Research Methodology

Assignment II
Aarya Gokhale
PRN- 1172220300

Q1. Explain different types of sampling

In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the
selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within
a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole
population. Statisticians attempt to collect samples that are representative
of the population in question.
The population being studied is called the target population. Sampling
is the process of deciding what or whom to observe when you cannot
observe and analyze everything or everyone

There are two main types of samplings

a) Probability samplings
b) Nonprobability samplings
PROBABILITY SAMPLINGS
A probability sample is a sample in which every unit in the population
has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this
probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits
makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by
weighting sampled units according to their probability of selection.
Probability sampling includes: Simple Random Sampling, Systematic
Sampling, Stratified Sampling, Probability Proportional to Size Sampling
and Cluster or Multistage Sampling. These various ways of probability
sampling have two things in common:

1. Every element has a known nonzero probability of being sampled

and
2. Involves random selection at some point.

Simple Random Samples

A simple random sample is a type of probability sample in which. Each
individual has the same probability of being selected. Each pair has the
same probability of being selected.
Systematic Samples
A systematic sample is a probability sampling strategy in which sample
members are selected by using a fixed interval.
Cluster Samples
Cluster samples are a probability sampling strategy in which researchers
divide up the target population into groups, or “clusters.”
Stratified Sampling
Stratified sampling is a probability sampling strategy in which:  The
population is divided into groups, or strata. Members are selected in
strategic proportions from each group.

NONPROBABILITY SAMPLINGS
Nonprobability sampling is any sampling method where some elements
of the population have no chance of selection or where the probability of
selection can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of
elements based on assumptions regarding the population of interest,
which forms the criteria for selection. Hence, because the selection of
elements is non-random, nonprobability sampling does not allow the
estimation of sampling errors.
Nonprobability sampling methods include convenience sampling, quota
sampling, and purposive sampling.

TYPES OF NON – PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1.) CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
2.) JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING
3.) SNOWBALL SAMPLING
4.) QUOTA SAMPLING

A.) CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

The term "convenience sampling" refers to a technique used by
researchers to gather market research data from a pool of respondents
who are conveniently accessible. It is the most often utilised sample
technique since it is so quick, simple, and affordable.
B.) JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING
The term “judgmental sampling” also known as purposive sampling refers
to selecting the sample members solely based on the researcher's
expertise and judgement. There is a likelihood that the results will be
extremely accurate with a small margin of error because the researcher's
knowledge is essential for creating a sample in this sampling technique.
C.) SNOWBALL SAMPLING
Researchers may utilise the snowball sampling technique when it is
difficult to locate the study's volunteers. When the topic is sensitive or
controversial, researchers will adopt this method. For example, a
researcher who is seeking to study leadership patterns could ask
individuals to name others in their community who are influential.
D.) QUOTA SAMPLING
Quota sampling refers to a technique where researchers compile a sample
of people who accurately reflect a population. These people are chosen by
researchers based on particular characteristics or attributes. They make
decisions and set quotas to ensure that the market research samples are
effective at gathering data. The entire population can be based on these
sampling.
Q2 Write a note on research methods

Research techniques are techniques or procedures that researchers

employ to collect data for the topic of their study. Every research topic
might have a method that is effective. Qualitative and quantitative
research methods are the two main categories of research. The researcher
must select the appropriate tactic. This is because choosing the incorrect
approach could prevent you from addressing the study question.

Other strategies are as follows :-

a.) SURVEY
They are among the first methods and are used for in-depth study. The same questions
are posed to a large number of people, and the results are compiled as numerical data.

b.) INTERVIEW
This method involves meeting the interviewee in person and asking them questions.
These can be finished in person, over the phone, or online.

1.) PERSONAL INTERVIEW

includes conducting interviews in person. Gaining in-depth knowledge of the
respondent's thoughts, feelings, and experiences is possible. It is quite personal.

2.) PHONE INTERVIEW

A telephone interview in quick, casual contact between two people. This is
utilised by researchers when they need to acquire a lot of data from a large
number of participants.
c.) ETHNOGRAPHY
The study of people and culture is another name for it. It in-depth describes people's
daily experiences, behaviours, and lives. It is based on fieldwork, which requires the
researcher to have ongoing, close relationships with participants. The topic is observed
in public places. The majority of these methods are used by sociologists and
anthropologists. Very contextualised; the researcher learns every bit of information
there is to know about the cultural subject.

d.) EXPERIMENTS
It is a scientific experiment that is carried out to support a hypothesis or discover new
information. It is intended to test a theory under controlled circumstances in an effort
to remove internal validity challenges. There are 4 major types of experiments.

i.) LAB EXPERIMENT

These kinds of experiments take place in labs and allow the researcher
the most environmental control possible.

Ii.) FIELD EXPERIMENT

They happen in a context that is natural. It's done to assess how well
treatments have improved health and educational outcomes.
iii.) POPULATION BASED SURVEY EXPERIMENT
They use survey techniques and a representative sample of the
population. The participants frequently read a scenario's description and
respond to questions.

Iv.) NATURAL EXPERIMENT

This experiment resembles an observation study more than a true
experiment because the independent variable is controlled by the
environment.

e.) FOCUS GROUP

Focus groups are research techniques in which a small group of people gather and
respond to questions in a controlled environment. The questions provide information
about a subject of shared interest, and the chosen group has predetermined
demographic characteristics.

f.) OBSERVATION
It either entails counting the occurrences of a particular phenomenon or coding
observational data to convert it to numbers.

g.) MATERIAL BASED METHODS

The term refers to the pre-existing data that serves as the foundation for materials-
based research. It involves reports, statistics, news, and expert analysis.
Instead than conducting interviews, observations, or surveys with subjects, this sort of
study analyses already-existing resources.

TYPES OF MATERIALS :-
1.) EXPERT ANALYSIS
2.) REPORTS
3.) RECORDS
4.) NEWS
5.) PHYSICAL MATERIALS
6.) FIRST PERSON ACCOUNTS
7.) MAPS
8.) OTHER MEDIA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.) NOTES BY JENNEY GODLEY MA’AM

2.) SELF MADE NOTES

3.)Sampling (statistics) - Wikipedia

4.)What is Research - Definition, Types, Methods & Examples (questionpro.com)