、机加工零件、复
合材料、管道、管材和电力。
It is not the intent of this paper to detail
CAD technology, since numerous references
address the matter.
本文无意详细介绍 CAD 技术，因为许
多参考文献都提到了这个问题。

3.2 Product Data Management (PDM) 产品

数据管理（PDM）
The PDM is the operational and neuralgic
engine of the aircraft development and
definition. It enables especially:
PDM 是飞机开发和定义的操作和关键
1
0
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
FOR AIRCRAFT DESIGN AT AIRBUS
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践

drawings is organized and how the 这是一场深刻的变革，影响了公司的多项运营

drawings are released to manufacturing). 职能。像任何其他高附加值开发的产品一样，
图纸的组织以及如何将图纸发布给制 并行工程能力交付物必须绝对被认为是“面向
造部门）。 用户的”。
 The vaulting of design data. 设计数据的
4.1.1 Overall approach 整体方法
存储。
 The integration of the DMU. DMU 的集 The overall implementation approach
成。 considers the following phases: development,
 The visualization of the complete deployment, and operations.
product DMU according to its actual 整体实施方法考虑以下阶段：开发、部署
configuration status. 完整产品 DMU 根 和运营。
据其实际配置状态的可视化。 These phases are not sequential and
 The access by the design teams, themselves obey concurrent engineering
provided appropriate authorizations principles! Development and deployment are in
(particularly in case of the extended strong interaction. Deployment and operations
enterprise) and subscriptions are defined, have to be smoothly managed to avoid any
to the DMU. 如果定义了适当的授权 handover transition problem.
（特别是在扩展企业的情况下）和订 这些阶段不是顺序的，它们本身遵循并行
阅，则设计团队可以访问 DMU。 工程原则！开发和部署处于强交互中。必须平
 At industrial process level: 在 工 业 过 程 水 稳地管理部署和操作，以避免任何移交过渡问
题。
平：
 The management of the change process
(either during a development phase or in
a customization phase). 变更过程的管
理（在开发阶段或定制阶段）。
 The validation and application of the
different configuration (effectivity
management) according to the
customers’ requirements. 根据客户要求
验证和应用不同的配置（有效性管
理）。
 The link with the Enterprise Resource
Planning system. 与企业资源规划系统
的联系。

4 Concurrent Engineering implementation

并行工程实现

4.1 From theory to practice 从理论到实践

Developing and implementing concurrent
engineering techniques is not a minor task. It is
a deep change, impacting several operational
functions of the company. Like any other high
added value developed product, concurrent
engineering capabilities deliverables must
absolutely be thought as “users oriented”.
开发和实现并行工程技术不是一项小任务。
1
1
 Th. Pardessus
4.1.1.1 Development 发展 Th.帕尔德苏
During the development phase, users’ needs are
captured, processes re-engineered, as far as
needed, these needs are transformed into
capabilities specifications, and the tool related
parts are transformed into software/hardware
specifications, which are then developed and
tested.
在开发阶段，捕获用户的需求，重新设计流
程，根据需要，将这些需求转化为能力规
范，将工具相关部分转化为软件 /硬件规
范，然后进行开发和测试。

4.1.1.2 Deployment 部署
The deployment phase consists in making the
capabilities available to their users, after having
verified the specifications, tested in actual
operational environment, ensured training of
users, ensuring the first operational
accompaniment in support to the users.
部署阶段包括在验证规范、在实际操作环境
中测试、确保用户培训、确保支持用户的第
一次操作伴随之后，向用户提供功能。
Deploying concurrent engineering
capabilities is subject to the definition of
deployment roadmaps, in order to take into
account:
部署并行工程功能取决于部署路线图的
定义，以便考虑：
 The current “equipment” of teams
(currently operational concurrent
engineering packages, information system
and IT environment). 团 队 的 当 前 “ 设
备”（当前运行的并行工程包、信息系
统和 IT 环境）。
 The necessary level and quantity of
training. 必要的培训水平和数量。
 The business context, and its suitability or
criticality to experience a migration. 业 务
环境及其对迁移的适用性或重要性。
 The costs and scheduling of deployment. 部署
的成本和时间安排。

4.1.1.3 Operations 业务
When the capabilities are deployed, the design
teams on the plateaus have to operate with the
DMU. They are supported by CAD/PDM
support teams, very close to the users (by their
knowledge of design processes, by their
physical collocation on the plateau). It is
generally considered reasonable to have one
support head per fifty design heads in steady
regime. Learning phases induce sometimes
1
2
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
(particularly when FOR AIRCRAFT
significantly new DESIGN AT AIRBUS
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践
functionalities are deployed) to a higher ratio.
当能力部署后，高原上的设计团队必须与
DMU 一起工作。他们由 CAD/PDM 支持团
队提供支持，非常接近用户（通过他们对
设计流程的了解，通过他们在平台上的物
理配置）。通常认为在稳定状态下每 50 个
设计头有一个支撑头是合理的。学习阶段
有时（特别是当部署了显著新的功能时）
会导致更高的比率。

4.1.2 Implementation and

transformation management
实施和转型管理
High-level sponsorship is required:
implementing concurrent engineering (even
for
需要高水平的赞助：实现并行工程（即使
对于

1
3
 Th. Pardessus
Th.帕尔德苏

organizations having a certain experience in the reduced. 因此，成本显著降低。

matter) remains an important change in a
company, and requires buy-in and full support
from top operational management. 4.3 A380 programme A380 计划
在这方面有一定经验的组织）仍然是公司的 For the A380 programme, aircraft components
一个重要变化，需要高层运营管理层的认可 management teams are transnational: Airbus has
和全力支持。 deployed concurrent engineering capabilities at all
Managing properly this transformation is key Airbus sites. About 1800 workstations fully
for the success of a deployment. equipped with CAD/PDM capabilities are
正确管理这种转换是部署成功的关键。 deployed in the company.
The human dimension is also key: it is 对于 A380 项目，飞机部件管理团队是 跨国
necessary to reduce and win against the natural 的：空客在所有空客工厂都部署了并行工程能
resistance to change. When different cultures 力。公司内部署了约 1800 个完全配备 CAD/
are present, this human dimension increases PDM 功能的工作站。
significantly. Finally, it is necessary to train (of To enable the exchange of the DMUs between the
course at various degrees and depth) a wide different sites, dedicated processes have been
variety of staff (from very specialized established: since the DMU Exchange (DEX)
operational training for designers, to high level contributes to development team performance, it
awareness and associated managerial strategies has been instrumented with
for top management). 为了能够在不同站点之间交换 DMU，已经建
人的层面也是关键：有必要减少并战胜对变 立了专门的流程：由于 DMU 交换（DEX）有
革的自然阻力。当不同的文化存在时，这种 助于开发团队的绩效，因此它已经配备了
人的维度会显著增加。最后，有必要培训
（当然是不同程度和深度的）各种各样的员
工（从设计师非常专业的操作培训，到高层 performance indicators, and is consequently
管理人员的高水平意识和相关管理策略）。 tightly monitored.
This requires regular communication, to create
绩效指标，因此受到密切监控。
confidence and enable win-win situations. As a result of the extensive deployment of
这需要定期沟通，以建立信心并实现双赢。 concurrent engineering, the assembly of Main
Components Assemblies has been made easy,
and the development is reduced.
4.2 A340-500 and A340-600 programme
由于并行工程的广泛部署，主要部件组件的
A340-500 和 A340-600 计划
组装变得容易，开发减少。
The implementation of concurrent The programme is now in its production ramp-
engineering for the A340-500 and A340-600 up phase: concurrent engineering capabilities
programme has practically resulted in support the customization process, especially
dramatically improved performance: with the help of the management of a
A340-500 和 A340-600 项目并行工程的 Configured DMU.
实施实际上大大提高了性能： 该计划现在正处于生产加速阶段：并行工程
 The development effort has been drastically 能力支持定制过程，特别是在配置的 DMU
reduced, enabling especially an easier and 管理的帮助下。
faster assembly of the central fuselage
section. 开发工作已经大大减少，特别是
能够更容易和更快地组装中央机身部分。 5 Research approach and vision 研究方法和
 The overall development lead time has been 视野
reduced by about ten months. 整 体开发周
期缩短了约十个月。 5.1 Research projects 研究项目
 Costs have been consequently significantly Practical implementation of concurrent
1
4
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
FOR AIRCRAFT DESIGN AT AIRBUS
engineering in our aircraft programme 力
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践
operations has been made possible only after a
continuous research effort. Step-by-step,
research has allowed an implementation in
aircraft programmes.
只有经过不断的研究努力，并行工程
才有可能在我们的飞机项目运营中实际实
施。研究一步一步地允许在飞机项目中实
施。
A large part of these research projects
have been performed in co-operation with
other aeronautics partners (airframe, engine,
systems), aerospace partners, research
institutes, and universities, but also sometimes
in wider cooperation schemes grouping other
industries, such as the automotive industry.
这些研究项目的很大一部分是与其他
航空合作伙伴（机身、发动机、系统）、
航空航天合作伙伴、研究机构和大学合作
进行的，但有时也与其他行业（如汽车行
业）进行更广泛的合作计划。
Part of this research has been or is carried
out in the framework of very large projects
(see here below ENHANCE and VIVACE),
enabling a much wider consideration of needs
and opening the way to wider dissemination
for better overall efficiency.
这项研究的一部分已经或正在非常大
的项目框架内进行（见下文 ENHANCE 和
VIVACE），能够更广泛地考虑需求，并为
更广泛的传播开辟道路，以提高整体效
率。

5.2 ENHANCE 增强
With the ACE initiative, Airbus has
firstly focused on the improvement of its
internal performance. During the development
of the A340-500 and of the A340-600, the way
has been opened to the deployment of
concurrent engineering techniques to the
supply chain. But in an industry where about
60% of the product value comes from
suppliers, there was evidence that research
should be carried out to really design
concurrent engineering capabilities for
通过 ACE 计划，空客首先专注于提高
其内部绩效。在 A340-500 和 A340-600 的
开发过程中，为将并行工程技术部署到供
应链中开辟了道路。但是在一个大约 60%
的产品价值来自供应商的行业中，有证据
表明应该进行研究来真正设计并行工程能
1
5
 Th. Pardessus
Th.帕尔德苏

the extended enterprise. This was the aim of the The project will address:
ENHANCE project (= ENHanced AeroNautical 该项目将解决：
Concurrent Engineering), which has put  Simulation techniques (aircraft, systems,
together for three years (1999-2002) more than main components).
扩 展 的 企 业 。 这 就 是 ENHANCE 项 目 模拟技术（飞机、系统、主要部件）。
（ =ENHanced AeroNautical Concurrent  DMU and concurrent engineering.
Engineering）的目标，该项目在三年（1999- DMU 和并行工程。
2002）中汇集了超过  The extended enterprise.
50 partners: airline, aeronautical industry 扩展的企业。
(aircraft, helicopter, engine, equipment  Decision-making supported by knowledge
manufacturers), research institutes, information management.
technology vendors. ENHANCE delivers 知识管理支持的决策。
outstanding results through pilots in:
50 个合作伙伴：航空公司、航空工业（飞
机、直升机、发动机、设备制造商）、研究 5.4 Vision 愿景
机构、信息技术供应商。ENHANCE 通过以 To support its vision in engineering
下方面的试点取得了出色的成果： capabilities for aircraft development, Airbus has
 Aircraft products development processes. 飞 been developing the concept of the Virtual
机产品开发过程。 Aircraft, based on a consistent and structured
 Product data models enabling future multi- approach of Architectural Design, and the
view description and management of the continuation of concurrent engineering
product. 支持未来产品多视图描述和管理 initiatives in a perspective of more integrated
的产品数据模型。 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM).
 Collaborative ways of working and 为了支持其飞机开发工程能力的愿景，
supporting tools for the Extended 空中客车公司一直在开发虚拟飞机的概念，
Enterprise. 扩展企业的协作工作方式和支 该概念基于一致和结构化的架构设计方法，
持工具。 并从更加集成的产品生命周期管理（PLM）
的角度继续并行工程计划。

5.3 VIVACE 活泼 This model can be summarized as depicted

With VIVACE (Value Improvement in the figure below:
through Virtual Aeronautical Collaborative 这个模型可以总结如下图所示：
Enterprise), some 50 partners from industry and  Targeting ever better to meet Customers’
research institutes will cooperate during four requirements, with the support of:
years (2004 to end 2007). 在以下方面的支持下，更好地满足客户的
通过 VIVACE（通过虚拟航空协作企业 需求：
提高价值），来自工业和研究机构的约 50 个  A Virtual Product system, and
合 作 伙 伴 将 在 四 年 内 （ 2004 年 至 2007 年 虚拟产品系统，以及
底）进行合作。  A Virtual Enterprise system.

‘Fig.4. VIVACE’ ‘Fig.5. The Virtual Aircraft’

图 4。活泼的
虚拟企业系统。图 5。虚拟飞机

Co 100% CAD/PDM
VIVACE: better upstream phase for shorter and
二氧化碳 100%cheaper aircraft CAD/PDM 的广泛应用
Strong link with manufacturing
development
aircraft 与制造业的紧密联系
Risk
风险 on Strong traceability
Assessment
评估
在 飞机 Aircraft component
Methods & tools 可追溯性强
Progressive configuration 方法和工具
Impact on selection
影响 Extensive use of

component Discipline 1
6
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
e
M a FOR
ConceptAIRCRAFT
ty M3-M5
M5-M7 DESIGN The
AT AIRBUS
Virtual Aircraft:
0 s Definition
-
M
i 空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践
M0-M3 可行性 M3-
Customer driven requirements & performances
b M5 概念 M5-M7 定
3 i 义 Customers
Customers
l M7-M13 Development Marketing,
Marketing, Customisation responsiveness
Customisation responsiveness
F i M7-M13 开发
VIRTUAL AIRCRAFT Aiirworthiiness
Authorities
Airworthiness
Certification time &
Authorities
st
costs saving
Certification time &
costs saving
CCuusstotommeerrddrrivi

veen n
rreeqquuirireemmeenntst
Product performances
D e v e l o p t o A g r e e d T a r g e ts
s& &
Develop to Agreed Targets
S S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.

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© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.

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24th ICAS Congress - Yokohama 20 InInteteraracctitviveeccaappaabbiliiltiytywwitih

Page 20
第 24 届 ICAS 大会-横滨 20 第 20 页
F e a tu re s & s im u la ti o n
F e a tu re s & s im u la t io n th
c a p a b il i t i e s
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The project focuses first on the development 24th ICAS Congress - Yokohama 19 Page 19

upstream phases, and will bring solutions to

have “better” pre-definition phases (where costs
are still relatively limited), for cheaper overall
development costs. This could be achieved
through a slight increase of the pre-definition
phases, but with a reduction of the detailed
definition and development phases.
该项目首先关注开发上游阶段，并将带来具
有“更好”的预定义阶段（成本仍然相对有
限）的解决方案，以降低总体开发成本。这
可以通过稍微增加预先定义阶段，但减少详
细定义和开发阶段来实现。

The main implementation axes of this

vision are:
这一愿景的主要实施轴心是：
 Deployment of System
Engineering techniques.
部署 的 系统 工程技
术。
 Develop to Agreed Targets and
Product Performance Driven Processes.
根据商定的目标和产品性能驱动的流程
进行开发。

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7
 Th. Pardessus
Th.帕尔德苏

 The development as early as possible of a 来了巨大的商业利益。

maximum of simulation capability
(including virtual reality) in order to have at Airbus also manages a structured research
the earliest the best architecture and approach, enabling to build-up and secure the
definition of the product as a response to the definition of a pragmatic but ambitious vision,
programme requirements. 尽早开发最大限 and allowing consequently its progressive
度的模拟能力（包括虚拟现实），以便尽 implementation into business operations. Opening
早拥有产品的最佳架构和定义，以响应程 these research initiatives to a wide partnership
序要求。 eases the deployment of these practices
 A fully integrated and multi-view DMU, and throughout the aeronautical industry.
associated PDM. 完全集成的多视图 DMU 空客还管理一种结构化的研究方法，能够
和相关的 PDM。 建立和确保一个务实但雄心勃勃的愿景的定
 Extensive development and deployment of 义，从而允许其逐步实施到业务运营中。向广
Integrated Technological Processes. 综合工 泛的合作伙伴开放这些研究计划有助于这些实
艺流程的广泛开发和部署。 践在整个航空业的部署。
 The continuation of development and
extensive implementation of Knowledge References
Based Engineering techniques, enabling the 参考文献
delivery of best value of engineering [1] ENHANCE website:
competence, focused on high added value http://www.enhanceproject.com
增强网站 http://www.enhancepro
tasks. 基于知识的工程技术的持续发展和
ject.com
广泛实施，使工程能力的最佳价值能够交
付，重点是高附加值的任务。
 Optimized Knowledge Management
processes and capabilities. 优化知识管理流
程和能力。
 A fully integrated extended enterprise and
supporting information system, with high
performance collaborative working
capabilities. 一个完全集成的扩展企业和支
持信息系统，具有高性能的协同工作能
力。

6 Conclusion 结论
In recent years Airbus has been
continuously developing and implementing a
policy regarding the development and
deployment of concurrent engineering
capabilities. The knowledge, the practical
operational experience and the understanding
and management of human aspects gained
during the recent aircraft programmes has
delivered significant business benefits.
近年来，空中客车公司一直在不断制定
和实施一项关于并行工程能力开发和部署的
政策。在最近的飞机项目中获得的知识、实
际操作经验以及对人的方面的理解和管理带
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8
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICES
FOR AIRCRAFT DESIGN AT AIRBUS
[2] VIVACE website: VIVACE 网站 http://www.vivaceproject.com
空中客车公司飞机设计的并行工程开发与实践
http://www.vivaceproject.co
m

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