i Pu Cs Chapter 7 Q&A

CHAPTER 6:
FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER BLUEPRINT PLAN FOR FINAL EXAM
VSA SA LA E TOTAL
1 MARK 2 MARKS 3 MARKS 5 MARKS
PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE

1 MCQ 1 ------ 1 9 MARKS
1 FIB
MCQ
1. What is the process of dividing a computer program into separate independent

blocks of code known as?
a) Function programming
b) Modular programming
c) Structured programming
d) Object-oriented programming
Answer: b) Modular programming
2. What is the purpose of functions in programming?

a) To make the code longer
b) To reduce readability
c) To achieve modularity and reusability
d) To increase complexity
Answer: c) To achieve modularity and reusability
3. Which of the following statements is true about functions?

a) Functions can be called only once
b) Functions cannot have parameters
c) Functions can be called repeatedly
d) Functions must always return a value
Answer: c) Functions can be called repeatedly
4. What is the syntax to define a function in Python?
a) def function_name:
b) function function_name():
c) def function_name():
d) function function_name:
Answer: c) def function_name():

2
5. What does the 'return' statement do in a function?
a) Ends the function execution and optionally passes back an expression to the
caller
b) Outputs a value to the console
c) Starts the function execution
d) Defines a new function
Answer: a) Ends the function execution and optionally passes back an expression

to the caller
6. What is the term for a value passed to a function during the function call?
a) Parameter
b) Argument
c) Return value
d) Variable
Answer: b) Argument
7. What is a user-defined function?
a) A function provided by Python standard library
b) A function defined by the programmer

3
c) A function that cannot be reused
d) A function without parameters

Answer: b) A function defined by the programmer
8. In the function definition `def add(a, b):`, what are `a` and `b`?
a) Arguments
b) Return values
c) Parameters
d) Variables
Answer: c) Parameters
9. Which keyword is used to create a function in Python?
a) func
b) define
c) function
d) def
Answer: d) def
10. What is the output of the following code?
Python Code:
def greet(name):
4
return "Hello, " + name
print(greet("Alice"))
a) Hello,
b) Hello, greet
c) Hello, Alice
d) greet(Alice)

Answer: c) Hello, Alice
11. How do you call a function named `my_function` in Python?
a) call my_function()
b) my_function()
c) def my_function()
d) execute my_function()
Answer: b) my_function()
12. What will be the output of the following code?
Python Code:
def add(a, b):

5
return a + b
result = add(3, 5)
print(result)
a) 8
b) 3
c) 5
d) add
Answer: a) 8
13. What is an advantage of using functions in a program?
a) Decreases readability
b) Increases code length
c) Increases reusability
d) Makes debugging difficult
Answer: c) Increases reusability
Python Code:
6
def multiply(a, b):
return a * b
print(multiply(2, 4))
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6

d) 8
Answer: d) 8
15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a function?
a) It can be reused
b) It must return a value
c) It can take arguments
d) It helps in modularity
Answer: b) It must return a value
16. What is the main advantage of breaking a program into smaller functions?
a) To make the program slower

7
b) To increase code repetition
c) To make the program more organized and manageable
d) To make the code more complex
Answer: c) To make the program more organized and manageable
17. What is the keyword used to return a value from a function in Python?
a) send
b) yield
c) return
d) give
Answer: c) return
Python Code:
def subtract(a, b):
return a - b
print(subtract(10, 3))
a) 7
8
b) 3
c) 10
d) -7
Answer: a) 7
19. Which of the following best describes a function?
a) A block of code that performs a specific task
b) A loop structure

c) A conditional statement
d) A data type
Answer: a) A block of code that performs a specific task
20. How do you define a function with no parameters?
a) def function_name[]:
b) def function_name():
c) function_name():
d) function_name[]:
Answer: b) def function_name():

9
Python Code:
def divide(a, b):
return a / b
print(divide(10, 2))
a) 5.0
b) 5
c) 2
d) 0.5
Answer: a) 5.0
22. What is a function call?
a) Declaring a function
b) Executing a function
c) Returning a value from a function
d) Passing parameters to a function
Answer: b) Executing a function
23. Which of the following is an invalid function name in Python?

10
a) my_function
b) _function
c) function1
d) 1function
Answer: d) 1function
Python Code:

def say_hello():
print("Hello, World!")
say_hello()
a) Hello, World!
b) say_hello
c) print
d) Hello
Answer: a) Hello, World!
25. What is the main purpose of the `def` keyword in Python?

11
a) To define a variable
b) To define a function
c) To create a loop
d) To import a module
Answer: b) To define a function
26. Which of the following functions is used to find the length of a list in Python?
a) length()
b) len()
c) size()
d) count()
Answer: b) len()
Python Code:
def square(x):
return x * x
print(square(3))
12
a) 3
b) 6
c) 9
d) 12
Answer: c) 9
28. What is a parameter in the context of functions?
a) A loop counter

b) A variable defined inside a loop
c) A value that a function returns
d) A variable used in the function definition
Answer: d) A variable used in the function definition
29. Which of the following is an example of a function with a return value?
a) def greet(): print("Hello!")
b) def greet(): return "Hello!"
c) def greet(): pass
d) def greet(): break
Answer: b) def greet(): return "Hello!"
13
Python Code:
def concat(str1, str2):
return str1 + str2
print(concat("Hello, ", "World!"))
a) Hello
b) World
c) Hello, World!
d) concat
Answer: c) Hello, World!
31. How do you pass multiple arguments to a function in Python?
a) def function_name(arg1 arg2):
b) def function_name(arg1, arg2):
c) function_name(arg1; arg2)
d) def function_name[arg1, arg2]:
Answer: b) def function_name(arg1, arg2):
14
Python Code:
def power(base, exp):
return base exp
print(power(2, 3))
a) 6

b) 8
c) 9
d) 12
Answer: b) 8
33. What is the main purpose of using functions in programming?
a) To decrease execution time
b) To reduce the need for loops
c) To organize code and promote reusability
d) To complicate the program
Answer: c) To organize code and promote reusability
15
Python Code:
def add_five(x):
return x + 5
print(add_five(10))
a) 10
b) 15
c) 5
d) 20
Answer: b) 15
35. What is the keyword
used to define a function in Python?
a) function
b) define
c) def
d) func
16
Answer: c) def
Python Code:
def greet():
return "Hello!"
print(greet())

a) greet
b) "Hello!"
c) Hello!
d) None
Answer: c) Hello!
37. How do you specify default values for parameters in a function?
a) def function_name(param=value):
b) def function_name(param==value):
c) function_name(param=value):
d) function_name(param==value):
17
Answer: a) def function_name(param=value):
Python Code:
def increment(n):
n += 1
return n
print(increment(7))
a) 6
b) 7
c) 8
d) 9
Answer: c) 8
39. Which statement is true regarding a function with multiple return

statements?
a) Only the first return statement will be executed
b) All return statements will be executed

18
c) The function will return multiple values
d) Only the last return statement will be executed
Answer: a) Only the first return statement will be executed
Python Code:
def double(x):
return x * 2

result = double(4)
print(result)
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
Answer: d) 8
41. Which of the following is a correct way to document a function in Python?
a) Using comments (#)

19
b) Using triple-quoted strings (""" """)
c) Using single-quoted strings (' ')
d) Using parentheses ()
Answer: b) Using triple-quoted strings (""" """)
Python Code:
def subtract(a, b):

return a - b
print(subtract(15, 5))
a) 10
b) 20
c) 15
d) 5
Answer: a) 10
43. What is the term used for a function defined inside another function?
a) Nested function
20
b) Inner function
c) Sub function
d) Lambda function
Answer: a) Nested function
Python Code:
def sum_numbers(a, b):

return a + b
result = sum_numbers(3, 4)
print(result)
a) 3
b) 4
c) 7
d) 10
Answer: c) 7

21
Python Code:
def identity(x):
return x
print(identity("Python"))
a) Python
b) identity
c) "Python"
d) print
Answer: a) Python
46. How do you ensure a function has a variable number of arguments in Python?
a) Using an asterisk (*) before the parameter name
b) Using double asterisks ( ) before the parameter name
c) Using an ampersand (&) before the parameter name
d) Using a hash (#) before the parameter name
Answer: a) Using an asterisk (*) before the parameter name

22
Python Code:
def repeat_string(s, n):
return s * n
print(repeat_string("Hi", 3))
a) Hi
b) HiHiHi

c) Hi3
d) repeat_string
Answer: b) HiHiHi
48. Which of the following is not a valid Python function?
a) def my_func():
b) def my-func():
c) def my_func1():
d) def _myfunc():
Answer: b) def my-func():
49. What is the primary purpose of a lambda function in Python?

23
a) To create a complex function
b) To define a function with a long body
c) To create small anonymous functions
d) To define a class method
Answer: c) To create small anonymous functions
Python Code:
def add(a, b=5):
return a + b
print(add(3))
a) 3
b) 5
c) 8
d) 15
Answer: c) 8
24
FILL IN THE BLANKS (Sample)
1. The process of dividing a computer program into separate independent

blocks of code is known as __________.
o Answer: modular programming
2. A function can be defined as a named group of instructions that accomplish
a specific task when it is __________.
o Answer: invoked
3. A function definition begins with the keyword __________.

o Answer: def
4. The function header always ends with a __________.
o Answer: colon (:)
5. The default value assigned to a parameter in a function definition is known
as a __________.
o Answer: default value
6. A function defined to achieve some task as per the programmer's
requirement is called a __________ function.
o Answer: user defined
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
2 Marks Questions
1. Define a user-defined function in Python.

o A user-defined function is a function created by the programmer to
perform specific tasks according to their requirements. It is defined
using the def keyword followed by the function name and parameters.
25
2. What are the benefits of using functions in a program?
o Functions help in breaking down complex problems into smaller,
manageable parts. They promote code reusability, improve readability,
and make maintenance easier.
3. Explain the concept of a global variable with an example.
o A global variable is defined outside of any function and can be accessed
in any function defined onwards. Example:
num = 5
def myfunc1():
global num
print("Accessing num =", num)

num = 10
print("num reassigned =", num)
myfunc1()
print("Accessing num outside myfunc1", num)
Output:
Accessing num = 5
num reassigned = 10
Accessing num outside myfunc1 10
4. Explain the concept of a local variable with an example.

o A local variable is defined within a function or block and can only be
accessed within that function or block. It exists only for the duration of
the function's execution. Example:
def myFunc1():
y = num + 5
print("Accessing num -> (global) in myFunc1, value =",
26
num)
print("Accessing y-> (local variable of myFunc1)
accessible, value=", y)
myFunc1()
print("Accessing num outside myFunc1", num)
print("Accessing y outside myFunc1", y)
Output:
Accessing num -> (global) in myFunc1, value = 5

Accessing y-> (local variable of myFunc1) accessible,
value = 10

Accessing num outside myFunc1 5
NameError: name ‘y’ is not defined
:citation[oaicite:0]{index=0}
5. How do you call a function in Python?

o To call a function in Python, write the function name followed by
parentheses containing any required arguments. Example:
answer = calcpow(base, expo)
6. What is the syntax for defining a user-defined function in Python?

o The syntax for defining a user-defined function is:
def function_name(parameters):
# function body
7. What is an argument in the context of functions?

o An argument is a value that is passed to a function when it is called.
Arguments are used by the function to perform operations or
calculations. 27
8. What is a parameter in the context of functions?
o A parameter is a variable in the function definition that receives the
value of an argument when the function is called.
9. What is the difference between a built-in function and a user-defined
function?
o Built-in functions are pre-defined in Python and available for use
directly (e.g., print(), input()). User-defined functions are created
by the programmer to perform specific tasks.
10. Explain the term "scope of a variable".
o The scope of a variable refers to the part of the program where the
variable can be accessed. Variables can have a global scope (accessible

throughout the program) or a local scope (accessible only within the
function or block where they are defined).
11. What does the global keyword do in Python?
o The global keyword is used to declare that a variable inside a function
is global, allowing the function to modify the variable outside its local
scope.
12. What is the significance of the return statement in a function?
o The return statement ends the execution of a function and optionally
sends a value back to the caller. It allows functions to produce output
based on their operations.
13. Describe how you can import a specific function from a module.
o You can import a specific function from a module using the from
keyword followed by the module name and the import keyword.
Example:
from math import sqrt

28
14. What happens if a global variable and a local variable have the same name
within a function?
o If a global variable and a local variable have the same name within a
function, the local variable will hide the global variable within that
function's scope. Any changes to the variable will only affect the local
variable.
15. Explain the purpose of the import statement in Python.
o The import statement is used to include external modules or libraries
into a Python program, allowing the use of their functions, classes, and

variables.
16. What is the Python Standard Library?
o The Python Standard Library is a collection of modules and packages
that come with Python, providing a wide range of functionalities, such
as file I/O, system calls, and networking.
17. How does Python handle multiple imports of the same module?
o Python handles multiple imports of the same module efficiently by
loading the module only once. Subsequent imports will use the already
loaded module from the cache.
18. What is the role of indentation in Python function definitions?
o Indentation in Python is crucial for defining the body of a function. It
indicates the block of code that belongs to the function, ensuring proper
structure and readability.
29
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the advantages of using functions in a program with examples.
Functions provide several advantages in programming:
o Increased Readability: Functions make code more organized and

easier to understand. For example, breaking down a complex task into
smaller functions makes the main program more readable.
o Reduced Code Length: Functions prevent code repetition. The same
code does not need to be written at multiple places, which also makes
debugging easier. For example, a function to calculate the area of a
circle can be reused whenever needed.
o Reusability: Functions can be reused in different parts of the program
or in different programs. For example, a function that calculates the tax
on a product can be used in various billing systems.
o Parallel Development: Work can be divided among team members and
completed in parallel. Each member can work on different functions.
2. Write a short program to demonstrate the use of a global variable.
x = 10 # global variable
def increase():
global x
x += 5
print("Inside function, x =", x)
increase()
30 print("Outside function, x =", x)
Output:
Inside function, x = 15
Outside function, x = 15
3. Write a short program to demonstrate the use of a local variable.
def example():
y = 5 # local variable
y += 3
print("Inside function, y =", y)
example()

# Uncommenting the following line would raise an error
# print("Outside function, y =", y)
Output:
Inside function, y = 8
4. Explain with an example how a function can return multiple values in

Python. In Python, a function can return multiple values by returning a tuple.
def get_min_max(numbers):
return min(numbers), max(numbers)
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
minimum, maximum = get_min_max(nums)
print("Min:", minimum)
print("Max:", maximum)
Output:
Min: 1 31
Max: 5
5. Describe the process of creating a user-defined function with parameters.
Creating a user-defined function with parameters involves:
o Using the def keyword followed by the function name and parameters
in parentheses.
o Writing the function body indented under the function header.
o Optionally, returning a value using the return statement.
def greet(name):
print("Hello,", name)
greet("Alice")
Output:
Hello, Alice
6. Write a function that calculates the sum of the first n natural numbers.
def sum_natural_numbers(n):
return n * (n + 1) // 2
print("Sum of first 5 natural numbers:", sum_natural_numbers(5))
Output:
Sum of first 5 natural numbers: 15
7. What is the purpose of the return statement in a Python function? Give an

example. The return statement is used to exit a function and return a value to
the caller.
32
def square(x):
return x * x
result = square(4)
print("Square of 4 is", result)
Output:
Square of 4 is 16
8. Explain the difference between positional and keyword arguments with

examples.
o Positional Arguments: Arguments passed to a function based on their

position.
def display_info(name, age):

print("Name:", name)
print("Age:", age)
display_info("Alice", 25)
o Keyword Arguments: Arguments passed to a function by explicitly

naming each parameter.
display_info(age=25, name="Alice")
9. Output:
Name: Alice
Age: 25
10. How do you handle default values in function parameters? Provide an

example. Default values can be provided in function parameters by assigning
33
values in the function header.
def greet(name, message="Hello"):
print(message, name)
greet("Alice")
greet("Bob", "Good morning")
Output:
Good morning Bob
11. Write a short program to demonstrate the use of the global keyword.
count = 0
def increment():
global count
count += 1
increment()
print("Count after increment:", count)
Output:
Count after increment: 1
12. Describe the flow of execution in a Python program with multiple function
calls. The flow of execution in a Python program with multiple function calls
involves:
o Starting at the first statement of the program.
o Executing function definitions but not their bodies.
34 o When a function is called, jumping to the function body and executing

it.
o Returning to the point after the function call once the function
completes.
def first():
print("First function")
def second():
print("Second function")
first()
second()

Output:
First function
Second function
13. Explain the concept of a module in Python and how it helps in program
development. A module in Python is a file containing Python code, which can
include functions, classes, and variables. Modules help in:
o Organizing code into manageable sections.
o Reusing code across different programs by importing the module.
o Reducing redundancy and improving maintainability.
# example_module.py
def greet(name):
# main_program.py
import example_module 35
example_module.greet("Alice")
Output:
Hello, Alice
14. Write a short program to demonstrate the use of the Python Standard
Library.
import math
def calculate_circle_area(radius):
return math.pi * radius ** 2
print("Area of a circle with radius 5:",

calculate_circle_area(5))
Output:
Area of a circle with radius 5: 78.53981633974483
15. How can you reuse functions from another program or module? Explain
with an example. Functions from another program or module can be reused by
importing the module.
# math_functions.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b
def subtract(a, b):

return a - b
# main_program.py
36 import math_functions
print("Addition:", math_functions.add(5, 3))
print("Subtraction:", math_functions.subtract(5, 3))
Output:
Addition: 8
Subtraction: 2
16. Explain the importance of the def keyword in Python. The def keyword is
used to define a new function. It tells the Python interpreter that the following
block of code is a function.

python
Copy code
def greet(name):
17. Describe how function headers and function calls work in Python.
o Function Header: Begins with def, followed by the function name,
parentheses, and a colon. It may include parameters.
def greet(name):
o Function Call: Executes the function by providing arguments if needed.
greet("Alice")
o When a function is called, the control is passed to the function body,

and once the function completes, the control returns to the point after
the function call.
18. Write a short program that includes both user-defined functions and built- 37
in functions.
def square(num):
return num * num
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

result = square(num)
print("Square of", num, "is", result)
Output:
Enter a number: 4
Square of 4 is 16
19. Explain the significance of the colon (:) at the end of a function header in
Python. The colon (:) at the end of a function header indicates the beginning
of the function body. It tells the Python interpreter that the following indented
block of code belongs to the function.
def greet(name):
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write a Python program that demonstrates the use of both global and local
variables within multiple functions.
def func1():
global x
x += 10
38
print("func1 - global x:", x)
print("func1 - local y:", y)
def func2():
z = 30 # local variable
print("func2 - global x:", x)
print("func2 - local z:", z)
func1()
func2()
print("Global x after functions:", x)
Output:

func1 - global x: 60
func1 - local y: 20
func2 - global x: 60
func2 - local z: 30
Global x after functions: 60
2. Discuss in detail the advantages of using functions in programming. Use

examples to support your explanation.
Functions offer several advantages in programming:
o Modularity: Functions break down a program into smaller, manageable

pieces. This makes the program easier to understand and maintain.
def add(a, b):

return a + b
def subtract(a, b):

return a - b
39
o Reusability: Functions can be reused across different parts of a program
or in different programs without rewriting the code.
result1 = add(5, 3)
result2 = subtract(10, 4)
o Readability: Functions provide a clear structure, making the code more

readable.
def calculate_area(radius):
pi = 3.14159
return pi * radius ** 2
print("Area of circle:", calculate_area(5))
o Testing and Debugging: Smaller functional units are easier to test and
debug compared to a large block of code.
def test_add():
assert add(2, 3) == 5
assert add(-1, 1) == 0
o Parallel Development: Functions allow multiple developers to work on

different parts of a program simultaneously.
def feature1():
pass # Developer A
def feature2():
pass # Developer B
40
3. Write a Python function to calculate the factorial of a number.
def calcFact(num):
fact = 1
for i in range(num,0,-1):
fact = fact * i
print("Factorial of",num,"is",fact)
num = int(input("Enter the number: "))

calcFact(num)
Output:

Enter the number: 5
Factorial of 5 is 120
4. Describe in detail the process of creating, calling, and executing a user-

defined function in Python.
o Creating a Function:
▪ Use the def keyword followed by the function name and
parentheses.
▪ Inside the parentheses, define any parameters.
▪ End the function header with a colon (:).
▪ Indent the function body, which contains the code to execute.
def greet(name):
o Calling a Function:
▪ Use the function name followed by parentheses.
▪ Pass arguments inside the parentheses if the function requires 41
parameters.
greet("Alice")
o Executing a Function:
▪ When a function is called, Python executes the code within the
function body.
▪ If the function returns a value, it can be captured in a variable or
used directly.
def add(a, b):

return a + b
result = add(3, 4)
print("Sum:", result)
5. Explain the concept of scope in Python with detailed examples.
Scope refers to the region of a program where a variable is accessible. There

are two main types of scope in Python:
o Local Scope: Variables defined within a function. They can only be

accessed inside that function.
def my_function():
local_var = 10
print(local_var)
my_function()
# print(local_var) # This would raise an error
o Global Scope: Variables defined outside of all functions. They can be

42
accessed from anywhere in the program.
global_var = 20
def another_function():
print(global_var)
another_function()
print(global_var)
6. Write a comprehensive program that uses functions to perform

mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
and demonstrates passing arguments and returning values.

def add(a, b):
return a + b
def subtract(a, b):

return a - b
def multiply(a, b):

return a * b
def divide(a, b):

if b != 0:
return a / b
else:
return "Division by zero is not allowed"
def main():
x = 10
y = 5
print("Addition:", add(x, y))

43
print("Subtraction:", subtract(x, y))
print("Multiplication:", multiply(x, y))
print("Division:", divide(x, y))
main()
Output:
Addition: 15
Subtraction: 5
Multiplication: 50
Division: 2.0
7. Discuss the role and benefits of the Python Standard Library in program
development. Provide examples of commonly used modules and functions.
The Python Standard Library is a collection of modules and packages included

with Python. It provides standardized solutions for various programming tasks,
reducing the need for third-party libraries. Benefits include:
o Consistency and Reliability: The library is maintained by the Python

development team, ensuring high quality and consistency.
o Efficiency: Provides efficient implementations for common tasks like
file handling, data manipulation, and more.
o Ease of Use: Simplifies complex tasks with easy-to-use functions and
classes.
o Portability: Code using the standard library is more portable across
different systems.
Commonly Used Modules and Functions:
44 o math: Provides mathematical functions.
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))
o random: For generating random numbers.
import random
print(random.randint(1, 10))
8. Explain the different types of function arguments in Python (positional,

keyword, default, variable-length) with examples.
o Positional Arguments: Passed to functions in the order they are

defined.
def greet(name, age):

print(f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old.")
greet("Alice", 25)
o Keyword Arguments: Passed to functions by explicitly naming each

parameter.
greet(age=25, name="Alice")
o Default Arguments: Parameters with default values. If no argument is

provided, the default value is used.
def greet(name, age=18):

print(f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old.")
greet("Alice")
greet("Bob", 25)
45
9. Write a detailed program that demonstrates the use of modules in Python.
Show how to import modules, use functions from them, and handle
namespace conflicts.
# math_operations.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b
def subtract(a, b):

return a - b
# main_program.py
import math_operations as mo
from math import sqrt # Importing specific function
def main():
x = 10
y = 5
print("Addition:", mo.add(x, y))

print("Subtraction:", mo.subtract(x, y))
print("Square root of 16:", sqrt(16))
main()
Output:
Addition: 15
Subtraction: 5
Square root of 16: 4.0
46
10. Discuss the importance of modularity and reusability in programming. Use
Python functions and modules to illustrate your points.
o Modularity: Dividing a program into separate modules that perform
distinct tasks. Each module can be developed, tested, and debugged
independently, enhancing maintainability and scalability.
# module1.py
def function1():
pass
# module2.py
def function2():

pass
# main.py
import module1
import module2
module1.function1()
module2.function2()
o Reusability: Writing code that can be reused in different parts of a

program or in different programs, reducing redundancy and increasing
efficiency.
# math_functions.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b
# main_program.py
import math_functions as mf
result = mf.add(3, 4) 47
print("Sum:", result)
Modularity and reusability make programs easier to understand, reduce
development time, and minimize the risk of errors.
11. Write a comprehensive guide on how to create and use user-defined

functions in Python, including examples, best practices, and common
pitfalls to avoid.
o Creating Functions:
▪ Use the def keyword followed by the function name and
parentheses.
▪ Inside the parentheses, define any parameters.

▪ End the function header with a colon (:).
▪ Indent the function body, which contains the code to execute.
def greet(name):
o Calling Functions:
▪ Use the function name followed by parentheses.
▪ Pass arguments inside the parentheses if the function requires
parameters.
greet("Alice")
o Best Practices:
▪ Use meaningful function names that describe what the function
does.
▪ Keep functions short and focused on a single task.
▪ Document functions with comments and docstrings.
48
▪ Handle edge cases and errors within the function.
o Common Pitfalls:
▪ Forgetting to return a value from the function.
def add(a, b):

return a + b
result = add(2, 3)
print(result) # Correct usage
▪ Using global variables unnecessarily, which can lead to code

that is difficult to understand and debug.

count = 0
def increment():
global count
count += 1
▪ Overusing default mutable arguments (e.g., lists or dictionaries),

which can lead to unexpected behavior.
def append_to_list(value, my_list=[]):

my_list.append(value)
return my_list
print(append_to_list(1)) # [1]
print(append_to_list(2)) # [1, 2] (unexpected)
# Correct way
def append_to_list(value, my_list=None):
if my_list is None:
my_list = []
my_list.append(value) 49
return my_list
Example:
def factorial(n):
"""Calculate the factorial of a number."""
if n == 0:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n-1)
print("Factorial of 5:", factorial(5))
Output:
Factorial of 5: 120
EXERCISES (CHAPTER END QUESTIONS)
1. Identify the errors in the following programs:
a)
def create(text, freq):

for i in range(1, freq):
print(text)
create(5) # function call
50 Error: The function call create(5) is missing a second argument for freq.
b)
from math import sqrt, ceil
def calc():
print(cos(0))
calc() # function call
Error: The function cos from the math module is not imported.
c)
mynum = 9

def add9():
mynum = mynum + 9
print(mynum)
add9() # function call
Error: mynum is referenced before assignment within the function. Declare

global mynum inside the function.
d)
def findValue(vall=1.1, val2, val3):

final = (val2 + val3) / vall
print(final)
findvalue() # function call
Error: Non-default argument follows default argument. Also, findvalue()

should be findValue().
e)
51
def greet():
return "Good morning"
greet() = message # function call
Error: Cannot assign to function call. Correct way is message = greet().
2. Difference between math.ceil(89.7) and math.floor(89.7)

o math.ceil(89.7) returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to
89.7, which is 90.
o math.floor(89.7) returns the largest integer less than or equal to 89.7,
which is 89.
3. Use of random() vs randint() to generate random numbers between 1 and
5
To generate random numbers between 1 and 5, use randint(1, 5). The

randint() function allows specifying a range, while random() generates a
float between 0.0 and 1.0 which would need to be scaled and converted to an
integer.
4. Difference between built-in function pow() and math.pow()

o pow(x, y) is a built-in function that returns x raised to the power y.
o math.pow(x, y) is a function from the math module that returns x
raised to the power y but always returns a float.
Example:
result1 = pow(3, 2) # result1 is 9

result2 = math.pow(3, 2) # result2 is 9.0
52
5. Example of a function returning multiple values in Python
def sum_and_product(a, b):
sum = a + b
product = a * b
return sum, product
s, p = sum_and_product(2, 3)
print("Sum:", s)
print("Product:", p)
6. Differentiate between Argument and Parameter, Global and Local

variable

a) Argument vs Parameter:
o Parameter: Variable in the function definition (e.g., n in def func(n):).

o Argument: Value passed to the function (e.g., 5 in func(5)).
b) Global vs Local variable:
o Global Variable: Defined outside any function and accessible anywhere

in the code.
o Local Variable: Defined inside a function and accessible only within
that function.
Example:
def func():
print("Local y:", y) 53
func()
print("Global x:", x)
7. Does a function always return a value?
No, a function does not always return a value. Functions that do not explicitly
return a value return None by default.
Example:
def greet():
print("Hello")
result = greet() # result is None

print(result) # prints None
****************
54

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CHAPTER 6:

CHAPTER BLUEPRINT PLAN FOR FINAL EXAM

1 MARK 2 MARKS 3 MARKS 5 MARKS

PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE

1. What is the process of dividing a computer program into separate independent

Answer: b) Modular programming

2. What is the purpose of functions in programming?

c) To achieve modularity and reusability

Answer: c) To achieve modularity and reusability

3. Which of the following statements is true about functions?

a) Functions can be called only once

b) Functions cannot have parameters

c) Functions can be called repeatedly

d) Functions must always return a value

Answer: c) Functions can be called repeatedly

4. What is the syntax to define a function in Python?

Answer: c) def function_name():

b) Outputs a value to the console

c) Starts the function execution

d) Defines a new function

PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE

7. What is a user-defined function?

a) A function provided by Python standard library

b) A function defined by the programmer

d) A function without parameters

9. Which keyword is used to create a function in Python?

10. What is the output of the following code?

PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE

11. How do you call a function named `my_function` in Python?

12. What will be the output of the following code?

def add(a, b):

13. What is an advantage of using functions in a program?

b) Increases code length

d) Makes debugging difficult

Answer: c) Increases reusability

14. What is the output of the following code?

PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE

15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a function?

b) It must return a value

c) It can take arguments

Answer: b) It must return a value

a) To make the program slower

d) To make the code more complex

Answer: c) To make the program more organized and manageable

18. What is the output of the following code?

def subtract(a, b):

19. Which of the following best describes a function?

a) A block of code that performs a specific task

PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE

Answer: a) A block of code that performs a specific task

20. How do you define a function with no parameters?

Answer: b) def function_name():

21. What will be the output of the following code?

22. What is a function call?

c) Returning a value from a function

d) Passing parameters to a function

Answer: b) Executing a function

23. Which of the following is an invalid function name in Python?

24. What is the output of the following code?

PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE

Answer: a) Hello, World!

25. What is the main purpose of the `def` keyword in Python?

Answer: b) To define a function

27. What will be the output of the following code?

i Pu Cs Chapter 7 Q&A

i Pu Cs Chapter 7 Q&A