Oswaal Artificial Intelligence Question Bank Class 10 2025

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CBSE
QUESTION
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CLASS 10
QUESTION PAPERS
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
CLASS 10
Strictly as per the Latest CBSE Syllabus &

Circulars released on 22nd Mar & 3rd Apr 2024
(CBSE Cir. No. Acad-29/2024; Acad 30/2024)
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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& Answers
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with 350+ Concepts & Concept Videos (approx)
5 100% as per NEP 2020

With Competency based Questions
(1)
1st EDITION YEAR 2024-25
I SBN “9789359584539”
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SYLLABUS SECONDARY EDUCATION
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D I S C L AIM ER
This book is published by Oswaal Books and Learning Pvt Ltd (“Publisher”) and is intended solely for educational use,
to enable students to practice for examinations/tests and reference. The contents of this book primarily comprise a
collection of questions that have been sourced from previous examination papers. Any practice questions and/or
notes included by the Publisher are formulated by placing reliance on previous question papers and are in keeping
with the format/pattern/guidelines applicable to such papers.
The Publisher expressly disclaims any liability for the use of, or references to, any terms or terminology in the book,
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error may creep in. We expressly disclaim liability for errors and/or omissions in the content, if any, and further disclaim
any liability for any loss or damages in connection with the use of the book and reference to its contents”.
Kindle Edition
Contents
l Latest CBSE Circulars & Syllabus released on 22nd March & 3rd April 2024 for Academic Year 2024-25
(CBSE Cir. No. Acad 29/2024; 30/2024) 7 - 19
l Solved Paper-2024 (Delhi & Outside Delhi) 25 - 32
Abbreviations used - [AI] Academic Intelligence
[OEB] Oswaal Editorial Board
PART-A : UNIT I UNIT II

2. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
1. Communication Skills-II 1 - 24
Project Cycle 109 - 125
u Self Assessment Paper-1 25 - 26 u Self Assessment Paper-2 126 - 126
UNIT II UNIT IV
2. Self-Management Skills-II 27 - 37 3. Data Sciences (AI) 127 - 144
u Self Assessment Paper-2 38 - 39 u Self Assessment Paper-3 145 - 145
UNIT III UNIT V

3. Information and Communications 4. Computer Vision 146 - 165
u Self Assessment Paper-4 166 - 166
Technology Skills (ICT SKills)-II 40 - 59
u Self Assessment Paper-3 60 - 61 UNIT VI
5. Natural Language
UNIT IV
Processing (NLP) 167 - 181
4. Entrepreneurial Skills-II 62 - 73 u Self Assessment Paper-5 182 - 182
UNIT VII
UNIT V
4. Evaluation 183 - 191
5. Green Skills-II 76 - 84 u Self Assessment Paper-6 192 - 192
u Self Assessment Paper-5 85 - 86 l Practice Papers
PART-B : UNIT I (As per Latest Board Sample Question Paper)
1. Introduction To Artificial u Practice Paper-1 193 - 196

Intelligence (AI) 87 - 107 u Practice Paper-2 197 - 200
Note : Unit III Advance Python (to be assessed in practical only for 2024-25 Exam)
qq
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How to use this Book
How to use this Book
Chapter Navigation Tools
Syllabus Topicwise & Revision

Conceptwise Notes
Segregation
Prescribed by For Focused Chapter Summary

CBSE & Systematic Developed by
Study Oswaal Experts
QR Codes Keywords Mind Maps

Latest
Typologies of
Questions
For Concept For quick recall For better Short & Long
Videos of concepts retention of Answer Type
concepts Questions
Competency
Additional
Focused Previous Academically
Practice
Practice Years’ Board Important
Papers Questions Questions
Questions
MCQs/Case based/ To decode To Look out for For Better
Source based the paper pattern Highly Expected Practice
Integrated Questions for the
Questions upcoming exams
Self Reflections Topper’s Commonly

Assessment Answers Made Errors
& Practice & Answering
Papers Tips
For Chapterwise To Ask To Learn to To write perfect
Assessment youself about write your way Answers
your learnings to success
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(( 44 ))
Preface
Elevate Your Performance, Surpassing the Past
Get ready for another epic journey through the academic wonders of the 2024-2025 school year with your trusty
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obstacles, some act of vision, of faith, of desire.” We’ve taken this wisdom to heart and packed it into our brand-new
Question Banks for 2024-2025. It’s a magical mix of CBSE Board Updates, cool questions from the past, and specially
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with it?
Self Assessment
Questions
What makes these Question Banks truly exceptional?

• 100% Updated Syllabus & Fully Solved Board Papers: We’ve got you covered with the latest and 100%
updated curriculum.
• Timed Revision with Topic-wise Revision Notes, Smart Mind Maps & Mnemonics: Study smart, not hard!
• Extensive Practice with 800+ Questions (approx) & Answers: Yep, you read that right—800+ chances to
become a champ!
• Concept Clarity with 350 Concepts & Concept Videos (approx): Learn the cool way—with videos and mind-
blowing concepts.
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If you’re looking to conquer every study challenge, these Question Banks are your secret weapon. It’s like having a
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Wishing you all the best, superheroes-in-the-making! Strive for greatness! Team Oswaal Books
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Why Oswaal Question Bank
is your Ultimate Board Companion?
Oswaal
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CBSE
Previous Years’ Exam Questions
Previous Years’ Board Sample Questions
Questions from Board Question Bank
Board Additional Practice Questions
Competency Focused Practice Questions
Question from Curriculum Aligned

Competency based Test Items
Board Marking Scheme Answers
Answering Tips & Commonly Made Errors x

Mnemonics, Key Terms & Concept Applied x
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CBSE Circular 2024-25
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(f'k{kk ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu ,d Lok;Ùk laxBu)
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
(An Autonomous Organisation Under the Ministry of Education, Govt. of India)
CBSE/ACADEMIC/JS(SG)/2024/ 3rd April, 2024

Circular No. Acad-30/2024
All the Heads of Schools affiliated to CBSE
Subject : Assessment and Evaluation Practices of the Board for the Session 2024-25.
• The Board in accordance with National Education Policy, 2020 has taken multiple steps towards
implementation of Competency Based Education in schools, ranging from aligning assessment to
competencies, development of exemplar resources for teachers and students as well as continuous
capacity building of the teachers etc. The main emphasis of the Board was to create an educational
ecosystem that would move away from rote memorization and towards learning that is focused on
developing the creative, critical and systems thinking capacities of students to meet the challenges
of the 21st century.
• The Board has released guidelines vide Circular No. Acad- 05/2019 dated 18.01.2019; Circular No.
Acad-11/2019 dated 06.03.2019; Circular No. Acad-18/2020 dated 16.03.2020; and Circular No. Acad-
57/2022 dated 20.05.2022 to progressively align assessment to the vision of the NEP by including
more competency-based questions in the Classes X and XII Board examinations.
• Appropriately, the Board is continuing with aligning of the assessments and evaluation practices
with NEP- 2020 for the academic session 2024-2025. Consequently, in the forthcoming session, the
percentage of Competency Based Questions that assess application of concepts in real-life situations
included in the question papers of the Board is given as under:
(Dr. Joseph Emmanuel)

Director (Academics)
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‘Shiksha Sadan’, 17, Rouse Avenue, Institutional Area, New Delhi – 110002
Qksu@Telephone: 011-23212603 osclkbV@Website:http://cbseacademic.nic.in esy@e-mail: directoracad.cbse@nic.in.
(7)

The changes for classes IX-XII year-end Board Examinations (2024-25)
(Classes IX-X)
Particulars Academic Session 2023-24 Academic Session 2024-25
(No change from previous academic session)
Composition of • Competency Focused Questions • Competency Focused Questions
question paper in the form of MCQs/ Case Based in the form of MCQs/Case Based
for year-end Questions, Source-based Integrated Questions, Source-based Integrated
examination/ Questions or any other type = 50% Questions or any other type = 50%
Board • Select response type questions (MCQ) • Select response type questions (MCQ)
Examination = 20% = 20%
(Theory) • Constructed response questions • Constructed response questions
(Short Answer/Long Answer Type (Short Answer/Long Answer Type
Questions, as per existing pattern) = Questions, as per existing pattern) =
30% 30%
(Classes IX-XII)
Particulars Academic Session 2023-24 Academic Session 2024-25
Composition of • Competency Focused Questions • Competency Focused Questions
question paper in the form of MCQs/ Case Based in the form of MCQs/ Case Based
for year-end Questions, Source-based Integrated Questions, Source-based Integrated
examination/ Questions or any other type = 40% Questions or any other type = 50%
Board • Select response type questions (MCQ) • Select response type questions (MCQ)
Examination = 20% = 20%
(Theory) • Constructed response questions • Constructed response questions
(Short Answer Questions/Long (Short Answer Questions/Long
Answer type Questions, as per Answer type Questions, as per
existing pattern) = 40% existing pattern) = 30%
Curriculum document released by the Board for the Academic Session 2024-25 and the Sample Question
Papers may also be referred to for details of the QP design of individual subjects. Learning frameworks for
various subjects for classes IX-XII are available at the link https://cbseacademic.nic.in for reference.


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F.1001/CBSE-Acad/Curriculum/2024 March 22, 2024

Cir No: Acad-29/2024
All Heads of Institutions affiliated to CBSE
Subject : Secondary and Senior School Curriculum for the session 2024-25 and new textbooks to be
published by NCERT for classes III and VI.
1. CBSE provides the annual curriculum for classes IX to XII containing academic content, syllabus
for examinations with learning outcomes, pedagogical practices, and assessment guidelines.
2. It is imperative for schools to ensure adherence to the curriculum directives outlined in the initial
pages of the curriculum document. Subjects should be taught in accordance with the prescribed
curriculum, incorporating methodologies such as Multilingualism, Art-Integrated Education,
Experiential Learning, and Pedagogical Plans, wherever feasible.
3. With the adoption of the National Curriculum Framework for School Education - 2023 by CBSE,
schools are advised to align their practices with the recommendations delineated in NCF-SE-2023.
This includes adherence to guidelines concerning content, pedagogical strategies, assessment
methodologies, and other pertinent areas as communicated by the Board from time to time.
4. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has informed CBSE
through a letter dated 18.03.2024 that new syllabi and textbooks for Grades 3 and 6 are currently
under development and will soon be released. Consequently, Schools are advised to follow
these new syllabi and textbooks for classes 3 and 6 in place of textbooks published by NCERT
till the year 2023. Additionally, a bridge course for class 6, and concise guidelines for class 3 are
being developed by NCERT for facilitating a seamless transition for students to new pedagogical
practices and areas of study aligned with NCF-SE 2023. These resources will be disseminated to
all the schools online once they are received from NCERT. The Board will also organize capacity
building programs for School Heads and Teachers to orient them with the new teaching learning
perspectives as envisioned in NEP-2020.
5. There will be no change in the Curriculum and textbooks for other classes for the academic year
2024-25 commencing from 1st April 2024.
6. Schools are requested to share the Curriculum 2024-25 available on Boards website www.
cbseacademic.nic.in with all students and teachers. CBSE Curriculum for classes IX-XII
2024-25 can be accessed at the link-Secondary & Senior Secondary School Curriculum
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/curriculum_2025.html.


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Syllabus 2024-25
Latest Syllabus
(Issued by CBSE on 22nd March 2024)
Artificial Intelligence (Code No. 417)
CLASS–X (SESSION 2024-2025)
Total Marks : 100 (Theory - 50+ Practical - 50)
NO. OF HOURS for Max. Marks for Theory
UNITS
Theory and Practical and Practical
Employability Skills
Unit 1: Communication Skills-II 10 2
Unit 2: Self-Management Skills-II 10 2
PART A Unit 3: ICT Skills-II 10 2
Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-II 15 2
Unit 5: Green Skills-II 05 2
Total 50 10
Subject Specific Skills Theory Practical
Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) 15 – 7
Unit 2: AI Project Cycle 15 – 9
Unit 3: Advance Python – 30 --
(To be assessed in Practicals only)
Unit 4: Data Science (Introduction, Applications 7 8 4
of Data Sciences, Data Science: Getting Started
(up to Data Access),
PART B
remaining portion is to be assessed in practical
Unit 5: Computer Vision (Introduction, Appli- 12 18 4
cations of Computer Vision, Computer Vision:
Getting Started (up to RGB Images),
remaining portion is to be assessed in practical
Unit 6: Natural Language Processing 25 5 8
Unit 7: Evaluation 15 – 8
Total 150 40
Practical Work:
Practical File with minimum 15 15
Programs
Practical Examination
PART C • Unit 3: Advance Python 5
• Unit 4: Data Science 5
• Unit 5: Computer Vision 5
Viva Voce 5
Total 35
Project Work / Field Visit / Student Portfolio 10
(Any one to be done)
PART D
Viva Voce 5
Total 15
GRAND TOTAL 200 100
( 10 )
Syllabus 2024-25
DETAILED CURRICULUM/TOPICS FOR CLASS X
Part-A: EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
S. No. Units Duration in Hours

1. Unit 1: Communication Skills-II 10
2. Unit 2: Self-management Skills-II 10
3. Unit 3: Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 10
4. Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-II 15
5. Unit 5: Green Skills-II 05
Total 50
Note: The detailed curriculum/ topics to be covered under Part A: Employability Skills can be downloaded from
CBSE website
Part-B – Subject Specific Skills
 Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Unit 2: AI Project Cycle
 Unit 3: Advance Python
 Unit 4: Data Science
 Unit 5: Computer Vision
 Unit 6: Natural Language Processing
 Unit 7: Evaluation
Unit 1: Introduction To Artificial Intelligence
Sub-Unit Learning Outcomes Session/ Activity/ Practical
Foundational concepts of AI Understand the concept of human Session: What is Intelligence?
intelligence and its various Session: Decision Making.
components such as reasoning,
 How do you make decisions?
problem-solving, and creativity
 Make your choices!
Session: what is Artificial Intelligence and
what is not?
Basics of AI: Let’s Get Started Understand the concept of Artificial Session: Introduction to AI and related termi-
Intelligence (AI) and its domains nologies.
 Introducing AI, ML & DL.
 Introduction to AI Domains (Data Sciences,
CV & NLP)
 Gamified tools for each domain-
 Data Sciences- Impact Filter (Impact of
rise in temperature on different species)
https://artsexperiments.withgoogle.com/
impactfilter/
 CV- Autodraw (It pairs machine learning
with drawings from talented artists to
help you draw stuff fast.) https://www.
autodraw.com/
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Syllabus 2024-25
Unit 2 : AI Project Cycle
Introduction Understand the stages involved in the AI Session: Introduction to AI Project Cycle
project cycle, such as problem scoping,
data collection, data exploration, modeling,
evaluation.
Problem Scoping Learn about the importance of project plan- Session: Understanding Problem Scoping &
ning in AI development and how to define Sustainable Development Goals
project goals and objectives.
Data Acquisition Develop an understanding of the importance Session: Simplifying Data Acquisition
of data collection in AI and how to choose the
right data sources.
Data Exploration Know various data exploration techniques Session: Visualising Data
and its importance
Modelling Know about the different machine learning Session: Introduction to modelling
algorithms used to train AI models  Introduction to Rule Based & Learning
Based AI Approaches
 Activity : Teachable machine to demonstrate
Supervised Learning
https://teachablemachine.withgoogle.com/
 Activity : Infinite Drum Machine to demon-
strate Unsupervised learning
https://experiments.withgoogle.com/ai/
drum-machine/view/
 Introduction to Supervised, Unsupervised &
Reinforcement Learning Models(Optional)**
 Neural Networks
Evaluation Know the importance of evaluation and vari- Session: Evaluating the idea!
ous metrics available for evaluation
Unit 3 : Advance Python (To be assessed through Practicals)
Recap Understand to work with Jupyter Notebook, creating virtual Session: Jupyter Notebook
environment, installing Python Packages.
Able to write basic python programs using fundamental Session: Introduction to Python
concepts such as variables, data types, operators, and control
structures.
Able to use Python built-in functions and libraries. Session: Python Basics
Unit 4 : Data Sciences (To be assessed through Theory)
Introduction Define the concept of Data Science and understand its Session: Introduction to Data Science
applications in various fields. Session: Applications of Data Science
Getting Started Understand the basic concepts of data acquisition, Session: Revisiting AI Project Cycle,
visualization, and exploration. Data Collection, Data Access
Activities:
Game: Rock, Paper & Scissors
https://next.rockpaperscissors.ai/
( 12 )
Syllabus 2024-25
Unit 4 : Data Sciences (To be assessed through Practicals)
Python Packages Use Python libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, and Session: Python for Data Sciences
Matplotlib for data analysis and visualization. • Numpy
• Pandas
• Matplotlib
Concepts of Understand the basic concepts of statistics, such Session: Statistical Learning & Data Visuali-
Data Sciences as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation, sation
and apply them to analyze data using various
Python packages.
K-nearest neigh- Understand the basic concepts of the KNN Activity: Personality Prediction (Optional)**
bour model algorithm and its applications in supervised Session: Understanding K-nearest neighbour
(Optional)** learning. model (Optional)**
Unit 5 : Computer Vision (To be assessed through Theory)
Introduction Define the concept of Computer Vision and Session: Introduction to Computer Vision
understand its applications in various fields. Session: Applications of CV
Concepts of Understand the basic concepts of image Session: Understanding CV Concepts
Computer Vision representation, feature extraction, object  Computer Vision Tasks
detection, and segmentation.  Basics of Images-Pixel, Resolution, Pixel value
 Grayscale and RGB images
Activity:
 Game- Emoji Scavenger Hunt
https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/
 RGB Calculator:
https://www.w3schools.com/colors/colors_rgb.
asp
 Create your own pixel art:
www.piskelapp.com
 Create your own convolutions:
http://setosa.io/ev/image-kernels/
Unit 5 : Computer Vision (To be assessed through Practicals)
OpenCV Use Python libraries such as OpenCV for Session: Introduction to OpenCV
basic image processing and computer vision Session: Image Processing
tasks.
Convolution Apply the convolution operator to process Session: Understanding Convolution operator
Operator (Op- images and extract useful features. (Optional)**
tional)**
Activity: Convolution Operator (Optional)**
Convolution Understand the basic architecture of a CNN Session: Introduction to CNN (Optional)**
Neural Network and its applications in computer vision and Session: Understanding CNN (Optional)**
(Optional)** image recognition.  Kernel
 Layers of CNN
Activity: Testing CNN (Optional)**
( 13 )
Syllabus 2024-25
Unit 6 : Natural Language Processing
Introduction Understand the concept of Natural Session: Language Processing
Language Processing (NLP) and its Activity : Use of Google Translate for same spell-
importance in the field of Artificial ing
Intelligence (AI).
Session: NLP Applications
Session: Revisiting AI Project Cycle
Chatbots Explore the various applications of NLP in Activity: Introduction to Chatbots

everyday life, such as chatbots, sentiment
analysis, and automatic summarization
Language Differ- Gain an understanding of the challenges Session: Human Language VS Computer Lan-
ences involved in understanding human language guage
by machine.
Concepts of Nat- Learn about the Text Normalization Session: Data Processing
ural Language technique used in NLP and popular NLP  Text Normalisation
Processing model - Bag-of-Words  Bag of Words
Hands-on: Text processing
 Data Processing
 Bag of Words
 TFIDF (Optional)**
 NLTK (Optional)**
Unit 7 : Evaluation
Introduction Understand the role of evaluation in the Session: Introduction to Model Evaluation
development and implementation of AI  What is Evaluation?
systems.  Different types of Evaluation techniques- Un-
derfit, Perfect Fit, OverFit
Model Evalua- Learn various Model Evaluation Terminolo- Session: Model Evaluation Terminologies
tion Terminol- gies  The Scenario - Prediction, Reality, True Posi-
ogy tive, True Negative, False Positive, False Nega-
tive
 Confusion Matrix
 Activity- to make a confusion matrix based on
data given for Containment Zone Prediction
Model
Confusion Learn to make a confusion matrix for given Session and Activity: Confusion Matrix
Matrix Scenario
Evaluation Learn about the different types of Session: Evaluation Methods
Methods evaluation techniques in AI, such as  Accuracy
Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1 Score, and  Precision
their significance.  Recall
 Which Metric is Important? - Precision or Re-
call
 F1 Score
Activity: Practice Evaluation
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Syllabus 2024-25
Part-C: Practical Work
Suggested Programs List  Write a program to add the elements of the two lists.
 Write a program to calculate mean, median and mode using Numpy
 Write a program to display line chart from (2,5) to (9,10).
 Write a program to display a scatter chart for the following points (2,5),
(9,10),(8,3),(5,7),(6,18).
 Read csv file saved in your system and display 10 rows.
 Read csv file saved in your system and display its information
 Write a program to read an image and display using Python
 Write a program to read an image and identify its shape using Python
Important Links  https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/Curriculum21/publication/secondary/

Class10_Facilitator_Handbook.pdf
 Link to AI Activities & Jupyter Notebooks (including sample projects)
https://bit.ly/class_X_activities_jupyter_notebooks
Part-D: Project Work / Field Visit / Student Portfolio

* relate it to Sustainable Development Goals
Suggested Projects/ Field Visit / Portfolio (any one activity to be one)
Sample Projects 1. Student Marks Prediction Model

2. CNN Model on Smoke and Fire Detection
Field Work Students’ participation in the following-

 AI for Youth Bootcamp
 AI Fests/ Exhibition
 Participation in any AI training sessions
 Virtual tours of companies using AI to get acquainted with real-life usage
Student Portfolio (to be con-  Maintaining a record of all AI activities

tinued from class IX)  Hackathons
 Competitions (CBSE/Interschool)
Note: Portfolio should contain minimum 5 activities
**NOTE: Optional components shall not be assessed. They are for extra knowledge
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Syllabus 2024-25
List of Items/ Equipments (Minimum Requirements):
The equipment / materials listed below are required to conduct effective hands-on learning sessions while delivering
the AI curriculum to class 10 students. The list below consists of minimal configuration required to execute the AI
curriculum for class 10 and create social impact real time solutions/ projects. The quantities mentioned here are
recommended for a batch of 20 students keeping the human-machine ratio as 2:1. An exhaustive list may be compiled
by the teacher(s) teaching the subject.
S. NO. Item Name, Description and Specification
A System Specifications
1 Processor: Intel® Core™ i5-7300U Processor or equivalent with minimum SYSmark® 2018 Rating of 750
or higher
2 Graphic Card: Integrated graphics
3 Form Factor: - USFF (Ultra Small Form factor) System chassis volume less than One Litre
4 RAM: 8GB DDR4 – 2400MHz or above
5 Storage: 500 GB HDD – 7200 rpm
6 Display: 18.5” LED Monitor with HDMI, in-built-speaker,
7 Keyboard: Keyboard with numerical keypad (recommended)
8 Mouse: Optical Mouse
9 Webcam: Full HD Camera
10 Headphones with Mic
11 Dual Band Wireless Connectivity Min 800 Mbps
12 Bluetooth V4.2 or Higher
13 Ports: 4 USB 3.0 ports, dual high-definition display ports (HDMI 2.0/DP/thunderbolt 3.0 ports), High defi-
nition 8-channel audio through HDMI interface or through audio jack.
14 VPU: - Integrated or support for VPU - vision processing unit to accelerate AI machine vision applications.
B Software Specifications
1 Operating System: Any
2 Anti-Virus Activated
3 Internet Browser: Google Chrome
4 Productivity Suite: Any (Google+ Suite recommended)
5 Anaconda Navigator Distribution (https://bit.ly/AI-installation-guide)
6 Conceptual installations (https://bit.ly/AI-installation-guide)
7 Intel Open VINO tools
8 Python
NOTE: In keeping with the spirit of Recycle, Upcycle and Reuse, it is recommended to make use of any equipment/
devices/ accessories from the existing inventory in school.
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Syllabus 2024-25
Teacher’s/ Trainer’s Qualifications:
Qualification and other requirements for appointment of teachers/trainers for teaching this subject, on contractual basis
should be decided by the State/ UT. The suggestive qualifications and minimum competencies for the teacher should
be as follows:
Qualification Minimum Competencies Age Limit

Diploma in Computer Science/ Information  The candidate should have a  18-37 years (as on Jan. 01 (year)
Technology minimum of 1 year of work ex-  Age relaxation to be provided
OR perience in the same job role. as per Govt. rules
Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Applica-  S/He should be able to com-
tions/ Science/ Information Technology municate in English and local
(BCA, B. Sc. Computer Science/ Information language.
Technology)  S/He should have knowledge
OR of equipment, tools, material,
Graduate with PGDCA Safety, Health & Hygiene.
OR
DOEACC A Level Certificate.
The suggested qualification is the minimum
criteria. However higher qualifications will
also be acceptable.
Teachers/Trainers form the backbone of Skill (Vocational) Education being imparted as an integral part of Rashtriya
Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA). They are directly involved in teaching of Skill (vocational) subjects and also
serve as a link between the industry and the schools for arranging industry visits, On-the-Job Training (OJT) and
placement.
These guidelines have been prepared with an aim to help and guide the States in engaging quality Teachers/Trainers in
the schools. Various parameters that need to be looked into while engaging the Vocational Teachers/Trainers are mode
and procedure of selection of Teachers/ Trainers, Educational Qualifications, Industry Experience, and Certification/
Accreditation.
The State may engage Teachers/Trainers in schools approved under the component of scheme of Vocationalisation of
Secondary and Higher Secondary Education under RMSA in following ways:
(i) Directly as per the prescribed qualifications and industry experience suggested by the PSS Central Institute of
Vocational Education (PSSCIVE), NCERT or the respective Sector Skill Council (SSC).
OR
(ii) Through accredited Vocational Training Providers accredited under the National Quality Assurance Framework
(NQAF*) approved by the National Skill Qualification Committee on 21.07.2016. If the State is engaging Vocational
Teachers/Trainers through the Vocational Training Provider (VTP), it should ensure that VTP should have been
accredited at NQAF Level 2 or higher.
* The National Quality Assurance Framework (NQAF) provides the benchmarks or quality criteria which the
different organizations involved in education and training must meet in order to be accredited by competent
bodies to provide government- funded education and training/skills activities. This is applicable to all
organizations offering NSQF-compliant qualifications.
( 17 )
Syllabus 2024-25
The educational qualifications required for being a Teacher/Trainer for a particular job role are clearly mentioned in the
curriculum for the particular NSQF compliant job role. The State should ensure that teachers/ trainers deployed in the
schools have relevant technical competencies for the NSQF qualification being delivered. Teachers/Trainers preferably
should be certified by the concerned Sector Skill Council for the particular Qualification Pack/Job role which he will
be teaching. Copies of relevant certificates and/or record of experience of the teacher/trainer in the industry should be
kept as record.
To ensure the quality of the Teachers/Trainers, the State should ensure that a standardized procedure for selection of
(Vocational) Teachers/Trainers is followed. The selection procedure should consist of the following:
(i) Written test for the technical/domain specific knowledge related to the sector;
(ii) Interview for assessing the knowledge, interests and aptitude of trainer through a panel of experts from the field
and state representatives; and
(iii) Practical test/mock test in classroom/workshop/laboratory.
In case of appointment through VTPs, the selection may be done based on the above procedure by a committee having
representatives of both the State Government and the VTP.
The State should ensure that the Teachers/ Trainers who are recruited should undergo induction training of 20 days for
understanding the scheme, NSQF framework and Vocational Pedagogy before being deployed in the schools.
The State should ensure that the existing trainers undergo in-service training of 5 days every year to make them aware
of the relevant and new techniques/approaches in their sector and understand the latest trends and policy reforms in
vocational education.
The Headmaster/Principal of the school where the scheme is being implemented should facilitate and ensure that the
(Vocational) Teachers/Trainers:
 Prepare session plans and deliver sessions which have a clear and relevant purpose, and which engage the students;
 Deliver education and training activities to students, based on the curriculum to achieve the learning outcomes;
 Make effective use of learning aids and ICT tools during the classroom sessions;
 Engage students in learning activities, which include a mix of different methodologies, such as project-based work,
teamwork, practical and simulation-based learning experiences;
 Work with the institution’s management to organise skill demonstrations, site visits, on-job trainings, and
presentations for students in cooperation with industry, enterprises and other workplaces;
 Identify the weaknesses of students and assist them in up-gradation of competency;
 Cater to different learning styles and level of ability of students;
 Assess the learning needs and abilities, when working with students with different abilities
 Identify any additional support the student may need and help to make special arrangements for that support;
 Provide placement assistance
Assessment and evaluation of (Vocational) Teachers/Trainers is very critical for making them aware of their performance
and for suggesting corrective actions. The States/UTs should ensure that the performance of the (Vocational) Teachers/
Trainers is appraised annually. Performance based appraisal in relation to certain pre-established criteria and objectives
should be done periodically to ensure the quality of the (Vocational) Teachers/Trainers.
( 18 )
Syllabus 2024-25
Following parameters may be considered during the appraisal process:
 Participation in guidance and counseling activities conducted at Institutional, District and State level;
 Adoption of innovative teaching and training methods;
 Improvement in result of vocational students of Class X or Class XII;
 Continuous up-gradation of knowledge and skills related to the vocational pedagogy, communication skills and
vocational subject;
 Membership of professional society at District, State, Regional, National and International level;
 Development of teaching-learning materials in the subject area;
 Efforts made in developing linkages with the Industry/Establishments;
 Efforts made towards involving the local community in Vocational Education
 Publication of papers in National and International Journals;
 Organisation of activities for promotion of vocational subjects;
 Involvement in placement of students/student support services.
( 19 )
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( 20 )
PoPositive
sitive AAffirmations
ffirmations
An affirmation is a positive statement or phrase that individuals repeat to
themselves with the intention of fostering a positive mindset, self-confidence, or
personal development. The practice involves affirming desired beliefs or qualities,
often in the present tense, to reinforce a positive self-image and encourage a
more optimistic outlook.
“ EMBRACE YOUR UNIQUENESS, NOURISH SELF-CARE, AND PRESS
FORWARD RELENTLESSLY. TO ACHIEVE FLIGHT, UNLOAD THE
BAGGAGE THAT SLOWS YOUR ASCENT."
I strongly trust in my vision and

work deligently towards
making it a reality. I am capable of learning and
growing everyday.
I am not defined by grades &

test scores. My true worth lies in
my character, compassion and
positive impact I have on others.
I celebrate my quirks, for they

I embrace my mistakes, learn make me beautifully unique.
from them and use them to
fuel my growth & resilience.
E
A NG
C H
I am not the product of

My voice matters and I circumstances, I am the
believe in the power of my product of my own choices.
words to shape the world
around me.
I face challenges with courage
and determination.
I believe that the twists &

I celebrate the achievements
turns of my life lead me to an
of others without diminishning
extraordinary destinations.
my journey.
( 21 )
Be mindful. Be grateful.
Be positive. Be true. Be kind
Three things Three people Three simple A challenging Three ways to

that make you are things you experience inject gratitude
you special grateful for are grateful that made into a current
and why for you stronger challenge
Describe the A fear you Three What made Three things

last time you did have activities you you smile you love about
something nice overcome enjoy most today? your family
for someone and why
What is your Three things The last time A risk you are Three everyday
favorite place, you love most you were grateful you items you are
and why? about overcome took and why grateful for
yourself with joy
Three songs What skill do you One luxury Describe a Three things
that bring you have that you you are rejection you about your
joy are grateful for thankful for are grateful body you are
and why? for grateful for
What are you Three things you Three items in Say thank you Something in
most grateful are grateful for your home to someone nature you are
for in your daily about where you are grateful for
life? you live grateful for
A person in your Something at Describe the What is your Three things

past you are school you’re last time you proudest you want to
grateful for grateful for laughed so accomplish- manifest
hard you cried ment?
( 22 )
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4005
( 24 )
CBSE BOARD EXAMINATION – 2024
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Solved Paper
Class– 10th
Maximum Marks: 50 Time allowed: 2 hours
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
(i) Please read the instructions carefully.
(ii) This question paper consists of 21 questions in two sections: Section A & Section B.
(iii) Section A has objective type questions whereas Section B contain subjective type questions.
Out of the given (5 + 16 z) 21 questions, a candidate has to answer (5 + 10 15 questions in the allotted (maximum) time of
2 (v)
(iv) All questions of a particular section must be attempted in the correct order.
(v) Section A — Objective type questions (24 marks) : (a) This section has 05 questions.
(b) Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.
(c) There is no negative marking.
(d) Do as per the instructions given.
(vi) Section B — Subjective type questions (26 marks) :
(a) This section has 16 questions.
(b) A candidate has to do 10 questions.
(c) Do as per the instructions given.
(d) Marks allotted are mentioned question/part.
Reason (R): Organic farming technique priorities

SECTION– A environment friendly and sustainable practices
(Objective Type Questions) such as using natural fertilizers, avoiding synthetic
pesticides and promoting soil health.
1. Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions : 4 × 1 = 4 (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
(i) SMART method can be used to set goals to make you explanation for (A).
successful in your career and personal life. What does
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the
‘A’ in SMART stand for?
correct explanation of (A).
(A) Abrupt (B) Accountable
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(C) Achievable (D) Admirable
(ii) Which of the following is not a key element of self- (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
management skills? 2. Answer any 5 out of given 6 questions: 5 × 1=5
(A) Prioritising your work (i) Which of the following contributes to the efficiency
(B) Not taking feedback of an AI project?
(C) Goal setting (A) High Model Complexity
(D) Staying updated about new practices (B) Relevant and Authentic Training Data
(iii) Which of the following is a quality of successful (C) Minimal Preprocessing
entrepreneurs? (D) Limited Hardware Resources
(A) Hard working (B) Resistance to change
(ii) This real life application of NLP is used to provide an
(C) Lazy (D) Less-confident
overview of a news item or blog post, while avoiding
(iv) The most important software in any computer is the redundancy from multiple sources and maximising
_________ .This is the software that starts working as
the diversity of content obtained. Which is this
soon as we switch on a computer.
application?
(A) Web Browsers (B) Operating System
(A) Chatbot
(C) Office Software (D) Designing Software
(B) Virtual Assistant
(v) Which of the following types of communication
takes place when one individual addresses a large (C) Sentiment Analysis
gathering? (D) Automatic Summarisation
(A) Written communication (iii) Which of the following represents a machine that is
(B) Public communication smart but not considered Artificial Intelligence (AI)
(C) Small group communication enabled ?
(D) Interpersonal communication (A) A robotic vacuum cleaner that can navigate and
(vi) Assertion (A): Organic farming technique is an clean floors autonomously.
example of a green skill that is essential for sustainable (B) A chatbot that engages in natural language
agriculture. conversations and answers questions.
26 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Class-X
(C) A smartphone with facial recognition for (C) When an email is accurately recognised as spam.
unlocking the device. (D) When an email is inaccurately labelled as
(D) A digital alarm clock that rings at a set time important.
every morning. (vi) Which of the following applications is not associated
(iv) Which of the following words represents an example with Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
of a lemma resulting from lemmatisation for “caring” (A) Sentiment Analysis
in context to Natural Language Processing (NLP)? (B) Speech Recognition
(A) Care (B) Cared (C) Spam Filtering in emails
(C) Cares (D) Car (D) Stock Market Analysis
(v) Intrapersonal Intelligence is a concept that: 4. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions: 5 × 1=5
(A) Measures an individual’s ability to understand (i) Statement 1: Confusion matrix is an evaluation
others’ emotions and feelings. metric.
(B) Assesses one’s proficiency in mathematics and Statement 2: Confusion Matrix is a record which
logical reasoning. helps in evaluation.
(C) Describes the level of self-awareness someone (A) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct.
has, starting from realizing weaknesses, (B) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are incorrect.
strengths, to recognizing their own feelings. (C) Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is
(D) Evaluates an individual’s spatial navigation and incorrect.
visualization skills. (D) Statement 2 is correct and Statement 1 is
(vi) For Data Science, usually the data is collected in the incorrect.
form of tables. These tabular datasets can be stored in (ii) Which form of unsupervised learning does the
different formats. Which of the following formats is following diagram indicate?
not used for storing data in a tabular format? (A) Clustering
(A) CSV (B) Website (B) Regression
(C) SQL (D) Spreadsheet (C) Reinforcement learning
3. Answer any 5 out of given 6 questions: 5×1=5 (D) Classification
(i) __________________is one of the parameter for (iii) Bag of Words is a _______ model which helps in
evaluating a model’s performance and is defined extracting features out of the text which can be
as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly helpful in machine learning algorithms.
identified.
(A) Data Science (DS)
(A) Precision (B) Accuracy
(B) Virtual Reality (VR)
(C) Recall (D) F1
(C) Natural Language Processing (NLP)
(ii) In the AI project cycle, which of the following
(D) Computer Vision (CV)
represents the correct order of steps?
(iv) Which of the following represents an example of a
(A) Data Exploration, Problem Scoping, Modelling,
recommendation system?
Evaluation, Data Acquisition.
(A) An online clothing store that offers a wide
(B) Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data
variety of clothing options.
Exploration, Modelling, Evaluation.
(B) A search engine that retrieves relevant web
(C) Modelling, Data Acquisition, Evaluation,
pages based on user queries.
Problem Scoping, Data Exploration.
(C) An e-commerce website that displays customer
(D) Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Problem
reviews and ratings for products.
Scoping, Modelling, Evaluation.
(D) A music streaming platform that suggests songs
(iii) ________ is a concept to unify statistics, data analysis,
and playlists based on user listening history.
machine learning and their related methods in order
(v) Name any two search engines.
to understand and analyse actual phenomena with
data. (vi) What is the primary need for evaluating an AI
model’s performance in the AI Model Development
(A) Computer Vision
process?
(B) Natural Language Processing
(A) To increase the complexity of the model.
(C) Data Science
(B) To visualize the data.
(D) Computer Science
(C) To assess how well the chosen model will work
(iv In computer vision which of the following tasks is
in future.
used for multiple objects?
(D) To reduce the amount of data used for training.
(A) Classification
5. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions : 5 × 1=5
(B) Classification + Localisation
(i) Assertion (A): The term used to refer to the number
(C) Instance Segmentation
of pixels in an image is resolution.
(D) Localisation
Reason (R): Resolution in an image denotes the total
(v) In spam email detection, which of the following will number of pixels it contains, usually represented as
be considered as “False Negative”? height x width.
(A) When a legitimate email is accurately identified (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
as not spam. explanation for (A).
(B) When a spam email is mistakenly identified as (B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the
legitimate. correct explanation for (A).
Solved Paper - 2024 27
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 11. Differentiate between Machine Learning (ML) and
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Deep Learning (DL).
(ii) When a machine possesses the ability to mimic 12. What are the primary differences between Script-
human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the future, bots and Smart-bots ?
learn, and improve on its own, it is said to have: 13. What do you mean by Evaluation of an AI model?
(A) Computational Skills Also explain the concept of over fitting with respect
(B) Learning Capability to AI model Evaluation.
(C) Artificial Intelligence 14. For a healthcare organisation’s objective of predicting
(D) Cognitive Processing disease outbreaks and efficiently allocating resources
(iii) Statement 1: To evaluate a model’s performance, we through the analysis of medical records, would
need either precision or recall. you recommend using supervised learning or
Statement 2: When the value of both Precision and unsupervised and efficiently allocating resources
Recall is 1, the F1 score is 0. through the analysis of medical learning as the
(A) Both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct. preferred machine learning approach? Explain your
(B) Both statement 1 and statement 2 are incorrect. choice briefly.
(C) Statement 1 is correct, but statement 2 is 15. What role does data play in AI based applications ?
incorrect. Name any two sources of online data collection for
(D) Statement 1 is incorrect, but statement 2 is building any AI based application.
correct. 16. Differentiate between grayscale and RGB images.
(iv) The concept of ___________ is used to apply face Answer any 3 out of given 5 questions in 50-80 words each.
filters on various social media platforms. 3 × 4 = 12
(A) NLP 17. What are Neural networks? Briefly explain all the
(B) Computer Vision layers of a neural network.
18. Give any four examples of applications of AI that we
(C) Data Science
see around us.
(D) Block chain Technology
19. Consider the following two documents:
(v) The 4 W’s Problem Canvas helps in identifying the
Document 1 : ML and DL are part of AI.
key elements related to the given problem.
Document 2: DL is a subset of ML.
Which of the following is NOT one of the blocks of
Implement all four steps of the Bag of Words (BoW)
the Problem Canvas?
model to create a document vector table. Depict the
(A) When (B) Where
outcome of each step.
(C) What (D) Why 20. Consider the following graphs (Figure 1 and Figure
(vi) Which domain of AI is used for interacting with 2) that demonstrate the two types of Supervised
virtual assistants such as Siri and Alexa ? Learning Models of Artificial Intelligence. Identify
(A) Machine Learning (ML) and explain each model giving suitable examples of
(B) Computer Vision (CV) each.
(C) Natural Language Processing (NLP)
(D) Technical Vision (TV)
SECTION– B
(Subjective Type Questions)
Answer any 3 out of given 5 questions on

Employability Skills. Answer each question in 20-30
words. 3 × 2=6 Figure 2 Figure 1
6. Give any two examples of how individual choices and Figure 1 Figure 2
behaviours can contribute in achieving sustainable 21. A binary classification model has been developed to
development. classify news articles as either “Fake News” or “Real
7. List any two common misconceptions about News”. The model was tested on a dataset of 500
entrepreneurship.
news articles, and the resulting confusion matrix is as
8. What is the importance of time management in
follows:
effectively dealing with stress? Provide any one
strategy for improving time management skills to Reality
reduce stress. Confusion Matrix
9. Mention any two measures that individuals or Yes No
organisations can take to protect their data from theft Yes 45 15
and viruses. Predicted
10. The method of communication that you choose could No 20 420
affect the relationship with your peers, superiors and
customers. Write the four factors on the basis of which (A) How many total cases are True Negative in the above
you can choose the right method of communication. scenario?
Answer any 4 out of given 6 questions in 20-30 words (B) Calculate Precision, Recall and F1-Score.
each. 4×2=8

ANSWERS
SECTION– A communication within a small group of people.
Written communication, on the other hand, involves
(20 × 1 = 20) exchanging information through written text, such as
emails, letters, reports, or memos.
1. (i) Option (C) is correct. (vi) Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: In the SMART method, “A” stands for Explanation: Both the assertion and reason are true
Achievable. This means that the goals you set should and the reason provided (R) correctly explains why
be realistic and attainable within the resources, organic farming is considered a green skill essential
constraints, and time frame available to you. Setting for sustainable agriculture. Organic farming aligns
achievable goals ensures that they are within reach with principles of environmental sustainability by
and can be successfully accomplished, which employing methods that minimize harm to the
contributes to the overall success in both your career environment and promote long-term soil health
and personal life. and biodiversity. Therefore, option (a) is the correct
(ii) Option (B) is correct. choice.
Explanation: Self-management skills typically 2.(i) Option (B) is correct.
involve the ability to prioritize work, set goals, and Explanation: Having relevant and authentic training
stay updated about new practices. However, the data contributes significantly to the efficiency of
option “Not taking feedback” is counter productive an AI project. Training data forms the foundation
to effective self-management. Feedback is crucial for upon which machine learning models are built,
self-improvement, learning, and growth. It provides and the quality of this data directly impacts the
valuable insights into one’s performance, helps performance and accuracy of the models. Relevant
identify areas for improvement, and fosters personal data ensures that the model learns from examples
and professional development. Therefore, not taking that are representative of the problem domain, while
feedback would hinder rather than enhance self- authentic data reflects real-world scenarios, enabling
management skills. the model to generalize well to unseen data.
(iii) Option (A) is correct. (ii) Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: Successful entrepreneurs are often Explanation: Automatic summarization is the real-
characterized by their strong work ethic and life application of natural language processing (NLP)
determination to achieve their goals. They are willing used to provide an overview of a news item or blog
to put in the effort, time, and energy required to turn post while avoiding redundancy from multiple
their visions into reality. Hard work is a fundamental sources and maximizing the diversity of content
aspect of entrepreneurship, as it often involves obtained. Automatic summarization techniques
overcoming challenges, persevering through analyze the input text and generate a condensed
setbacks, and continuously striving for success. version that captures the key information and
Every other option would never help in moulding a main points, making it easier for users to quickly
successful entrepreneur. understand the content without reading the entire
(iv) Option (B) is correct. document.
Explanation: The operating system (OS) is the most (iii) Option (D) is correct.
important software in any computer. This system Explanation: While all options involve some form
software manages the computer’s hardware and of “smartness,” option (d) does not involve Artificial
provides a platform for other software applications Intelligence (AI) technology. A digital alarm clock
to run. The operating system boots up and starts operates based on a predefined set of instructions
working as soon as you switch on the computer, (e.g., ringing at a set time), without the need for
handling tasks such as managing memory, learning, adaptation, or decision-making capabilities
controlling input and output devices, and providing characteristic of AI.
a user interface for interaction with the computer. (iv) Option (A) is correct.
Examples of operating systems include Windows, Explanation: In the context of natural language
macOS, Linux, and others. processing and lemmatization, a lemma is the base
(v) Option (B) is correct. or dictionary form of a word. When lemmatizing
Explanation: Public communication occurs when one the word “caring,” the lemma would be “care.”
individual addresses a large gathering or audience. Lemmatization reduces words to their base or
This type of communication involves delivering dictionary form, which helps in standardizing words
a message to a group of people, such as in public for analysis, retrieval, or processing. Therefore,
speaking, lectures, presentations, or speeches. It “care” (option a) is the correct lemma resulting from
differs from interpersonal communication, which lemmatization for “caring.”
involves interactions between individuals, and (v) Option (C) is correct.
small group communication, which involves Explanation: Intrapersonal intelligence, as proposed
by Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, Explanation: Data Science is the concept that unifies
refers to the ability to understand oneself. It involves statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and related
self-awareness, recognizing one’s own emotions, methods to understand and analyze real-world
strengths, weaknesses, motivations, and goals. phenomena using data. It encompasses a wide range
Individuals with high intrapersonal intelligence of techniques and methodologies aimed at extracting
typically have a deep understanding of themselves insights, making predictions, and informing decision-
and are able to effectively regulate their emotions making processes from various types of data.
and actions based on this understanding. This type (iv) Option (C) is correct.
of intelligence is crucial for personal development, Explanation: Instance segmentation in computer
self-reflection, and achieving personal goals. vision is used for multiple objects. Instance
(vi) Option (B) is correct. segmentation involves not only identifying the
Explanation: Websites are not typically used for objects in an image but also distinguishing between
storing data in tabular format. Websites are platforms individual instances of the same object. This means
for displaying information or providing interactive that each object instance is uniquely segmented and
services to users. However, data stored on websites labeled within the image. This is particularly useful
may often be organized in databases, which could when there are multiple instances of the same class
use tabular formats like SQL databases or other of objects present in an image, allowing for precise
structured formats. But the website itself is not a localization and differentiation between them.
format for storing tabular data. (v) Option (B) is correct.
The other options, CSV (Comma-Separated Values), Explanation: A “False Negative” in spam email
SQL (Structured Query Language), and spreadsheet detection occurs when a spam email is mistakenly
(such as Excel), are commonly used formats for identified as legitimate/not spam. This means that
storing data in tabular form. the spam filter failed to detect the spam and allowed
3.(i) Option (C) is correct. it to pass through to the user’s inbox, which can
Explanation: Recall, also known as sensitivity or potentially result in the user being exposed to
true positive rate, is the parameter for evaluating unwanted or harmful content.
a model’s performance that measures the fraction (vi) Option (D) is correct.
of positive cases that are correctly identified by the Explanation: Stock market analysis is not typically
model. It calculates the proportion of true positive associated with Natural Language Processing (NLP).
cases (correctly identified positive cases) out of all Instead, it involves analyzing financial data, market
actual positive cases. trends, and economic indicators to make investment
(ii) Option (B) is correct. decisions. While NLP can be used in various
Explanation: Here’s a breakdown of each step: applications such as sentiment analysis, speech
1. Problem Scoping: This involves clearly defining the recognition, and spam filtering in emails, it is not
problem statement, objectives, and scope of the AI commonly employed in the context of stock market
project. It’s crucial to understand what problem the analysis.
AI system is meant to solve and what success looks 4. (i) Option (A) is correct.
like. Explanation:
2. Data Acquisition: Once the problem is scoped, the • Statement 1: Confusion matrix is indeed an evaluation
next step is to gather the relevant data needed to train metric commonly used in machine learning to assess
and test the AI model. This may involve collecting the performance of classification models.
data from various sources, such as databases, APIs, or • Statement 2: Confusion matrix is also a record that
sensors. summarizes the performance of a classification
3. Data Exploration: After acquiring the data, it’s model by tabulating the number of true positive,
important to explore and analyze it to understand its false positive, true negative, and false negative
characteristics, quality, and patterns. This step helps predictions.
in identifying any data preprocessing steps that may Both statements are correct in describing the nature
be necessary before modelling. and purpose of a confusion matrix. Therefore, option
4. Modelling: Once the data is prepared, the modelling (a) is the correct choice.
phase involves building and training the AI model (ii) Option (A) is correct.
using machine learning or deep learning techniques. Explanation: The diagram indicates a grouping or
This step aims to develop a model that can effectively clustering of data points without explicit labels or
address the problem defined earlier. categories, it represents the process of clustering,
5. Evaluation: After training the model, it’s essential to which is a form of unsupervised learning.
evaluate its performance using appropriate metrics. It can’t be a regression problem as its not
This step helps assess how well the model generalizes predicting values.The given image doesn’t depict
to new, unseen data and whether it meets the project an environment where an agent is interacting
objectives. and learning to maximize rewards,hence its not
So, option (b) represents the correct order of steps in reinforcement learning. In the classification problem
the AI project cycle. we are trying to find a perfect boundary that
(iii) Option (C) is correct. separates the classes,here that is not the case.
(iii) Option (C) is correct. scores), the F1 score will also have a value of 1, not 0.
Explanation: Bag of Words (BoW) is a technique used The F1 score is the harmonic mean of precision and
in Natural Language Processing (NLP) to represent recall and is calculated using the formula F1 = 2 *
text data as numerical feature vectors. It involves (precision * recall) / (precision + recall). If precision
creating a vocabulary of unique words from the and recall are both 1, then F1 = 2 * (1 * 1) / (1 + 1) =
corpus of text documents and then representing each 1.
document as a vector of word counts or presence/ (iv) Option (B) is correct.
absence of these words. These feature vectors Explanation: Computer vision is the concept
can then be used in machine learning algorithms used behind the face filters on various social
for various NLP tasks such as text classification, media platforms. Computer vision involves the
sentiment analysis, and document clustering. development of algorithms and techniques to
(iv) Option (D) is correct. enable computers to interpret and understand visual
Explanation: A recommendation system is designed information from digital images or videos. In the
to suggest items or content to users based on their context of social media platforms, computer vision
preferences, behaviour, or historical interactions. In algorithms analyze facial features in real-time to
this case, a music streaming platform recommending apply filters, effects, or augmentations to users’ faces,
songs and playlists based on a user’s listening enhancing their photos or videos.
history exemplifies a recommendation system. This (v) Option (B) is correct.
system analyzes past listening behaviour to provide Explanation: The 4 W’s Problem Canvas typically
personalized recommendations, enhancing user consists of the following blocks:
experience and engagement. 1. What: Describes the problem or opportunity.
(v) Two well-known search engines are: 2. Why: Identifies the reasons or motivations behind
1. Google the problem.
2. Bing 3. Who: Specifies the stakeholders or people affected by
(vi) Option (C) is correct. the problem.
Explanation: Evaluating the performance of an 4. When: Indicates the timing or duration of the
AI model allows developers to understand how problem.
effectively the model solves the problem it was “Where” is not typically included as one of the blocks
designed for. It helps in assessing the model’s accuracy, in the Problem Canvas.
reliability, and generalization capabilities, providing (vi) Option (C) is correct.
insights into its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Explanation: Interacting with virtual assistants
By evaluating the model’s performance, developers such as Siri and Alexa involves understanding and
can make informed decisions about its deployment, processing natural language inputs from users.
optimization, and potential improvements. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the domain
5.(i) Option (A) is correct. of artificial intelligence (AI) that deals with the
Explanation: Both the assertion and the reason are interaction between computers and humans through
true. Resolution indeed refers to the number of pixels natural language. NLP enables virtual assistants to
in an image, and it is typically represented as the understand spoken or written language, interpret
product of its height and width in pixels. Therefore, user queries, and generate appropriate responses.
option (a) is the correct choice as the reason (R)
correctly explains assertion (A). SECTION– B
(ii) Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: When a machine possesses the ability
to mimic human traits such as making decisions,
6. Individual choices like reducing waste and
predicting the future, learning, and improving on its
using sustainable transportation can minimize
own, it is referred to as having Artificial Intelligence
environmental impact, while adopting energy-
(AI). AI involves the development of computer
efficient practices at home can conserve resources,
systems that can perform tasks that typically require
contributing to sustainable development.
human intelligence, including problem-solving,
pattern recognition, and decision-making. Therefore, 7. Two common misconceptions about entrepreneurship
option (c) is the correct choice. are:
(iii) Option (B) is correct. 1. Entrepreneurship is all about taking big risks.
Explanation: 2. Entrepreneurs are born, not made.
• Statement 1: This statement is incorrect. Precision 8. Effective time management helps prioritize tasks,
and recall are both important metrics for evaluating reduce procrastination, and create a sense of control,
a model’s performance, especially in binary reducing stress. One strategy is the “Pomodoro
classification tasks, but they are not the only metrics Technique,” where work is broken into intervals
available. Other metrics such as accuracy, F1 score, with short breaks in between to maintain focus and
and specificity are also commonly used. productivity.
• Statement 2: This statement is also incorrect. When 9. Two measures individuals or organizations can take
both precision and recall have a value of 1 (perfect to protect their data are:
1. Implementing strong password policies and various factors (such as symptoms, demographics,
using multi-factor authentication. geographic locations) and disease outbreaks,
2. Regularly updating software and installing enabling accurate predictions and informed resource
antivirus programs to safeguard against viruses allocation decisions.
and malware. 15. Data plays a crucial role in AI-based applications as
10. The four factors to consider when choosing the right it serves as the foundation for training, testing, and
method of communication are: improving machine learning models. The quality,
quantity, and diversity of data directly impact
1. Audience: Consider the preferences,
the performance and accuracy of AI systems. Two
expectations, and communication styles of your
sources of online data collection for building AI-
peers, superiors, and customers.
based applications are:
2. Message Complexity: Determine the complexity 1. Web scraping: Extracting data from websites
and sensitivity of the message to decide whether by automatically retrieving and parsing
it’s best communicated verbally, in writing, or information from web pages.
face-to-face. 2. Application programming interfaces (APIs):
3. Urgency: Evaluate the urgency of the message Accessing data from online services or platforms
and choose a communication method that through APIs, which provide a structured way
ensures timely delivery and response. to interact with and retrieve data from various
4. Context: Take into account the context of sources such as social media platforms, weather
the communication, including the physical services, or financial databases.
environment, cultural norms, and technological 16. Grayscale images contain only shades of gray,
capabilities, to ensure effective communication ranging from black to white, representing the
and relationship-building. intensity of light at each pixel. RGB images, on the
11. Machine Learning (ML) involves algorithms that other hand, are composed of three colour channels
learn from data to make predictions, while Deep (red, green, and blue), allowing each pixel to have a
Learning (DL) is a subset of ML that uses artificial combination of different colours, resulting in a wider
neural networks with multiple layers for learning. range of colours and the ability to represent full-
12. Script-bots follow predefined scripts or instructions, colour images.
while Smart-bots utilize artificial intelligence and 17. Neural networks are computational models inspired
machine learning algorithms to adapt and learn from by the structure and functioning of the human
interactions, making them more flexible and capable brain, used in machine learning. They consist of
of handling diverse situations. interconnected nodes arranged into layers:
13. Evaluation of an AI model refers to assessing its 1. Input Layer: Receives input data where data is
performance and effectiveness in solving a particular fed into the network.
task or problem. This process involves testing the 2. Hidden Layers: Perform computations and
model using data that it hasn’t seen before, measuring feature extraction, using weighted connections
its accuracy, precision, recall, or other relevant and activation functions.
metrics, and comparing the model’s predictions or 3. Output Layer: Produces the final output,
outcomes against the ground truth. representing predictions or classifications.
Overfitting is a phenomenon in machine learning Hidden layers allow neural networks to learn
where a model learns to perform extremely well on complex patterns from data through iterative
the training data but fails to generalize well to new, optimization processes.
unseen data. This occurs when the model captures
Each layer’s nodes (neurons) apply
noise or random fluctuations in the training data
transformations to the input data using weights
rather than the underlying patterns, resulting in poor
and activation functions, allowing the network
performance on test or validation data. Overfitting
to learn complex patterns and make predictions.
often happens when the model is too complex or
when it’s trained with insufficient data. To address 18. Four examples of AI applications commonly seen
overfitting, techniques such as regularization, cross- around us include:
validation, and early stopping can be used. 1. Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa, which use
14. For the healthcare organization’s objective of natural language processing to understand and
predicting disease outbreaks and efficiently allocating respond to user queries.
resources through the analysis of medical records, I 2. Recommendation systems used by streaming
would recommend using supervised learning as the services and e-commerce platforms to suggest
preferred machine learning approach. Supervised content or products based on user preferences.
learning is suitable when there are labeled data 3. Autonomous vehicles, which employ computer
available, which in this case would include historical vision and machine learning algorithms to
medical records with information about disease navigate and make driving decisions.
outbreaks and resource allocations. By training a 4. Medical diagnosis systems that analyze the
supervised learning model on this labeled data, the patient data to assist healthcare professionals
model can learn patterns and relationships between in identifying diseases and recommending
treatments. These applications demonstrate AI’s Vocabulary: [ML, and, DL, are, part, of, AI, is, a,
versatility in improving efficiency and decision- subset]
making across various domains. Step 3: Count word occurrences - Count the
19. Step 1: Tokenization - Split each document into frequency of each word in each document:
individual words: Document 1: [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]
Document 1: [ML, and, DL, are, part, of, AI] Document 2: [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1]
Document 2: [DL, is, a, subset, of, ML] Step 4: Create document vectors - Represent each
Step 2: Build a vocabulary - Create a set of unique document as a vector using word frequencies:
words from all documents: Document Vector Table:
ML and DL are part of AI is a subset
Doc 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Doc 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
20. As described the graphs in Figure 1 and Figure 2. “No” and the actual label is also “No”.
Figure 1 is Classification Model and Figure 2 is From the matrix, the True Negatives (TN) are
Regression Model. 420.
We will explain two types of supervised learning Precision, Recall, and F1-Score are calculated as
models in artificial intelligence along with suitable follows:
examples: From the confusion matrix we have:
1. Classification Model: Classification models • TP (True Positives) = 420
are used to predict categorical labels or classes • FP (False Positives) = 15
for input data points. In Figure 1, if this graph
represents a classification model, it might depict • FN (False Negatives) = 20
distinct clusters or regions representing different (i) To find Precision:
classes. Precision = TP / (TP + FP)
Example: Classifying emails as spam or not Precision = 420 / (420 + 15)
spam based on features such as sender, subject = 420 / 435
line, and content. By training a classification
= 0.9655
model on a labeled dataset of emails (spam or
non-spam), the model can learn to classify new (ii) To find Recall:
emails into the appropriate category. Recall = TP / (TP + FN)
2. Regression Model: Regression models are used Recall = 420 / (420 + 20)
to predict continuous numerical values based = 420 / 440
on input features. In Figure 2, if this graph = 0.9545
represents a regression model, it might depict a
scatter plot of data points where the goal is to (iii) To find F1 score:
find a line (or curve) that best fits the data. F1-Score = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision +
Example: Predicting house prices based on Recall)
features such as square footage, number of F1-Score = 2 * (0.9655 * 0.9545) / (0.9655 + 0.9545)
bedrooms, and location. Given historical data = 0.9600
of house prices and corresponding features, a Therefore,
regression model can be trained to predict the
Precision = 0.9655,
price of a new house.
Recall = 0.9545, and
21. (a)
To find the total True Negatives (TN), we look at
the confusion matrix where the predicted label is F1-Score = 0.9600.

C H A P T E R PART-A : UNIT-I
1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS-II
Course of Action
Learning Objectives Maximum Time = 4 Hrs
• Recognise verbal, non-verbal, and visual communication methods in Maximum Questions = 133
business contexts.
• Understand the communication cycle and the importance of feedback. List of Topics
• Understand descriptive and specific feedback, and apply both effectively. Topic-1: Methods of Communication
• Identify and classify barriers to communication. �� P.No. 01
• Propose and implement measures to overcome communication barriers. Topic-2: P rovide Descriptive and Specific
• Apply effective communication principles and utilise the 7Cs in business Feedback
�� P.No. 07
communication.
Topic-3: M easures to Overcome Barriers to
• Develop essential writing skills for business communication, including Communication
sentences, phrases, kinds of sentences, parts of speech, articles, and �� P.No. 10
paragraph construction. Topic-4: Principles of Communication
�� P.No. 13
Topic-5: Basic Writing Skills
�� P.No. 14
TOPIC-1 M ethods of Communication

Concepts Covered:
 Verbal communication • Non-verbal communication • Visual communication
For example:
Revision Notes zz Customer Service Call: “I’ve been experiencing
¾¾Communication: problems with my internet connection.”
zz The term communication refers to the act of delivering zz Customer Service Representative: “I apologise for the
a message from one person or group to another through inconvenience. I’ll look at your account. Could you
verbal, nonverbal, or written language. It is a process please give me your account number?”
that includes both sending and receiving messages to zz Verbal communication is shown in the example by the
develop mutual understanding. conversation between the customer and the agent.
¾¾Communication Skills: The customer tells the agent about a problem, and the
zz Encompasses effective and clear conveying of representative asks a question to make things clearer.
information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings. This shows how verbal communication can be used to
zz Uses verbal and non-verbal methods for message address and solve the problem.
articulation. ¾¾Types of Verbal Communication:
zz Involves listening, speaking, writing, and interpreting zz Face-to-Face Communication: Direct interaction
non-verbal signals. between persons, including verbal words, facial
zz Essential for building relationships, resolving conflicts, expressions, and body language.
team collaboration, and achieving shared goals. zz Written Communication: Communication using
zz Involves expression of thoughts and active reception of written documents such as emails, letters, and reports.
information. zz Telephone Communication: Verbal communication
¾¾Verbal Communication: using spoken words and tone of voice.
zz Verbal communication refers to the use of spoken zz Video Conferencing: Video-based face-to-face
words to communicate messages, information, or ideas communication is ideal for distant meetings and
between people or organisations. It is a key component conversations.
of human interaction that is required in a variety of zz Meetings and Presentations: Group discussions and
personal, professional, and social situations. Verbal information sharing through spoken words.
communication includes both the spoken word and zz Public Speaking: Presenting a prepared speech
how it is delivered, which includes tone, pitch, speed, emphasising effective verbal communication skills to a
and emotion. big audience.
Communication Skills-II 3
zz Interviews: Verbal communication is used in structured ¾¾Types of non-verbal communication:

conversations to assess qualifications, skills, and zz Body Language: Body language includes moves,
suitability for a position. stances, facial expressions, and gestures that show how
zz Interpersonal Communication: Everyday one-on- someone feels and what they want to say. For example:
one interactions, such as casual conversations, where Crossed arms can show that you are protective or
verbal exchange is a key element. resistant while leaning forward during a talk can show
¾¾Advantages of Verbal Communication: that you are interested and involved.
zz Clarity and Precision: Speaking out loud makes it zz Proxemics: When people talk to each other, they keep
easier to be exact and clear with your ideas, which their distance and how they use their personal space.
lowers the chance of mistakes. This is called proximity. For example: People might think
zz Immediate Feedback: Real-time contact helps you get you’re bothering them if you stand too close to them, but
feedback immediately, making communication more keeping the right spacing builds warmth and respect.
effective. zz Kinesics: Kinesics is the study of how bodies move,
zz Expressiveness: Verbal communication allows including how they make faces emotions, and move.
individuals to convey emotions, tone, and nuances For example, during a conversation, nodding to show
through voice modulation. agreement strengthens what is being said, while
¾¾Disadvantages of Verbal Communication:
shaking your head may mean you don’t agree.
zz Olfactics: This is the study of how scents are used to
zz Lack of Record: When people talk to each other, there
isn’t always a record of what they say, which can lead communicate. For example, a nice smell in a store can
to mistakes or arguments. make the experience better for customers and change
how they feel about the space.
zz Limited to Spoken/Written Words: Talking may not
zz Chronemics: Time used in conversation, such as timing
be the best way to send a nonverbal message, which
makes the message less detailed. and the speed of exchanges, is called chronemics. For
example: Showing respect for other people’s time by
zz Potential Misinterpretation: Words can be
being on time for a meeting is one thing; regularly
misunderstood because of ambiguity, tone, or cultural
arriving late may show a lack of respect.
differences.
zz Chromatics: Colour can be used to send messages and
¾¾Components of Verbal Communication:
make people feel things. This is called chromatics. For
zz These components help people communicate example: When it comes to branding, the colours used in
effectively, customise their message to the audience, an image can make people feel trusting, excited, or calm.
and improve understanding and engagement in
zz Haptics: Haptics is the use of touch in communication.
personal and professional situations.
For example: Strong grips can show confidence, while
¾¾Effective verbal communication includes:
warm handshakes can show warmth and start a good
zz Language Competency: Mastering grammar, syntax, conversation.
and appropriate use is essential for clear and successful zz Silence and Pause: The intentional use of silence and
verbal communication. pauses in communication for emphasis or reflection.
zz Vocabulary: Broad vocabulary enables exact expression, For example: In a discussion, pausing before answering
details, and audience-specific communication. can build tension and show that you are giving the
zz General Awareness: Staying up-to-date on current issue careful thought.
events, trends, and general knowledge improves ¾¾Advantages of Non-Verbal Communication:
communication and connections in various situations. zz Conveys Emotions: Nonverbal messages are a good
zz Domain Knowledge (IT): Applying industry-specific way to show how you feel, adding more meaning to
language and ideas enhances communication within what you say.
the sector. zz Universal Elements: Some nonverbal signals, like facial
zz Active Listening Skills: Concentrate, comprehend, emotions, can be understood by everyone, even if they
and react properly to others’ words. Understanding don’t speak the same language.
and teamwork depend on verbal communication. zz Builds Relationships: Body language and eye contact,
¾¾Non-Verbal Communication: which are not spoken words, are very important for
zz Non-verbal communication involves Scan this getting to know someone and earning their trust.
sending messages without words. The ¾¾Disadvantages of Non-Verbal Communication:
expression includes body language, zz Subject to Interpretation: Nonverbal messages can be
facial expressions, gestures, posture, subjective and easy to get wrong because their meaning
eye contact, and tone of speech. Verbal Vs can be different in different places and cultures.
Nonverbal communications transmit Non-verbal
Communication zz Limited Explicitness: Nonverbal communication
emotions, attitudes, and additional
might not be as clear as spoken language when giving
layers of meaning, complementing or
thorough directions or information.
sometimes contradicting verbal messages. Nonverbal
zz Difficult to Control: Unlike verbal communication,
communication skills are important for efficient
interpersonal interactions, reading unspoken messages, individuals may find it difficult to control certain
and building strong personal and professional non-verbal expressions, leading to unintentional
relationships. communication.
¾¾Visual Communication: zz Some elements capture attention, improving
zz Visual communication uses pictures, graphics, charts, communication effectiveness.
symbols, and design to convey information, ideas, zz They are more memorable than text, aiding better
and messages. This method uses visuals to help information retention.
people grasp information more quickly and efficiently. zz It can transcend language barriers, appealing to diverse
Visible communication in graphic design, advertising, audiences globally.
presentations, and multimedia improves clarity, impact, zz They are like charts, graphs, and infographics that
and memorability. This method helps communicate efficiently represent complex data.
difficult material, make attractive presentations, and
zz Visual elements like logos and consistent design
address varied language audiences.
contribute to brand recognition.
zz Visuals can convey information rapidly.
¾¾Visual Communication Disadvantages:

zz Effective visual communication may require specific
design skills.
Road Work No Overtaking zz Poorly designed visuals may misrepresent information.
zz It often relies on technology, which can hinder

successful transmission.
zz Certain information may be challenging to represent
visually.
zz Visual symbols and signals may be interpreted
No goods vehicles Maximum length differently across cultures.

zz Some individuals may face challenges accessing and
Public Signs and Signals interpreting visual content.
¾¾Visual Communication Element: zz Overemphasis on visual aesthetics can compromise
zz Use of visual elements like images, charts, graphs, substantive content.
symbols, and design.
zz Impactful design that captures attention and leaves a MNEMONICS
lasting impact. Mnemonics for key elements of visual communication:
zz Effective use of pictures and graphics to convey Mnemonic: “VIP CODE”
information. V - Visual Elements
zz Delivers a clear and understandable message. I - Impactful Design
zz Balances visual appearance with significant content. P - Pictures and Graphics
zz Make visuals inclusive and universally understandable. C - Clarity of Message
zz Use charts, graphs, and infographics to represent O - Overemphasis Avoidance
complex data. D - Diverse Audience Consideration
zz Visual Communication Advantages: E - Efficient Information Conveyance
zz It provides a clear understanding of complex concepts.
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 3. Define verbal communication.
1. During a face-to-face job interview, the applicant Ans. Verbal communication refers to the use of spoken
maintains continuous eye contact throughout the words to convey a message, idea, or information
conversation. What is the meaning conveyed by between individuals or groups.
this non-verbal signal? 4. During a public speaking event, the speaker
Ans. Maintaining eye contact is a common indicator of observes some audience members crossing their
self-assurance, genuineness, and participation in arms and relaxing. What possible message may
the discourse. It can generate a favorable impression this body language communicate?
on the interviewer. Ans. Leaning back and crossing arms may be used to
2. In the context of a team meeting, a member express disagreement or opposition. To engage the
constantly agrees with the speaker’s views by audience, the speaker should pay close attention to
nodding. What kind of nonverbal signal does this these indications and think about changing their
provide about the team member? message or strategy.
Ans. Engaging in nodding as a response demonstrates 5. The team leader observes that team members often
attentive attention and agreement with the speaker’s use the “thumbs up” emoji in a group chat to mark
concepts. This non-verbal gesture indicates a sense the accomplishment of projects. What non-verbal
of collaboration and endorsement among the team message does this communicate in the context of
members. virtual communication?
This Question is for practice and its solution is given at the end of the chapter.
6. During a team meeting, one team member and addressing these signals can help manage the
seems hesitant to speak up. How can verbal dynamics of the discussion.
communication be utilised to encourage their 4. Explain types of non-verbal communication.
participation? Ans. Two primary types of non-verbal communication
Ans. Encourage open-ended questions and actively are:
listen to their responses, providing positive • Body Language: This includes gestures, facial
reinforcement for their contributions. expressions, posture, and movements. Body
7. While negotiating, one party consistently uses language can convey emotions, attitudes, and
gestures to emphasise points. What are the intentions without verbal expression.
benefits of using effective gestures in this specific • Visual Communication: Visual elements such
communication context? as images, charts, graphs, and symbols convey
Ans. Efficient use of hand movements may improve the information. Visual communication is essential in
clarity and intensity of spoken communication. It presentations, signage, and design, providing a non-
enhances the negotiating process by introducing verbal way to communicate complex ideas or data.
vitality, facilitating the communication of objectives, 5. During a team meeting, Sarah, a team leader at
and emphasising important points more clearly. a marketing firm, presents a new advertising
8. What are the benefits of using this visual commu- campaign proposal to her team. She explains the
nication strategy? concept in detail, using clear and concise language
to articulate the key ideas and objectives of the
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) campaign.
1. List two best practices for effective communication. How can Sarah utilise verbal communication to
[SQP 2023-24] ensure her team understands and engages with
Ans. • Use simple language. her advertising campaign proposal?
• Be respectful of others’ opinions. Ans. Sarah can utilise verbal communication by:
• Do not form assumptions about culture, religion, or • Using clear and concise language to explain the concept
geography. and objectives of the campaign.
• Try to communicate in person as much as possible. • Encouraging open dialogue and inviting questions to
• Use visuals. ensure her team fully understands the proposal.
• Take the help of a translator to overcome differences 6. How does active listening contribute to effective
in language. (Any two) verbal communication?
2. Mr. Aakash Bose, who owned “Roman Enterprises,” Ans. Active listening involves fully concentrating,
a company that made different kinds of electronics, understanding, and responding to a speaker. Verbal
noticed that his employees were unhappy and that communication helps people understand each
their goals weren’t being met. They asked his son other better, avoid mistakes, and create a good
conversation setting when talking to someone. It
Nakul, who had just finished his MBA, to help
shows respect and encourages open dialogue.
them figure out what was happening. Nakul found
7. How can clarity and precision benefit verbal
out that his father was the only one who could
communication?
make decisions about the business. It was hard for
Ans. Clear and precise verbal communication has several
Mr. Aakash Bose and his workers to understand benefits. It minimises misunderstandings, enhances
each other because he didn’t trust them. As a understanding, builds credibility, facilitates
result, staff confidence dropped, making people decision-making, strengthens relationships,
unhappy, and the company failed to meet its goals. increases efficiency, and reduces errors. Overall, it
What visual methods could have been employed to contributes to improved communication outcomes.
facilitate better understanding and collaboration 8. In the training session, Anil, the sales manager, is
between Mr. Aakash Bose and his employees? teaching the new sales representative how to talk
to customers in a good way. He wants to highlight
Ans. Visual methods like organisational charts or process the importance of both verbal and non-verbal
diagrams could have been used to illustrate decision- communication in building rapport with customers.
making structures and empower employees by How can Anil emphasise the significance of
clarifying their roles and responsibilities. verbal and non-verbal communication in customer
3. During a group discussion, one participant interactions during the training session?
nods frequently while another crosses their Ans. Anil highlights the importance of verbal
arms. Interpret the potential meanings of these communication in product information delivery.
contrasting non-verbal signals and their impact on He promotes clear, uncomplicated product features,
the discussion. benefits, and value propositions. Anil builds
Ans. Frequent nodding indicates agreement and connections and meets customer needs with active
listening, open-ended inquiries, and pleasant
engagement, creating a positive atmosphere.
language. Anil also stresses the importance of body
However, crossed arms may signify disagreement,
language, facial expressions, and eye contact in
defensiveness, or a closed mindset. Recognising
developing customer trust, confidence, and empathy.
Commonly Made Error Answering Tip

Students often may confuse types of communication To avoid this error student should distinguish
(verbal, non-verbal, visual) with specific methods between types of communication (e.g., verbal, non-
(e.g., email, phone call) and fail to differentiate verbal, visual) and specific methods (e.g., face-to-face
between them. conversation, body language, presentations) to ensure
clarity and depth in their responses.
TOPIC-2 P rovide Descriptive and Specific Feedback

Concepts Covered:
 Communication cycle and importance of feedback • Meaning and Importance of Feedback • Descriptive feedback-
Written comments or conversations • Specific and Non-specific feedback
Revision Notes Scan this MNEMONICS

Concept: Communication Cycle
¾¾Communication cycle and Importance
Interpretations: Sam Made Every Cake Recipes, Delicious,
of Feedback:
Fantastic and Nice
zz The communication cycle is a Feedback in
Sender: Sam Message: Made
conceptual framework that explains Communication Encoding: Every Channel: Cake
the exchange of information between Receiver: Recipes Decoding: Delicious
two or more participants. The communication cycle
Feedback: Fantastic Noise: Nice
is characterised by its cyclical nature, which allows
for several repetitions as necessary to provide a ¾¾Meaning and Importance of Feedback:
comprehensive and precise flow of information. zz In communication, feedback is the receiver’s response
Feedback is an essential element that enables to the sender’s message. This essential component
the sender to evaluate whether the message was completes the cycle by verifying that the message was
understood as intended and make any adjustments to understood well or not.
their communication. ¾¾Important of Feedback:
¾¾A communication cycle’s elements are as follows: zz Feedback ensures the information is received and understood,
zz Sender: The person who starts the communication eliminating misconceptions.
process by creating and transmitting a message. zz Feedback helps improve communication by correcting
zz Message: The thought, feeling, or information that the differences as well as understanding barriers.
sender wants the person receiving it to understand. zz Feedback channels promote active participation, making
zz Encoding: Translating ideas or concepts into code, such

communication more dynamic and participatory.
zz Positive feedback improves interaction as well as
as words, gestures, or symbols, to create the message.
cooperation.
zz Channel: The communication channel used to send
zz Feedback helps people adjust and enhance their
the message. Examples of this are written or verbal
communication methods.
expressions, body language, and digital tools like video
zz Feedback completes the cycle, providing effective
calls and emails.
information transmission between sender and receiver.
zz Receiver: The person or group of people to whom the
zz Feedback helps improve communication throughout the
communication is addressed. cycle.
zz Decoding: The method by which the communication is ¾¾Descriptive feedback- Written comments or
decoded and understood by the person who received it. conversations:
zz Feedback: The receiver’s Ans. or reply, which might be zz The term descriptive feedback is used to describe
written, verbal, or non-verbal. the information that is offered to someone based on
zz Noise: Any interruption or distortion that might hinder their performance, work, or behaviours. This kind of
communication is referred to as noise. This might be feedback may be delivered verbally or in written form.
internal (preconceived ideas, feelings) or external The objective of descriptive feedback is to provide a
(distractions from outside sources). full and detailed evaluation, stressing both areas of
strength and areas in which development is needed
Feedback effectively both clearly and helpful.
For example:
Receiver
Message zz The manager provides descriptive feedback on the

Sender Encoding
Channel
Decoding employee’s project report, praising their understanding
of the project requirements and effective use of
visual aids. However, they propose improving the
introduction to create a stronger first impression
Noise
and provide a brief overview of key findings in the
Communication Cycle executive summary to increase reader attention. The
manager likes how careful the worker is with details Example: “Your report analysis is thorough, and your
and thinks that the report would be even better with a conclusions are well-supported. Include more current
small change to the introduction. statistics to support your points and make them
zz Feedback is an important aspect of communication, relevant.”
feedback should be multi-dimensional, non-evaluative, ¾¾Specific and Non-specific feedback:
supportive, consistent, constructive, objective, timely, and zz Specific feedback gives exact information on a
specific. Formative communication feedback involves performance, behaviour, or communication element.
descriptive feedback during the learning process to help It highlights particular activities, helping people
students achieve communication objectives. It helps understand what worked and what didn’t.
individuals determine strengths and weaknesses in real- For example, “Your presentation’s important data
time and make changes. After a project, presentation, supported your main arguments and highlighted your
or performance, summative communication feedback message. Well done!”
provides descriptive evaluation. It evaluates the
zz Non-specific feedback is more generic and lacks precise
communication effectiveness against predetermined
details. It may not specify the activities or behaviours
criteria. Summative descriptive feedback gives a complete
being addressed. It recognises overall achievement but
evaluation with praise and suggestions.
doesn’t explain what factors influenced the comments.
zz Descriptive Feedback provides performance,
For example: “Good job on the project.”
behaviour, and work described in descriptive feedback.
It describes specific behaviours, attributes, or results
without providing suggestions for enhancement. Key Words
Descriptive feedback describes what was seen or
experienced specifically. ¾¾Summative evaluation: Summative evaluation
Example: “Your presentation demonstrated effective is typically conducted after a program or project
use of visuals and a confident speaking style. Well- has been completed, while formative evaluation
presented data, but audience eye contact could be is conducted during program or project
improved.” implementation.
zz Prescriptive Feedback provides recommendations for ¾¾Dynamic communication: Dynamic communica-
improvement, including particular activities, strengths, tion goes beyond simply putting a point across; it in-
and problems. It goes beyond description to provide a volves dynamic tactics and strategies to ensure that
path for enhancement or correction. the desired outcome is achieved.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Answering Tip
1. Upon completing a group assignment, Rama
To avoid this error encourage students to understand
receives feedback from her team members. How communication as a dynamic loop where messages
does receiving feedback from her team members are sent, received, interpreted, and responded to, with
help Rama improve the way she communicates feedback playing a crucial role in ensuring clarity and
with people? understanding.
Ans. Receiving feedback from her team members allows
4. During a performance review, Mohan’s supervisor
Rama to understand how her communication style
provides him with descriptive feedback on
and contributions were perceived, helping her
his communication skills. How does receiving
identify strengths and areas for improvement.
descriptive feedback from his supervisor benefit
2. How does the communication cycle work? Mohan
3. Why is feedback an essential part of the Ans. Mohan benefits from receiving descriptive feedback
communication cycle? as it offers specific insights into his communication
Ans. Feedback allows the sender to verify whether the strengths and weaknesses, enabling him to make
message was understood correctly and adjust targeted improvements.
their communication if needed, ensuring effective 5. Lina gives a presentation to her classmates,
communication between parties. and afterward, her instructor provides her with
specific feedback. How does receiving specific
feedback from her instructor help Lina in her
Commonly Made Error future presentations?
Students often misunderstand the communication Ans. Receiving specific feedback from her instructor
cycle as a linear process, where communication allows Lina to understand which aspects of her
flows in a single direction from sender to receiver presentation were effective and which areas need
without feedback or interruption. improvement, guiding her to enhance her future
presentations.
6. What role does noise play in the communication in ensuring the message is effectively conveyed.
cycle? What steps can Sunita take to ensure effective
7. Maya participates in a role-playing exercise during communication of the launch plan to her team?
a communication workshop. What feedback did Ans. Sunita could start communicating by thoroughly
Maya receive from the facilitator? encoding the launch strategy. She should then
choose a team meeting or email based on the
Ans. Maya received non-specific feedback from the
information’s complexity and urgency. Sunita
facilitator, who praised her overall performance but
should give the message when all team members are
did not provide specific areas for improvement.
present and attentive. During the communication,
8. Dev conducts a training session for new she should actively engage her team members,
employees. What feedback did Dev receive from encourage feedback, and address any questions or
the participants? concerns promptly. To complete the communication
Ans. Dev received formative descriptive feedback cycle, Sunita should ask her colleagues for feedback
from the participants, who appreciated his clear after delivery.
explanations but suggested he provide more 4. Why is it important for feedback to be specific
interactive activities for engagement. rather than non-specific?
9. What is the difference between specific and non- 5. Nikita is part of a team working on a group project
specific feedback? for her business course. During team meetings,
Ans. Specific feedback provides detailed information members provide feedback on each other’s
on performance or behaviour, while non-specific contributions, but it tends to be vague and non-
feedback is more generic and lacks precise details. specific. How does non-specific feedback impact
the effectiveness of Nikita’s team project?
10. Why is it important for feedback to be timely?
Ans. Non-specific feedback in Nikita’s team project
may lead to confusion and ambiguity among team
Ans. Timely feedback allows for immediate adjustment members regarding their performance and areas for
and correction, preventing misunderstandings improvement. Without clear guidance, individuals
and promoting continuous improvement in may struggle to understand how to enhance their
communication. contributions to the project, potentially hindering
overall team performance and project outcomes.
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) 6. What is descriptive feedback? How does it
1. Somi is a marketing manager responsible for contribute to effective communication?
launching a new product line. As part of her role, she Ans. Descriptive feedback is detailed information provided
needs to communicate the marketing strategy to her to someone based on their performance, work, or
team and gather feedback on their understanding behaviours, emphasising both strengths and areas
and input. How does the communication cycle for improvement. Descriptive feedback contributes
apply to Somi’s situation, and why is feedback to effective communication by providing individuals
important in this context? with detailed insights into their performance or
Ans. Somi creates a marketing strategy and encodes it behaviour, facilitating understanding, growth, and
into a message. She then informs her staff through improvement in communication skills.
a channel. The team interprets and replies to Commonly Made Error
the message, offering feedback to clarify, resolve
problems, and suggest changes. Feedback helps Somi Students focus on the necessity of descriptive
assess her communication, clear misunderstandings, and specified feedback, but neglect its practical
and boost productivity. Feedback improves team delivery. Instead, they may emphasise theoretical
communication and collaboration, resulting in a relevance without discussing constructive criticism
successful product launch. techniques.
2. What are the fundamental elements of the
communication cycle? Answering Tip
Ans. The communication process typically involves To address this error, students should emphasise the
several stages: encoding, transmitting, receiving, practical aspects of providing descriptive and specific
decoding, and feedback. Senders encode their feedback. They should provide examples, concentrate
thoughts into a message. Transmission involves on observable behaviours, can use real-life examples
speaking, writing, or gesturing to deliver a also.
message. Receiving occurs when the message
reaches the intended recipient. Decoding is the 7. Give an example of non-specific feedback and
process of interpreting and understanding the explain why it might be less effective.
message. Finally, feedback involves the recipient Ans. An example of non-specific feedback could be:
responding to the sender’s message, completing “Good job on the project.” This feedback lacks detail
the communication cycle. and does not specify what aspects of the project
were successful or where improvements could
3. Sunita, a marketing manager, needs to
be made. As a result, it offers little guidance for
communicate the launch plan for a new product
further development and may not be as impactful
to her team. However, she encounters challenges in promoting growth.
8. Karan, a human resources manager, conducts Ans. Karan can use descriptive feedback to offer
performance reviews for employees in his specific examples of employees’ strengths and
department. He recognises the importance of areas for improvement in their job performance.
providing descriptive feedback to help employees He might compliment an employee for their great
grow and develop professionally. How can Karan leadership during a recent project and suggest time
use descriptive feedback to support employee management improvements. Karan gives workers
development during performance reviews? thorough feedback to help them understand their
performance and improve their skills.
TOPIC-3 M easures to Overcome Barriers to Communication

Concepts Covered:
 Barriers to Effective Communication- Types and Factors • Measures to Overcome Barriers in Communication
¾¾Fundamental Fact:
Revision Notes zz Semantics is the branch of linguistics dealing with the
¾¾Barriers to Effective Communication- Scan this meaning of words and sentences.
Types and Factors: ¾¾Factors causing communication barriers:
zz Barriers to effective communication
zz Lack of Clarity and Precision: Vague or ambiguous
refer to hurdles or obstructions messages, unclear language, and poorly defined terms
that prevent the flawless and clear Barriers to can lead to misunderstandings.
transmission of information among effective
communication zz Emotional Barriers: Anxiety, stress, or anger can make
people or organisations. These it harder to send and receive a message.
obstacles might appear in several
zz Physical Barriers: Obstacles like noise, poor lighting, or
areas, including language, psychology, culture, and
distance can impede effective communication.
organisation, and can lead to misunderstandings,
zz Cultural Differences: Diverse cultural backgrounds
misinterpretations, or problems with communication.
can result in varied communication styles and
It is essential to identify and overcome these obstacles
interpretations.
to promote effective and significant communication.
zz Language Barriers: Differences in language proficiency,
¾¾Types of barriers to effective communication:
jargon, or technical terms can hinder understanding.
zz Semantic Barriers: Arise from differences in language,
zz Lack of Attention or Focus: Distractions, multitasking,
meaning, and interpretation. Examples: Language or lack of attention during communication can lead to
diversity, jargon, unclear or ambiguous terms. misinterpretation.
zz Psychological Barriers: Influenced by emotions,
zz Trust Issues: Lack of trust among communicators can
attitudes, and perceptions. Examples: Prejudice, stress, result in resistance to open information sharing.
emotional state, cultural differences.
zz Hierarchy and Power Dynamics: Organisational
zz Physical Barriers: Result from environmental factors hierarchies and power imbalances can hinder open
hindering communication. Examples: Noise, poor communication.
lighting, distance, physical obstructions. zz Poor Timing: Communication at the wrong time or
zz Cultural Barriers: Stem from cultural differences inappropriately timed messages can affect reception
impacting communication norms. Examples: Varied and understanding.
communication styles, customs, and non-verbal cues. zz Lack of Feedback Mechanisms: Inadequate channels
zz Organisational Barriers: Relate to issues within the for feedback and clarification can result in unaddressed
organisational structure or processes. Examples: concerns or misunderstandings.
Hierarchical structures, poor leadership, and zz Personal or Individual Differences: Differences in
inadequate communication channels. personalities, communication styles, and preferences
zz Technological Barriers: Hindrances caused by can create barriers.
technological tools or limitations. Examples: Technical zz Prejudice and Bias: Pre-existing biases, stereotypes, or
glitches, unfamiliarity with tools, and communication prejudices can influence message perception.
platform issues. zz Inadequate Communication Skills: Active listening
zz Interpersonal Barriers: Arise from individual traits and clear expression of ideas can hinder understanding.
and interactions. Examples: Lack of trust, personality zz Organisational Barriers: Organisational structures,
clashes, and poor listening skills. policies, or poor leadership can cause barriers to
zz Perceptual Barriers: Result from differences in effective communication.
how individuals perceive information. Examples: ¾¾Measures to overcome barriers to effective
Stereotyping, selective perception, misinterpretation. communication:
zz Feedback Barriers: Hindrances in the feedback loop of zz Clarify Objectives and Expectations: Define
communication. Examples: Lack of timely feedback, communication goals, expectations, and desired
fear of criticism, and ineffective feedback mechanisms. outcomes.
zz Encourage Active Listening: Provide full attention, eye zz Establish Clear Communication Protocols: Define and
contact, and appropriate responses. communicate communication guidelines.
zz Use Clear and Concise Language: Choose zz Ensure Timely Communication: Ensure timely
words carefully, avoid jargon, and communicate communication to prevent misunderstandings.
straightforwardly. zz Facilitate Team Building: Build strong team
zz Provide Feedback: Establish a feedback process to relationships.
quickly clear up any misunderstandings. zz Continuously Improve: Regularly assess and review
zz Conduct Cultural Sensitivity Training: Enhance communication processes.
awareness of cultural differences and promote
respectful communication.
zz Select Appropriate Communication Channels: Choose
Key Words
the right medium based on the message and audience. ¾¾Organisational Structure: An organisational
zz Use Visual Aids: Supplement verbal communication structure is a system that outlines how certain
and enhance understanding. activities are directed to achieve the goals of an
zz Build Trust: Establish trust through consistent and organisation.
transparent communication. ¾¾Leadership: Leadership is about guiding and
zz Provide Language Support: Offer language assistance impacting outcomes, enabling groups of people to
or translation services. work together to accomplish what they couldn’t do
zz Address Emotional Barriers: Acknowledge and working individually.
address emotional factors impacting communication.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Ans. Set rules for polite conversation and tell everyone
1. How can psychological barriers hinder they can speak without interruptions, allowing
communication? each person to voice their thoughts.
7. Despite providing clear instructions, team
Ans. Psychological barriers are influenced by emotions,
attitudes, and perceptions, such as prejudice or members often fail to meet deadlines or
stress. deliverables. How can you overcome this barrier
to effective communication?
2. Give an example of a physical barrier to
Ans. Provide enough support and resources, encourage
communication.
open communication so that team members can
Ans. Noise pollution, poor lighting, distance, and ask for help or more information, set up a tracking
physical obstructions like closed doors or cubicle system to keep an eye on progress, and give positive
walls an examples of a physical barrier that can comments on performance so that any problems
hinder effective communication. can be fixed immediately.
3. Misinterpretations arise due to unclear commu- 8. What are the semantic barriers to effective
nication protocols within your organisation. How communication?
can you address this organisational barrier? Ans. Semantic barriers arise from differences in language,
meaning, and interpretation, such as language
Ans. Establish clear communication guidelines and diversity, jargon, or unclear terms.
ensure they are communicated and understood by 9. How do perceptual barriers affect communication?
all members of the organisation.
4. Poor timing of communication leads to missed Ans. Perceptual barriers result from differences
deadlines and confusion within your team. How in how individuals perceive information,
can you improve the timing of communication to including stereotyping, selective perception, and
overcome this barrier? misinterpretation.
Ans. Set up an organised communication strategy that 10. What measures can be taken to overcome
makes sure important messages get to the right communication barriers?
people at the right time and allows people sufficient
Ans. Measures include clarifying objectives, encouraging
time to give feedback and clarification.
active listening, using clear language, providing
5. What types of barriers to effective communication feedback, and conducting cultural sensitivity
could arise in a remote, distributed team? training, among others.
Ans. Barriers to effective remote team communication
include technological issues, time zone differences, Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
lack of face-to-face interaction, and difficulty 1. State any two measures to overcome the
building trustworthy relationships. communication barriers.
6. During a meeting, one team member keeps talking Ans. Measures to overcome communication barriers:
over others, which makes it hard to communicate. (i) Clarify the ideas before communication
How can you address this interpersonal barrier? (ii) Communicate according to the needs of the receiver
(iii) Be aware of the languages, tone, and content of
messages (Any two)
2. Neeraj, a sales representative of ‘Omida Ltd.,’ has Ans. Feedback barriers can be mitigated by establishing
changed seven jobs in the last year. He is a hard- clear feedback mechanisms, encouraging open
working person but is not able to finalise deals dialogue, and creating a culture that values
with his customers due to inadequate vocabulary constructive criticism. Timely and specific feedback
and the omission of needed words. Sometimes he helps address misunderstandings and ensures
uses the wrong words because which intended effective communication between parties.
meaning is not conveyed. All this created a 5. Why is it important to establish clear
misunderstanding between him and his clients. communication protocols in an organisation?
(i) Identify the communication barrier discussed Ans. Clear communication protocols define guidelines
above. for communication processes, ensuring that
(ii) State the category of this communication barrier. messages are conveyed effectively, responsibilities
are clearly outlined, and misunderstandings are
Ans. (i) Badly expressed message. Neeraj faces a
minimised, thus facilitating smoother organisational
communication barrier due to his limited language
communication.
and vocabulary skills, which hinders his ability to
6. Rajesh, a software engineer at Tech Solutions
effectively communicate with clients.
Inc. has switched jobs six times in the past year.
(ii) This is a semantic communication barrier. Despite his dedication and strong technical skills,
Semantic barriers cause miscommunication due he struggles to effectively communicate with his
to discrepancies in word and symbol perception. colleagues and clients. His emails and reports
Due to his limited vocabulary, Neeraj’s contact with aren’t always clear, which causes confusion and
customers is hindered by semantic barriers. delays in finishing projects. Rajesh’s difficulty in
3. A strike took place in a cloth manufacturing articulating ideas and using appropriate technical
company. The workers were demanding a few terminology has resulted in frustration among his
things which the management knew were team members and clients.
impossible for them to agree to. Nikita who was (i) What communication barriers does Rajesh face at
an MBA pass out from a very high-rated college Tech Solutions Inc.?
was given the responsibility to negotiate with Ans. Rajesh struggles to express ideas clearly and lacks
the workers on behalf of the top management. appropriate technical terminology or jargon,
However, when Nikita communicated her ideas leading to misunderstandings and delays in
to the workers, they were not able to understand projects.
as her language was too complex, and many of the (ii) How do Rajesh’s communication barriers affect
words she used were generally understood only by relationships at work?
graduates. Most of the workers had gone to school
Ans. Rajesh’s unclear communication frustrates
only up to 8th standard. What one measure would
colleagues and clients, impacting teamwork and
you suggest to her to improve her communication
potentially tarnishing the company’s reputation.
effectiveness?
7. What is a semantic barrier? How can organisations
Ans. She should communicate according to the needs of address semantic barriers to communication?
the receiver. When Nikita communicated her ideas
to the workers, they were not able to understand
Ans. A semantic barrier arises from differences
as her language was too complex, and many of the
in language, meaning, and interpretation.
words she used were generally understood only by
Organisations can address semantic barriers by
graduates.
using clear and concise language, avoiding jargon,
providing definitions for ambiguous terms, and
Commonly Made Error ensuring that messages are easily understood by all
Sometimes students write about barriers instead of parties involved.
measures to overcome them. At times, points also 8. What steps can individuals take to improve
overlap.techniques. interpersonal communication skills and overcome
barriers in personal interactions?
Answering Tip Ans. Individuals can improve interpersonal
communication skills by practicing active listening,
Avoid repetition of points with different languages encouraging empathetic thinking, and developing
and learn various barriers along with the measures to
overcome that particular barrier. self-awareness. Trusting others, keeping an open
mind, and paying attention to body language can
4. How can feedback barriers be mitigated in a also help people communicate better and get along
professional setting? better with each other.
TOPIC-4 P rinciples of Communication

Concepts Covered:
 Principles of effective communication • 7Cs of effective communication
¾¾7Cs of effective communication:

Revision Notes 1. Clarity: Ensure your message is clear, Scan this
¾¾Principles of effective communication: concise, and easily understandable to
¾¾Effective communication is crucial for both individuals the audience.
and organisations to succeed. It helps in the 2. Conciseness: Straightforwardly
conveys your message, avoiding 7C’s of
establishment of good connections between many Communication
unnecessary details or verbosity.
stakeholders, including machine operators, managers, 3. Consideration: Show empathy and
co-workers, customers, and suppliers, to eliminate consider the needs, concerns, and perspectives of your
disputes and encourage collaboration. Such interactions audience.
may be beneficial. Individuals who are skilled 4. Completeness: Provide all necessary information to
communicators have a greater opportunity to advance avoid confusion or misunderstanding.
their professions. Personal or professional individuals 5. Courtesy: Use polite and respectful language, tone,
who inspire others are often great communicators and gestures in your communication.
who can convey messages that are well-planned and 6. Correctness: Ensure accuracy in grammar, spelling,
punctuation, and factual information.
purposeful using a variety of channels to engage
7. Consistency: Maintain consistency in your message
people and accomplish their objectives. across different platforms and over time to build trust
and credibility.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Ans. The supplier should apply consideration by
1. Why is effective communication important for showing empathy and considering the client’s
individuals and organisations? needs, concerns, and perspectives during the
Ans. Effective communication develops good negotiation process to build a strong relationship.
connections, resolves disputes, encourages 7. Why is courtesy important in communication?
collaboration, and facilitates success for both Ans. Courtesy involves using polite and respectful
individuals and organisations. language, tone, and gestures, which helps build
2. In a tech company manager needs to communicate
positive relationships and rapport with the audience.
new safety protocols to machine operators. Which
principle of effective communication should the 8. What are the 7Cs of effective communication?
manager prioritise? Ans. The 7Cs of effective communication are Clarity,
Ans. The manager should prioritise clarity to ensure Conciseness, Consideration, Completeness,
that the safety protocols are communicated clearly, Courtesy, Correctness, and Consistency.
concisely, and easily understandable to the machine
operators. 9. An organisation is launching a new product and
3. A supervisor is providing feedback to an needs to communicate its features to potential
employee on their performance. Which principle customers through various channels. Which
of effective communication should the supervisor principle of effective communication should the
demonstrate to foster a positive interaction? organisation focus on to ensure consistency?
Ans. The organisation should focus on consistency to
Ans. The supervisor should demonstrate courtesy by maintain uniformity in the message across different
using polite and respectful language, tone, and platforms and over time, build trust and credibility
gestures while providing feedback to foster positive with potential customers.
interaction with the employee.
4. How does conciseness contribute to effective 10. State any two benefits of applying the 7Cs of
communication? effective communication?
5. How do skilled communicators benefit from
effective communication?
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
Ans. Skilled communicators have greater opportunities 1. How do effective communicators inspire others?
for professional advancement and can inspire
others to achieve common goals. Ans. Effective communicators inspire others by
6. A supplier negotiates terms with a client. To delivering well-planned and purposeful messages
build a strong relationship with the client, what through various channels, engaging people, and
communication concept should the supplier use? accomplishing their objectives, demonstrating
leadership and influence.
2. Soni is a project manager leading a team of 4. Why is it essential for communicators to use a
software developers. During a team meeting, she variety of channels to engage people effectively?
presents a new project timeline, but some team
members seem confused and ask for clarification. Ans. Using multiple communication channels allows
How can Soni apply the clarity principle to communicators to reach a broader audience and
improve communication with her team regarding adapt to different preferences, increasing the
the project timeline? What strategies can she use chances of successful engagement and achieving
to ensure her message is easily understandable to communication objectives.
all team members? 5. What do you mean by consideration in effective
Ans. Soni can use the principle of clarity by breaking communication?
down hard-to-understand information into small 6. Mani is a marketing manager tasked with launching
portions, speaking in simple terms, and showing a new product campaign. She sends out an email
the project plan with charts or graphs. She could to her team outlining the campaign strategy, but
also support open communication and ask for some team members express confusion about their
feedback so that any areas of misunderstanding are roles and responsibilities. How can Mani apply
quickly fixed. the principle of completeness to ensure her team
3. Rohan is a customer service representative fully understands their tasks?
dealing with a frustrated customer who received
Ans. Mani can ensure completeness by clearly outlining
a defective product. Despite Rohan’s efforts to each team member’s role, specifying deadlines,
assist, the customer becomes increasingly agitated. and providing any relevant resources or guidelines
How can Rohan apply the principles of effective they may need. She should anticipate potential
communication to diffuse the situation and questions or concerns and address them proactively
provide satisfactory assistance? What strategies in the email to avoid confusion. Mani could also
can he use to address the customer’s concerns encourage team members to ask questions or seek
respectfully and effectively? clarification if they are unsure about their tasks.
Ans. Rohan can demonstrate consideration by actively 7. Jayant, a supervisor at a manufacturing plant, needs
listening to the customer’s grievances without to communicate a change in safety protocols to his
interrupting and acknowledging their frustration team following an accident. He wants to ensure that
empathetically. He can use polite language and his message is conveyed accurately and that his team
assure the customer that their concerns are being understands the importance of the new procedures.
taken seriously. Additionally, Rohan can offer How can he maintain consistency in communicating
solutions or alternatives to resolve the issue these protocols to his team to ensure they understand
promptly, demonstrating his commitment to and adhere to them effectively?
providing excellent customer service. Ans. Jayant can use correctness by making sure the
information he gives to his team is correct by studying
Commonly Made Error and checking it carefully. He should make sure that
When discussing the principles of communication, his message is short, clear, and free of any mistakes
students often focus solely on listing the principles in grammar or facts. To maintain consistency, Jayant
without providing practical examples or illustrating could use multiple communication channels, such
their application in real-life contexts. as verbal announcements, written memos, and
training sessions, to reinforce the new safety
protocols consistently over time.
Answering Tip 8. Describe how being polite in communication
Students should provide instances of how can help you build stronger relationships with
clarity, empathy, and feedback improve answers customers.
in interpersonal, organisational, and mass Ans. By using polite and respectful language and
communication situations. This method enhances gestures, courtesy in communication cultivates
comprehension and analysis of successful a positive customer experience, enhancing
communication. satisfaction and loyalty to the organisation or brand.
TOPIC-5 B asic Writing Skills

Concepts Covered:
 Sentences  Phrase  Kinds of Sentences  Parts of Sentences  Parts of Speech  Articles  Construction of Paragraph
grouped together. These groups of sentences, known

Revision Notes as paragraphs, act as structural tools for writers to
¾¾Construction of a Paragraph: organise their thoughts into an ideal progression. They
Paragraph writing is a form of writing where also help readers process those thoughts effortlessly.
sentences related to a central topic, idea, or theme are
The purpose of a paragraph is to express a speaker’s examples, facts, or quotes. They help to elaborate and
thoughts on a particular point in a clear way that is explain the main idea.
unique and specific to that paragraph. In other words, 6. Add Your Own Analysis and Interpretation: This is where
paragraphs shouldn’t be mixing thoughts or ideas. you interpret the evidence and explain how it supports
When a new idea is introduced, generally, a writer will your main idea. You can also discuss the significance of the
introduce a new paragraph. evidence and make connections to your thesis statement
The structure of a paragraph typically includes three or the main argument of your paper.
parts: ¾¾A good writing should include good vocabulary,
1. Topic Sentence: This sentence introduces the main correct grammar, and spellings along with the perfect
idea of the paragraph. It prepares the reader for the rest punctuation.
of the paragraph by stating clearly what topic will be ¾¾Sentence: A group of word that makes a complete
discussed. sense is called a sentence. It must contain a subject and
2. Supporting Sentences: These sentences expand on a predicate. It should be able to communicate the idea
the topic sentence by providing additional details, of the speaker completely.
examples, facts, or quotes. They help to elaborate and ¾¾For example, Rajat likes to play.
explain the main idea. ¾¾A sentence has a subject, verb, and an object
3. Concluding Sentence: This sentence wraps up the (sometimes).

idea discussed in the paragraph. It may summarise the ¾¾The sentences can be either active or passive:
main points or provide a final piece of information that zz Active: In this type of sentences, the subject is
concludes the thought. performing the action de scribed by the verb. In active
A well-written paragraph is characterised by unity, sentences, the subject is the "doer" of the action.
order, coherence, and completeness. It is an essential For example, the cat chased the mouse.
part of any piece of writing, as it helps organise your In this sentence, "the cat" is the subject and is
ideas into sections and clarify the key points you make performing the action "chased." The object of the verb
within each section. Paragraphs can also be used to is "the mouse."
communicate tone and style. They are a fundamental zz Passive: In this type of sentence, the subject is not
part of almost all forms of writing, including essays, the "doer" of the action, but rather the recipient of the
research papers, books, emails, and more. A well- action.
structured paragraph is the essence of good writing. For example, the mouse was chased by the cat.
¾¾Steps to Write a Great Paragraph: In this sentence, "the mouse" is the subject and is being
Writing includes planning. It is a step-by-step process: acted upon by the action "chased." The original subject,
1. Decide the Main Idea: Before you begin writing your "the cat," is now included as an optional prepositional
paragraph, you must have a clear idea of what the phrase.
paragraph will be about. This is because a paragraph is ¾¾The sentences can be of four types on the basis of the
essentially a collection of sentences that all relate to one meaning they convey:
central topic. Without a definite idea of what the main zz Assertive sentence: These are sentences that state a
topic is, your paragraph will lack focus and unity. fact. For example, I am your son.
2. Write Down Information and Ideas: Once you have MNEMONICS
a clearer idea of what you want to address in your Part of speech
paragraph, you can start organising your thoughts by “Please Excuse My Dear AuNT Sally”
writing down your ideas. There’s no need to write out P: Preposition E: Expression
full sentences just yet, just jot down some keywords M: Modifier D: Determiner
and phrases. Once you see everything on paper, you A: Adjective N: Noun
may get a clearer idea of which points are essential T: Verb S: Subject
to include in your paragraph, and which points are
superfluous. zz Imperative sentence: These are sentences which give
3. Figure Out the Structure: Now that all of your a command, make a request, or expresse a wish. For
thoughts, ideas, facts, and figures are laid out clearly example, please close the door.
zz Interrogative sentence: These are sentences that ask a
in front of you, you can start to think about how you
would like to structure your paragraph. The structure question. For example, do you love to eat ice cream?
of a paragraph typically includes three parts: a topic zz Exclamatory sentence: These are sentences that express
sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sudden and strong feelings like surprise, wonder,
sentence. sympathy, happiness, or gratitude. For example, Hurry
up!
4. Develop a Topic Sentence: This sentence introduces
the main idea of the paragraph. It prepares the reader ¾¾Types of Sentences on the basis of structure:
for the rest of the paragraph by stating clearly what 1. Simple Sentence Structure:
topic will be discussed. A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.
5. Provide Evidence to Support Your Topic Sentence 2. Compound Sentence Structure:
and Overall Argument: These sentences expand on A compound sentence is two (or more) independent
the topic sentence by providing additional details, clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon.
3. Complex Sentence Structure:

A complex sentence consists of an independent clause
plus a dependent clause.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence Structure:
A compound-complex sentence consists of at least two
independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
¾¾A phrase is a group of words that form a unit within a
sentence but is incomplete independently. It lacks both
the subject and the object.
For example, to play tennis.
¾¾Parts of speech are classifications of words based ¾¾An article is a word that is used to modify a noun. There
on their roles and functions within the language's are two different types of articles.
structure. zz Indefinite article (A and An): Used before singular
¾¾There are eight parts of speech: countable noun.
zz Noun: A noun is a word that represents a person, place,
For example, This is a pen.
He saw an aeroplane.
thing, or idea. Examples include "book," "house," "dog,"
zz Definite article (The): Can be used with both countable
and "happiness."
nouns and uncountable nouns.
zz Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of For example, I like to swim in the river.
a noun. Examples include "he," "she," "they," and "it." ¾¾Conjunctions are the words that join two nouns,
zz Verb: A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of phrases, or sentences.
being. Examples include "run," "jump," "think," and "is." ¾¾For example, I wanted to go for a hike but I have to go
zz Adjective: An adjective is a word that describes or to work today.
modifies a noun. Examples include "happy," "blue," ¾¾Interjections are such words that expresse strong
"big," and "soft." emotions, such as happiness, surprise, anger or pain.
zz For example, Ouch! That really hurt badly.
zz Adverb: An adverb is a word that describes or modifies
¾¾Preposition are such words that connect one word with
a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Examples include
another to usually answer the questions ‘where’,‘when’
"quickly," "very," "loudly," and "easily."
and ‘how’.
zz Preposition: A preposition is a word that shows the
zz For example, Go down the stairs and through the door.
relationship between a noun or pronoun and other ¾¾A paragraph is a group of sentences that all relate to
words in a sentence. Examples include "on," "in," one central topic.
"under," and "beside."
zz Conjunction: A conjunction is a word that connects
words, phrases, or clauses. Examples include "and," Key Term
"or," "but," and "because."
¾¾Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that
zz Interjection: An interjection is a word or phrase that
expresses a complete thought or sense.
expresses strong emotion. Examples include "wow,"
¾¾Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that does not
"ouch," "hey," and "oh."
express a complete thought or sense.
¾¾Some supporting words are used to join the main
parts of speech together and also to add information ¾¾Article: An article is a word that comes before a noun
to the sentences. Some of such words are: to show whether it is specific or general.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 5. Rearrange the following to make meaningful
sentences:
1. How writing skills are important part of
communication? (a) World’s first Vedic clock/ will soon / boast the/ the
Ans. Writing skills are a crucial aspect of communication city of Mahakal.
since they allow us to communicate our message (b) Prepared to/ Nagaland is/ host the first/ bird
effectively and easily over a long distance. documentation.
2. What are the four broad classification of sentences Ans. (a) The city of Mahakal will soon boast the world’s
used while communicating with others? first Vedic clock.
[CBSE, 2020] (b) Nagaland is prepared to host the first bird
3. Describe the role of predicate in a sentence. documentation.
Ans. The verb and the words that relate to it are included 6. Convert the following sentences to active/passive
in the predicate component of a sentence. It forms: [NCERT]
describes the subject or tells what the subject does
(a) The food can now be removed from the table:
with an action verb.
4. Write questions for these answers: (b) Who has taken away my pen?
(a) Yes, I like apples very much. Ans. (a) We can now remove the food from the table.
(b) Neither I nor Mohan has broken the flower vase. (b) By whom has been my pen taken away?
7. Write the negative sentences for the following: Ans. An article is a kind of adjective which is always used
(a) Mehul will go to the market in the evening. with a noun and gives some information about it.
(b) India skipper had announced retirement yesterday. For example: It is difficult to find an error in his
Ans. (a) Mehul will not go to the market in the evening. review.
The different types of articles are discussed below:
(b) Indian skipper had not announced retirement
yesterday. Indefinite Articles – ‘a’ and ‘an’
(i) A: It is used before a word which starts with a
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) consonant sound.
1. Write a paragraph about a trip to a hill station you For example: I have a question which has been
had taken with your family. Make sure to follow bothering me since yesterday.
all the rules of sentences, and paragraphs you have
(ii) An: It is used before a word which starts with a
learnt.
vowel sound.
Ans. Last summer, my family and I embarked on a
For example: He was bitten by an ant while he was
memorable journey to the serene hill station of
playing in the garden.
Shimla. Nestled in the lap of the majestic Himalayas,
Shimla welcomed us with its cool climate and Definite article – ‘the’
breath-taking landscapes. Our days were filled with (iii) The: It is called a definite article because it refers to
leisurely walks along the Mall Road, where colonial a specific noun.
architecture met modern amenities. We visited the For example: We are going to visit the museum.
historic Christ Church, admired the panoramic
views from the Scandal Point, and enjoyed horse Commonly Made Error
rides on the Ridge. The highlight of our trip was the Students generally get confused while using the
adventurous trek to Jakhu Hill, the highest peak in article ‘an’.
Shimla, where we were greeted by playful monkeys
and a towering statue of Lord Hanuman. The Answering Tip
evenings were spent savouring delicious Himachali
cuisine and sharing stories around a warm bonfire. Student should use ‘an’ also for the words which has
This trip to the hill station was not just a retreat from a vowel sound irrespective of the beginning letter for
the sweltering heat of the plains but also a precious the word, e.g., an hour.
bonding time for our family. The memories we
made in Shimla are etched in our hearts, reminding 5. Distinguish between active and passive sentences
us of the beauty and tranquillity that nature holds. with suitable examples. [NCERT]
2. Write a paragraph about a movie you enjoyed with Ans.
your family at your home. Make sure you follow Active sentence Passive sentence
all the rules of sentences, and paragraphs you have l When the subject l When someone or
learnt. of the sentence is something does any-
Ans. One evening, my family and I decided to watch performing the ac- thing to the subject
the Hindi movie "Dangal" at home. "Dangal", a tion, the sentence of the sentence, the
biographical sports drama, is a film that left us is stated in active sentence is expressed
inspired and moved. The movie, directed by Nitesh voice. in passive voice.
Tiwari, is based on the life of Mahavir Singh Phogat,
l For example: Ram l For example: The
a former wrestler, and his two wrestler daughters,
has called off the meeting was called
Geeta and Babita. The film beautifully captures their
meeting. off by Ram.
journey, struggles, and triumphs. As we watched the
movie, we were deeply touched by the determination 6. What do you mean by preposition? Write any two
and resilience of the Phogat sisters, who broke societal examples of preposition. [CBSE 2019]
norms and made their mark in a male-dominated Ans. It is a word that comes before a noun or pronoun to
sport. The movie's powerful performances, especially link it to another word in the sentence.
by Aamir Khan, and its gripping storyline kept us For example: (i) Amy sat beneath the tree to perform
engaged throughout. The inspiring message of the yoga.
movie, emphasising the importance of hard work, (ii) An unknown car is parked in front of her house
perseverance, and breaking gender stereotypes, since yesterday.
resonated with all of us. Watching "Dangal" was not
Q. 7. Make suitable correction for the underlined part
just an entertaining experience, but also a thought-
in the following sentences:
provoking one that led to interesting discussions
among us post the movie. It was indeed a memorable (i) Ram worked hard and he failed.
family movie night. (ii) Susan is a housewife. Susan cooks tasty food.
3. Distinguish between simple and compound (iii) Sam quick ran to catch the bus.
sentences with suitable examples. Ans. (i) Ram worked hard yet he failed.
4. Define Article. Discuss the different types of (ii) Susan is a housewife. She cooks tasty food.
articles with suitable examples. [CBSE] (iii) Sam quickly ran to catch the bus.
¾¾Decoding: Process of converting encoded symbols of

Key Words the sender.
¾¾Receiver: The person who receives communication
¾¾Syntax: Principles that organise words to make from the sender.
grammatically accurate sentences are called syntax. ¾¾Interpersonal Barriers: Lack of trust, personality
¾¾Proxemics: Study of how people use and perceive clashes, poor listening skills.
the physical space around them. ¾¾Perceptual Barriers: Stereotyping, selective
¾¾Haptics: The study of communication through perception, misinterpretation.
touch.
¾¾7Cs of effective communication:
¾¾Olfactics: The study of how scents are used to
zz Clarity: Clear
communicate.
zz Conciseness: Brief
¾¾Kinesics: The study of body movements as a form of
zz Consideration: Empathy
communication.
¾¾Chromatics: The use of colour to convey messages or zz Completeness: Comprehensive
evoke emotions. zz Courtesy: Politeness
¾¾Sender: A person who conveys his thoughts or ideas zz Correctness: Accuracy

to the receiver. zz Consistency: Uniformity
¾¾Encoding: Process of converting the message into
communication symbols.
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

4. Which of the following could be a result of
Objective Type Questions personality conflicts, poor management, reluctance
to change, or a lack of motivation?
[A] Multiple Choice Questions
1. Remya travelled to Sweden from India to pursue
her higher education. But she doesn’t know how
to speak Swedish (the language of Sweden).
Because of this, she was unable to find a part-time
job. This is an example of
(A) Interpersonal barrier
(B) Physical barrier
(C) Organisational barrier
(D) Linguistic barrier (A) Language barriers
Ans. Option (D) is correct. (B) Cultural barriers
Explanation: Remya’s situation highlights the (C) Gender barriers
challenges of a linguistic barrier, where individuals (D) Attitudinal barriers
struggle to communicate due to differences in
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
language proficiency.
Explanation: Attitudinal barriers are actions or ideas
2. What do you mean by the syntax of a language?
(A) Meaning of a sentence that make it hard for people to communicate clearly.
(B) Grammatical structure of a sentence These problems can be caused by personality
conflicts, bad management, not wanting to change,
(C) Semantics of a sentence
or not having the desire.
(D) Synonym of a sentence
Ans. Option (B) is correct. 5. This principle emphasises that communication
Explanation: The syntax of a language refers to the should take place at the appropriate moment to aid
grammatical rules and principles governing the in the execution of plans.
arrangement of words and phrases to form well- (A) Principle of clarity
formed sentences. (B) Principle of timeliness
3. Which of these forms of feedback is the most (C) Principle of consistency
effective for boosting student learning?
(D) Principle of feedback
(A) Descriptive (B) Verbal
(C) Spoken (D) Non-Verbal Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: The Principle of Timeliness promotes
Explanation: Descriptive feedback highlights a timely communication to help implement plans.
student’s strengths and weaknesses. Students may This principle states that timely communication
use it to identify their strengths and weaknesses delivers information when it is most relevant and
to improve their learning. This feedback has been can be acted upon, helping corporate goals and
demonstrated to boost student achievement. objectives accomplish.
6. Which of the following is not a kind of non-verbal 10. Which of the following could be a result of
communication? personality conflicts, poor management, reluctance
to change, or a lack of motivation?
(A) Language barriers (B) Cultural barriers
(C) Gender barriers (D) Attitudinal barriers
Explanation: Attitudinal barriers are behaviours
or perceptions that inhibit people from effectively
communicating. Personality conflicts, poor
management, aversion to change, or a lack of desire
can all contribute to them.
11. This principle emphasises that communication
should take place at the appropriate moment to aid
in the execution of plans.
(A) Principle of clarity
(A) Hand gestures (B) Signals (B) Principle of timeliness
(C) Principle of consistency
(C) Spoken words (D) Facial expressions (D) Principle of feedback
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Ans. Option (B) is correct
Explanation: All the others except, spoken words Explanation: The principle of timeliness states that
are the components of non-verbal communication. communication should take place at the appropriate
Non-verbal communication involves sending moment to aid in the implementation of plans.
messages without words. Hand gestures, signs, and 12. Which of the following is not a kind of non-verbal
facial expressions are non-verbal communication communication?[NCERT]
since they transmit information without words. (A) Hand gestures (B) Signals
(C) Spoken words (D) Facial expressions
7. Which of the following is the process in which the Ans. Option (C) is correct.
receiver interprets and understands the message? Explanation: All the others except, spoken words are
the components of a non-verbal communication.
(A) Feedback (B) Encoding
Commonly Made Error
(C) Quarantine (D) Decoding
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Some candidates gets confused between the types
Explanation: Decoding is the process in which the of communication under verbal and non-verbal
receiver interprets and understands the message communication.
sent by the sender. It involves translating the
symbols or signals into meaningful information Answering Tip
that can be comprehended by the receiver. Student should analyse the effective actions used in
8. A mode of communication in which we convey communication.
information to others by body language, gestures,
and final expressions: 13. Which of the following conveys personal warmth
(A) Visual (B) Verbal and friendliness between the sender and the
receiver?
(C) Non-verbal (D) Written
(A) Visual communication
9. Which of these forms of feedback is the most
(B) Oral communication
effective for boosting student learning?
(C) Written communication
[CBSE, 2021]
(D) Gestures communication
Ans. Option (D) is correct
(C) Spoken (D) Non-Verbal Explanation: We can convey personal warmth and
Ans. Option (A) is correct. friendliness more easily through our gestures than
Explanation: Descriptive feedback is considered the our words.
most effective for boosting student learning as it 14. Which of the following is the process in which the
allows students to refocus and increase their grasp receiver interprets and understands the message?
of the subject.
(A) Feedback (B) Encoding
Commonly Made Error (C) Quarantine (D) Decoding
Students usually get confused between descriptive [B] Assertion & Reason
and verbal mode of communication.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement
of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Answering Tip reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Student should carefully distinguish between different (A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
types of feedback while answering the question. reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A).
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but 4. Assertion (A): Descriptive and specific feedback
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of fosters clearer understanding and enables targeted
assertion (A). improvements.
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. Reason (R): Generic feedback lacks clarity and fails
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. to address specific areas for improvement.
1. Assertion (A): When communication passes Ans. Option (A) is correct.
through various levels, successive transmissions
Explanation: Descriptive and specific feedback
of the message results in loss of, or transmission of
is crucial for clear understanding and targeted
inaccurate information.
improvements. It states that generic feedback
Reason (R): Distrust between the communicator
lacks clarity and fails to address specific areas for
and the communicator acts as a barrier. improvement. This highlights the importance of
Ans. Option (B) is correct. providing specific guidance in feedback to help
Explanation: Successive transmissions of a individuals understand what they need to improve
message through various levels can result in loss upon.
of or inaccurate information. This phenomenon is
5. Assertion (A): Feedback is an essential principle of
commonly known as the “Chinese whispers” effect,
effective communication.
where information can become distorted or altered
as it passes from person to person. The distrust Reason (R): Feedback enables individuals to
between the communicator and the recipient is gauge the effectiveness of their message and make
a barrier to effective communication. Distrust necessary adjustments.
can hinder communication by creating a lack of Ans. Option (A) is correct.
receptiveness or understanding between parties. Explanation: Feedback is indeed a fundamental
The loss of accuracy in communication is more principle of effective communication as it allows
closely related to factors such as misinterpretation, individuals to receive responses or reactions from
distortion, or omission of information during the the receiver, helping them understand how well
transmission process, rather than solely being their message was understood and received. This
attributed to distrust between parties. feedback loop enables individuals to assess the impact
2. Assertion (A): The planning abilities of a manager of their communication and make any necessary
mainly depend upon his communication skills. adjustments to ensure clarity and understanding.
Reason (R): The effectiveness of a manager Therefore, the reason supports the assertion.
depends significantly on his ability to communicate
effectively. [C] Fill in the Blanks
Ans. Option (D) is correct. 1. _______ feedback involves detailed comments or
Explanation: Effective communication is crucial for conversations.
the success of a manager, regardless of their level Ans. Descriptive
of professional knowledge and intelligence. The Explanation: Descriptive feedback includes
ability to communicate effectively with subordinates written comments or verbal conversations that
and create understanding among them is essential offer detailed insights, allowing the recipient to
for a manager’s directing abilities. Organisations understand strengths and areas for improvement
prioritise improving the communication skills of both clearly.
managers and employees because the effectiveness 2. Non-verbal communication includes _______
of a manager relies heavily on their capability to expressions, gestures, and body language.
communicate with superiors, subordinates, and Ans. Facial
external stakeholders such as bankers, suppliers, Explanation: Facial expressions play a significant
unions, and government agencies. role in conveying emotions and attitudes,
3. Assertion (A): Decoding is the process of converting contributing to the overall understanding of a
the message into communication symbols. message.
Reason (R): A poor telephone connection causes 3. The communication cycle involves encoding,
hindrances to communication. transmission, decoding, and _______.
Ans. Feedback
Explanation: Encoding involves converting a
Explanation: In the communication cycle, feedback
message into communication symbols, such as
is the final stage where the recipient responds to the
words, pictures, or gestures. Decoding, on the other
message, ensuring that the message is accurately
hand, is the process of interpreting the symbols
received and understood.
transmitted by the sender. Noise refers to any
hindrance or obstruction to communication, which 4. To overcome barriers to effective communication,
can affect the sender, message, or receiver. Examples active _______ is essential.
of noise include ambiguous symbols leading to Ans. Listening
incorrect encoding, poor telephone connections, Explanation: Active listening involves fully
inattentive receivers, misinterpretation of messages, concentrating on what is being said, understanding
prejudices hindering understanding, and distorted the message, and providing appropriate feedback,
gestures or postures. leading to more effective communication.
5. The 7Cs of effective communication include Ans. Option (A) is correct.
clarity, ______, conciseness, and courtesy. Explanation: Team members found Manish’s
Ans. Concreteness communication lacking in clarity, as his rapid
Explanation: The 7Cs of effective communication speech made it difficult for them to understand the
are principles that guide clear and impactful information being presented.
communication. Concreteness emphasises the 3. What could Manish have done differently to
importance of being specific, providing tangible improve commun ication during the meeting?
details, and avoiding vague or ambiguous language (A) Speak even faster to cover more topics
(B) Allocate more time for questions and
to ensure understanding and relevance.
discussions
6. .............. states that communication should always (C) Provide written summaries after the meeting
be consistent with and not in conflict with the (D) Ignore team members’ concerns
organisation's policies, plans, programmes, and Ans. Option (B) is correct.
objectives. Explanation: Manish could have improved
Ans. Principle of consistency communication during the meeting by allocating
7. In order to avoid all likely communication barriers more time for questions and discussions, allowing
a manager should try to be a ............... . team members to engage with the material and
seek clarification as needed.
4. What consequence is Techno Consulting Firm
Ans. Good listener considering due to the communication challenges
8. ................ uses the body language, gestures, and faced with Manish?
facial expressions to communicate with people. (A) Providing additional training for team members
[NCERT] (B) Replacing Manish with another candidate
9. A term that expresses emotion and is frequently (C) Increasing project deadlines
(D) Ignoring the issue altogether
followed by an exclamation mark is called ................
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
.
Explanation: Techno Consulting Firm is considering
10. A smile is an example of .................. . replacing Manish with another candidate due to
Ans. Non-verbal communication his dissatisfaction with his communication skills, as
[D] reported by the frustrated team members.
Case Based MCQs (4 mark)
I. Read the following text and answer the following [E] Case Based Subjective
questions based on the same: I. Read the following text and answer the following
Manish has recently been appointed as the new questions based on the same:
project manager at Techno Consulting Firm. During Sunita is a project manager at a software
his first quarterly meeting with his team to discuss development company, overseeing the
the upcoming projects and strategies for growth, development of a new mobile application. Her team
several team members express frustration with comprises software engineers, UX/UI designers,
his communication style. They report that Manish and quality assurance testers. Sunita recognises the
spoke rapidly throughout the meeting, making it importance of effective communication in ensuring
difficult for them to comprehend the information the success of the project. She actively engages with
being presented. Additionally, they felt that Manish her team, encourages open communication, and
did not allocate enough time for questions or provides regular updates on the project’s progress.
discussions, leaving them feeling unheard and However, recently, Sunita has noticed some
unengaged. communication challenges arising within her team,
leading to misunderstandings and delays in project
1. What is the primary issue faced by Manish’s team
timelines.
during the quarterly meeting?
(A) Lack of project resources
(B) Communication barriers
(C) Inefficient time management
(D) Technical difficulties
Explanation: The primary issue faced by Manish’s
team during the quarterly meeting is communication
barriers, as reported by team members who 1. What are some potential reasons for the
struggled to comprehend the information due to communication challenges Sunita’s team is facing?
Manish’s rapid speech and lack of engagement. Ans. Potential reasons for the communication challenges
2. Which aspect of communication did team members could include differences in communication styles
find lacking in Manish’s approach? among team members, unclear project goals or
(A) Clarity (B) Conciseness expectations, insufficient feedback mechanisms,
or technological barriers hindering effective
(C) Complexity (D) Ambiguity
communication.
2. How can Sunita address the communication the team, and can ultimately lead to better decision-
challenges within her team? making and outcomes.
Ans. Sunita can improve team communication by 4. What steps can Samantha take to improve her
holding regular team meetings to clarify project communication with her team?
goals and expectations, encouraging active listening Ans. To improve her communication style, Samantha can
and open dialogue, setting up clear feedback and work on slowing down her speech, make an effort to
communication channels, and using technology to actively listen to her team, and encourag equestions
collaborate. and discussion during meetings. Additionally, she
3. What role does active listening play in improving could consider seeking feedback from her team and
communication within Sunita’s team? working with a mentor or coach to develop her
Ans. Active listening helps Sunita’s team feel communication skills.
heard, understood, and appreciated, boosting III Read the following text and answer the following
communication. Sunita may create trust and questions based on the same:
cooperation by carefully listening to their Imagine you are a project manager in a construction
problems, comments, and suggestions, improving company and you need to oversee the building
communication and project results. of a new high-rise office complex. Your team is
4. What steps can Sunita take to prevent future composed of engineers, architects, and construction
communication challenges from arising within workers, all of whom have different backgrounds
her team? and expertise. To ensure the success of the project,
Ans. Sunita can prevent future communication it's crucial that you have effective communication
issues by setting clear communication protocols skills to convey your ideas and expectations to your
and expectations from the start of the project, team. This means being able to listen actively, ask
conducting regular communication assessments clarifying questions, and express your thoughts
to identify and address emerging issues, providing clearly and concisely. Good communication can
ongoing communication training or workshops help avoid misunderstandings, resolve conflicts,
for team members, and fostering a culture of open and keep the project moving forward smoothly.
communication and mutual respect. By honing your communication skills, you can
II Read the following text and answer the following be an effective leader and ensure the successful
questions based on the same: completion of the project.
Samantha is a new manager at XYZ marketing firm. (1 mark for each question)
She has just completed her first quarterly meeting 1. What a manager should do to promote effective
on growth and future prospects of the firm with communication among his team members?
her team. But, after the meeting was over several Ans. Effective communication is critical for building
members have frustration with her communication a strong, productive team, and there are several
style as none were able to comprehend whatever things that a manager can do to promote effective
she had discussed. They say that she spoke too communication among team members. Here are
quickly and didn’t allow enough time for questions some tips:
or discussion. The firm is not satisfied with her (i) Encourage open communication
communication skills and thinking to replace her (ii) Use various communication channels
with other candidate.
(iii) Foster active listening.
(1 mark for each question)
2. Why is effective communication important for the
1. What is the significance of communication style success of the project?
for a manager? Ans. Effective communication is important for the success
Ans. The communication style of a manager is crucial in of the project because it helps convey ideas and
establishing strong relationships with the team and expectations to the team, avoid misunderstandings,
effectively leading them towards the achievement resolve conflicts, and keep the project moving
of common goals. forward smoothly.
2. How can speaking too quickly negatively impact a 3. What does it mean to "listen actively" in the context
team meeting? of the passage?
Ans. Speaking too quickly can prevent team members Ans. Listening actively in the context of the passage
from effectively understanding the manager's ideas means paying attention and being receptive to what
and can also limit opportunities for questions and others are saying, to ensure a full understanding of
discussion, which are important for ensuring that their ideas and perspectives.
everyone is on the same page. 4. How can honing communication skills help the
3. Why is it important for a manager to allow time for project manager be an effective leader?
questions and discussion in team meetings? Ans. Honing communication skills can help the project
Ans. Allowing time for questions and discussion in manager be an effective leader by enabling them to
team meetings is important because it allows team express their thoughts clearly and concisely, resolve
members to provide feedback, express concerns, conflicts, avoid misunderstandings, and keep the
and contribute their own ideas. This helps to build project moving forward smoothly. This leads to a
trust and understanding between the manager and successful completion of the project.
Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-1)
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 8. Using a well-designed visualisation enhances
5. The “thumbs up” emoji in virtual communication clarity and aids in the efficient understanding of
functions as a non-verbal signal indicating approval, complex data. Visuals such as graphs can enhance
agreement, or recognition of accomplished duties. the audience’s understanding of information.
This gives the online connection a more cheerful
tone.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
2. The sender encodes a message and transmits 4. Specific feedback offers clear guidance on areas
it through a selected channel to the receiver. of strength and areas for improvement, enabling
The receiver decodes the message and provides individuals to make targeted adjustments and
feedback to the sender, completing the cycle. enhance their skills effectively. Non-specific
6. Noise includes physical distractions, language feedback, on the other hand, may not provide
barriers, or internal biases, hindering the accurate sufficient direction for growth and development.
transmission of messages.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) (iv) Enhanced overall communication effectiveness
4. Conciseness helps convey messages (Any two)
straightforwardly, avoiding unnecessary details Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
or verbosity. 5. Consideration involves showing empathy and
10. Benefits of the 7Cs of effective communication considering the needs, concerns, and perspectives
include: of the audience, which helps in tailoring the
(i) Improved understanding message appropriately and fostering a positive
(ii) Minimised misunderstandings rapport.
(iii) Strengthened relationships
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) l The young prince was l It contains two in-
2. The four broad classification of sentences which crowned as the new dependent clauses
are used in communication are as follows: king. joined by a conjunc-
(i) Statement (ii) Question tion like and but, or,
(iii) Imperatives (iv) Exclamations etc.
4. (a) Do you like apples? l For example: My boys l For example: Ra-
are very naughty. mesh has a dog and a
(b) Who has broken the flower vase – you or Mohan?
kennel for the dog to
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) live in.
3.
Simple sentence Compound sentence
l It is made up of a single l It has no legal back-
independent clause ing and can cause
with no conjunctions or complications in
dependent clauses. some instances.
Solutions for Competency Based Questions

14. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: In the process of decoding, the
8. Option (C) is correct. receiver interprets and understands the message.
Explanation: Non-verbal communication is that
mode of communication in which a person uses his/ [C] Fill in the Blanks
her body language, gestures, and facial expressions 8. Non-verbal communication
to communicate with others. 9. Interjection
***
25
SELF ASSESSMENT PAPER - 1
Maximum Time: 1 hour MM: 20
General Instructions:
(i) All 17 Questions are compulsory
(ii) Q.1 to Q.7 are Objective type questions based (1 mark each)
(iii) Q.8 to Q.10 Very short answer type questions (1 mark each)
(iv) Q.11 to Q.13 Short answer type questions (2 marks each)
(v) Q.14 to Q.17 Long answer type questions [Case based (1 mark each)]
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 7 MARKS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1 MARK EACH
1. This principle emphasises that communication should take place at the appropriate moment to aid in the
execution of plans.
(A) Principle of clarity (B) Principle of timeliness
(C) Principle of consistency (D) Principle of feedback
2. What do you mean by the syntax of a language?
(A) Meaning of a sentence
(B) Grammatical structure of a sentence
(C) Semantics of a sentence
(D) Synonym of a sentence
3. Which of the following is not a kind of non-verbal communication?
(A) Hand gestures (B) Signals
(C) Spoken words (D) Facial expressions
4. Which of these forms of feedback is the most effective for boosting student learning?
(C) Spoken (D) Non-Verbal
ASSERTION TYPE QUESTIONS 1 MARK EACH
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
5. Assertion (A): When communication passes through various levels, successive transmissions of the message
results in loss of, or transmission of inaccurate information.
Reason (R): Distrust between the communicator and the communicator acts as a barrier.
6. Assertion (A): Feedback is an essential principle of effective communication.
Reason (R): Feedback enables individuals to gauge the effectiveness of their message and make necessary
adjustments.
7. Assertion (A): Descriptive and specific feedback fosters clearer understanding and enables targeted improvements.
Reason (R): Generic feedback lacks clarity and fails to address specific areas for improvement.
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 13 MARKS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1 MARK EACH
8. During a public speaking event, the speaker observes some audience members crossing their arms and relaxing.
What possible message may this body language communicate?
9. Why is feedback an essential part of the communication cycle?
10. What are the semantic barriers to effective communication?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 2 MARKS EACH
11. Explain types of non-verbal communication.
12. What is descriptive feedback? How does it contribute to effective communication?
13. Jayant, a supervisor at a manufacturing plant, needs to communicate a change in safety protocols to his team
following an accident. He wants to ensure that his message is conveyed accurately and that his team understands
the importance of the new procedures. How can he maintain consistency in communicating these protocols to
his team to ensure they understand and adhere to them effectively?
CASE STUDY BASED SUBJECTIVE QUESTION 4 MARKS
Imagine you are a project manager in a construction company and you need to oversee the building of a new
high-rise office complex. Your team is composed of engineers, architects, and construction workers, all of whom
have different backgrounds and expertise. To ensure the success of the project, it’s crucial that you have effective
communication skills to convey your ideas and expectations to your team. This means being able to listen
actively, ask clarifying questions, and express your thoughts clearly and concisely. Good communication can
help avoid misunderstandings, resolve conflicts, and keep the project moving forward smoothly. By honing your
communication skills, you can be an effective leader and ensure the successful completion of the project.
(1 marks for each question)
14. What a manager should do to promote effective communication among his team members?
15. Why is effective communication important for the success of the project?
16. What does it mean to “listen actively” in the context of the passage?
17. How can honing communication skills help the project manager be an effective leader?
Finished Solving the Paper ?

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For elaborated
Solutions
C H A P T E R UNIT-II
2 SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS-II
Course of Action
Learning Objectives Maximum Time = 3.25 Hrs
• The meaning of and importance of Stress Management, Stress Management Maximum Questions = 76
Techniques.
• About the concept of enjoying, going to vacations and holidays with family and List of Topics
friends & taking nature walks. Topic-1: Meaning and Importance of Stress
• Importance of the ability to work independently, types of self-awareness & the management
meaning of self-motivation and self-regulations. �� P.No. 27
Topic-2: Stress Management Techniques
�� P.No. 30
Topic-3: Ability to Work Independently
�� P.No. 33
TOPIC-1 M eaning and Importance of Stress Management

Concepts Covered:
 What is stress?,  Meaning of stress,  What causes stress?,  Types of stress,  Importance of Stress Management
one.It is not only grief that we fell. As well as the stress

Revision Notes from a major loss, some people experience a mix of
¾¾What is stress? other emotions like loneliness, disappointment and
Stress is our psychological and physiological reaction even anger.
to an event or condition that is considered a threat or 3. Job loss: The loss of a job is not just about the loss of
challenge. income. Very often, it causes our self-confidence to
¾¾Meaning of stress: Stress affects numerous systems take a knock as well. In some cases, being stressed and
within us, including our metabolism, memory and unable to find work for a long period of time can lead
immune system. Have you ever gone to take an to job search depression.
important test and forgotten the answer to a question 4. Traumatic events: Traumatic events like natural disaster
you know you prepared for? Or maybe you had an and car accidents are often completely out of our
intense project at work, only to come down with a cold control. These kinds of unpredictable and unforeseen
as soon as it was finished? That’s stress making. events naturally create a lot of stress and even post-
Under normal circumstances, our mental, emotional, traumatic stress disorder.
and physical state should return to normal once a 5. Emotional well-being struggles: All of us are subject to
stressful event has passed. This is mental fitness comes low moods and experience worry. But these emotional
into play, helping us maintain our wellness levels even stresses can leads to chronic stress without the right
when dealing with stress. emotional regulation skills.
While small amount of positive stress can help us to 6. Relationship issues: All relationships create stress,
perform better. Acute and prolonged stress may lead many types of stressors are relatively mild and easily
to long-term health problems and exacerbate existing dealt. It is the larger issue with in relationships, such as
conditions. divorce or an unhappy marriage, that produce a lot of
¾¾What causes stress?: There are many different causes stress for the people involved in the relationships.
of stress, and each one can affect you differently. ¾¾Types of stress:
1. Financial obligations: Not being able to meet financial zz Acute stress
obligations is a big stressor for a lot of people. Some zz Episodic acute stress
situations that might cause financial stress include: zz Chronic stress
zz The inability to pay your bills.
1. Acute stress: Acute stress results that your body
zz Long-term unemployment. reaction to a new and unwanted situation or any
zz Increasing debt. challenging situation. This is the feeling express that
2. Death of a loved one: Most of us has experienced the narrowly avoid being hit by a car.There are some signs
devasting emotional impact of the passing of a loved and symptoms of acute stress:
Self-Management Skills-II 29
zz Heart rate increase zz Emotional fatigue
zz Fast and heavy breathing ¾¾Importance of Stress Management: Stress management
zz Anxiety offers a range of ways to help you better deal with
zz Emotional up and down stress and difficulty, also called adversity, in your life.
zz Sweat more
Managing stress can help you lead a more balanced,
healthier life.
2. Episodic acute stress: Episodic stress is when acute
stress happen continuously on frequent basis. This is Stress is an automatic physical, mental and emotional
caused due to heavy work load and we don’t get time response to a difficult event. It’s a common part of
to relax. This usually happens with doctors. everyone’s life. When used positively, stress can lead
to growth, action and change. But negative, long-term
zz Muscle tension
stress can lessen your quality of life.
zz Feeling overwhelmed
zz Uncontrollable Anger
zz Migraine
Key Facts
zz Hypertension
¾¾Physical Stress: It refers to the strain on the body as
3. Chronic stress: This chronic stress results stressor that a result of physical demands or trauma.
continue for a longer period of time. This is the stress
¾¾Cognitive Stress: It is the term for the mental fatigue
that feels like never ending and we feel that difficulty
brought on by prolonged concentration or mental
to face the problem.
overload.
zz Weight gain
¾¾Behavioural Stress: It is referred to as a strain that
zz Insomnia
external or internal pressures place on a person’s
zz Panic attacks behaviours.
zz Chronic headache

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Ans. Society can play a significant part in stress man-
agement by promoting supportive environments,
1. What is stress?
facilitating access to resources, and promoting edu-
Ans. Stress is our psychological and physiological
cation.
reaction to an event or condition that is considered
a threat or challenge. Commonly Made Error
2. How financial obligations can lead stress?
When writing about the role played by the
3. Explain the term “stress can affect our body society one should consider our neighbours and
organs”? acquaintances from other social circles, in addition
4. Why job loss is a major cause of stress? to family and friends.
Ans. The loss of a job is not just about the loss of income.
Very often, it causes our self-confidence to take a Answering Tip
knock as well. In some cases, being stressed and
unable to find work for a long period of time can Students must think about all the aspect of the society
lead to job search depression. such as environment, nature etc.
5. How traumatic events can lead the stress? 10. How stress decreases quality of life?
Ans. Traumatic events like natural disaster and car Ans. A lower quality of life can be the result of high levels
accidents are often completely out of our control. of stress, which can also lower life satisfaction and
These kinds of unpredictable and unforeseen the enjoyment of leisure activities.
events naturally create a lot of stress and even post-
traumatic stress disorder. Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
6. Name them only two types of stress. 1. Define Chronic stress.
Ans. • Acute stress Ans. This chronic stress results stressor that continue for
a longer period of time. This is the stress that feels
• Chronic stress
like never ending and we feel that difficulty to face
7. Explain emotional stress? the problem.
Ans. Emotional stresses can leads to chronic stress
2. Explain the meaning of stress?
without the right emotional regulation skills.
3. Write down any 4 symptoms of acute stress.
8. What are the consequences of excessive stress?
Ans. (i) Heart rate increases
Ans. People who are under a lot of stress may feel
(ii) Fast and heavy breathing.
exhausted, ill, and unable to focus. Occasionally,
they may even suffer mental breakdown (iii) Anxiety
9. What is the role played by society in stress man- (iv) Sweat more
agement? (v) Emotional up and down. (Any Four)
4. What is acute stress? (iii) Panic attacks

Ans. Acute stress results that your body reaction to a (iv) Chronic headache
new and unwanted situation or any challenging (v) Emotional fatigue (Any Four)
situation. This is the feeling express that narrowly 6. Explain Episodic Chronic stress?
avoid being hit by a car. Ans. Episodic stress is when acute stress happen
5. Write down the sign and symptoms of Chronic continuously on frequent basis. This is caused due
stress. to heavy work load and we don’t get time to relax.
Ans. (i) Weight gain This usually happens with doctors.
(ii) Insomia
TOPIC-2 S tress Management Techniques

Concepts Covered:
 Physical exercises, Yoga, Meditation, Going to vacations and Holidays, Taking Nature Walks
that exercise is practicable treatment for coping with

Revision Notes stress among athletes, students, and elderly and even
Physical exercises are an excellent way to manage in adults. More over regular physical activity such as
stress and improve overall well-being. exercise is the simple and inexpensive strategy to use in
1. Reduction of stress hormones: Exercise can reduce facing stress in daily life.
levels of stress hormones such as cortosol and Almost any form of exercise or movement can increase
adrenaline in the body, helping to alleviate feelings of your fitness level with decreasing your stress. The
anxiety and tension. most important thing is to pick an activity that
2. Improved sleep: Regular exercise can improve the you love to enjoy. Examples include walking, stair
quality of your sleep. Better sleep can, in turn, reduce climbing, jogging, dancing, bicycling, yoga, gardening,
stress levels and improve your ability to cope with daily weightlifting and swimming.
challenges. Aerobic exercises and mind body types of exercises
3. Muscles relaxation: Physical activity can help relax such as yoga or Tai Chi have shown effectiveness
your muscles and relieve tension built up in the body in reducing stress whereas not much evidence is
due to stress. available regarding resistance exercises. Even though
4. Distraction and focus: Engaging in physical exercise the evidence between resistance exercise and stress
provide a healthy distraction from stressors, allowing management is lacking, resistance exercise can be used
you to focus your mind on the activity at hand rather as time out from stressor.
than dwelling on stressful thoughts. In visualisation, it may form mental pictures to take a
5. Increased confidence: Regular exercise can improve visual journey to a peaceful, calming place or situation.
your physical fitness and appearance, leading to To relax using visualisation, try to use as many senses
increased self-confidence and self-esteem, which can as you can, such as smell, sight, sound and touch. If
help you better cope with stressors. you imagine relaxing at the ocean, think about the salt
6. Mind-body connection: Activities like yoga and tai water’s smell, the sound of crashing waves and the feel
chi(Tai chi is a practice that involves a series of slow of the warm sun on your body.
gentle movements and physical postures, a meditative ¾¾Yoga: Yoga is widely recognised as an effective
state of mind, and controlled breathing.) not only practice for managing stress. It combines physical
provide physical benefits but also promote mundflness postures, breathing exercise, meditation and relaxation
and relaxation, helping to reduce stress levels. techniques to promotes overall well-being and reduce
7. Social support: Participating in group exercise activities, stress levels.
such as team sports or fitness classes, can provide social ¾¾Here’s how yoga helps with stress management:
support and a sense of belonging, which can buffer 1. Physical Benefits: Yoga involves various physical
against stress. postures (asanas) that stretch and strengthen muscles,
8. Healthy coping mechanism: Instead of turning to improves flexibility and enhance overall physical
unhealthy coping mechanisms like overeating or health. Regular practice of yoga can help relieve tension
substance abuse, exercise provide a construction way and discomfort in the body caused by stress.
to manage stress and improve overall health., 2. Breathing techniques (Pranayama): Yoga emphasises
9. Long-term benefits: Regular exercise is associated conscious breathing, which helps calm the mind
with numerous long-term health benefits, including and reduce stress. Techniques like deep breathing,
reduced risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, althernate nostril breathing and ujjayi breath can
obesity and type 2 diabetes which can contributes to activate the body’s relaxation response and promote a
overall stress reduction. sense of calmness.
¾¾There are several evidences that support exercise as 3. Mindfulness and meditation: Yoga incorporates
coping strategies for stress management and improving mindfulness practices and meditation, which
mental health in people with chronic disease like encourages focusing attention on the present moment
diabetes, coronary artery diseases, cancer, etc. Not only without judgement. This helps individual manage
stress by reducing negative thinking patterns, 3. Visualisation or guided Imaginary: Visualisation
promoting relaxation, and fostering a greater sense of or guided imagery involves mentally imagining a
awareness and acceptance. peaceful, calming scene or scenario. By visualising a
4. Stress Reduction: By engaging in the physical postures, relaxing environment or engaging in guided imagery
breathing exercises, and meditation practices of yoga, exercises, individual can create a sense of inner calm
individuals can lower levels of stress hormones like and relaxation. Helping to alleviate stress and anxiety.
cortisol and adrenaline in the body. This can lead to 4. Mantra meditation: Mantra meditation involves
reduces feeling of anxiety, tension and overall stress. repeating a word, phrase or sound silently or aloud. By
5. Improved emotional well-being: Yoga encourage focusing on the repetition of the mantra, individuals
self-awarness and introspection, allowing individuals can quiet the mind, promote relaxation and cultivate a
to better understand their emotions and reducation sense of inner peace.
to stressors. Through regular practice, individuals ¾¾Going to Vacations & Holidays:
may develop greater emotional resilience, a positive ¾¾Absolutely going on vacation and holidays with family
outlook, and improved coping strategies for dealing and friends can be incredibly beneficial for stress
with stress. management.
6. Promotion of relaxation: Many yoga practices end
1. Relaxation: Vacation provides an opportunity to
with a relaxation or meditation session, such as
break away from daily routines and responsibilities,
savasana (corpse pose), which allow the body and
allowing individuals to relax and unwind. Being
ming to enter a state of deep relaxation. This promotes
in a new environment, away from work or home-
a sense of calmness and rejuvenation, helping to
related stressors, can help to reset the mind and body,
counteract the effects of stress on the body and mind.
promoting relaxation and rejuvenation.
7. Better Sleep: Stress often interfaces with sleep quality,
2. Quality time: Spending quality time with family
leading to insomnia or disrupted sleep pattern. Yoga
and friends strengthens bonds and fosters a sense of
can help improve sleep by reducing stress, promoting
connection and belonging. Engaging in shared activities,
relaxation and calming the nervous system, resulting in
exploring new places and creates lasting memories
better sleep quality and overall restfulness.
together can enhance relationships and provide an
¾¾There are few popular types of pranayama include:
emotional support, which can buffer against stress.
1. Deep Breathing (Diaphragmatic breathing): This
simple techniques involves taking slow, deep breaths 3. Physical health benefits: Vacations often involve
to activate the body’s relaxation response. physical activities such as swimming, hiking, or sight-
2. Alternate nostril breathing (Nadi Shodhana): This seeing, which promote physical health and well-being.
pranayama techniques help to balance the left and Engaging in regular exercise during vacations can
right sides of the brain, promoting a sense of calmness reduce stress, improve mood, and boost energy levels.
and balance. 4. Mental health benefits: Taking break from a daily
3. Ujjayi Breathing (Victorious breath): Ujjayi breathing stressor and responsibilities can have positive effects
involves slightly sonstricting the back of your throat to on mental health. Vacations provide an opportunity
create a soft hissing sound as you breathe. This to relax the mind, reduce anxiety, and improve overall
technique can help calm the mind and focus your mental well-being.
attention. 5. Joy and fun: Vacations are a time for enjoyment and fun,
4. Sitali pranayama (cooling Breath): This pranayama allowing individual to engage in activities they love and
technique involves inhaling through a rolled tongue to experience new adventures. Laughter, joy and excitement
create a cooling effect in the body. are natural antidotes to stress, helping to elevate mood
¾¾Meditation: Meditation is a powerful tool for stress and promote a sense of well-being.
management because it helps promote relaxation, 6. Rest and recharge: Taking time-off from work or
reduce negative emotions and enhance self-awareness other responsibilities allows individuals to rest and
Yoga Nidra, known as yogic sleep, is a guided recharge both physically and mentally. Adequate rest
meditation that you do in-person with a teacher or and relaxation are essential for managing stress and
via a recording. It promotes deep relaxation, alleviates preventing burnout, making vacations a valuable
stress, and helps you sleep better. opportunity for self-care.
Yoga Nidra is a fantastic option when you’re too ¾¾Taking Nature Walks: Going for a 30-minute walk in
tired for an asana (moving through poses) or seated a cedar forest lowers the level of cortical, known as a
meditation practice but still want to dedicate time to stress hormone. Scents and smells also have a powerful
your yoga routine. effect on our mental health and emotions. The scents in
The some other important techniques are: a forest can arouse certain emotions and help to reduce
1. Mindfulness meditation: Mindfulness meditation chronic stress.
involves paying attention to the present moment There are many techniques helps in stress management
without judgment. This technique helps individual by taking nature walk:
to observe their thoughts, feelings, and sensations 1. Connection with nature
without becoming entangled in them.
2. Mindfulness and presence
2. Body scan meditation: Body scan meditation involves
3. Enhanced mood
systematically scanning through different parts of the
body, bringing awareness to any areas of tension or 4. Creativity and problem-solving
discomfort. 5. Controls the negative feelings

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 4. Explain the procedure of Ujjayi pranayama.
1. Explain tai chi practice. Ans. (i) Keep your mouth closed.
Ans. Tai chi is a practice that involves a series of slow (ii) Constrict your throat to the point that your breathing
gentle movements and physical postures, a makes a rushing noise, almost like snoring.
meditative state of mind, and controlled breathing. (iii) Control your breath with your diaphragm.
2. What is the concept of Yog Nidra. (iv) Keep your inhalations and exhalations equal in
Ans. Yoga Nidra, known as yogic sleep, is a guided duration.
meditation that you do in-person with a teacher 5. Write any 8 general activities that helps in a stress
or via a recording. It promotes deep relaxation, management.
alleviates stress, and helps you sleep better. Ans. (i) Walking (ii) Stair climbing
3. What is Pranayama?
(iii) Jogging (iv) Dancing
Ans. Pranayama is a breathing techniques in which the
air comes in and out in different methods. (v) Bicycling (vi) Yoga
4. How physical activities lead the muscles (vii) Gardening (viii) Weightlifting
relaxation? (ix) Swimming. (Any Eight)
Ans. Physical activities helps to reduce the fatigue level 6. What is the concept of rest and recharge?
from the muscles and helps to relax the contracted Ans. Taking time-off from work or other responsibilities
muscles and physical activities also reduce the latic allows individuals to rest and recharge both
acid from the muscles. physically and mentally. Adequate rest and
5. What is Diaphragmatic breathing? relaxation are essential for managing stress and
Ans. Diaphragmatic breathing is a technique that helps preventing burnout, making vacations a valuable
to control our breathing rate and helps to control opportunity for self-care.
our heart rate. 7. Explain the importance of taking nature walk.
6. Explain yoga in the reference of stress.
Ans. Going for a 30-minute walk in a cedar forest lowers
Ans. Yoga is widely recognised as an effective practice
the level of cortical, known as a stress hormone.
for managing stress. It combines physical postures,
Scents and smells also have a powerful effect on
breathing exercise, meditation and relaxation
our mental health and emotions. The scents in a
techniques to promotes overall well-being and
forest can arouse certain emotions and help reduce
reduce stress levels.
chronic stress.
7. What is mindfulness meditation?
Ans. Mindfulness meditation involves paying attention 8. Why joy and fun is important for stressors?
to the present moment without judgment. This Ans. Vacations are a time for enjoyment and fun,
technique helps individual to observe their allowing individual to engage in activities they love
thoughts, feelings, and sensations without and experience new adventures. Laughter, joy and
becoming entangled in them. excitement are natural antidotes to stress, helping
8. Explain Sitali Pranayama. to elevate mood and promote a sense of well-being.
Ans. This pranayama technique involves inhaling 9. Explain the physical health benefits by going to
through a rolled tongue to create a cooling effect in vacation with family and friends.
the body. Ans. Vacations often involve physical activities such as
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) swimming, hiking, or sight-seeing, which promote
1. Explain visualisation and guided imaginary. physical health and well-being. Engaging in regular
Ans. Visualisation or guided imagery involves mentally exercise during vacations can reduce stress, improve
imagining a peaceful, calming scene or scenario. By mood, and boost energy levels.
visualising a relaxing environment or engaging in 10. Explain the mental health benefits by going to
guided imagery exercises, individual can create a vacation with family and friends.
sense of inner calm and relaxation. Ans. Taking a break from daily stressor and responsibilities
2. How yoga leads better sleep? can have positive effects on mental health. Vacations
Ans. Stress often interfaces with sleep quality, leading provide an opportunity to relax the mind, reduce anx-
to insomnia or disrupted sleep pattern. Yoga iety, and improve overall mental well-being.
can help to improve sleep by reducing stress, 11. How vacations help in relaxing your mood?
promoting relaxation and calming the nervous Ans. Vacation provides an opportunity to break away
system, resulting in better sleep quality and overall from daily routines and responsibilities, allowing
restfulness. individuals ro relax and unwind. Being in a new
3. What is mantra meditation? environment, away from work or home-related
Ans. Mantra meditation involves repeating a word, stressors, can help reset the mind and body,
phrase or sound silently or aloud. By focusing on
promoting relaxation and rejuvenation.
the repetition of the mantra, individuals can quiet
12. Explain 4 benefits of recreational activities?
the mind, promote relaxation and cultivate a sense
of inner peace.
TOPIC-3 A bility to Work Independently.

Concepts Covered:
 Meaning, Ability to work independently, Types of self-awareness, Concepts Covered of self-motivation and self-regulation
being insightful of other people’s responses and

Revision Notes reactions, including their verbal cues, body language,
¾¾An Independent person is the one who takes initiatives and tone of voice.
himself, takes charge of his mistakes and corrects them. ¾¾Self-motivation: It is the ability to boost oneself on to
He is aware of his strengths and weaknesses and works complete a particular task or goal without the assistance
to the best of his ability without being required to be of outside factors or rewards. Self-regulation: It refers
reminded of his responsibilities. to the ability toν manage one’s feelings, thoughts, and
¾¾Independent working ability is important for several actions in order to achieve a desired result.
reasons like enhancing productivity, self-motivation, ¾¾Self-regulation: It refers to the ability to manage one’s
creativity, no pressure from outside, and more clarity. feelings, thoughts, and actions in order to achieve a
It increases self-confidence, emotional independence, desired result.
self-reliance, decision making ability.
¾¾Self-awareness is the ability to recognise and
understand one’s own thoughts, emotions and Key Facts
behaviour. It involves having the ability to reflect on
¾¾Self-awareness: It is the ability to identify and
oneself and one’s experiences to gain insight into one’s
strengths, values and motivations. acknowledge our own thoughts, feelings and actions.
¾¾Types of Self-awareness: ¾¾Self-motivation: It is the ability to proceed and
zz Internal Self-awareness: The ability to recognise and

maintain action towards the accomplishment of
acknowledge one’s own thoughts, feelings, values, and goals.
motivations is referred to as internal self-awareness. It ¾¾Self-regulation: It is the ability to manage and control
involves self-reflection, analysis, and introspection. one’s own thoughts, emotions and behaviours in
zz External Self-awareness: It is the ability to recognise order to adapt to changing environment.
and interpret how one is perceived by others. It requires

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) trying new things, taking assessments, writing
1. Define self-motivation. journals, etc.
Ans. It is the ability to motivate oneself to carry out a Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
specific task or achieve a specific goal without the 1. What is the importance of self-regulation in life?
aid of outside forces or rewards. Ans. Some reasons why self-regulation is important are
2. What is self-awareness? mentioned below:
3. What do you understand by the term working (i) Better decision-making: Self-regulation enables
independently? us to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of
4. What do you mean by the term “self-regulation”? various options, consider their potential outcomes,
Ans. It describes the ability to control one’s emotions, and make an informed decision.
thoughts, and actions in order to produce a desired (ii) Increased productivity: Self-regulation enables us
outcome. to maintain our attention on our objectives while
5. What is the importance of self-awareness? avoiding distractions. By putting tasks in order of
Ans. Self-awareness is important because it allows importance and urgency, it helps us manage our
individuals to understand their own strengths, time efficiently.
weaknesses, and motivations, which can help them (iii) Better relationships: Self-regulation enables us
make informed decisions and achieve their goals. to control our feelings and communicate more
6. Discuss any one strategy to improve self- effectively in social settings. It makes it possible for
regulation? us to actively listen, respond correctly, and settle
Ans. Strategies for improving self-regulation include disputes in a positive way. (Any Two)
setting goals, practicing mindfulness and relaxation 2. What are the skills necessary for independent
working? Explain any two.
techniques, establishing routines and seeking
3. How acknowledging our flaws can be helpful?
support from others.
Ans. Acknowledging our flaws can be helpful in several
7. How can we become self-aware about our
ways:
strengths?
(i) Building authentic connections: Acknowledging
Ans. We can gradually develop self-awareness of our
our flaws can help us build more authentic
strengths through self-reflection, taking feedbacks,
connections with others. When we are open and
honest about our imperfections, we create space for Examples: Knowing our Examples: Getting advice
others to do the same, which can lead to deeper and own values, identifying from a senior or coworker,
more meaningful relationships. our emotional triggers, etc. observing how others
(ii) Reducing Stress and Anxiety: Acknowledging our respond to
flaws can help us reduce stress and anxiety. When
our behaviour, etc.
we are honest with ourselves about our weaknesses,
we can let go offthe pressure to be perfect and 5. Distinguish between intellectual self-awareness
focus on self-improvement instead. This can lead to and emotional self-awareness.
greater self-acceptance and a more positive outlook Ans.
on life. Intellectual self-awareness Emotional self-awareness
4. Distinguish between internal self-awareness and
external self-awareness. It is characterised as It involves being aware of
Ans. awareness of one’s own one’s own emotions
thought processes and and having the capacity to
Internal self- awareness External self-awareness patterns. control them.
It involves understanding It involves understanding
our own thoughts, how others perceive us It involves being aware of It involves being aware
feelings, values, and and how our behaviour one’s own cognitive of one’s own emotional
strengths/weaknesses. impacts others. biases as well as having triggers and response
It aids people in improving It helps us to understand the capacity to critically patterns, as well as having
our relationships with how we fit into different and objectively consider the ability to manage one’s
others and our decision- social situations and how one’s own beliefs and emotions in a positiveand
making. to adjust assumptions. constructive manner.
Our behaviour accordingly.

in various skills. Which of the following skills
Objective Type Questions helps you to prioritise the things you have to do to
remove waste and redundancy from work?
(A) Responsibility (B) Time management
1. Employees who possess this ability also have
better decision-making and time management (C) Self-awareness (D) Adaptability
skills. Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(A) Decision- management skills Explanation: The process of organising and plan-
(B) Time management skills ning how to allocate time in order to complete tasks
(C) Self-management skills and realise goals is known as time management.
(D) Self management skills 5. _____________ can leads to chronic stress without
Ans. Option (D) is correct. the right emotional regulation skills.
Explanation: The ability to control one’s thoughts, (A) Emotional stress (B) Physical stress
emotions, and behaviours in order to accomplish
(C) Mental stress (D) Social stress
personal objectives and maintain wellbeing is
referred to as having self-management skills. Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Employees who possess this ability also have better Explanation: Mental stress can lead to chronic
decision-making and time management skills. stress when individuals are unable to regulate their
2. Physical symptoms of stress do not include: emotions effectively, causing them to experience
prolonged periods of heightened stress and anxiety.
(A) Feeling energetic (B) Headaches 6. _________________ results that your body
(C) Insomnia (D) Chest pain reaction to a new and unwanted situation or any
3. The capacity to act without being influenced by challenging situation. This is the feeling express
other people or circumstances. that narrowly avoid being hit by a car.
(A) Self-demotivation (B) Self-awareness (A) Acute stress (B) Chronic stress
(C) Self-motivation (D) Self-regulation
(C) Episodic stress (D) Physical stress
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
7. Stress is our ___________ reaction to an event or
Explanation: The capacity to push oneself towards
achieving goals without outside pressure or condition that is considered a threat or challenge.
influence is known as self-motivation. (A) Psychological (B) Physiological
4. To perform well at work and life in general, you (C) Both of them (D) None of these
must be able to manage and improve yourself Ans. Option (C) is correct.
8. High expectations from self can leave one 3. If John lets the distress overtake him it would be
with chronic anxiety and stress, thus leading harmful to his body, mind and spirit. It may also
to.................. stress. [CBSE SQP Term-I] harm his self esteem and confidence levels.
(A) Physical (B) Emotional 4. Eustress
II. Read the following text and answer the following
(C) Mental (D) Financial
questions based on the same:
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Maria is a manager at a tech company. She notices
Explanation: High expectations from self, setting that her team is not as productive as they used to
unrealistic goals and exerting oneself beyond one’s be and decides to conduct an exercise to help her
capabilities leads to mental stress. team get into old form. She decides to take her team
9. Sonika gets up at 6 am and goes for her hobby for a vacation. After returning from the vacation she
classes. Then, she comes back home and finishes found some of her members back in their old zeal,
her homework before going to school. She does all but some still needed some improvement.
1. What was the probable reason for her team loosing
work by herself. No one tells her to do so. His is
the interest in work?
called. [CBSE SQP Term-I]
2. Why did she decide to take her team for a vacation?
(A) Self-awareness (B) Self-motivation 3. What she should do to help some people who still
(C) Self-regulation (D) Discipline lack the productivity?
Ans. Option (B) is correct. 4. Taking the decision to take her team for a vacation
shows which type of trait of Maria’s personality?
Explanation: Self- motivation is the ability to know
Ans. 1. The team was under fatigue stress.
what one’ goals our and what need to be done to
2. To give them some time out to rest and relax and
achieve them without being told by someone else
hence releasing the fatigue stress.
what to do. 3. She can organise some regular physical exercise
[B] Fill in the Blanks and meditation session for her team.
1. ................. means that when taking a nature walk, 4. Maria is a self- motivated person who knows how
we try not to think about our daily activities. to take charge of a situation and to resolve the
Ans. Thought-provoking problem. She doesn’t wait for someone to tell her
what to do.
2 .................. are chemicals in the brain that act as a
III. Read the following text and answer the following
Pain killer.
Ans. Endorphins
Observe the figure and write the answer to the
3. Stress can be viewed as a ____________ that is questions asked.
afflicting people of all age groups.
Ans. Disorder
4. Stress causing agents are known as ___________
which can be self-induced or external.
Ans. Stressors
5. Yoga reduces the level of _________ which is the
stress hormone.
Ans. Cortisol
[C] Case Based Subjective

I. Read the following text and answer the following
questions based on the same: 1. What does this picture show?
John was feeling stressed out at work. He had a 2. Explain anu two reasons for this problems
lot of deadlines to meet, a demanding boss, and 3. Name any two solutions to solve this problem.
a growing workload. He knew he needed to do Ans. 1. Ths picture shows a person becoming victim to
something to manage his stress levels and improve mental stress.
his overall well-being. 2. Some of the reasons for the increase in mental
1. What should John do to manage his stress levels? stress are a follows:
2. What type of stress is John experiencing? • Increased competition in opportunities for
education, employment and business.
3. What consequences would John face if he doesn’t
• Loneliness and mental stress in children due to
take charge of this situation?
reasons like nuclear family and parents staying
4. What do we call good stress? outdoors for work
Ans. 1. John should take up some stress management • Increased social disorder, crime and violence.
techniques such as practicing yoga and meditation, 3. • Laughing loudly so as to relieve stress.
taking regular time out to rest and relax. • Maintaining good communication and expressing
2. Fatigue related stress our feelings to friends, peers, cousins, teachers and
parents or noting them down in a dairy.
IV. Read the following text and answer the following 1. What is the concept shown in the picture?
questions based on the same: 2. Write its benefits.
Write the answer to the questions by observing the 3. What we have to do when you feel stressed?
picture. Ans. 1. The concept of laughter clubs in which people
relieve mental stress by laughing loudly is shown in
the picture.
2. The benefits of laughter clubs are to relieve mental
stress and improve social health.
3. To relieve stress, foster hobbies like material
collection, photography, reading, cooking,
sculpting, drawing, making rangoli, dancing,
singing, listening to music etc.
2. • The inability to pay your bills. 2. Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension.
• Long-term unemployment. It can come from any event or thought that makes
• Increasing debt. (Any Two) you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is
3. Stress affects numerous systems within us, your body’s reaction to a challenge or demand.
including our metabolism, memory and immune
system.
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) (ii) It fosters the growth of a variety of hobbies,
12. The time spent in recreational activities including writing and photography.
especially with friends and families can alleviate (iii) It incorporates feelings of unity and cooperation.
stress: (iv) It is a calming and rejuvenating experience.
(i) It makes life more diverse. (v) It creates enduring moments. (Any Four)
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) (i) Time management: Time management is a skill
2. Self-awareness means knowing our strengths, that independent workers must possess in order to
weaknesses, thoughts, emotions, beliefs and our prioritise tasks and meet deadlines. This involves
sources of motivation. It also means being aware being able to schedule time effectively, plan and
of how people perceives. organise workday, and use calendars and to-do
3. Working independently means being able to lists as tools to help stay on task.
motivate oneself, doing a task on one’s own (ii) Self-motivation: Independent workers must have
without being required to be reminded of to do
the drive and self-motivation to succeed. In order
it, being able to take decision by one self, being in
charge of one’s mistakes and correcting them. to do this, they must set goals, maintain focus, and
find ways to stay motivated despite obstacles or
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) setbacks.
2. The skills necessary for independent working
are:

not include feeling energetic rather a person
[A] Multiple Choice Questions under stress feels low in energy.
2. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Physical symptoms of stress include
headaches, insomnia, chest pain, etc. But it does
***
38

1. Employees who possess this ability also have better decision-making and time management skills.
(A) Decision- Management skills (B) Time Management skills
(C) Decision - Making skills (D) Self - Management skills
2. Physical symptoms of stress do not include:
(A) Feeling energetic (B) Headaches
(C) Insomnia (D) Chest pain
3. The capacity to act without being influenced by other people or circumstances.
(A) Self-demotivation (B) Self-awareness
(C) Self-motivation (D) Self-regulation
4. _________________ results that your body reaction to a new and unwanted situation or any challenging situation.
This is the feeling express that narrowly avoid being hit by a car.
(A) Acute stress (B) Chronic stress
(C) Episodic stress (D) Physical stress
5. Assertion: Stress management skills helps us control our health in a positive sense.
Reason: The causes of stress are essentially the same for everyone.
6. Assertion: Stress is a symptom, not a disease.
Reason: The immediate outcome of harmful external provocations leads to state of stressing various diseases.
7. Assertion: During meditation, you focus your attention and eliminate the stream of jumbled thoughts that may
be crowding your mind and causing stress.
Reason: Exercising regularly can have a positive effect on your mood by relieving the tension, anxiety, anger, and
mild depression that often go hand-in-hand with stress.
8. How stress decreases quality of life.
9. What is the concept of Yog Nidra.
10. Explain yoga in the reference of stress.
11. Explain the meaning of stress?
12. Write any 8 general activities that helps in stress management.
13. What is the concept of rest and recharge?
Read the following text and answer the following questions based on the same:
John was feeling stressed out at work. He had a lot of deadlines to meet, a demanding boss, and a growing
workload. He knew he needed to do something to manage his stress levels and improve his overall well-being.
14. What should John do to manage his stress levels?
15. What type of stress is John experiencing?
16. What consequences would John face if he doesn’t take charge of this situation?
17. What do we call good stress?

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
UNIT-III
INFORMATION AND
C H A P T E R
3 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
SKILLS–II
Course of Action
Learning Objectives Maximum Time = 3:25 Hrs
• The basic idea about an operating system Maximum Questions = 69
• The functions and different types of an operating system
• The Windows 10 Desktop List of Topics
• The New features in windows 10 Topic-1: Operating Systems: Windows 10
• Using the Accessibility options �� P.No. 40
• The start menu and Taskbar Topic-2: Files and Folders in Windows 10
�� P.No. 47
• Windows 10 – Recycle bin
Topic-3: Computer Maintenance and Security
• Concept of files and folders �� P.No. 50
• The Folders structure
• Viewing files and folders – Extra large, Large, medium, List, Details etc.
• Operations on files, folders – Creating, Deleting, Renaming, copying, moving
• Windows Explorer
• Navigating a folder list
• Adding property tags
• Computer maintenance
• Threats to the security of a computer system
• What are Malware?
• Different kinds of Malware - Virus, Trojans, Worms, Ransomware, Spyware, Adware
• Network threats- Snooping, Eavesdropping, Intrusion problems
• Software Safety, Security – Antivirus, Firewall
• Utility software – Defragmenter, Compression utility, Backup, Disk Cleanup
TOPIC-1 O perating Systems: Windows 10

Concepts Covered:
 What is OS and its examples  Types of OS  Functions of OS  What is Windows 10,  Features of Windows 10,  Applications
of Desktop,  Shortcut Keys,  Menu, Icons, and Task bar.
Revision Notes
¾¾What is an Operating system:
zz An Operating System (OS) is a canvas between a
user and computer hardware. An operating system is
a system software that is responsible for all the basic
tasks in a computer like file management, memory
management, process management, handling input
and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as
disk drives and printers.
Information and Communication Technology Skills–II 41
Some of the most used Operating Systems include ¾¾Functions of OS:

Linux, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, z/ The main functions of an operating system are as
OS, etc. follows:
¾¾SOME EXAMPLES of an OS:
¾¾MS-DOS: DOS (Disk Operating System) was one of the
primitive, widely-used operating system for personal
computers. It is a system program that is automatically
runs on starting the computer. It is a single-user
operating system from Microsoft.
zz UNIX: UNIX operating system is developed by Sun
Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, IBM, and a number
of other companies. The UNIX environment and the
client/server program model played important role in
the development of the Internet and the reshaping of
computing in networks rather than in stand - alone
machines.
zz WINDOWS: Windows is an operating system from
Microsoft that, together with some commonly used
business applications such as Microsoft Word, Excel,
PowerPoint etc. has become a popular “standard”
software suite for individual users in most corporations zz Process Management: Process Management in an
as well as in most homes. operating system involves the efficient execution and
zz MACINTOSH: The Macintosh (often called “the coordination of various programs, known as processes.
Mac”), introduced in 1984 by Apple Computer, was the The OS oversees the scheduling, creation, and
first widely-sold personal computer with a graphical termination of processes, ensuring optimal utilisation
user interface (GUI). of the CPU and effective intercommunication among
¾¾Types of Operating System:
these processes. This function is essential for managing
zz Batch Operating System: A Batch Operating System is
the execution of user programs and handling system
a type of operating system that processes and executes
activities, contributing to the overall efficiency and
tasks in groups or batches without requiring continuous
responsiveness of the operating system.
user interaction. In this system, users submit a set of
zz Memory Management: Management of the memory
jobs or tasks in advance, and the operating system
automatically processes these jobs sequentially without space and the processes running in it, allocation of
the need for immediate user input during execution. memory to processes, are all the prime functions of the
zz Time-sharing Operating Systems: Time-sharing is a OS. The CPU fetches data and instructions from and
technique used in operating systems, which enables stores in memory. Among the roles of OS in memory
multiple people, located at various terminals, to management are:
use a particular computer system at the same time. zz Controlling and managing the parts of memory
Processor’s time is shared among multiple users currently being used and by whom.
simultaneously to process each user’s job. zz Allocation and release of memory space as needed.
zz Multiprogramming Operating System: Thus,
zz Management of the disk space: The management of
it is evident that a time-sharing system is a
multiprogramming system, but a multiprogramming disk space in an operating system involves organising
system may not necessarily be a time-sharing system. and allocating storage resources on a computer’s
zz Multiprocessing System: A multiprocessing system disk. The OS oversees the creation, deletion, and
is a system that works with multiple processors and organisation of files and directories, ensuring efficient
memories. utilisation of available disk space. This function is crucial
zz Distributed Operating System: Distributed systems for maintaining a structured file system, preventing
use multiple central processors connected together to data fragmentation, and facilitating smooth storage
process multiple real-time applications and multiple operations, contributing to effective data management
users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the and system performance.
processors accordingly. zz I/O Management: I/O (Input/Output) Management
zz Network Operating System: A Network Operating
in an operating system involves overseeing the
System (NOS) is a specialised operating system communication and data transfer between the computer
designed to facilitate and manage network resources
and its external devices. The OS is responsible for
and operations within a computer network. Unlike
coordinating input and output operations, managing
standalone operating systems that primarily focus on
device drivers, and optimising data flow. This function
managing a single computer, a Network Operating
System is tailored to support the coordination and ensures efficient utilisation of peripherals, minimises
communication among multiple computers and bottlenecks, and enhances overall system performance
devices connected in a network. by streamlining communication between the computer
zz Real-Time Operating System: A real-time operating and external devices.
system is a system in which jobs are processed within zz File Management: Management of files in the disks,
fixed deadlines. Here the time interval required to their retrieval as and when required, searching,
process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls removal are all the primitive file management tasks of
the environment. the operating system.
zz Protection: The Protection function of an operating 5. Windows Ink: Designed for touch-enabled devices,
system involves implementing security measures to Windows Ink provides tools for creating and editing
safeguard the computer system and its resources. It content using a digital pen or stylus.
includes mechanisms to control access to files, data, and 6. Continuum: A feature that adapts the interface based
system functionalities, ensuring that only authorised on the device type, providing a seamless experience
users or processes can perform specific operations. whether using a desktop or a tablet.
Protection mechanisms prevent unauthorised access,
7. Windows Hello: Biometric authentication methods,
modifications, or disruptions, contributing to the
overall security and integrity of the computer system. such as fingerprint recognition or facial recognition, to
enhance device security and simplify logins.
zz Command Interpretation: The operating system is
also responsible for command interpretation. The 8. Action Center: A centralised hub for notifications
command interpreter is the primary interface between and quick access to commonly used settings, making
the user and the rest of the system. it easier for users to stay informed and manage their
system preferences.
¾¾Windows 10:
Windows 10 is one of the most recent versions of 9. Universal Windows Platform (UWP) Apps: Apps
Windows from Microsoft. It was released in 2015 and developed for the UWP framework can run across
was initially offered free of charge to users of Windows 7 various Windows 10 devices, offering a consistent
and Windows 8.1. Windows 10 combines features from experience on desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
the two previous Operating System versions. Microsoft These features contribute to Windows 10’s versatility,
has replaced the Start screen tiles from Windows 8, and providing a modern and user-friendly environment for
brought back the Start Menu. They also removed the a wide range of devices and user preferences.
vertical toolbars that appeared from the sides of the ¾¾Useful Applications of Desktop:
screen. These changes make this Windows version
zz RecycleBin: The Recycle bin Stores the deleted files
easier to use for users of both desktop/laptops and
temporarily. Files may be recovered from here if
mobile devices.
required.
zz ThisPC: Shows a list of drives and devices attached to
the computer
zz Control
Panel: An area for making various settings to
hardware and software.
zz Taskbar: A horizontal bar having shortcuts to
applications, Date/Time, notifications, the start menu,
etc.
¾¾Useful Shortcuts of Windows 10:
SHORTCUT ACTION
Windows key Open the Start menu

Open the Windows
Windows key +S Search
Windows key +C Open Cortana

Windows 10 Desktop
¾¾Windows 10 – Special Features: Windows key + Tab Open Task View
zz Windows 10, as an operating system, incorporates Show or Hide the
several special features to enhance user experience Windows key +D Desktop
and functionality. Some key features include:
1. Cortana: Microsoft’s virtual assistant that allows users Windows key +L lock your account
to interact with their devices using voice commands Open the Action Center
and provides personalised assistance. Windows key +A sidebar
2. Start Menu: The Start Menu combines elements of the Open the Settings
traditional menu with Live Tiles, offering a customizable Windows key +I window
and dynamic interface for launching applications.
Open the File Explorer
3. Task View: Enables users to create virtual desktops, Windows key +E window
helping organise and switch between different sets of
open applications. Takes a screenshot of
4. Microsoft Edge: A modern web browser introduced in Windows key + your whole display and
PrintScreen stores it in Pictures >
Windows 10, offering improved performance, security
Screenshots
features, and integration with Cortana.
¾¾Windows 10 – Start Menu: The Cortana icon will activate Windows’ new personal
To start any application in Windows10, open the Start assistant.
Menu and click “All Applications”. This opens a list of
all the applications installed on the computer.
The Windows 10 Start Menu has two panes.
¾¾Right Pane:
The right pane features a varied array of tiles, similar to
the ones that were seen on the Start Screen of Windows 8.
These tiles can be moved and dragged to different
places by holding the mouse button.
¾¾Left Pane: ¾¾Windows 10: Taskbar

¾¾Following can be done from the left pane: The taskbar of Windows 10 resides at the bottom of the
zz Make account settings or log in with another user. screen giving the user access to the Start Menu, icons
zz Access the most frequently used applications. of frequently used applications. The right-side of the
Taskbar has the Notification Area which informs the
zz A small arrow next to an application will open a sub- user of different things like the state of the Internet
menu with a list of recent documents opened with that connection or the charge of the laptop battery.
application.
zz Open the “File Explorer” to navigate your folders and
zz files.
¾¾Changing computer settings like:

zz Internet connection or desktop background. The middle of the Taskbar contains “pinned”
zz See different options to shut down your computer. applications, which provide quick access to applications
zz Seea list of all the applications installed in your used frequently.
computer. zz To Unpin an Application from the Taskbar
zz Search Box:The “Search box” on the Taskbar allows to To “unpin” it, just right-click the icon in the Taskbar
search within your documents, files or on the Web for and select “Unpin from taskbar”. You can “pin” it back
anything. again any time you want.
zz Notification Area
¾¾The icons on the left side of the menu do the following:
The Notification Area is present at the right side of the
The Gear icon will allow you to configure the settings Taskbar which shows different types of notifications
of your Search. from your computer like your Internet connection, or
the volume level.
This icon will let you send Feedback to Microsoft on

what you like or dislike about Windows.
The Notification Area shows a limited amount of icons. Your hard drive (the drive inside your computer) is
You can click the upward arrow on its left-side to see known as the (C:) drive.
other icons as well. Your floppy disk drive is known as the (A:) drive.
zz Task View: If your computer has a CD-ROM drive, it is usually
The Task View feature allows you to navigate within called (D:).
the open Windows and applications. It may also be Choose where you’ll save your files during the Save As
accessed by the “Task View” button from the Taskbar. process. Most users store their files on the (C:) drive.
¾¾Recycle Bin:
zz Other alternatives are:
The Recycle Bin provides temporary storage for deleted
Hold the Windows key, and then press Tab By pressing files. If a file is accidentally deleted, it may be recovered
the Alt+Tab keyboard shortcut also serves a similar by selecting the file and clicking “Restore this item”. To
purpose. permanently remove all files, click Empty the Recycle
Bin.
zz Retrieving files from the Recycle Bin: Using the
“Restore all items link” (located in the Recycle Bin

Manage Group) will retrieve all files and folders in the
Recycle Bin back to their original locations on your
computer.
zz Emptying the Recycle Bin: Emptying the Recycle Bin
permanently removes items. From this point, they

cannot be recovered.
zz Windows 10: Cortana
zz To empty the Recycle Bin: Click the Empty the Recycle
Cortana is Microsoft’s intelligent personal assistant. It is
Bin link in the Recycle Bin Manage group.
included in Windows 10, as well as with other Microsoft
systems and devices like Windows Phones and Xbox.
Cortana helps to find things in your computer, set
appointments, answer questions, and many other
things.
¾¾Windows 10: User Management

Windows 10 allows you to log in to different user
accounts when using your computer.
The logged in user account may be managed also by:
zz Open the Start Menu.
zz Click on Settings.
zz From the SETTINGS window, choose Accounts option.

To use Cortana simply type a question in the search box
zz In the ACCOUNTS window, choose the account setting
in the Taskbar, or click the microphone icon and talk to
you want to configure.
Cortana.
The icons on the left-side are for:
zz Home
zz Notebook
zz Reminders
zz Feedback
Home is the initial Cortana window where you can

type or ask questions.
¾¾Drives in Windows 10:
A drive, or disk drive, is a hardware on which you can
store files and folders. Disk drives are assigned a letter.
Under Sign-in options, Password can be changed.
¾¾Windows 10 - Quick Actions:

Quick Actions are a set of tiles that give you access to frequently used settings and tasks (like Wi-Fi connection, or
screen brightness).
Most of the actions can be configured simply by clicking ¾¾Customising Quick Actions: With these Notifications,
or tapping on the tile. Additional settings and options you can customise the Quick Actions tiles by going to
can be accessed if you right-click the tile. the SETTINGS window.
After opening Settings, you can choose SYSTEM and
Selecting the All settings tile will take you then select Notifications & actions.
directly to the SETTINGS window.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) of reads or writes of specific memory address. The
CPU fetches from and stores in memory.
1. What kind of software is an Operating system:
System software or Application software? 3. What is a multiprogramming operating system?

Ans. An operating system is a system software as it
manages the system resources, memory as well as Ans. A multiprogramming operating system is a system
the file system. that allows more than one active user program (or
part of user program) to be stored in main memory
2. Name any two types of operating systems.
simultaneously.
3. Which Feature of windows 10 allows to set the
4. What is meant by Time-sharing operating system?
desktop according to user preference?

Ans. Personalise option
5. What is Cortana in Windows 10?
4. Which option is used to create a shortcut in
Ans. Cortana is Microsoft’s intelligent personal assistant.
Windows 10?
It is included in Windows 10, as well as with other
Ans. New → shortcut Microsoft systems and devices like Windows
5. Which Feature of Windows 10 allows a quick look Phones and Xbox, among others.
of the desktop? Cortana will help you find things in your computer,
Ans. The Show Desktop option allows to have a quick set appointments, answer questions, and many
look of the desktop. other things.
6. What do you understand by File System? To use Cortana simply type a question in the search
Ans. File system defines the way an operating system box in the Taskbar, or click the microphone icon and
names, stores and manages files stored in a talk to Cortana.
computer system. 6. What do you understand by Task View in
7. What do you understand by multithreading Windows10?
operating system? Ans. Task View allows you to quickly move within your
Ans. Multithreading Operating Systems: These open windows and applications. You can access it
allow different parts of the same program to run by clicking the “Task View” button from the Taskbar.
simultaneously. This feature helps to share the You can also press and hold the Windows key, and
software over a networked system. then press Tab to achieve the same result.
8. What is job scheduling role of operating systems? By pressing the Alt+Tab keyboard shortcut also
serves a similar purpose.
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) 7. Write a difference between Single user and Multi-
1. What is the relationship between operating user operating system.
systems and computer hardware? Ans. Single user operating systems: These are the
Ans. Operating system helps to make computer systems which allow only one user to work at a
hardware available to the application programs. time, e.g., DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 95.
Without Operating System we cannot access Multi User operating System: These allow more
computer hardware than one user to use the same system at the same
2. Write two main functions of an operating system. time, e.g., Linux, UNIX and Windows.
Ans. The main functions of an operating system are as 8. What is the role of the Start menu in windows?
follows: What are its different sections?
• Process Management: The CPU executes a large Ans. The Start Menu is the main gateway to the
number of programs. While its main concern is the programs, folders, and settings on your computer.
execution of user programs, the CPU is also needed The Start Menu can be used to do common
for other system activities. These activities are called activities such as Start programs, open frequently
processes. used folders, search for files, folders, and programs,
• Memory Management: Memory is the most adjust computer settings, get help with the
expensive part in the computer system. Memory is Windows operating system, turn off the computer
a large array of words or bytes, each with its own and log off from Windows or switch to a different
address. Interaction is achieved through a sequence user account.
TOPIC-2 F iles and Folders in Windows 10

Concepts Covered:
 Files and Folders in Windows  File Explorer in Windows,  File and Folders operations
In summary, file organisation focuses on the internal

Revision Notes
structure of individual files, directory structures provide
¾¾Files and folders are the basic storage area of data in all
a hierarchical arrangement for organising files, and file-
different forms The files store the raw data, the folders
system structures encompass the overall organisation
are the containers of files.
and management of files within an operating system.
Files store the actual information. All of the information These concepts collectively contribute to efficient data
stored in a computer is stored in files. There are many storage, retrieval, and organisation.
different types of files, including operating system files, ¾¾File Explorer in Windows 10:
program files, and more.
File Explorer is the application by which file
Folders keep the files organised and easily searchable. management is done by Windows operating system. It
Folders can further contain subfolders. provides a graphical interface for the user to navigate
¾¾File Organisation, Directory Structures, And File- and access the files stored in the computer.
System Structures File Explorer can be accessed by clicking the folder icon
File organisation, directory structures, and file-system in the Taskbar.
structures are fundamental aspects of operating
systems that facilitate the effective storage and retrieval
of data. Here is a brief explanation of each:
1. File Organisation:
zz Definition: File organisation refers to the arrangement
of data within files to enable efficient access and
retrieval.
zz Purpose: Organising data optimally improves access
times, facilitates searching, and enhances overall
system performance.
zz Methods: Common methods include sequential,
random, and indexed file organisation.
2. Directory Structures:
zz Definition: Directory structures organise files into a
hierarchical or tree-like arrangement, forming a logical
structure for file storage.
zz Purpose: Directory structures provide a systematic
way to categorise and locate files, simplifying file zz Views in a Folder: Large icons, Extra large icons,
management and enhancing user navigation. Medium icons, Small icons, List, Details, Tiles, Content
zz Types: Common types include single-level, two-level,

and tree-structured directory systems.
3. File-System Structures:
zz Definition: File-system structures represent the overall
organisation of files and directories, including methods
for storing, naming, and accessing data.
zz Components: Key components include the file control
block (FCB), which stores metadata about each file, and
the free-space management system.
zz Access Methods: File systems employ various access
methods, such as sequential, direct, and indexed access,
to retrieve data efficiently.
¾¾The initial File Explorer window is comprised of the ¾¾The View ribbon empowers users to customise the
following sections: display of files and folders in Windows. Various
1. The File Explorer ribbon is equipped with buttons for modifications that can be implemented include:
executing common tasks related to managing files and zz Incorporating additional panes to showcase file
folders. previews or details.
2. The Navigation Pane provides entry points to zz Altering the layout of files and folders, transitioning
document and picture libraries, as well as storage between icons, list view, and other options.
devices, including frequently used folders and network zz Sorting and arranging the contents within a folder.
devices.
zz Concealing specific folders or files as needed.
3. The right section of the window displays the Frequent
folders, offering quick access to recently utilised
folders.
4. Located in the lower part of the window, the Recent
files section showcases recently opened files and ¾¾File and Folder operations:
documents for easy retrieval. zz File and folder operations encompass a range of tasks
related to managing digital data. These operations
¾¾The File Explorer Ribbon:
are fundamental for organising, manipulating, and
In Windows 10, the File Explorer features an updated
accessing files and folders on a computer. Key file and
ribbon toolbar reminiscent of the one present in recent
folder operations include:
versions of Microsoft Office. This ribbon is equipped
zz To copy a file or folder:
with buttons and commands tailored for the most
frequently performed tasks. 1. Highlight the file or folder that is to be copied. Right
click and select Copy.
2. Navigate to the desired location.
3. Right click and select Paste
zz To move a file or folder:
1. Highlight the file or folder that is to be moved. Right
¾¾The Ribbon encompasses four tabs housing various
click and click Cut.
commands. Within the Home tab, users can execute
2. Navigate to the desired location,.
tasks such as:
zz Copying and pasting files and folders between different
3. Right click and select Paste
locations. zz To delete a file or folder:
zz Moving files and folders to an alternative location. 1. Highlight the file or folder that is to be deleted.
zz Duplicating files and folders to another designated 2. Press the Delete key from keyboard or Right click and
location. select Delete option or Choose Delete this folder from
zz Permanently deleting a file or folder or moving it to the the File and Folder Tasks menu
Recycle Bin. 3. The Delete Folder dialog box displays to confirm the
zz Renaming a file or folder. Delete request, Click Yes.
zz Establishing a new folder or other items. zz Renaming Files and Folders:
zz Verifying or modifying the Properties of a document or A common file management task is renaming files and
folder. folders.
zz Opening a file or folder. To rename files and folders:
zz Utilising different options to select single or multiple 1. Locate the file or folder, and press the right mouse
files and folders. button.
¾¾The Share ribbon gives you different options to share A shortcut menu appears.
your files and folders. 2. Choose Rename from the shortcut menu.
3. Delete the old file name.
4. Key the new file name, and press Enter.
¾¾To create a new folder:
zz Choose the location where you want to create the
folder
zz Right click
zz E-mailing or messaging a file. zz Select New → Folder
zz Compressing (“Zip”) a folder to take less space. zz A new folder icon appears
zz Printing or faxing documents. zz Write the name of the new folder
zz Sharing with other users or networks. zz Press Enter

1. Which application of windows helps to manage 1. Write the different views of file and folder list in
files and folders? windows.
Ans. File Explorer Ans. The different views are:
2. Which menu option helps to delete files or folders (a) Extra large icons (b) Large icons
in Windows 10? (c) Medium icons (d) List
Ans. Home (e) Details
3. Which options are used to move a file from one 2. Differentiate files and folders in windows
location to another? Ans.
Ans. Cut and Paste File Folder
4. Which user account has the most set of capabilities 1. It is a container of data, 1. It is a container
in Windows 10? text, images or video etc. of files.
Ans. The administrator can do everything with the 2.
Files are usually 2.
They are used
computer and can go anywhere he or she desires. associated with some for organised
5. Which pane displays the file hierarchy of the applications storage of files.
drives and folders for each category in a folders 3. What are the different ways to delete a file or
list? folder?
Ans. Navigation pane Ans. Ways to delete a file or folder
6. What is the function of Notification Area on • Select the file or folder, click the Delete button in
Taskbar? Home menu
7. Define multitasking? • Select the file or folder, then press [Delete]
Ans. Multitasking allows a computer to run multiple • Right-click the file or folder, then click Delete
programs or tasks at the same time, increasing • Drag the file or folder to the Recycle Bin
efficiency and productivity. 4. What are the three types of user accounts in
8. What are the components of Windows desktop? Windows 10?
Ans. In Windows 10, there are three types of user
Ans. The components of Windows desktop are Taskbar,
accounts Administrator account. The administrator
Desktop icons, Notification area, File Explorer, can do everything with the computer and can go
Control Panel, Start menu, Search box. anywhere he or she desires.
Standard account. Users with standard accounts 8. Write the functions available under the Home and
can install programs and hardware, change pictures share tab in File Explorer.
and related personal data, and create, change, or Ans. Functions in Home tab are:
remove passwords. • Copying and pasting files and folders from one
Guest account. A guest account doesn’t require a place to another.
password, can’t add or remove programs from the • Moving files and folders to another location.
computer, and is disabled by default.
• Copying files and folders to another location.
5. What is DMA in operating systems?
• Deleting a file or folder permanently or sending it
Ans. DMA is one of the fastest data transfer techniques
from memory to I/O. to the Recycle Bin.
6. How file explorer helps in organising files and • Renaming a file or folder.
folders? • Creating a new folder or other new items.
Ans. Here are three ways in which file explorer helps: • Verifying or modifying the Properties of a document
(i) Navigating through files: File Explorer provides or folder.
an interface that allows users to easily navigate • Opening a file or folder.
through files and folders on their computer. • Different options to select one or various files and
(ii) Searching for files and folders: This feature is folders.
useful for quickly locating files, that may be in
The Share ribbon gives you different options to
multiple folders or sub folders.
share your files and folders.
(iii) Sorting files and folders: This feature makes it
• E-mailing or messaging a file.
simple to locate and organise specific files or folders
• Compressing (“Zip”) a folder to take less space.
in a way that makes sense to the user.
• Printing or faxing documents.
7. Differentiate CLI and GUI.
• Sharing with other users or networks.
TOPIC-3 C omputer Maintenance and Security

Concepts Covered:
 What is computer maintenance  Its importance  Cleaning Computer Components  Preparing Maintenance Schedule 
Threats that affect a computer system  Software safety, security and care  Utility tools of windows
2. Reliability and Stability: Scheduled maintenance

Revision Notes helps identify and address potential issues before
¾¾What is computer maintenance: Computer maintenance they escalate into critical problems. This proactive
refers to the set of activities and practices undertaken approach enhances the overall reliability and stability
to ensure the optimal functioning, reliability, and of computer systems.
longevity of computer systems and associated hardware 3. Data Protection: Implementing regular backups and
and software components. It involves routine tasks, recovery plans as part of computer maintenance
inspections, and repairs aimed at preventing potential safeguards critical data from loss, corruption, or
issues, addressing existing problems, and enhancing accidental deletion. This is crucial for preserving
overall performance. important files and ensuring business continuity.
Computer maintenance is a proactive approach to 4. Security Measures: Keeping software and security
minimise the risk of hardware failures, software systems up-to-date through maintenance practices
glitches, and security breaches, ultimately contributing helps protect computers from emerging threats,
to a more reliable and efficient computing environment. viruses, and malware. Regular updates and patches
Regular maintenance practices help extend the lifespan address vulnerabilities, reducing the risk of security
of computer systems and contribute to a smoother user breaches.
experience.
5. Longevity of Hardware: Routine checks, cleaning,
¾¾Importance of computer maintenance: and proper cooling methods implemented during
The importance of computer maintenance lies in its maintenance contribute to the extended lifespan of
role as a proactive and preventive strategy to ensure hardware components. This can postpone the need for
the optimal performance, reliability, and longevity of costly hardware replacements.
computer systems. Several key factors highlight the 6. Improved User Experience: A well-maintained
significance of computer maintenance: computer system provides a more efficient and
1. Enhanced Performance: Regular maintenance enjoyable user experience. Users can work with
activities, such as cleaning hardware components, confidence, knowing that their systems are less prone
optimising software settings, and removing to unexpected failures or disruptions.
unnecessary files, contribute to improved system speed 7. Cost Savings: Proactive maintenance is cost-effective
and responsiveness. in the long run. By addressing potential issues before
they become major problems, organisations can 7. Screen Cleaning Solutions: For monitors and screens,
avoid expensive repairs, data recovery expenses, and specially formulated screen cleaning solutions can be
unplanned downtime. used with microfiber cloths to remove smudges and
8. Optimal Software Functionality: Keeping software dirt without damaging the display.
applications updated ensures that users benefit from 8. Disposable Compressed Air Canisters: Similar to
the latest features, improvements, and security patches. compressed air dusters, disposable compressed air
This contributes to the smooth operation of software canisters provide a portable and convenient solution
programs. for quick dusting of components.
9. Compliance and Regulations: In certain industries, It’s essential to exercise caution and follow proper
compliance with data protection regulations and safety measures when using cleaning tools, ensuring
industry standards is crucial. Regular computer the computer is powered off and unplugged before
maintenance helps organisations adhere to cleaning. Additionally, users should refer to their
these requirements, avoiding legal and financial device’s manual for manufacturer-recommended
consequences. cleaning methods to avoid any potential damage to
¾¾Cleaning Computer components: Cleaning computer sensitive components. Regular cleaning with these
components is the process of removing dust, debris, tools helps maintain a clean and efficient computer
and contaminants from various hardware elements system, promoting longevity and optimal performance.
within a computer system. This maintenance practice
¾¾Preparing Maintenance Schedule: Preparing a
aims to prevent overheating and performance issues
maintenance schedule involves creating a systematic
by ensuring optimal airflow and cooling. It involves
plan to conduct regular and preventive maintenance
physically cleaning components such as the central
activities for various components and systems within
processing unit (CPU), cooling fans, power supply unit,
a specified timeframe. This schedule outlines the
and other internal and external parts. Regular cleaning
helps maintain the efficiency of these components, intervals at which maintenance tasks should be
reduces the risk of hardware failures, and contributes performed to ensure the efficient operation, reliability,
to the overall longevity and reliability of the computer and longevity of equipment and facilities. The process
system. includes identifying key maintenance activities, setting
appropriate timelines, and allocating resources for
¾¾Cleaning Tools For Physical Components:
inspections, repairs, and other preventive measures.
zz Cleaning computer components involves using various
¾¾Here are key components of a maintenance schedule:
tools to remove dust, debris, and contaminants from
both internal and external hardware. These tools are 1. Physical Cleaning Schedule:
essential for maintaining optimal performance and zz Objective: Ensure the external components of the
preventing issues related to overheating. Here are computer system are free from dust and debris,
some common cleaning tools for physical components: promoting optimal airflow and preventing overheating.
1. Compressed Air Duster: This tool emits a powerful zz Tasks: Wipe down surfaces, clean keyboard and mouse,
stream of compressed air, allowing users to blow away use compressed air to remove dust from vents and fans.
dust from intricate and hard-to-reach components, zz Frequency: Monthly or as needed based on
such as between keyboard keys, cooling fans, and other environmental conditions.
tight spaces.
2. Internal Cleaning Schedule:
2. Anti-Static Brushes: Designed with soft bristles,
zz Objective: Address dust accumulation inside the
anti-static brushes help gently sweep away dust and
particles from sensitive electronic components, such computer to prevent heat-related issues and maintain
as circuit boards, without causing damage due to static hardware efficiency.
electricity. zz Tasks: Use compressed air to clean internal components,
3. Microfiber Cloths: Soft and lint-free microfiber cloths inspect and clean cooling fans, and ensure proper
are suitable for wiping down surfaces and screens. ventilation.
They are effective in removing fingerprints, smudges, zz Frequency: Quarterly or as recommended by hardware
and light dust without scratching the components. specifications.
4. Isopropyl Alcohol: Applied with a soft cloth or cotton 3. Backup Schedule:
swab, isopropyl alcohol is useful for cleaning stubborn zz Objective: Safeguard data against loss or corruption by
residues, thermal paste, or sticky substances on regularly creating backup copies.
components. It evaporates quickly, leaving no residue.
zz Tasks: Perform full and incremental backups of
5. Cotton Swabs: Cotton swabs are ideal for detailed important files and system configurations.
cleaning in small and delicate areas. They can be used
zz Frequency: Regularly scheduled backups, with more
with isopropyl alcohol to clean connectors, ports, and
frequent backups for critical data.
other intricate parts.
4. Update Schedule:
6. Vacuum Cleaner with Attachments: A small, handheld
vacuum cleaner with appropriate attachments can zz Objective: Keep the operating system, software, and
be used to suction dust from vents, fans, and other security applications up-to-date to patch vulnerabilities
openings without introducing static electricity. and ensure optimal performance.
zz Tasks: Install operating system updates, software 9. Scan External Devices:
patches, and security updates. zz Run antivirus scans on external devices (USB drives,
zz Frequency: Regularly check for updates and schedule external hard drives) before connecting them to the
installations during periods of low activity. computer.
These components contribute to a comprehensive zz External devices can be a potential source of virus
maintenance schedule that addresses both the physical transmission.
and digital aspects of computer system care. Regular 10. Monitor System Performance:
adherence to this schedule helps prevent hardware zz Regularly check for unusual system behaviour,
issues, safeguard data, and maintain the overall health unexpected pop-ups, or performance issues that may
and efficiency of the computer system. indicate a virus infection.
¾¾Protecting computer against viruses:
zz Investigate and address any anomalies promptly.
¾¾Protecting a computer against viruses involves
By implementing these measures, users can significantly
implementing various security measures to prevent, reduce the risk of virus infections and enhance the
detect, and eliminate malicious software. Here are key overall security posture of their computers.
strategies for safeguarding a computer against viruses:
¾¾Types of Threats:
1. Install Antivirus Software:
zz Malware: Malware is a general term used for Malicious
zz Utilise reputable antivirus software to provide real-
software. Any software developed with an intention to
time protection against known and emerging threats. damage computer, digital devices ,hardware, steal data,
zz Keep the antivirus software updated to ensure it can or cause any other trouble to the user.
identify and neutralise the latest viruses. Viruses, Worms, Ransomware, Trojans, and Spyware
2. Enable Firewall Protection: are some of the kinds of malware.
zz Activate the computer’s built-in firewall or install a zz Virus: A virus is a malicious software created to disturb
third-party firewall to monitor and control incoming normal activities of resources of a computer system like
and outgoing network traffic. CPU time, memory, personal files, or steal sensitive
zz Configure firewall settings to block unauthorised information.
access and protect against malware. Some of the most common activities of viruses include
3. Regular System Updates: stealing passwords or data, corrupting files, spamming
zz Keep the operating system, software, and applications the user’s email contacts. Some well-known viruses
up-to-date with the latest security patches. include CryptoLocker, MyDoom, Sasser and Netsky,
zz Enable automatic updates to ensure timely installation
Slammer etc.
of patches and fixes. zz Worms: It is a malware that induces unexpected or
4. Exercise Caution with Email Attachments: damaging behaviour on an infected computer system.
The major difference between a worm and a virus is that
zz Avoid opening email attachments from unknown or
unlike a virus, a worm does not need a host program or
suspicious sources.
software to insert its code into. Worms are standalone
zz Use email filters and be cautious of phishing attempts
programs that are capable of working on its own. Also,
to prevent virus-laden attachments. a virus needs human triggering for multiplication.
5. Secure Web Browsing: Some prominent examples of worms include Sobig,
zz Install browser security extensions to block malicious MSBlast, Code Red, Nimda, Morris Worm, etc.
websites. zz Ransomware: It is a type of malware that aims towards
zz Be cautious when clicking on links, and avoid stealing user data. It either blocks the user from
downloading files from untrusted websites. accessing their own data or threatens to publish the
6. Use Strong Passwords: personal data online and demands ransom payment
against the same.
zz Employ strong, unique passwords for all accounts to
prevent unauthorised access. zz Trojan: A Trojan is a malware, which seems to be
a legitimate software and once it tricks a user into
zz Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) for an additional
installing it, it acts pretty much like a virus or worm.
layer of security.
However, a Trojan does not self-replicate or infect other
7. Regular Backups: files, it spreads through user interaction.
zz Create regular backups of important data to an external
zz Spyware: It spies on a person or an organisation
storage device or cloud service. by gathering information about them, without the
zz In the event of a virus or malware infection, data can be knowledge of the user. It records and sends the
restored from a clean backup. collected information to an external entity without
8. Educate Users: consent or knowledge of the user.
zz Provide cybersecurity awareness training to users, zz Adware: An Adware is a malware that is created to
emphasising safe online practices. generate revenue for its developer. An adware displays
zz Encourage users to be vigilant and report any suspicious online advertisements using pop-ups, web pages, or
activities or potential security threats. installation screens.
zz Keyloggers: A keylogger can either be malware or

hardware. The main purpose of this malware is to
record the keys pressed by a user on the keyboard.
zz Spam: Spam is a broad term and applies to various
digital platforms like messaging, forums, chatting,
emailing, advertisement, etc. However, the widely
recognised form is email spam.
¾¾Network Security Threats:
zz Denial of Service: Denial of Service (DoS) is a kind of
attack, wherein an attacker limits or stops an authorised
user to access a service, device, or any such resource by ¾¾Utility tools of Windows 10 Utility Software:
overloading that resource with illegitimate requests. ¾¾Utility Software is a type of software which is used to
zz Intrusion Problems: Network Intrusion refers to any
analyse and maintain a computer. This software may
unauthorised activity on a computer network. These come with OS like windows defender and disk cleanup
tools. Antivirus, backup software, file manager, and
activities may involve unauthorised use of network
disk compression tool all are utility software.
resources (DoS) or threatening the security of the
1. Disk Cleanup Tool:
network and the data.
Disk Cleanup utility inspects the hard disk and looks
zz Snooping: Snooping means secretly listening to a
for files that can be safely deleted.
conversation. In the context of networking, it refers to the
Deleting unnecessary files frees up valuable disk space.
process of secret capture and analysis of network traffic.
To run Disk Cleanup:
zz Eavesdropping: Eavesdropping is an unauthorised
zz Choose Start → Windows Administrative Tools → Disk
real-time interception or monitoring of private
cleanup
communication between two entities over a network.
¾¾Software Safety, Security and Care:
¾¾Regular computer maintenance can help prevent
hardware problems, software problems, and data
loss. It can also help your computer run smoothly and
efficiently, which can improve your productivity and
save your time.
¾¾The software running in a system is prone to attacks
from different threats and needs to be protected.
¾¾Preventive measures:
zz Using antivirus, anti-malware, and other related
software and updating them on a regular basis.
zz Configure your browser security settings
zz Always check for a lock button in the address bar while

making payments.
zz Taking a regular backup of important data.
zz The Disk Cleanup window opens.
zz Enforcing firewall protection in the network.
zz Disk Cleanup lists several potential files that can be
zz Avoid entering sensitive (passwords, pins) or personal
deleted, as well as the amount of disk space you’ll gain
information on unknown or public computers. by emptying each one.
zz Avoid entering sensitive data on an unknown network zz To learn more about a file category, click it and click the
(like Wi-Fi in a public place) using your own computer View Files button. A description appears.
also. zz Click the check boxes next to the categories you want to
zz Avoid clicking on links or downloading attachments delete, then click OK.
from unsolicited email. zz A dialog box appears asking whether you are sure
zz Scan any removable storage device with an antivirus you want to perform these actions. Click Yes or No as
software before transferring data to and from it. appropriate.
¾¾Antivirus: Antivirus is a software, also known as Anti- 2. Disk Defragmenter: It is an utility used to reconstruct
malware. Initially antivirus software was developed broken fragments of files, so that they can be accessed
to remove viruses only, hence the name Antivirus. faster when required. The hard disk acts as your
However, with time it is developed for detection, computer’s storage area. Almost everything installed
prevention and removal of a wide variety of malware. on your computer—applications, files, folders, and the
¾¾Firewall: Computer firewall is a network security
operating system—is stored here.
system designed to protect a trusted private network In normal use the hard disk can become fragmented.
from unauthorised access or traffic originating from an This means parts of the same disk file become scattered
un trusted outside network. over different areas of the disk. A fragmented hard disk
slows down the computer.
To keep the hard disk running smoothly, you must zz Windows Defender
routinely defragment, or “defrag” the hard disk. The zz AVG
Disk Defragmenter tool can help you do this.
To use Disk Defragmenter: zz AVAST
Choose Start → Windows Administrative Tools → 4. Compression Tool: These tools are used to reduce
Defragmenter and optimise drives. the size of a file so that they can be stored or carried
The Disk Defragmenter opens. in devices. Most operating systems include tools for
compressing and uncompressing files.
Some Examples of compression software are as below.
zz WinAce
zz WinZip
zz WinRAR
5. Disk Management Tool: Disk Management is an utility

introduced in Window 10 as a replacement of the fdisk
command. It enables us to view or manage the disk
drives installed in their computer and the partition
3. Antivirus Software: An antivirus software protects associated with those drives.
a system from virus and other malware. It detects a Some disk management tools are:
virus and notifies the user and takes action to secure
the computer. User can itself instruct antivirus to delete zz Mini Tool Partition Wizard
malicious program, put it in vault or even ignore it. zz Paragon Partition Manager
Some examples of Antivirus Softwares are:

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 9. How can the performance of a computer be
increased? [NCERT]
1. Name any two Utility softwares
Ans. Utility software: Disk defragmenter , Backup utility
1. What are Disk cleanup utilities?
2. State True or False: WinZip and WinRaR are
Firewall software. Ans. It is computer utility maintenance which is included
in Microsoft Windows. It allows user to remove
Ans. False, they are compression utilities
files that are no longer needed or that can be safely
3. Which tools are used to reduce the size of files, deleted.
so that they can be accommodated in media are
2. Name some of the threats to the security of a
called?
computer system.
Ans. These tools are called Compression tools.
Ans. Some of the threats to the security of the computer
4. What is the proper replacement word for a network system are:
filter?
(a) Malware like viruses, Trojans and worms
Ans. Firewall
5. A user is receiving junk mails continuously, that is (b) Eavesdropping
filling his mailbox. What is this termed as? (c) Snooping
Ans. Spamming 3. What is a Firewall?
Explanation: Spamming is the filling of the mailbox Ans. Computer firewall is a network security system
with junk and unnecessary mails from unauthentic designed to protect a trusted private network from
and unidentified sources.
unauthorised access or traffic originating from an
6. What is worm?
untrusted outside network.
Ans. A worm is a self-replicating computer program
that spreads copies of itself to other computers or 4. What are cookies?
networks, frequently causing harm or disruption to Ans. A computer cookie is a small file or data packet,
computer systems. which is stored by a website on the client’s computer.
7. Define software piracy. A cookie is edited only by the website that created
Ans. Software piracy is defined as the unauthorised it, the client’s computer acts as a host to store the
copying, distribution, or use of software, violating cookie. Cookies are used by the websites to store
the software licence agreement.
browsing information of the user. For example,
8. What is data encryption?
while going through an e-commerce website, when
Ans. The process of converting data into an unreadable
format using an encryption algorithm is known as a user adds items to cart, the website usually uses
data encryption. cookies to record the items in the cart.
5. “The Trojan Horse was a wooden horse said to (iii) We can upgrade a hard disk drive (HDD) with a
have been used by the Greeks during the Trojan solid state drive (SSD), add more ream to enhance
War to enter the city of Troy and win the war”. the performance of a computer system.
What does Trojan horse mean in computer 7. What are the signs of a computer got affected by a
terminology? [CBSE 2023-24] virus?
Ans. A Trojan Horse is a type of malware which disguises Ans. The following signs indicate that a computer is
itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software program infected with a virus:
but once it reaches a computer it starts behaving
(i) The computer takes longer than usual to process
like a virus and destroys data.
tasks such as opening or closing a document, boot,
6. How can the performance of a computer be
increased?[NCERT] etc. then it could be a sign of a virus.
Ans. The following methods can be used to increase the (ii) When a computer crashes frequently, and displays
performance of a computer: an error message then it indicates a virus attack.
(i) By uninstalling the application software that is no (iii) Sometimes we start seeing an unusual number of
longer used on a computer which can free up the pop-up ads, some of which cannot be closed easily
space on the hard disk and improve performance. indicates a virus attack.
(ii) We can disable unnecessary start-up programs 8. How can you protect your files from unauthorized
which launch automatically and slow the boot access or theft?
process.

(A) Windows Fax and Scan, Settings
Objective Type Questions (B) Snipping Tool, Settings
[A] Multiple Choice Questions (C) Magnifier, Settings
1. ______________ is a Window utility program that (D) Print, Snipping Tool
locates and eliminates unnecessary fragments and Ans. Option (A) is correct.
rearranges files and unused disk space to optimize Explanation: The first icon represents the windows
operations. [1] Fax and Scan application. The second icon
(A) Disk Defragmenter (B) Restore represents the windows settings application. [1]
(C) Disk Cleanup (D) Backup 5. The most important system software for computer
Ans. Option (A) is correct. is called..................., which controls and coordinates
Explanation: The Disk defragmenter utility merges the use of resources among various application
the broken fragments of files, thus saving access programs. It is also known as interface between
time when the files are required. user and computer. [1]
2. When you bring the mouse over a file in File (A) Utility Software (B) Linux
Explorer, it will show the details of that file. This
(C) Operating system (D) BIOS
is known as: [CBSE 2023-24] [1]
(A) Drag and drop (B) Double click Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(C) Hover (D) Single click Explanation: The Operating system is the most
Ans. Option (C) is correct. important system software that managers, files,
Explanation: Hover operation means focussing resources, memory, processes, etc. [1]
mouse over an option/icon which shows the details 6. Which of the operating system read and write in
of the file. actual time? [1]
3. ______________ among the following is not a
multiprocessing operating system. [1] (A) Batch OS (B) Real Time OS
(A) Windows NT (B) Linux (C) Time Sharing OS (D) Qick Sharing OS
(C) Windows 2000 (D) Windows 3.11 Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: The real time operating system is an
Explanation: Microsoft windows 3.11 was one of OS that processes jobs with fixed deadlines. [1]
the earliest versions of windows and was not a
7. What is the term used when you quickly click the
multiprocessing system, rather it was multitasking
operating system. [1] left mouse button twice?
4. Identify the following icons in Windows operating (A) Hover (B) Drag and drop
system: (C) Double clicking (D) Moving
Explanation: Double clicking is an action in which
the user clicks quickly twice on an icon, usually to
open it. [1]
8. Ravi learnt that if a laptop gets overheated, the 1. Assertion: Antivirus software needs to be
internal parts get damaged. What happens if continuously updated
he leaves his device plugged in even after it is Reason: The list of potential threats grows and
charged 100%? [CBSE 2023] [1] changes every day
(A) It can break Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(B) It can stop functioning Explanation: Since new viruses are invading the
(C) It can overheat market every day, new threats are coming everyday
(D) Data can get corrupted to harm the computers. Hence the antivirus
Ans. Option (C) is correct. software is to be updated regularly to counter the
Explanation: Overcharging of the device can lead to new attacks.
overheating. [C] Case Based MCQs
9. Which of the statements are true about a I. Read the following text and answer the following
multiprogramming OS environment: [2] questions based on the same:
(A) The processor executes more than one process
Sumita is working on utility software that help in
at a time
housekeeping and maintenance of the computer
(B) The programs are developed by more than one system. She has come across Disk defragmenter,
person Disk cleanup, Compression utility, Backup utility,
(C) More than one process resides in the memory Antivirus software, etc.
(D) A single user can execute many programs at the She has certain questions about these software.
same time
1. What does defragmentation mean?
(A) Breaking of computer memory
10. One of the greatest developments of Microsoft
(B) Allocation of resources
was the NTFS that was used in operating systems
which could be used over network with support (C) Management of processes
for multiple terminals. The file system “NTFS” (D) Rejoining of broken files
stands for ___________. [2] Ans. Option (D) is correct.
(A) New type file system Explanation: Disk defragmentation is an utility
(B) Never terminated file system that brings together broken file slices to reduce file
(C) New technology file system access time.
(D) Non terminated file system 2. Which of the following is not a role of Antivirus
Ans. Option (C) is correct. software?
11. As computer network users, we hear of the term (A) Detecting viruses (B) Removing viruses
cyber security. Which among the following (C) Detecting worms (D) None of these
statements will be correct for you about cyber Ans. Option (D) is correct.
security: [2] Explanation: An Antivirus software detects, warns
Statement 1: Cyber Security provides security and removes viruses, worms, Trojans and most
against malware kinds of malware.
Statement 2: Cyber Security provides security 3. A Disk cleaner is necessary to run in frequent
against cyber-terrorists periods, because:
(A) Only Statement 1 (A) They clean regularly accumulating unnecessary
(B) Only Statement 2 files.
(C) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 (B) Cleaning files regularly helps in reduction of
(D) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 unnecessary space usage.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. (C) Helps in removing unsafe files and file
[B] Assertion & Reason management.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement (D) All of the above
of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Ans. Option (D) is correct.
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: Explanation: Running the cleaner utility not only
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and helps in proper memory management but also
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion prevents accumulation of unsafe and junk files.
(A). 4. Which among the following may not be regarded
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but as a utility program:
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) Backup utility
assertion (A). (B) Disk management tool
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. (C) File management software
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. (D) Both (B) and (C)
Ans. Option (C) is correct. 1. Why is using a consistent file naming convention
Explanation: File and folder management is an important when organising files?
application of the operating system and comes with Ans. While using a consistent file naming convention
it to manage the files, folders of a file system. They can make it easier to find files and avoid confusion.
are not maintenance software. It can also help to identify files quickly and
5. Backup utility does not play which of the following understand their purpose.
roles? 2. How can you ensure that your folder structure is
(A) Protecting files from malware logical and easy to navigate?
(B) Keeping safe copies of important files Ans. We can use a hierarchical folder structure that
(C) Removing cookies from the system reflects the hierarchy of your projects. For example,
(D) Both (B) and (C) we can create a folder for each project and sub
Ans. Option (D) is correct. folders for different phases or types of work within
Explanation: Backup utility helps in keeping safe the project.
copies of important files, so that they may be 3. Why is it important to back up your files regularly?
recovered in case data is lost. Ans. We can back up our files regularly to ensure that
[D] Case Based Subjective we have a copy of the important data in case of
I. Read the following text and answer the following hardware failure, malware attacks, or accidental
questions based on the same: deletion. It also helps us to recover the data quickly
As a graphic designer, you frequently work on in case of data loss.
projects that involve creating and editing large 4. How can you protect your files from unauthorised
image files. You need to organise these files to avoid access or theft?
clutter and ensure that you can find them quickly Ans. We can use password protection or encryption to
when needed. To organise your image files, you can protect sensitive files from unauthorised access.
use a file naming convention that includes relevant We can also store your files on secure cloud-based
details such as the project name, file type, and date. storage platforms that provide encryption and
You can also create folders for each project and other security measures to protect data.
store all related files within that folder.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) This is called Job scheduling.
2. Multitasking operating system and Single – user Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
operating system 4. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension
8. In multi-tasking and multi programming systems of multiprogramming. Processor’s time which is
operating system allocates time and schedule of shared among multiple users simultaneously is
the processes running on the computer system. termed as time-sharing.
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) 2.

User needs to 2.
User need not
6. The Notification Area’s function is to provide users remember all the remember the
with a centralised location to view and manage commands that he commands as all
notifications and alerts from various applications wants to use. commands are
and system components. available as icons.
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) 3. Learning and using 4.
Anyone can learn
7. CLI is not easy for a and use GUI.
common man.
CLI (Command Line GUI (Graphical User
Interface) Interface)
1. In CLI user has to 1.
In GUI the
key-in commands. conmands are
present in the form
of icons and menus
for the user to select
from.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) (iii) We can upgrade a hard disk drive (HDD) with a
9. The following methods can be used to increase solid state drive (SSD), add more ream to enhance
the performance of a computer: the performance of a computer system.
(i) By uninstalling the application software that is no (Any two)
longer used on a computer which can free up the Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
space on the hard disk and improve performance. 8. We can use password protection or encryption to
(ii) We can disable unnecessary start-up programs protect sensitive files from unauthorised access.
which launch automatically and slow the boot We can also store your files on secure cloud-based
process. storage platforms that provide encryption and
other security measures to protect data.
***
60

1. Which of the following is not a1 version of Windows operating system?
(A) Windows 7 (B) Windows Vista
(C) Windows XP (D) None of the above
2. What else is a command interpreter called?
(A) prompt (B) kernel
(C) shell (D) command
3. What is meant by Booting in operating system?
(A) Restarting computer (B) Install the program
(C) To scan (D) To turn off
4. The utility that brings together the parts of a file leading to faster opening of files is:
(A) Disk cleanup (B) Compression utility
(C) Disk Defragmenter (D) Firewall
5. Assertion: Antivirus software needs to be continuously updated.
Reasoning: The list of potential threats grows and changes every day.
6. Assertion: Cyber Security provides security against malware.
Reason: Cyber Security provides security against cyber-terrorists.
7. Assertion: Less time is taken in Multiprocessing systems to process the jobs.
Reasoning: It utilises multiple CPUs and permits parallel processing.
8. Ms. Sakshi is confused whether a real time operating system should be used in a flight control system or a
multiuser operating system. Clarify her confusion about the OS used in flight control system by stating its name.

9. What is the proper replacement word for a network filter?
10. What is data encryption?
11. What are compression tools in windows? Give some examples.
12. “The Trojan Horse was a wooden horse said to have been used by the Greeks during the Trojan War to enter the
city of Troy and win the war”.
What does Trojan horse mean in computer terminology?
13. Write some components or features of Windows 10 folders
As a graphic designer, you frequently work on projects that involve creating and editing large image files. You
need to organise these files to avoid clutter and ensure that you can find them quickly when needed. To organise
your image files, you can use a file naming convention that includes relevant details such as the project name, file
type, and date. You can also create folders for each project and store all related files within that folder.
14. Why is using a consistent file naming convention important when organising files?
15. How can you ensure that your folder structure is logical and easy to navigate?
16. Why is it important to back up your files regularly?
17. How can you protect your files from unauthorised access or theft?

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
C H A P T E R UNIT-IV
4 ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS-II
Course of Action
• Know Entrepreneurship and society. Maximum Questions = 51
• Understand the Qualities and functions of an entrepreneur.
• Know the Role and importance of an entrepreneur.
• Recognise the myth about entrepreneurship.
• Apprehend Entrepreneurship as a career option.
Revision Notes which can be used to make more informed decisions.

Curiosity is the thirst of knowledge. The desire to learn
¾¾Introduction: and understand new things and to ask questions to
zz Entrepreneur skills include various skill sets such as figure out the “how” and crucially the “why”.
leadership, time management, problem solving. You 5. Goal-Oriented: Entrepreneurs are all about setting
can apply these skills in many job roles and industries. goals and putting everything they have into achieving
These entrepreneur skills are vital for promoting them. They are determined to make their business
innovation, business growth and competitiveness. succeed and will remove any obstacles that stand in
¾¾Entrepreneurship and Society: their way. They also tend to be strategic in their games
zz Entrepreneurship plays an influential role in the plans and have a clear idea of what they want to
economic growth and standard of living of a society. achieve and how they plan to do it.
Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. From 6. Independent: They are individualists and self-starters
the market, people will get their products and services who prefer to lead rather than follow.
who need them. This process of buying and selling 7. Self-Confident: Self -confidence is the corner stone
helps society to grow. Basically, entrepreneurs satisfy of entrepreneurial success. By cultivating a positive
customers’ needs, wants, and demands in the market. mind set and taking persistent action entrepreneurs
¾¾Qualities of Entrepreneur: can unleash their full potential. With unwavering
They play the role to guide the person to achieve his/ self-belief they can overcome challenges, inspire
her goal. Some qualities of an Entrepreneur are stated others and navigate the ever changing landscape
below: of entrepreneurship. Example: Thomas Edison is a
1. Persistent: Successful entrepreneurs understand that great example of an entrepreneur with unshakeable
failure isn’t the end of the world. Instead, failure is a confidence.
rehearsal for success. Persisting despite any roadblocks 8. Risk-Taker: You’ve likely heard the adage, “No risk,
increases your confidence, conviction, creativity, and no reward.” That can be true when launching any
innovation. business venture. The primary reward of starting a
2. Creative: Creativity encompasses more than successful business may be profit or independence,
proficiency in a specific art form. Creative entrepreneurs while the inherent risk is failure—and the personal and
find inspiration or use their imaginations to solve financial set backs this might entail.
problems—often with limited resources. MNEMONICS
3. Responsible: Successful entrepreneur are comfortable Concept: Qualities of Entrepreneur
taking responsibility even when things aren’t going Interpretations: Please call Rahul if Gopal is Still Reading
well. It’s best to keep an attitude of curiosity about how Please: Persistent; Call: Creative; Rahul: Responsible; If:
businesses rise and fall and to have a willingness to Inquisitive; Gopal: Goal – oriented, Is: Independent, Still:
avoid the blame game in order to get the thing done. Self- Confident, Reading: Risk-Takers
4. Inquisitive: Inquisitiveness is an important trait for
entrepreneurs because it helps them gather information,
Entrepreneurial Skills-II 63
¾¾Functions of an Entrepreneur:
1. Entrepreneurial functions: zz An entrepreneur comes up with a business idea and

¾¾Organisation Building and Management: thinks about ways to implement it.
zz Organisation building is about bringing together zz It is about seeking opportunities for a specific type of
different factors of production and allocating these business and finding ways to commercialise it.
resources to bring down costs and losses. zz Usually, entrepreneurs work around the process of
zz All decisions relating to an enterprise are taken by the idea discovery by exploiting natural resources, finding
entrepreneur. a market need, or calculating the profit potential.
zz An entrepreneur builds the Organisation by taking ¾¾Detailed Investigation:
various steps such as hiring employees, organising the zz While coming up with ideas can seem like an easy
factors of production, sourcing finance, etc. process, the challenge is to understand if the idea has
¾¾Risk-taking: the potential to turn into a viable business venture.
zz Risk-taking is about taking responsibility and planning zz For this, an entrepreneur conducts research,
for a loss or mishap that may occur in the future due to investigates and evaluates an idea considering various
unforeseen contingencies factors, and estimates the total demand for a new
zz An entrepreneur plays the function of developing a product or service.
certain risk-taking appetite and taking calculative risks ¾¾Assembling the Requirements:
to reduce adverse consequences. zz Some basic business requirements include
zz Some common risks entrepreneurs take are around infrastructure or office space, human resources, key
return on investment, hiring of new employees, vendors or partners, working capital, etc.
working with vendors, etc. zz In a manufacturing or product-based business, some
¾¾Innovation: requirements are selecting the factory site, sourcing

zz Entrepreneurs innovate by introducing new concepts, plant, and machinery, hiring staff, finding the right
products, services, designs, ideas, etc. suppliers, etc.
zz They may introduce something new and innovative in zz No matter what is the type of the business, an
any branch of economic activity. entrepreneur has to work towards assembling

zz In today’s world, a new business cannot survive and
and organising all the requirements once he/she is
sustain without innovating in some manner. sure about the practicality and profitability of the
proposition.
zz An entrepreneur foresees a potentially profitable
zz Once this function is performed, the project is set to
opportunity and innovates in the effort to exploit it.
start smoothly.
2. Promotional functions
¾¾Financing:
¾¾Idea Discovery:
zz Raising capital for a business is one of the core functions
zz The first step towards entrepreneurship is the discovery
that entrepreneurs perform themselves, not just at the
of a business idea.
initial stage of the business, but even to grow and scale ¾¾Supervision:
the business. zz After issuing instructions, the entrepreneur has to see
zz First, the requirements of finances are estimated. that the given instructions are carried out.
zz Next, the sources from which capital will come are zz Supervision refers to the job of overseeing subordinates
determined. at work to ensure the maximum utilisation of resources,
zz This includes calculating the long-term and short-term to get the required and directed work done, to correct
financial requirements and considering the debt-equity the subordinates whenever they go wrong, and ensure
ratio. each function of the business runs smoothly.
3. Managerial functions ¾¾Motivation:
¾¾Planning: zz Along with guiding employees, an entrepreneur also
zz An entrepreneur documents a business idea in the plays the role of motivating them and encouraging
form of a business plan, to detail each element of positive behaviour and culture within the Organisation.
the business such as product or service description, zz Motivating employees is about creating an urge in
operations, marketing, finance, accounting, growth them to exhibit the desired behaviour and positive
plan, etc. attitude towards work.
zz A business plan serves as a guide to determine the zz Employees with high motivation automatically do
business objectives and the course of action. other things along with it to perform successfully,
zz It helps to detail the “what, when, how, and who” of such as being productive, flexible, competitive,
doing every specific task. comprehensive, efficient, etc.
¾¾Organising: ¾¾Co-ordination:
zz Organising in the managerial context refers to setting zz Coordination between different departments of the
specific and attainable goals and objectives to be business helps to ensure that work happens in a timely
achieved by different departments and by each manner.
employee. zz Activities of all employees must be channelised towards
zz It is about arranging, directing, guiding, coordinating, goal achievement.

and controlling the key business activities zz An entrepreneur has to set certain targets, measures,
¾¾Directing: goals, etc.

zz Directing is about initiating planned action and zz With different departments to ensure all are
ensuring that each employee is performing effectively. coordinating and working effectively internally as well.
zz This also includes doing continuous performance ¾¾Controlling:
reviews and organising tasks according to plans. zz Sometimes controlling is necessary for the entrepreneur
¾¾Staffing: to set company rules and policies.

zz Staffing refers to different sub-processes around zz The controlling function helps the entrepreneur to
human resource management, such as manpower set performance standards, measure and compare
planning, recruitment, selection, placement, training, productivity and performance, identify variations, take
transfer, salary, promotion, payroll, appraisal, etc. corrective action, etc.
zz The objective of staffing is to fill a particular position ¾¾Negotiation:
with the right employee at the right time. zz An entrepreneur negotiates terms and conditions for
¾¾Leadership: many parts of the business such as payment terms and

zz Leadership is more of a skill than a function for an
timelines, salaries of employees, vendor quotations, etc.
entrepreneur as he or she has to lead, guide and supervise 4. Commercial Functions
people who work for the business. ¾¾Production and Operations:
zz It is the process by which an entrepreneur directs, zz Depending on whether it is a service business or
guides and influences the work of others in choosing product business, an entrepreneur has to perform the
and attaining specified goals by mediating between function of managing production or operations.
the individual and Organisation in such a manner that zz For a manufacturing business, production-related
both get maximum satisfaction. activities include sourcing raw materials, checking the
¾¾Communication: functioning of machinery, utilising maximum capacity,
zz An entrepreneur has to communicate every single day, meeting order requirements, etc.
in the form of writing, responding, drafting emails, ¾¾Finance and Accounting:
verbal instruction, discussion, etc. zz While finance is more focused on raising funds and
zz Entrepreneurs spend 75% to 90% of their working time managing them, accounting helps to record and
communicating with others. analyse the financial position of the business.
zz It refers to the exchange of ideas, feelings, emotions, zz Thus, an entrepreneur has to prepare and analyse cash
knowledge, and information between two or more flow statements, income sheets, balance sheets, etc.
persons. ¾¾Marketing:
zz Nothing happens in management until effective zz Marketing is about moving the product or service from
communication takes place. the producer into the hands of the end customer or
user.
zz It involves promotion, advertising, distribution, 8. Status transformation role:

customer service, etc zz Since more and more people are employed by
zz An entrepreneur has to perform this function to make entrepreneurs, overall income and standard of living
people aware of the offerings of the business and of the society increases.
makes sales. zz This encourages equitable distribution of wealth and
¾¾Human Resource Management: reduces income disparity in the economy.
zz Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to 9. Balancing role:
the recruitment, employment, selection, training, zz Entrepreneurship is encouraged with small and micro
development, and compensation of the employees enterprises and small-scale industries as well.
within an organisation. zz This encourages regional development and removes
zz An entrepreneur performs this function as no business development imbalances in the economy.
can function without people. ¾¾Importance of Entrepreneur:
¾¾Role of entrepreneurs 1. Life-line of a nation: No country can progress without
An entrepreneurs perform these roles: the development of entrepreneurship. Every country is
1. Innovator’s Role: trying to promote its trade so that it is able to share the
zz Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new benefits of development. Therefore, entrepreneurship
products and services into the market. is the yardstick to measure the level of development of
zz In many cases, these are improved versions of existing a country.
products or services available. 2. Provides innovation: Entrepreneurship provides new
zz Innovation fuels economic growth and helps to boost ideas, imagination and vision to the enterprise. An
global presence of products and services. entrepreneur is an innovator as he tries to find new
2. Agent’s role: technology, products and markets. He increases the
productivity of various resources. The entrepreneur
zz Entrepreneurs act as ‘Agents of Change’ as they
stands at the centre of the whole process of economic
identify opportunities, solve problems, offer effective
development. He conceives business ideas and puts
solutions, establish enterprises, set up industries and
them into effect, to enhance the process of economic
bring positive change for the economy.
development.
3. Coordinating role:
3. Change of growth /Inclusive growth: An enterprise
zz An entrepreneur coordinates many things such
operates in a changing environment. The entrepreneur
as factors of production, delegated tasks, smooth moulds the enterprise in such a changing environment.
functioning across different business departments, The latter moulds not only the enterprise, but also alters
timely delivery of inputs and outputs etc. the environment itself, to ensure the success of the
zz However, by combining resources in an optimal and enterprise. In order to meet the challenge of automation
best possible manner, an entrepreneur even makes use and the complexities of advanced technology, there is a
of under-utilised resources in an economy. need for the development of entrepreneurship.
4. Risk assumption role: 4. Increased profits: Profits can be increased in any
zz Entrepreneurs are not risk-aversive and they realise enterprise, either by increasing the sales revenue or
that taking risks is a part of business. reducing cost. To increase the sales revenue is beyond
zz The fruit of bearing risks can be profit, which leads to the control of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship, by
wealth generation for overall economy. reducing costs, increases its profits and provides
5. Capital formation role: opportunities for future growth and development.
zz Mobilisation of idle savings takes place when money is 5. Employment opportunities: Entrepreneurship and
invested in a business. its activities provide the maximum employment
zz This mobilisation of capital leads to development of
potential. Large numbers of persons are employed in
assets, trade activities, increase in capital availability entrepreneurial activities in the country. The growths
and economic development. in these activities bring more and more employment
opportunities.
6. Imitating role:
6. Social Benefits: It is not only beneficial to the business
zz In many developing countries, entrepreneurs either
enterprise, but to the society at large. It raises the
imitate or adapt the innovations of developed nations.
standard of living by providing good quality products
zz These innovations are adapted according to the local
and services at the lowest possible cost. It also makes
needs and conditions and work towards overcoming the optimum use of scarce resources and promotes
the entrepreneurial challenges. peace and prosperity in the society.
7. Employment Generation role: ¾¾Myth about Entrepreneurship:
zz Businesses cannot function without employing people.
zz Starting a business is easy
zz Skilled professionals, unskilled labour and managerial
zz Takes a lot of money to finance a new business
staff are all required by businesses.
zz Start-ups can‘t be financed with debt
zz Hence, entrepreneurship solves the problem of
zz Banks don‘t lend money to start-ups
unemployment, which is a major problem in economic
zz Start business in mostly attractive industries
development.
zz Growth of start-up depends more on entrepreneurial For example, after five years, Vermani has opened a
talent chain of four more grocery stores in the same city. In
zz Success is assured financially the next two years, he plans to expand to tow other
¾¾Entrepreneurship as a career option: cities.
zz Many people are not aware that having their own
business or independent work can be a choice. Key Terms
A career is one of the most important aspects of life. It is
a line of work that a person takes for life. A person can ¾¾ Entrepreneur: The term entrepreneur is a French
earn money to live a happy life in two ways: word, and is derived from the French word
1. Self-Employment “enterprendre”. It means “to undertake”. It is
2. Wage-Employment commonly used to describe an individual who
organises and operates a business or businesses,
A teacher is working for a school or an institute or a
taking on financial risk to do so. Entrepreneurs are
tution classes, is a wage employed person. If he/she has
innovators who use the process of entrepreneurship
his own classes setup, he/she is an entrepreneur.
to shatter the status quo of the existing products and
Every entrepreneur goes through a simple career
services, to set new products, new services.
process. This process includes these basic steps:
¾¾Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the creation
ENTER
or extraction of economic value in ways that generally
When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering entail beyond the minimal amount of risk (assumed
the market to do business. by a traditional business), and potentially involving
For example, Vermani is starting a small grocery store values besides simply economic ones.
in a locality. ¾¾Entrepreneurial Skills: Entrepreneurial skills can
SURVIVE encompass a broad range of various skill sets like
There are many entrepreneurs in the market. The technical skills, leadership and business management
entrepreneur has to remain in a competitive market. skills and creative thinking. Because entrepreneurial
For example, there are many other grocery stores in the skills can be applied to many different job roles and
area. Yet, Vermani store survives the competition and industries, developing your entrepreneurial skills
does well. He also expands the store to two more floors. can mean developing several types of skill sets.
GROW
Once the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks
about expanding his or her business.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 5. State any two functions of the entrepreneur
Ans. (i) Entrepreneurial functions
1. Define an entrepreneur.
(ii) Commercial functions
Ans. An entrepreneur is someone who perceives
(iii) Promotional functions
opportunity organises sources needed for exploiting
(iv) Managerial functions (Any two)
that opportunity and exploits it.
6. Entrepreneurship creates jobs. Is it true?
2. Name any two qualities of a successful Ans. Yes, it is true. Many entrepreneurial adventures
entrepreneur can provide a significant number of new job
Ans. (i) Leadership roles. Entrepreneurs can create employment
(ii) Self-motivation opportunities for themselves and others by starting
new businesses. Whether locally or remote, this can
(iii) Persistent
help reduce unemployment rates and improve the
(iv) Risk-taking (Any two) overall economic well-being of the community.
3. How decision making is an important function of 7. What are the two types of risk usually faced by an
an entrepreneur? entrepreneur?
Ans. Decision-making is an important function because Ans. The two type of risk usually faced by an
it includes stabilising an organisation’s aims and entrepreneur are:
objectives and changing them according to the (i) Measurable and insurable risk
changing conditions. (ii) Uncertainty risks
4. How does an entrepreneur act as a visionary 8. Who plays the role of an entrepreneur in a socialist
leader? country?
Ans. In socialist countries, the State (Government) is the
Ans. Entrepreneur acts as a visionary leader as he is able entrepreneur. Government is responsible for the
to recognise profitable opportunities an successfully growth, development, and employment generation
conceptualise strategies according to it. in such countries.
9. Identify whether the following business ideas are for the achievement of goals. The leader can clearly
of self-employment or wage employment. articulate their ideas and has a clear vision.
(i) Cooking in a restaurant (ii) Innovativeness: With the changing needs and
(ii) Having a noodles-selling stall requirements of customers production should meet
Ans. (i) Cooking in a restaurant – Wage employment requirements with the help of innovative ideas. An
(ii) Having a noodles-selling stall – Self-employment entrepreneur does not have to restrict himself to
just one innovation rather uses a combination of
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) innovations.
1. How is society helping entrepreneurs in their (iii) Decision Maker: An entrepreneur has to make
business? [SQP 2023-24) many decisions to put his business idea into
Ans. Society is helping entrepreneurs by reality. He chooses the most suitable and profitable
(i) Creating needs alternative. (Any two) 1x2=2
(ii) Providing raw material 7. What are the functions of an entrepreneur? Explain
(iii) Buying/selling of items any two.
(iv) Making money (Any two) 1x2=2 Ans. The functions of an entrepreneur are as follows:
2. What do entrepreneurs do when they run their (i) Organisation and management: An entrepreneur
business? Mention any two points. organises and manages, various economic and
[SQP 2022-23] human factors through planning, coordination,
Ans. (i) Fulfill Customer Needs control, supervision and direction.
(ii) Use Local Materials (ii) Size and Scale of Business Unit: An entrepreneur
(iii) Help Society has to decide about the size of business unit as he
wants to establish one production unit or more
(iv) Create Jobs
dependent upon the demand of the product.
(v) Sharing of Wealth Similarly, he has to decide about scale of production
(vi) Lower Price of Products (Any two) 1x2=2 i.e. Small Scale, Middle Scale or Large Scale.
3. Raj has a small convenience store in his locality. (iii) Factors of Production: Another important function
There are many other convenience stores in the of an entrepreneur is the factors of production
area. Yet, Raj’s store survives the competition and i.e., land, labour, capital etc., should be in right
does well. Which stage of an entrepreneur’s career proportion and to maximise output of these factors
process can you relate this to? Explain. is the responsibility of the entrepreneur.
[SQP 2022-23] (Any two) 1x2=2
Ans. This stage is the Survive stage of an entrepreneur’s
career process. In this stage, even if there are
Commonly Made Error
many entrepreneurs in the market, the new Students get confused and explain the functions of
entrepreneur has to remain in a competitive entrepreneur in detail which not required in short
market. [Marking Scheme, 2022) 2 answer.
4. Do you think entrepreneurs are leaders? Explain
why. Answering Tip
Ans. Entrepreneurs are leaders due to their vision, Students should have conceptual clarity regarding
initiative, and ability to inspire others with their the functions of entrepreneur and should give specific
innovative ideas and risk-taking mindset. They answer to what is being asked.
navigate challenges with resilience, empowering
teams and driving collaboration towards shared goals. 8. Explain the role and significance of entrepreneurs
Their impact extends beyond their ventures, shaping with the help of any two points.
industries and driving economic and social change. 2 9. What are the myth of entrepreneurship? Explain
5. Explain the quality of an entrepreneur as a any two.
passionate person. Ans. Myths of Entrepreneurship:
Ans. Entrepreneurs, driven by passion, exhibit relentless • Every business idea needs to be unique or special:
dedication and enthusiasm in pursuing their goals, People believe successful businesses are only born
fueling their creativity and resilience through from completely novel ideas. However, history
challenges. This fervor not only propels their shows that many thriving businesses are based on
ventures forward but also inspires others to join improving existing concepts or addressing common
their vision and contribute to their success. 2 problems in innovative ways. The key is often
6. Explain any two characteristics or qualities of an execution and differentiation rather than sheer
entrepreneur. uniqueness.
Ans. The characteristics of successful entrepreneurs are • A person needs a lot of money to start a business:
as follows: While having financial resources can be advanta-
(i) Leadership: An entrepreneur must possess the geous, it’s not always a prerequisite. Numerous
characteristics of leadership and must lead a team successful businesses have been launched with
minimal funds, leveraging strategies like bootstrap- 10. Why do we say entrepreneur should be open
ping, crowdfunding, or seeking investment. minded?
• Only a person having a big business is an Ans. Open-minded entrepreneurs are able to strategise
entrepreneur: There’s a common misconception that better because they can listen to varying and look at
only individuals who run large corporations qualify a problem through multiple lenses. 2
as entrepreneurs. In reality, entrepreneurship 11. ‘Entrepreneurs are job creators, not job seekers’.
encompasses ventures of all sizes. Small and Explain.
medium-sized businesses, as well as startups, Ans. Entrepreneurs are not job seekers but job creators.
embody the spirit of entrepreneurship through They facilitate new business opportunities of
innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. employment for people. Job creation by new and
• Entrepreneurs are born, not made: This existing businesses is one of the primary goals of
misconception suggests that entrepreneurship is an economic development. 2
innate trait, something people are born with. While 12. It is believed that ‘Entrepreneurs are high risk
certain personality traits like creativity, resilience, takers. Explain.
and vision can be beneficial, entrepreneurship is
Ans. Entrepreneurs, often characterised as high-risk tak-
largely a skill that can be developed and honed
ers, embrace uncertainty and leverage opportuni-
through education, experience, and mentorship.
ties, potentially reaping substantial rewards from
Anyone with dedication and a willingness to learn
their ventures. This risk-taking propensity enables
can become an entrepreneur. (Any two) 1x2=2
them to innovate, seize competitive advantages,
and ultimately drive growth and success in their
enterprises. 2

Objective Type Questions Explanation: Mary’s daily interaction with her
employees to review their activities suggests she
is primarily focused on managing the business,
1. Srishti is a young woman who makes earrings. She overseeing operations, and ensuring tasks are
buys jute from a farmer and makes earrings from completed efficiently. While entrepreneurship
that. She sees that most women in her village do
involves various aspects such as creating new
not work. So, she hires two women to help her. As
products, dividing income, and taking risks, Mary’s
her orders increase, she hires three more women
routine emphasises the importance of hands-on
to work for her. How was she helping her village
management in running her business effectively.
grow? [SQP 2022-23]
(A) By selling earrings to women without a job 3. In which situation an entrepreneur will not be
(B) By purchasing earrings from the local market able to convince his fellow beings? If he/she is:
(C) By buying jute from the local farmer and by (A) Risk-taker (B) Low self-confident
providing jobs to local women (C) Patient (D) Creative
(D) By attracting the women in her village with her Ans. Option (B) is correct.
creative earrings Explanation: Entrepreneurs need to be able to
Ans. Option (C) is correct. convince others of their vision, ideas, and plans
Explanation: Srishti’s actions directly contribute to in order to garner support, whether it’s from
the growth of her village in several ways: investors, employees, or other stakeholders. Low
• By purchasing jute from a local farmer, she self-confidence can hinder an entrepreneur’s
supports the local economy and encourages ability to effectively communicate their ideas and
agricultural activity within the village. persuade others to buy into their vision, making it
• By hiring women from her village to help make difficult to rally support for their ventures.
earrings, she provides employment opportunities, 4. Which of the following is an advantage of
thereby empowering women economically and entrepreneurship as a career?
contributing to the overall prosperity of the
(A) Independence (B) Originality
community.
(C) Excitement (D) All of these
2. Mary has two people who work for her. Every day,
she spends one hour with them to learn about 5. ‘An entrepreneur has to get his work done by
what they’ve done that day. [SQP 2022-23] other.’
(A) Creates a new product Identify the characteristic of an entrepreneur
(B) Divides income stated in the above lines.
(C) Manages the business (A) Organiser (B) Risk-taker
(D) Takes risks (C) Innovator (D) Motivator
Ans. Option (D) is correct. future challenges, identify opportunities, and make
Explanation: Entrepreneurs often need to motivate informed decisions to steer their ventures towards
and inspire others to achieve their goals and success.
objectives. They must effectively delegate tasks 10. Mary buys bulbs for her business from Noida. She
and responsibilities to others while encouraging learns that bulbs are cheaper in Faridabad. So, she
and empowering them to perform at their best. decides to start buying bulbs from there. Identify
This ability to motivate and get work done through the function of entrepreneur that Mary is doing.
others is a key aspect of successful entrepreneurship. (A) Makes decisions (B) Divides income
6. Statement 1: Most of the entrepreneurial ventures (C) Takes risk (D) None of these
end up as failures. Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Statement 2: Entrepreneurial ventures are easy to Explanation: Mary’s decision to start buying bulbs
start. from Faridabad instead of Noida demonstrates her
(A) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct. ability to make strategic decisions for her business.
(B) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are incorrect. This decision-making function is a key aspect of
(C) Statement 1 is correct, but Statement 2 is entrepreneurship, as entrepreneurs continually
incorrect. evaluate options and make choices to optimise their
(D) Statement 2 is correct, but Statement 1 is business operations.
incorrect. 11. Ravi’s customer comes to his store and starts
Ans. Option (B) is correct. shouting at them. He does not get angry. He listens
Explanation: Many successful businesses have been to what his customer is saying. He is
founded through entrepreneurship, and failure (A) Hardworking (B) Confident
rates vary depending on factors such as industry, (C) Patient (D) Trying new ideas
market conditions, and the entrepreneur’s skills and Ans. Option (C) is correct.
strategies. Starting a business requires significant Explanation: He does not get angry. He listens to
effort, resources, and commitment. It often involves what his customer is saying. So he is Patient.
overcoming challenges, risks, and uncertainties. 12. Which of the following is a disadvantage of
7. An entrepreneur is a/an __________________ of entrepreneurship as a career?
society’s productive resources. (A) Uncertainty of income
(A) Organiser (B) Innovator (B) Being Boss
(C) Creator (D) Producer (C) Wealth Creation
8. From the following statements, which one is (D) Freedom
not the positive impact of entrepreneurship on Ans. Option (A) is correct.
society?
Explanation: Entrepreneurship does not guarantee
(A) Stimulates innovation and efficiency 100% success. Entrepreneurship is a risky
(B) Creates job and employment opportunities proposition. If you have not done your calculations
(C) Solves the problems of the society right, the business might fail or may not achieve
(D) Discourage the welfare of the society the success you initially thought. Thus, one of the
Ans. Option (D) is correct. disadvantage of entrepreneurship as a career is
Explanation: Entrepreneurship typically has uncertainty.
positive impacts on society, including stimulating [B] Assertion & Reason
innovation and efficiency, creating job and
employment opportunities, and solving societal
problems through innovative solutions. Option (d)
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
stands out as not representing a positive impact;
in fact, entrepreneurship often aims to address (A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
societal needs and contribute to the welfare and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
development of society. (A).
9. Which of the following is the managerial function (B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
of an entrepreneur? reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
(A) Planning (B) Detailed investigation
(C) Production (D) Risk-taking
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
1. Assertion (A): A doctor works for a renowned
Explanation: Planning is a crucial managerial
hospital. The statement given above is an example
function of an entrepreneur. It involves setting
of wage employment.
goals, determining strategies to achieve those
goals, and outlining the actions and resources Reason (R): The doctor is employed by the hospital
needed to implement the strategies effectively. and receives a salary in return for their services.
Through planning, entrepreneurs can anticipate Ans. Option (A) is correct.
2. Assertion (A): Entrepreneurship has emerged as a [D] Case Based MCQs (4 mark each)
focal point of policy in the majority of countries.
I. Read the following text and answer the following
Reason (R): Entrepreneurship contributes in questions based on the same:
job generation innovation and promotes social A young man was passing through a site of
cohesion. construction. He saw three labourers working at
3. Assertion (A): Owing a clothing business is an the site. He went to one of them and asked “What
example of wage employment. are you doing here?” The worker answered, “Don’t
Reason (R): Wage employment refers to a situation you see? I am making out a living. I am working
where an individual works for an employer in to earn.” The young man moved towards the
exchange for a regular wage or salary. second man and asked him the same question.
4. Assertion (A): After four years, Rahul has opened He answered, “Don’t you see? I am constructing
a wall”. The young man moved towards the third
two new retail chain stores in the same city. It is an
man & repeated the question. The labourer replied
example of ‘grow’ stage of entrepreneurship as a
“Don’t you see? I am building a beautiful mansion”.
career process.
1. All the three were doing the same work, then what
Reason (R): During this stage, an entrepreneur
differentiates them?
decides to start a business venture and enters the
(A) Risk (B) Attitude
market.
(C) Self-confidence (D) None of these
Explanation: During ‘grow’ stage, entrepreneurs
focus on expanding their business operations, Explanation: While all three laborers were engaged
increasing market share, and scaling their ventures. in the same physical task of construction, their
attitudes towards their work differed significantly.
Opening additional stores in the same city signifies
The first laborer viewed his work merely as a means
an expansion strategy aimed at capitalising on
to earn a living, focusing solely on the immediate
existing success and further penetrating the local
task at hand. The second laborer saw his work in
market.
a more task-oriented manner, recognising it as the
5. Assertion (A): In a free market, entrepreneurs bring construction of a wall. However, the third laborer
change in technology, trends, and markets. exhibited a more positive and forward-thinking
Reason (R): Entrepreneurs are often at the forefront attitude, viewing his work as part of a larger project
of technological innovation. to build a beautiful mansion.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. 2. What is important to do a piece of work effectively
Explanation: Entrepreneurs are catalysts for and efficiently?
change in free markets, driving technological (A) Positive attitude (B) Self-confidence
advancements, shaping consumer trends, and (C) Low morale (D) None of these
redefining market dynamics through their Ans. Option (A) is correct.
innovative endeavors. Their ability to adapt, Explanation: A positive attitude can lead to
innovate, and create value fuels economic progress increased motivation, resilience, and problem-
and drives societal development. solving abilities, which are essential for overcoming
challenges and achieving success. It enables
[C] Fill in the Blanks individuals to approach tasks with enthusiasm,
1. Entrepreneur creates ___________ and _________ optimism, and a willingness to learn and improve.
in the society. 3. Whose answer reflected a positive attitude?
Ans. Wealth, Employment. (i) First labourer
2. An ____________ is a person who establishes a (ii) Second labourer
business or a venture that generate some value to (iii) Third labourer
the customer and prove to be profitable for him.
(A) (i) and (ii) only (B) (ii) and (iii) only
(C) (i) only (D) (iii) only
3. _________function of an entrepreneur is directed Ans. Option (D) is correct.
towards the satisfaction of consumer wants.
Explanation: The third laborer’s answer reflected
Ans. Marketing a positive attitude. Unlike the first laborer who
4. _________are dynamic agents of change in markets. viewed his work merely as a means to earn a
Ans. Entrepreneurs living and the second laborer who saw his work
5. _______function of an entrepreneur is concerned in a more task-oriented manner, the third laborer
with the provisions of working conditions and exhibited a positive and forward-thinking attitude.
welfare measures to maintain a good work force in He described his work as part of a larger project
the organisation. to build a beautiful mansion, indicating optimism,
pride, and enthusiasm for the outcome of his labor.
Ans. Personnel
4. Which of the following are characteristics of an designs appealing products, and innovates to
entrepreneur except one mentioned in the para? meet customer preferences. Therefore, option (c) is
(A) Self-confidence (B) Persistent correct.
(C) Leadership (D) All of these 3. Why is entrepreneurship an important career
Ans. Option (D) is correct. option for individuals like Jane?
II. Read the following text and answer the following (A) Provides independence
questions based on the same: (B) Stimulates innovation
Jane is a young entrepreneur who recently (C) Creates job opportunities
started her own bakery business in her local (D) All of the above
neighborhood. She is passionate about baking Ans. Option (D) is correct.
and saw an opportunity to turn her hobby into a Explanation: Entrepreneurship offers various
successful business venture. Let’s explore Jane’s benefits, including providing independence to
entrepreneurial journey through four multiple- individuals like Jane to pursue their passions,
choice questions. stimulating innovation through new business ideas
1. What qualities of an entrepreneur does Jane and solutions, and creating job opportunities for
demonstrate in her entrepreneurial journey? others in the community. Therefore, option (d) is
(A) Risk-taking (B) Passion correct.
(C) Innovation (D) All of these 4. What myth about entrepreneurship does Jane’s
Ans. Option (D) is correct. success debunk?
Explanation: Jane demonstrates several qualities (A) Entrepreneurs are born, not made
of an entrepreneur, including risk-taking (by (B) Every business idea needs to be unique
starting her own business), passion (for baking and (C) Entrepreneurship requires substantial capital
entrepreneurship), and innovation (by identifying (D) Only large-scale businesses qualify as
an opportunity and turning her hobby into a entrepreneurship
business). Therefore, option (d) is correct.
2. What function of an entrepreneur is exemplified Explanation: Jane’s success in starting her bakery
by Jane’s role in her bakery business? business challenges the myth that entrepreneurship
(A) Managerial (B) Financial requires substantial capital. She was able to launch
(C) Creative (D) Administrative her business with limited resources, showcasing
Ans. Option (C) is correct. that determination, creativity, and hard work are
Explanation: Jane’s role in her bakery business often more important than initial capital.
involves creativity, as she develops new recipes,
Solutions for Practice Questions
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) (ii) Helpful in Capital Formation: An entrepreneur is
8. The role and significance of entrepreneurs are helpful in capital formation or we know that an
discussed below: increase in the rate of capital formation is quite
essential for the economic development of any
(i) Organiser of Society’s Productive Resources:
country.
An entrepreneur is the organiser of society’s
productive resources. He is the person who (iii) Increase in Employment Opportunities: An
assembles the unused natural, physical, and entrepreneur creates maximum employment
human resources of the society, combines them opportunities in society by way of establishing
properly, establishes effective coordination industries, developing and expanding existing
between them, and makes the economic activities industries, and undertaking innovative activities.
dynamic. (Any two) 1x2=2

and innovative ideas, and the excitement of facing
[A] Multiple Choice Questions challenges and creating something new.
Explanation: Entrepreneurship offers various
Explanation: An entrepreneur plays the role of an
advantages as a career choice, including
organiser in society by bringing together various
independence to make decisions and control one’s
productive resources such as capital, labor, and
own destiny, the opportunity to pursue original
technology to create value and generate economic

activity. They coordinate and manage these business, the individual is responsible for running
resources efficiently to achieve their business and managing the business independently,
objectives and contribute to overall economic including tasks such as sourcing inventory,
growth and development. managing finances, marketing products, and
serving customers. They have full control over
[B] Assertion & Reason their business decisions and operations, and they
2. Option (A) is correct. directly benefit from the profits generated by the
3. Option (D) is correct. business. Therefore, owning a clothing business
Explanation: Self-employment refers to qualifies as a form of self-employment.
individuals who work for themselves rather than
for an employer. In the case of owning a clothing
[C] Fill in the Blanks
2. Entrepreneur
***
74

1. What is entrepreneurship?
(A) Entrepreneurship is a dynamic activity
(B) Entrepreneurship is the art of generating innovative ideas
(C) Entrepreneurship is primary to rebuilding the economy of a country
(D) All of the above
2. Which of the following is an important role of an entrepreneur?
(A) Economic development of the nation (B) Creating employment
(C) Increasing productivity (D) All of the above
3. Which of the following statement(s) about entrepreneurship is/are incorrect?
(A) Entrepreneurship is accepted as a career choice by the young
(B) There are growth restrictions in Entrepreneurship
(C) Entrepreneurship is the most appropriate career option in the present service industry
(D) Entrepreneurship helps the entrepreneur to bring changes and innovation in the process of production.
4. When entrepreneurs identify a need in the market, they:
(A) Build a product or service for it. (B) Ignore the need of market.
(C) Search for another entrepreneur. (D) Creates awareness in the society.
5. Assertion (A): Entrepreneurs have a negative relationship with society.
Reason (R): They make profits through activities that benefit society.
6. Assertion: Entrepreneurs boost the economy.
Reason: Entrepreneurs inspire creativity.
7. Assertion (A): Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market.
Reason (R): Entrepreneurs help grow the area and society they live in.
8. Define the stage of Growth in an entrepreneurial career.
9. Karan is working for a private organisation and gets paid for that work whereas Manish has started his own
restaurant. Identify the profession of Rohan and Manish.
10. Self-employed person who is always trying to make his/her business better by taking risks and trying new ideas.
Who is this person?
11. “Every business idea does not need to be unique or special.” Explain the statement.
12. What is the basic difference between misconception and reality?
13. “Entrepreneur takes moderate risks”. Elaborate this statement.
Abraham is a successful entrepreneur who sells environmentally friendly products. He founded his company
five years ago and has since made a significant contribution to society by reducing plastic waste.
14. What might have inspired Abraham to start an eco-friendly business?
15. What qualities do you think does Abraham possess that would make him successful.?
16. How do you think Abraham’s idea can benefit society?
17. What functions does Abraham as an entrepreneur perform in society?

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
C H A P T E R UNIT-V
5 GREEN SKILLS-II
Course of Action
Learning Objectives Maximum Time = 2.45 Hr
• The significance of sustainable development in addressing global challenges. Maximum Questions = 42
• Problems related to sustainable development.
• Solutions related to sustainable development. List of Topics
Topic-1: Sustainable development and
problems related to it
�� P.No. 76
Topic-2: Solutions related to sustainable
development
�� P.No. 79
TOPIC-1 S ustainable development and problems related to it

Concepts Covered:
 Sustainable development  Key principles of Sustainable development  Problems related to sustainable development
zz Cultural Considerations: Respecting and preserving

Revision Notes cultural diversity and heritage as integral components
¾¾Sustainable development: Sustainable of sustainable development. Example: Indigenous
Scan this
development is a concept that Ecotourism
refers to meeting the needs of the zz Inter-generational Equity: Recognising the rights
present without compromising of future generations to inherit a planet that is not
the ability of future generations to What Is significantly degraded by the actions of the present
meet their own needs. It involves a Sustainable generation. Example: Renewable Energy Transition
balanced and integrated approach to Development? ¾¾Problems related to sustainable development –
economic, social, and environmental
1. Food:
considerations to ensure that development is
zz Soil degradation from intensive farming
economically viable, socially equitable, and
environmentally responsible. zz Excessive use of fertilisers impacts ecosystems
¾¾Key principles of sustainable development: zz Climate change affecting crop yields
zz Environmental Sustainability: Promoting practices 2. Water:

that do not deplete or harm the natural resources zz Agricultural water depletion
and ecosystems, aiming to conserve biodiversity and zz Pollution threatening water sources
protect the environment. Example: Electric Vehicles zz Inadequate water infrastructure
zz Social Equity: Ensuring that the benefits of 3. Fuel:
development are distributed fairly across all segments zz Reliance on fossil fuels
of society, minimising social disparities and addressing
zz Limited access to clean energy
issues related to poverty, education, health, and social
zz Inefficient energy consumption
justice. Example: Microfinance programs
zz Economic Viability: Encouraging economic growth
MNEMONICS
and development that meets the present needs without Concept: "BE GREEN"
compromising the ability of future generations to meet Interpretations: Represents the principles of Biodiversity,
their own needs. This involves promoting responsible Ecosystems, and the need to adopt eco-friendly practices
and inclusive economic practices. Example: Fair Trade to promote Environmental Sustainability.
Initiatives
Green Skills-II 77

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Ans. (a) Use of fertilisers, pesticides, etc for increasing
1. What does the key principle of “Social Equity” in the production of crops. [1]
sustainable development aim to address? (b) Cutting down of forests for personal use such as the
Ans. Social Equity aims to distribute the benefits of construction of buildings, factories, etc.
development fairly across all segments of society, [MS 2023-24] [1]
minimising social disparities. 2. Discuss two key principles of sustainable
2. What is the meaning of sustainable development? development and their significance.
[NCERT] 3. Explain the importance of education towards
3. Name one problem related to water in sustainable sustainable development. [NCERT]
development. Ans. Education plays a crucial role in sustainable
Ans. Agricultural water depletion is a significant water- development by raising awareness, fostering
related issue. environmental consciousness, and empowering
4. Define “Environmental Sustainability” in one individuals to make informed decisions, promoting
phrase. a sustainable and equitable future.
Ans. Environmental Sustainability involves promoting
4. How does reliance on fossil fuels contribute to
practices that conserve biodiversity and protect
problems in sustainable development, and suggest
natural resources.
a solution.
5. Name a problem related to food in sustainable
development. Ans. Reliance on fossil fuels leads to environmental
degradation and climate change. Transitioning to
Ans. Excessive use of fertilisers impacts ecosystems.
clean and renewable energy sources, such as solar
6. Identify a key aspect of “Cultural Considerations”
and wind power, can be a solution.
in sustainable development.
Ans. Cultural Considerations involve respecting and 5. Explain the concept of inter-generational equity in
preserving cultural diversity and heritage. sustainable development and why it is important.
7. Name a problem related to fuel in sustainable Ans. Inter-generational equity recognises the rights
development. of future generations to inherit a planet not
Ans. Reliance on fossil fuels is a significant challenge significantly degraded by the actions of the present
related to fuel. generation. It emphasises the importance of
8. What historical event triggered a global awareness preserving resources and maintaining a sustainable
of the need for sustainable development? environment for future generations.
Ans. The 1972 United Nations Conference on the 6. Provide two examples of problems related to water
Human Environment, held in Stockholm, marked in the context of sustainable development.
a turning point and initiated global discussions on 7. Describe the key principle of economic viability in
environmental issues, laying the foundation for the sustainable development.
concept of sustainable development.
Ans. Economic viability encourages economic growth
9. What is the main environmental issue related to that meets present needs without compromising
soil in sustainable development?
the ability of future generations.
Ans. Soil degradation from intensive farming.
It involves promoting responsible and inclusive
10. Provide an example of a practice that aligns with
economic practices, such as Fair Trade Initiatives.
environmental sustainability.
Ans. Electric Vehicles. 8. Explain the role of electric vehicles in promoting
environmental sustainability.
Commonly Made Error Ans. Electric vehicles reduce reliance on fossil fuels,
Overlooking the interconnected nature of contributing to lower air pollution.
sustainable development. They represent a shift towards cleaner and more
sustainable transportation options.
Answering Tip
Commonly Made Error
Define key terms accurately.
Confusing social equity with other principles.
1. Mention any two human activities that lead to Answering Tip
environmental degradation.
[CBSE SQP 2023-24] Be concise and to the point in your answers.
Green Skills-II 79
TOPIC-2 S olutions related to sustainable development

Concepts Covered:
 Solutions related to sustainable development  Sustainable development goals  Sustainable development initiatives and
practices
¾¾Sustainable development initiatives in India:

Revision Notes zz Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission): A
¾¾Sustainable development can be achieved by: national cleanliness campaign aimed at achieving an
zz Transition to solar, wind, and hydropower to reduce open-defecation-free India, promoting sanitation and
reliance on fossil fuels. hygiene.
zz Implement eco-friendly urban planning and zz Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): A scheme
infrastructure for sustainability. providing clean cooking fuel (LPG) to women below
zz Promote recycling, reuse, and reduction of waste in the poverty line, reducing indoor air pollution and
production and consumption. promoting sustainable energy use.
zz Embrace organic farming, agroforestry, and precision zz Clean Ganga Mission (Namami Gange): A
agriculture for environmental conservation. comprehensive initiative to rejuvenate the Ganga River,
zz Implement efficient water management like rainwater focusing on pollution control, waste management, and
harvesting and drip irrigation. sustainable use of water resources.
zz Promote electric vehicles, public transport, and cycling zz Smart Cities Mission: A project aiming to develop 100
to reduce carbon emissions. smart cities across India, integrating technology and
zz Establish protected areas, wildlife reserves, and
sustainable practices to enhance urban living.
conservation programs. zz FAME India (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing
zz Launch initiatives to educate communities about

of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles): Encouraging the
sustainable practices and environmental issues. adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles to reduce
vehicular emissions and promote sustainable
zz Implement effective waste management, including
transportation.
recycling and reduction of single-use plastics.
¾¾Sustainable practices:
zz Involve local communities in decision-making and
zz Organic Farming: Organic farming is an agricultural
empower individuals for active participation.
approach that avoids the use of synthetic pesticides,
¾¾Sustainable development goals:
herbicides, and fertilisers. Instead, it relies on natural
The Sustainable Development Goals
methods such as crop rotation, composting, and
(SDGs) are a set of 17 global objectives Scan this
biological pest control to maintain soil fertility and
established by the United Nations
promote sustainable agriculture.
in 2015. These goals are designed to
zz Vermicomposting: Vermicomposting is a process of
address various social, economic, and
composting organic waste using worms, typically red
environmental challenges, aiming Sustainable
Goals earthworms. These worms break down organic matter
to create a more sustainable and
into nutrient-rich compost, enhancing soil fertility and
equitable world by 2030. Here are the
providing a sustainable method of waste management.
17 SDGs:
zz Rainwater Harvesting: Rainwater harvesting involves
Goal 1: No Poverty
collecting and storing rainwater for later use. This
Goal 2: Zero Hunger
sustainable practice helps conserve water resources,
Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being reduces the demand for traditional water sources, and
Goal 4: Quality Education can be utilised for various purposes such as irrigation,
Goal 5: Gender Equality landscaping, and domestic use.
Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
MNEMONICS
Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
Mnemonic: Sustainable development goals: “PEACE AND
Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
JUSTICE FOR ALL GOOD PARTNERSHIPS.”
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure P – Poverty Eradication (No Poverty)
Goal 10: Reduced Inequality E – End Hunger (Zero Hunger)
Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities A – All Good Health(Good Health and Well-being)
Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production C – Clean Water and Sanitation
Goal 13: Climate Action E – Education for All (Quality Education)
Goal 14: Life Below Water A – Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 15: Life on Land N – No Climate Change (Climate Action)
Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions D – Decent Work and Economic Growth
J – Justice and Strong Institutions (Reduced Inequality)
Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals
¾¾equitable growth, minimising environmental impact,

F – Financial Inclusion (Industry, Innovation, and
Infrastructure) and promoting social well-being for present and
O – Open Innovation and Infrastructure (Sustainable future generations through inclusive practices.
Cities and Communities) ¾¾SDG: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17
R – Responsible Consumption and Production global objectives set by the United Nations to address
A – Action on Climate (Climate Action) social, economic, and environmental challenges,
L – Life Below Water fostering a more sustainable and equitable world by
L – Life on Land 2030.
G – Good Partnerships (Peace, Justice, and Strong ¾¾Rainwater harvesting: Rainwater harvesting is
Institutions). the collection and storage of rainwater for various
S – Sustainability for All (Partnerships for the Goals) purposes, promoting water conservation and
sustainable use in agriculture, households, and
industries.
¾¾Organic farming: Organic farming is a sustainable
Key Term agricultural approach avoiding synthetic pesticides

and fertilisers, emphasising soil health, biodiversity,
and natural processes.
¾¾Sustainable development: Sustainable development
¾¾Renewable resources: Renewable resources are
balances present needs without compromising
future generations, integrating economic, social, and natural sources like solar, wind, and hydropower,
environmental dimensions for lasting well-being. replenished by natural processes, providing
sustainable energy without depleting the Earth’s
¾¾Economic development: Economic development
finite reserves.
within sustainable development involves fostering

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 8. Name one method to reduce vehicular emissions
in sustainable transportation.
1. Which SDG aims to promote responsible
consumption and production? Ans. Promoting electric vehicles.
9. Which SDG focuses on promoting gender
Ans. Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production.
equality?
2. What are three examples of sustainable energy Ans. Goal 5: Gender Equality.
sources?
10. What is the goal of the Clean Ganga Mission
3. Give an example of a sustainable agricultural (Namami Gange)?
practice.
Ans. Rejuvenating the Ganga River through pollution
4. What is Vermicomposting? control and sustainable water resource use.
Ans. Vermicomposting is a process of composting organic
waste using worms, typically red earthworms. These Commonly Made Error
worms break down organic matter into nutrient- Students may overlook key terms or concepts in
rich compost, enhancing soil fertility and providing the question, leading to incomplete or inaccurate
a sustainable method of waste management. answers.
5. How many Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) are there, and what do they aim to achieve? Answering Tip

Be concise: Provide clear and concise answers without
Ans. There are 17 SDGs, designed to address global
unnecessary elaboration.
challenges and create a more sustainable and
equitable world by 2030. Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
6. Why is involving local communities crucial for the 1. Why do you think the United Nations has made
success of sustainable development initiatives? the 17 sustainable development goals?
Ans. Involving local communities ensures that [NCERT]
development initiatives align with local needs, Ans. The United Nations has created the 17 Sustainable
fostering a sense of ownership and sustainability. Development Goals (SDGs) to address global
7. Explain the role of efficient water management in challenges comprehensively, fostering international
achieving sustainable development goals. collaboration, inclusivity, and a shared commitment
Ans. Efficient water management, including practices to achieve a more sustainable, equitable, and
like rainwater harvesting, ensures the availability prosperous world by 2030.
of clean water, supporting SDG 6 and other goals 2. Explain the importance of education toward
related to health and ecosystems. sustainable development [NCERT]
Green Skills-II 81
3. List some ways in which we can use resources 7. Provide two benefits of rainwater harvesting as a
sensibly. sustainable water management practice.
Ans. (a) Minimise Waste: Embrace the principles of Ans. Conserves water resources by collecting and storing
reduce, reuse, and recycle to minimise resource rainwater.
consumption and waste generation. Reduces the demand for traditional water sources
(b) Prioritise Energy Efficiency: Opt for energy- and can be used for irrigation, landscaping, and
efficient practices to conserve resources and reduce domestic purposes.
environmental impact. 8. Discuss the role of the Smart Cities Mission in
4. How can urban areas be developed to ensure long- India’s sustainable development.
term sustainability? Ans. The Smart Cities Mission aims to develop 100 smart
Ans. (a) Green Spaces: Integrate parks and green areas cities across India.
for better air quality and biodiversity. It integrates technology and sustainable practices to
(b) Public Transit: Develop efficient public enhance urban living by improving infrastructure,
transportation to reduce car reliance and traffic utilities, and overall urban sustainability.
congestion.
(c) Green Buildings: Enforce energy-efficient Commonly Made Error
standards for construction to lower energy Providing vague or general answers without
consumption and emissions. specific examples or details may lead to a less
5. How does adopting organic farming contribute to impactful response.answers.
sustainable development?
6. Share a practical example of a city effectively using Answering Tip
renewable energy sources.
Stay informed about recent developments related to
Ans. Copenhagen, Denmark, which is known for its
sustainable development, as this may be relevant in
commitment to wind power and aims to become providing more accurate and up-to-date answers.
carbon-neutral by 2025.

(C) Affordable and clean energy
Objective Type Questions (D) Reduced inequalities
Explanation: This statement relates to SDG 7 -
1. Choose the option which defines sustainable Affordable and Clean Energy, as it emphasises
development. [NCERT] increasing solar power generation to meet electricity
(A) Taking care of future generations needs while minimising environmental pollution
(B) Taking care of only ourselves and the depletion of natural resources.
(C) Taking care of ourselves and the future 4. The _______Sustainable Development Goals
generations (SDGs) were launched at the United
(D) Well-being of all Nations Sustainable Development Summit in
Ans. Option (C) is correct. New York in the year 2015, formed the
Explanation: Sustainable development involves 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
balancing the well-being of the present generation [SQP 2022-23]
with the needs of future generations, ensuring (A) 17 (B) 15
the long-term health of both society and the (C) 13 (D) 19
environment. Ans. Option (A) is correct.
2. Which organisation has made the Sustainable Explanation: The 17 Sustainable Development
Development Goals? [NCERT] Goals (SDGs) were launched at the United Nations
(A) United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New York
(B) League of Nations in 2015, forming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
(C) UNICEF Development.
(D) World Health Organisation 5. Which of the following sources of energy is from a
3. “Efforts are made to increase the solar power renewable source? [NCERT]
generation so that our electricity needs are met and (A) Solar energy (B) Wood
at the same time we do not pollute the environment (C) Coals (D) Petrol
or use up natural resources”. Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Which SDG can you relate this statement to? Explanation: Solar energy is a renewable source as
[SQP 2023-24] it is derived from the sun, which is a sustainable
(A) Life on land and continuously available resource.
(B) Clean water and sanitation
6. Choose the option which is not a sustainable 2. Assertion (A): Deforestation contributes to climate
development goal according to the United Nations. change.
[NCERT] Reason (R): Trees absorb carbon dioxide, and
(A) Clean Water and Sanitation cutting them down releases stored carbon.
(B) Gender Equality 3. Assertion (A): Uncontrolled industrialisation can
(C) Population lead to environmental degradation.
(D) Reduced Inequalities Reason (R): Unregulated industrial processes may
result in pollution and resource depletion.
Explanation: “Population” is not a specific
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) outlined Explanation: Uncontrolled industrialisation
by the United Nations. The other options—Clean often leads to pollution and resource depletion,
Water and Sanitation, Gender Equality, and contributing to environmental degradation.
Reduced Inequalities—are indeed recognised as 4. Assertion (A): Access to clean water is crucial for
distinct goals within the SDGs. achieving SDGs.
7. Which sustainable development goal is most Reason (R): Clean water is essential for health,
directly addressed by the activity in the image? sanitation, and poverty reduction.
Explanation: Clean water is integral to achieving
various SDGs, including health, sanitation, and
poverty reduction.
[C] Fill in the Blanks
1. Efficient water management, including practices
like __________ harvesting, ensures the availability
of clean water, supporting SDG 6 and other goals
related to health and ecosystems.
Ans. rainwater
2. Vermicomposting is a process of composting
organic waste using __________, typically red
earthworms.
(A) SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being
Ans. worms
(B) SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and
3. Education plays a vital role in promoting
Production
__________ practices by raising awareness about
(C) SDG 15: Life on Land environmental issues and empowering individuals
(D) SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions for responsible choices.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Ans. Sustainable
Explanation: Planting trees contributes to SDG 15 by 4. Uncontrolled industrialisation can lead to
promoting life on land and biodiversity conservation. environmental __________, as unregulated
processes may result in pollution and resource
[B] Assertion & Reason depletion.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement Ans. degradation
of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of 5. Sustainable agriculture practices aim to enhance
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: soil health through practices like crop rotation and
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and __________ farming.
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion Ans. Organic
(A). [D] Case Based Subjective
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but I. Read the following text and answer the following
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of questions based on the same:
assertion (A).
A clothing business has decided to use sustainable
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. materials in its clothing line. Organic cotton,
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. recycled polyester, and hemp will be used by the
1. Assertion (A): Urbanisation always leads to the business. Although the new materials are more
depletion of natural resources. expensive than traditional materials, the company
Reason (R): Sustainable urban planning cannot believes that the investment will be worthwhile
mitigate the impact of urbanisation. in the long term. They also intend to cut down on
Ans. Option (C) is correct. waste by recycling old clothes and decreasing the
Explanation: While urbanisation can strain amount of packaging used.
resources, sustainable urban planning aims to 1. What role does the clothing industry play in
mitigate its negative impacts. sustainable development? [1]
Green Skills-II 83
Ans. The industry contributes by adopting sustainable retail establishments. To make sure that the plastic
materials, reducing waste, and promoting ethical waste is disposed of correctly, the corporation has
practices. also established a recycling program.
2. How does the clothing business integrate 1. Why has the municipal corporation focused on
ethical labour practices with its commitment to reducing the use of single-use plastics? [1]
sustainable development? [1] Ans. The municipal corporation targets single-use
Ans. The company ensures ethical labour by prioritising plastics as they are a major source of environmental
fair working conditions and supporting workers’ pollution, and reducing their use aligns with
rights in line with sustainability goals. sustainable development goals.
3. How does the clothing business educate consumers 2. What is the purpose of introducing a tax on plastic
about sustainable fashion choices? [1] water bottles in the scenario? [1]
Ans. The company transparently communicates the Ans. Introducing a tax on plastic water bottles
benefits of using organic and recycled materials, incentivises consumers to choose eco-friendly
promoting informed and sustainable consumer alternatives, reducing plastic consumption and
choices. supporting sustainable development
4. How can collaboration with other businesses and 3. How can individuals contribute to the municipal
industry stakeholders amplify the impact of the corporation’s sustainable development efforts in
clothing business’s sustainability goals? [1] waste management? [1]
Ans. Collaboration with businesses and stakeholders Ans. Individuals can contribute by responsibly disposing
facilitates shared resources, knowledge exchange, of waste, participating in recycling programs, and
and industry-wide initiatives, creating a more choosing reusable alternatives to reduce single-use
substantial impact on sustainable practices and plastic consumption.
contributing to broader environmental goals. 4. In what ways does the municipal corporation’s
II. Read the following text and answer the following approach align with global sustainable
questions based on the same: development objectives? [1]
A municipal corporation has decided to encourage Ans. The municipal corporation’s approach aligns
sustainable development by enacting laws that limit by addressing environmental issues, promoting
the use of single-use plastics. To urge people to use responsible consumption, and contributing to
reusable water bottles, the corporation has banned global efforts for sustainable development and
plastic water bottles and bags in all restaurants and environmental protection.
2. Sustainable development is about meeting present 2. Social Equity ensures fair distribution of
needs without compromising the ability of future development benefits, addressing issues
generations, integrating economic, social, and like poverty and education. Environmental
environmental considerations. Sustainability promotes practices that conserve
biodiversity and protect the environment.
6. Agricultural water depletion.
Pollution threatening water sources.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 5. (a) Environmental Conservation: Organic
2. Solar, wind, and hydropower. farming avoids synthetic pesticides and fertilisers,
reducing water and soil pollution while promoting
3. Organic farming. biodiversity and healthy ecosystems.
Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each) (b) Soil Health: By focusing on natural practices like
2. Awareness: Education raises awareness about crop rotation and composting, organic farming
sustainable practices, fostering a sense of enhances soil fertility, structure, and water
retention, ensuring long-term productivity.
responsibility towards the environment and society.
(c) Reduced Carbon Footprint: Organic farming
Empowerment: Education empowers individuals typically involves lower energy-intensive processes,
by providing the knowledge and skills necessary resulting in reduced greenhouse gas emissions
for sustainable decision-making and actions. compared to conventional farming methods,
contributing to overall climate sustainability.

organisation, plays a central role in coordinating
[A] Multiple Choice Questions efforts to achieve these goals across nations and
2. Option (A) is correct. regions.
Explanation: The Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) were established by the United Nations. [B] Assertion & Reason
Adopted by all 193 Member States in September 2. Option (A) is correct.
2015, the SDGs aim to address global challenges Explanation: Deforestation releases stored carbon
and create a more sustainable and equitable world and reduces the capacity to absorb greenhouse
by 2030. The United Nations, as an international gases, contributing to climate change.
***
85

1. What is the primary objective of sustainable development?
(A) Economic growth (B) Environmental conservation
(C) Social equity (D) All of the above
2. Which international agreement emphasises the importance of sustainable development and climate action?
(A) Paris Agreement (B) Kyoto Protocol
(C) Montreal Protocol (D) Copenhagen Accord
3. “Efforts are made to increase the solar power generation so that our electricity needs are met and at the same time
we do not pollute the environment or use up natural resources”.
Which SDG can you relate this statement to?
(A) Life on land (B) Clean water and sanitation
(C) Affordable and clean energy (D) Reduced inequalities
4. What sustainable development practice is depicted in the image, and how does it address environmental
concerns?
(A) Solar panel installation; reduces dependence on fossil fuels and promotes clean energy.
(B) Deforestation; shows the need for clearing land for agriculture.
(C) Industrial expansion; represents economic growth and job creation.
(D) Overfishing; highlights the challenges of unsustainable fishing practices.
5. Assertion (A): The melting of polar ice caps contributes to rising sea levels globally.
Reason (R): Climate change leads to an increase in average global temperatures, causing ice caps and glaciers to
melt.
6. Assertion (A): Urbanisation always leads to the depletion of natural resources.
Reason (R): Sustainable urban planning cannot mitigate the impact of urbanisation.
7. Assertion (A): Uncontrolled industrialisation can lead to environmental degradation.
Reason (R): Unregulated industrial processes may result in pollution and resource depletion.

8. What is the meaning of sustainable development?
9. Define “Environmental Sustainability” in one phrase.
10. What is the goal of the Clean Ganga Mission (Namami Gange)?
11. Mention any two human activities that lead to environmental degradation.
12. Provide two benefits of rainwater harvesting as a sustainable water management practice.
13. List some ways in which we can use resources sensibly.
A municipal corporation has decided to encourage sustainable development by enacting laws that limit the use of
single-use plastics. To urge people to use reusable water bottles, the corporation has banned plastic water bottles
and bags in all restaurants and retail establishments. To make sure that the plastic waste is disposed of correctly,
the corporation has also established a recycling program
14. Why has the municipal corporation focused on reducing the use of single-use plastics?
15. What is the purpose of introducing a tax on plastic water bottles in the scenario?
16. How can individuals contribute to the municipal corporation’s sustainable development efforts in waste
management?
17. In what ways does the municipal corporation’s approach align with global sustainable development objectives?


OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
C H A P T E R PART-B : UNIT-I
1 INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE (AI)
Course of Action
• Understand the concept of human intelligence and its various components Maximum Questions = 75
such as reasoning, problem-solving, and creativity.
• Understand the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) List of Topics
• and its domains. Topic-1: Foundational concepts of AI
• Explore the use of AI in real Life. �� P.No. 87
• Learn about the ethical concerns involved in AI development, such as AI Topic-2: B asics of AI.
�� P.No. 93
bias, data privacy and how they can be addressed.
Topic-3: A I Applications and Ethics.
�� P.No. 99
TOPIC-1 F oundational concepts of AI

Concepts Covered:
 Artificial Intelligence  Types of Intelligence, Machine Learning Deep Learning  Decision Making, How do you make decisions,
Make your choices
zz AI is accomplished by studying how the human brain

Revision Notes thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while
¾¾What is Artificial Intelligence? trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes
of this study as a basis for developing intelligent
zz According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John
software and systems.
McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making
¾¾Intelligence has been defined in many ways:
intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
zz The capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness,
programs”.
learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning,
zz Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer,
creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving.
a computer-controlled robot, or a software think
zz More generally, it can be described as the ability
intelligently, in a similar manner to intelligent humans to perceive or infer information and to retain it as
think. knowledge to be applied toward adaptive behaviours
within an environment or context.
Computer Science
Image Pattern
Processing Recognition MNEMONICS
AI Mnemonic:
Symbolic Machine AIMS:
Learning Learning AI – Artificial Intelligence
M – Machine Learning
S – Statistical Learning
Statistical Deep SIR:
Computer
Robotics Learning Learning S – Symbolic Learning
Vision
I – Image Processing
R – Robotics
Speech Neural
recognition NLP
Network
¾¾Goals of AI: zz To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines−

zz To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and
intelligent behaviour, learn, demonstrate, explain, and behave like humans.
advise its users.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) 89
¾¾AI vs Automation: ¾¾What is intelligence composed of?
zz Washing Machine zz Intelligence is intangible. It is composed of:
A fully automatic washing machine can work on its zz Reasoning
own, but it requires human intervention to select
zz Learning
the parameters of washing and to do the necessary
zz Problem-Solving
preparation for it to function correctly before each wash,
which makes it an example of automation, not AI. zz Perception
zz Air Conditioner zz Linguistic Intelligence
An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely zz Reasoning: It is the set of processes that enables us to
with the help of the internet but still needs a human provide the basis for judgment, making decisions, and
touch. predictions. There are broadly two types−
¾¾What is Intelligence?
Inductive Reasoning: It conducts specific observations
zz The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive
to make broad general statements.
relationships and analogies, learn from experience,
store and retrieve information from memory, solve Example: "Nita is a teacher. Nita is studious. Therefore
problems, comprehend complex ideas, use the natural all teachers are studious."
language fluently, classify, generalise, and adapt to new ¾¾Deductive Reasoning: It starts with a general statement
situations. and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical
¾¾Keynote: conclusion.
Intelligence means " ability to perceive information" Example:"All women of age above 60 years are
¾¾Types of Intelligence: grandmothers. Shalini is 65 years. Therefore, Shalini is
As described by Howard Gardner, an American a grandmother."
developmental psychologist, Intelligence comes in zz Learning: It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill
multifold− by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing
¾¾Linguistic Intelligence: The ability to speak, recognise, something. Learning enhances the awareness of the
and use mechanisms of phonology (speech sounds), subjects of the study.
syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning).
The ability of learning is possessed by humans,
¾¾Musical Intelligence: The ability to create, some animals, and AI-enabled systems. Learning is
communicate with, and understand meanings made of
categorised as−
sound, understanding of pitch, and rhythm.
¾¾Logical Mathematical Intelligence: The ability to use
1. Auditory Learning: It is learning by listening and
and understand relationships without action or objects. hearing. For example, students listen to recorded audio
Understanding complex and abstract ideas. lectures.
¾¾Spatial Intelligence: The ability to perceive visual or 2. Episodic Learning: To learn by remembering sequences
spatial information, change it, and re-create visual of events that one has witnessed or experienced. This is
images without reference to the objects, construct 3D linear and orderly.
images, and move and rotate them. 3. Motor Learning: It is learning by the precise movement
¾¾Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: The ability to use of muscles. For example, picking objects, writing, etc.
complete or part of the body to solve problems or 4. Observational Learning: To learn by watching and
fashion products, control fine and coarse motor skills, imitating others. For example, the child tries to learn by
and manipulate objects. mimicking her parent.
¾¾Intra Personal Intelligence: The ability to distinguish
5. Perceptual Learning: It is learning to recognise stimuli
among one’s own feelings, intentions, and motivations.
that one has seen before. For example, identifying and
¾¾Interpersonal Intelligence: The ability to recognise
classifying objects and situations.
and make distinctions among other people’s feelings,
beliefs, and intentions. 6. Relational Learning: It involves learning to
¾¾Naturalist: reading natural activity , nature and living differentiate among various stimuli on the basis of
things understanding relational properties, rather than absolute properties.
¾¾We can say a machine or a system is artificially For example: add ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking
intelligent when it is equipped with at least one and at potatoes that came up salty last time, when cooked
most all intelligence in it. with adding say a tablespoon of salt.
¾¾Existential: study of why we live and why we die. 7. Spatial Learning: It is learning through visual stimuli
such as images, colors, maps, etc. For example, a person
INTELLIGENCE can create a roadmap in mind before actually following
the road.
Ability to interact with to real world 8. Stimulus-Response Learning: It is learning to perform
To percieve, understand and act
Ablitity to take action: to have an effect. a particular behaviour when a certain stimulus is
present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing a
Reasoning and Planning doorbell.
Modelling the external world: given input
Problem Solving. Planning and Decision. zz Problem Solving: It is the process in which one
perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a
Making
Ability to deal with uncertainties present situation by taking some path, which is blocked
Learning and Adaptation by known or unknown hurdles.
Problem-solving also includes decision-making, which zz Linguistic Intelligence: It is one’s ability to use,
is the process of selecting the best suitable alternative comprehend, speak, and write the verbal and
out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal written language. It is important in interpersonal
are available. communication.
zz Perception: It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, Difference between Human and Machine:
selecting, and organising sensory information. ¾¾Humans perceive by patterns whereas machines
Perception presumes to sense. In humans, perception perceive by a set of rules and data.
is aided by sensory organs. In the domain of AI, the ¾¾Humans can figure out the complete object even if
perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the some part of it is missing or distorted; whereas the
sensors together in a meaningful manner. machines cannot do it correctly.
How does Machine Learning work? How to Train Machines? Computers need a lot of
Machine learns just like human learns. Well, let’s information to ensure accurate recognition of things
quickly see How Humans Learn? Let’s take an example, now think, how can a computer
How do Humans learn? recognise a flame?
To understand the human learning process, let us This could be using color, size, shape, origin,
illustrate it through a simple sequence of activities temperature, etc. Once it recognises the flame, it needs
involved. to be trained to make the decision to act, as in this case,
A computer learns in a similar way. However, it needs whether it should touch the flame or not. This is based
a lot of information, to ensure that it recognises things on the goals set for the computer.
accurately. Machines need to be trained to make
decisions and act based on goals
For example, a computer sets the goal to extinguish the

flame by touching or stamping. So, it will see a flame
and act to touch it and extinguish it, whereas another
way to avoid burning and damage is to see a flame as a
danger and not touch it.
¾¾Now think, how will a computer differentiate between get damaged. So, is it possible that they Scan this
an actual flame and a photo of the flame? can discern based on temperature,
zz A wrongly trained computer may try and extinguish movement, etc.?
the flame in the painting or touch a live flame again to
What Machine
zz Artificial
Intelligence vs Machine Learning: The learning of both AI and ML is based on statistics Learning?
and mathematics but still both are not the same thing.
Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning
It is the study of how to train computers so that Machine Learning is the learning in which a
computers can do things that at present humans machine can learn on its own without being
can do better. explicitly programmed.
Perform tasks that require human intelligence. Helps machines to learn certain things on their
own.
The aim is to increase the chance of success and The aim is to increase accuracy, but it does not
not accuracy. care about success.
It works as a computer program that does smart It is a simple concept machine that takes data and
work. learns from data.
AI is decision making ML allows systems to learn new things from data.
AI leads to intelligence or wisdom. ML leads to knowledge.
zz AI tries to make machines intelligent that can take a recommendation. AI decision-making can be divided
accurate decisions, whereas ML tries to train machines into two main categories:
to do certain tasks. ¾¾Rule-based systems and machine learning-based
¾¾Decision making: systems.
Decision-making refers to the cognitive process of (a) Rule-based Systems: Rule-based decision-making in
selecting a course of action among several available AI involves creating a set of predefined rules that the
alternatives. It involves evaluating different options, AI system follows to make decisions. These rules are
considering their potential consequences or outcomes, typically created by human experts in the domain and
and choosing the most appropriate or desirable option are based on their knowledge and experience. The
based on certain criteria or goals. AI system applies these rules to the input data and
zz The process of decision-making typically involves produces an output or decision. Rule-based systems
seven stages: are deterministic and provide explicit explanations for
1. Identification of the problem or decision to be made: their decisions.
Recognising the need to make a decision and clearly (b) Machine Learning (ML)-based Systems: Machine
defining the issue or goal. learning (ML) techniques enable AI systems to learn
2. Gathering information: Acquiring relevant information from data and make decisions based on patterns and
about the alternatives, potential outcomes, and relevant statistical models. These systems use algorithms to
factors that may influence the decision. automatically extract features from the data and build
3. Evaluating alternatives: Assessing and comparing models that can predict outcomes or classify inputs. ML-
the available options based on various criteria, based decision-making is particularly effective when
such as feasibility, cost, risks, benefits, and potential dealing with large and complex datasets. However, it
consequences. can be challenging to interpret the decisions made by
4. Weighing pros and cons: Considering the advantages ML models, as they operate as black boxes and do not
and disadvantages of each alternative and determining provide explicit explanations.
their relative importance or priority. ¾¾What is not AI?
5. Making a choice: Selecting the option that is deemed Everything that is automatic is not AI.
most suitable or optimal based on the information and AI do not think on their own but it simply acting upon
analysis conducted. the set of instructions which is given by users.
6. Implementation: Putting the chosen decision into ¾¾How do you make decisions?
action and carrying out the necessary steps to execute We took decision based on the reason ,our past
the chosen course of action. experiences and availability of information.
7. Evaluation and feedback: Assessing the outcomes of Make your choices
the decision and gathering feedback to determine if You are given the option of choosing one gift voucher
the chosen option achieved the desired results or if out of three options.
adjustments are needed. Where 1st gift voucher has foreign trip to Singapore. the
¾¾Decision-making in AI: It refers to the process by which 2nd has 1 year free coaching for IIT/Medical and 3rd has
artificial intelligence systems analyse information, a meeting card of your ideal. Choose wisely and decide
evaluate options, and choose a course of action or make which option you would choose and why?

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) decisions, predict the future, learn, and improve on
its own. In other words, machines are intelligent
1. What is the ability to perceive information, and
artificially by collecting data, understanding it,
to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards
analysing it, learning from it, and improving it.
adaptive behaviour within an environment or
context? 3. Define decision-making.
Ans. Decision-making in AI refers to the process by
Ans. It is known as Intelligence
which an artificial intelligence system or algorithm
2. The basis of decision-making depends upon selects the best course of action or choice from a set
which factors? of available options. It involves using computational
Ans. The basis of decision-making depends upon the methods to evaluate various factors, data, and
available information and experience. rules to make informed decisions. AI decision-
3. What the machine’s ability to mimic human traits making systems can be designed to handle complex
such as making decisions, predicting the future, scenarios, optimise outcomes, and adapt their
learning, and improving is called? decisions based on changing conditions.
4. You are getting Amazon, Netflix, Spotify, and 4. What are the categories of decision-making?
youtube recommendations based on which factor? Ans. AI decision-making can be divided into two main
Ans. User behaviour categories:
5. Name the very first humanoid robot. Rule-based systems and machine learning-based
6. Is all smart devices considered AI-enabled systems.
devices? (a) Rule-based Systems: Rule-based decision-making
in AI involves creating a set of predefined rules
Ans. No, for example an automatic air conditioner
that the AI system follows to make decisions. The
7. If a person is well aware of self-weakness and AI system applies these rules to the input data and
strengths or own feelings is known as which produces an output or decision.
intelligence? (b) Machine Learning(ML)-based Systems: Machine
Ans. It is known as Intrapersonal intelligence. learning (ML) techniques enable AI systems to learn
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) from data and make decisions based on patterns
1. What do you mean by Intelligence? and statistical models. These systems use algorithms
Ans. Intelligence refers to the ability to think, perceive to automatically extract features from the data and
information and apply knowledge within the build models that can predict outcomes or classify
behavioural environment. Intelligence can be inputs.
defined as: 5. Name any four approaches to decision-making.

Ability to interact with the real world – To perceive,
understand and act Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)
Reasoning and Planning – Modelling the external 1. Ashwat is amazed to learn about his sister
world, given input Ananya who is multi-talented and has excelled in
Learning and Adaption – Continuous learning and academics, music, dancing, sports and painting.
adapting graph. He was quite curious when Ananya told him that
he too possessed all these intelligences like every
Commonly Made Error human being does, but only at different levels.
Misunderstanding the distinction between He wondered which intelligence she was talking
human intelligence and artificial intelligence, about. Can you help Ashwat in learning about
leading to confusion in responses regarding their different types of intelligences by naming and
characteristics and applications. explaining any four types of intelligences?
[SQP 2022-23]
Ans. All humans possess 9 types of intelligence but at
Answering Tips different levels. They are:
Use clear and concise language when discussing (i) Mathematical Logical Reasoning: Ability to
AI concepts and terminologies, providing specific regulate, measure, and understand numerical
examples or illustrations to enhance understanding symbols, abstraction and logic.
and clarity. (ii) Linguistic Intelligence: Language processing skills
Support explanations with relevant examples from both in terms of understanding or implementation
everyday life or current events to enrich responses in writing or verbally.
and demonstrate the practical relevance of AI. (iii) Spatial Visual Intelligence: Ability to perceive the
visual world and the relationship of one object to
2. What is artificial intelligence? another.
Ans. When a machine possesses the ability to mimic (iv) Kinesthetic Intelligence: Ability that is related to
human traits or copy human behaviours or make how a person uses his limbs in a skilled manner.
(v) Musical Intelligence: Ability to recognise and • Chatbots: Chatbots are generally available on
create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns. many websites. Chatbots are software applications
(vi) Intrapersonal Intelligence: Describes how high integrated with AI technology used for online chat
the level of self-awareness someone has is. Starting support. Sophia was the first humanoid bot.
from realising weakness, strength, to his own • Health Apps: Health apps are also created and
feelings. integrated with AI which helps users to monitor
(vii) Existential Intelligence: An additional category physical and mental health aspects.
of intelligence relating to religious and spiritual • Others: Moreover, there are some other AI
awareness. applications like face locks in smartphones,
(viii) Naturalist Intelligence: An additional category language translators, weather forecasts, and many
of intelligence relating to the ability to process more.
information on the environment around us. 3. Explain the seven stages of decision-making.
(ix) Interpersonal intelligence: Ability to communicate Ans. (i) Identification of the problem or decision to be
with others by understanding other people's made: Recognising the need to make a decision and
feelings & influence of the person.
clearly defining the issue or goal.
2. Write some popular AI apps and tools.
Ans. The following are some powerful AI apps and tools. (ii) Gathering information: Acquiring relevant
• Google: Google uses AI for responding to our information about the alternatives, potential
queries through keywords. Gmail spam filter is outcomes, and relevant factors that may influence
also using AI technology. Google Maps help with the decision.
navigation in traveling. (iii) Evaluating alternatives: Assessing and comparing
• Virtual Assistants: Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa, the available options based on various criteria,
Google Assistant, and MS Cortana are some such as feasibility, cost, risks, benefits, and potential
examples of Virtual Assistants. These assistants are consequences.
used to accept the command in terms of voice and (iv) Weighing pros and cons: Considering the
provide assistance. advantages and disadvantages of each alternative
• Gaming: AI is used to enhance the gaming and determining their relative importance or
experience for gamers. Along with this AI can priority.
help in enhancing graphics, coming up with new
(v) Making a choice: Selecting the option that is
difficulty levels, encouraging gamers, etc.
• Recommendations: As you have seen some deemed most suitable or optimal based on the
recommendations on Amazon, Netflix, Amazon, information and analysis conducted.
Spotify, YouTube, etc. These are all recommendations (vi) Implementation: Putting the chosen decision into
based on your interests and engagements likes, action and carrying out the necessary steps to
dislikes, and comments. Some recommendations execute the chosen course of action.
are based on preferences on social media like (vii) Evaluation and feedback: Assessing the outcomes
Facebook and Instagram. Sometimes AI also sends of the decision and gathering feedback to determine
some notifications about online shopping details, if the chosen option achieved the desired results or if
and auto-create playlists according to requests. adjustments are needed.
TOPIC-2 B asics of AI
Concepts Covered:
 Introduction to AI-and related terminologies  Introducing ML & DL Introduction to AI Domains (Data, CV & NLP).
data patterns and examples to generate its own rules

Revision Notes or models. These models can then be used to make
¾¾AI and Related Terminologies predictions or decisions when presented with new or
zz AI is techniques of making intelligent. unseen data.
zz As per NITI Aayog: AI refers to the ability of machines Machine learning algorithms are designed to identify
to perform cognitive tasks like thinking ,perceiving, patterns, extract insights, and make predictions or
learning ,problem solving and decision making. decisions based on training data. The training data is
a set of labelled examples or historical data that the
¾¾What is Machine Learning?
algorithm uses to learn from. By analysing the patterns
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) in the training data, the algorithm learns to generalise
that involves the development of algorithms and models and make predictions on new, unseen data.
that enable computers to learn and make predictions or
There are different types of machine learning algorithms,
decisions without being explicitly programmed. It is a including supervised learning, unsupervised learning,
field that focuses on the development of computational and reinforcement learning. In supervised learning,
systems that can learn from and adapt to data, allowing the algorithm learns from labelled examples where the
them to improve their performance over time. desired output is known, such as classifying emails as
In traditional programming, a programmer writes spam or not spam. Unsupervised learning involves
explicit instructions for a computer to follow. In finding patterns or structures in unlabelled data, such
machine learning, however, the computer learns from as clustering similar customer groups based on their
behaviour. Reinforcement learning involves an agent language processing, recommendation systems, fraud
learning to interact with an environment and taking detection, autonomous vehicles, and many others.
actions to maximise rewards or achieve specific goals. Its capabilities have significantly advanced in recent
Machine learning has a wide range of applications, years due to improvements in computing power, the
including image and speech recognition, natural availability of large datasets, and advancements in
algorithms and techniques.
¾¾What is Deep Learning? reading the data, so it requires a large number of

zz Deep learning is a type of machine learning and datasets called Big Data which is drawn from sources
artificial intelligence (AI) that imitates the way humans like social media, internet search engines, e-commerce
gain certain types of knowledge. platforms, etc.
zz Deep learning is an important element of data science, ¾¾These datasets are then processed through complex
which includes statistics and predictive modeling. ML algorithms
zz Deep Learning has very complex algorithms and
Machine Learning vs Deep Learning
requiresa very large amount of dataset.
zz Deep learning utilises both structured and unstructured
Machine Learning Deep Learning
data for training.
zz Practical examples of deep learning are virtual
Machine Learning is Deep Learning is a
assistants, vision for driverless cars, money laundering, a superset of Deep subset of Machine
face recognition, and many more. Learning Learning
zz Deep learning is an AI function that mimics the The data represented The data representation
workings of the human brain in processing data for use in Machine Learning is used in Deep Learning
in detecting objects, recognising speech, translating is quite different as is quite different as it
languages, and making decisions. compared to Deep uses Artificial neural
¾¾How Deep Learning Works? Learning as it uses networks (ANN).
zz Deep learning is based on ML but it can work with structured data.
unstructured data and learns on its own through
Machine learning Big Data: Millions of transparency, and accountability are crucial aspects of
consists of thousands of data points. AI decision-making, as ensuring fairness and avoiding
biases in the decision-making process is of paramount
data points.
importance.
Machine Learning is Deep Learning solves ¾¾How to say a machine is AI?
highly used to stay in complex machine-
A machine is considered to be AI if it can apply the 3
the competition and learning issues.
domains of AI that are Data, Computer Vision, and
learn new things. Natural Language Processing.
Your data is used by companies to do deep learning
and make products on the current trends in mentality
and what people like.
The choice of decision-making approach in AI depends
on factors such as the problem domain, available data,
interpretability requirements, and the trade-off between
accuracy and explainability. Ethical considerations,
The flowchart below is representing the 3 domains of Artificial Intelligence
¾¾What are the Domains of AI? ¾¾Data Sources:

Domains of AI refer to the main branches of Artificial ¾¾DataSets- DataSet is a collection of different kinds of
Intelligence for ex: Data, Computer Vision, and Natural Data.
Language Processing
¾¾Data Sciences ( Data )
zz “Data Scientist is an artist who joins all the loose ends
of data together to find the optimum solution for a
problem and make it into Artful Intelligence.”
zz Data Science is all about applying mathematical and
statistical principles to data in simple words, Data
Science is the study of data, this data can be of 3 types
– Audio, Visual and Textual.
For example: ¾¾COMPUTER VISION (CV)

If someone posts something on Facebook he may get This is a technology of AI with which robots can see.
Likes, Shares, Dislikes, Comments, etc. All of this is Computer vision plays a vital role in the domains of
Data, This collection is one Dataset safety, security, health, access, and entertainment.
There are two types of data sets: Computer vision automatically extracts, analyses,
and comprehends useful information from a single
Training Dataset Used for Training the image or an array of images. This process involves the
Model (70% of the Data). development of algorithms to accomplish automatic
Testing Dataset Used for Testing the visual comprehension.
model (30% of the data) Computer Vision in simple words is identifying the
symbols from the given object (pictures) and learning
the pattern and alerting or predicting the future object
using the camera.
The goal of computer vision is to understand the
content of digital images.
Computer vision was first introduced in the 1970s and
now its applications are seen by everyone everywhere
zz Facial recognition
zz Face filter
zz Google lens
zz Retail stores
zz Automotive
¾¾TYPES OF DATA IN AI: The types of data commonly zz Healthcare
used in AI zz Google translate app
1. Audio data: Audio data is the type of data that is zz Facial Recognition:
generated by capturing sound waves. This type of A system is a technology that is capable of identifying
data is used in various AI applications like speech or verifying a person from a digital image or a video
recognition, natural language processing, and voice- from a video source. For example, it is used by crime
based search. Examples of audio data include voice investigation department and police.
recordings, music files, podcasts, and sound effects. zz Face filters
2. Visual data: Visual data is the type of data that is By using the applications like Instagram and Snapchat,
generated by capturing images or videos. This type of we can click photographs of various themes, which are
data is used in various AI applications like computer based on the usage of computer vision.
zz Google lens
vision, object detection, and facial recognition.
Examples of visual data include digital photos, video To search data, Google uses computer vision for
footage, satellite imagery, and medical scans like X-rays comparing different features of the input image to the
and MRIs. database of images and then gives us the search.
zz Retail stores
3. Numeric data: Numeric data is the type of data that
is represented in numerical form. This type of data is The newest and most exciting application of computer
vision is ‘Amazon Go’. It’s an innovative retail store,
used in various AI applications like machine learning,
where there are no cashiers or checkout stations. It is
predictive analytics, and financial analysis. Examples
a partially automated store that is created by utilising
of numeric data include stock prices, sales figures,
computer vision, and deep learning.
temperature readings, and sensor data from IoT
zz Automotive
devices.
Computer vision is also taking over the automotive
4. Text data: Text data is the type of data that is industry, and companies like Tesla have developed
represented in written or typed form. This type of data self-driving cars which are going to rule the streets in
is used in various AI applications like natural language the coming years. Automated cars are equipped with
processing, sentiment analysis, and chatbots. Examples sensors and software which can detect the 360 degrees
of text data include emails, social media posts, news of movements of pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles, and
articles, and product reviews. road work.
zz Healthcare
Technology is helping healthcare professionals
accurately classify conditions and illnesses by reducing
and eliminating any inaccurate diagnosis and saving
patients’ lives.
zz Google translate App
Google Translate is a free multilingual statistical and
neural machine translation service that is provided
by Google, to translate text and websites from one
language to another language using the device camera.
¾¾Natural Language Processing (NLP): ¾¾Language is a method of communication with the help
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the AI of which we can speak, read and write. For example,
method of communicating with an intelligent system we think, we make decisions, plans and more in
using a natural language such as English. natural language; precisely, in words. However, the
Processing of Natural Language is required when you big question that confronts us in this AI era is that can
want an intelligent system like a robot to perform as we communicate in a similar manner with computers.
per your instructions, when you want to hear decision In other words, can human beings communicate
from a dialogue-based clinical expert system, etc. with computers in their natural language? It is a
¾¾The field of NLP involves making computers to perform challenge for us to develop NLP applications because
useful tasks with the natural languages humans use. computers need structured data, but human speech is
The input and output of an NLP system can be− unstructured and often ambiguous in nature.
zz Speech ¾¾In this sense, we can say that Natural Language
zz Written Text
Processing is the sub-field of computer science
What is NLP? especially Artificial Intelligence that is concerned with
enabling computers to understand and process human
¾¾The ability of a computer to understand human
language. Technically, the main task of NLP would be
language (command) as spoken or written and to give
to program computers for analysing and processing
an output by processing it, is called Natural Language
huge amount of natural language data.
Processing (NLP). It is a component of Artificial
¾¾Applications of NLP:
Intelligence.
Let’s understand it in simple words! 3 Applications of NLP
¾¾Now question yourself why you are able to talk with Speech Speech recognition is when a
your friend? because the words spoken by your Recognition system is able to give output by
friend are taken as input from your ears, your brain understanding or interpreting
processes them and as an output, you respond and the a user’s speech as an input or
most important thing the language you are using for a command. Used in: Google
communication is known to both of you. That’s NLP in Assistant, Apple Siri, Amazon
simple words! Alexa, etc.
NLP Process Sentimental Sentimental Analysis is a
Input Analysis process of detecting bad and
positive sentiments in a text.
Speech Used in: Youtube’s violent or
Recognition
graphic content policies, review
of products, identifying spam
NLU
messages.
NLG Machine Translations of text in a language
Translations to another different language
Output by machines. Used in: Google
Translate, Youtube cc, Chatbot(s),
etc.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 5. Which AI Domains deals with images and videos?
1. What is a branch of artificial intelligence that Ans. Computer Vision
deals with the interaction between computers and 6. Price comparison websites are example of which
humans using the natural language? sub-field of AI domain?
Ans. Natural Language Processing/NLP. Ans. Data Science
2. What is a Chatbot? Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
3. What produces meaningful phrases and sentences 1. What do you mean by Computer Vision?
in the form of natural language? Ans. Computer Vision is of the three domains of AI. It
Ans. Meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of gets the visual data and analyses them to make a
natural language produced by NLG. decision. This process includes acquiring images,
4. While working with NLP what is the meaning of screening, analysing, identifying, and extracting
Syntax? information. In computer vision, input to the
machines are photographs, and videos taken from
Ans. Syntax refers to the grammatical structure of a
thermal, or infrared sensors, indicators and other
sentence.
sources.
In this process, the visual data can be translated into express the details. Help Samarth define Artificial
descriptions and turned into computer-readable Intelligence, list the three domains of AI and the
language to make a decision. data that is used in these domains. [SQP 2022-23]
The examples of computer visions are as follows: Ans. Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to any technique
Face recognition systems: Apps such as Google that enables computers to mimic human intelligence
Photos, Snapchat, Facebook, Interpol i.e., make decisions, predict the future, learn and
Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR): Search improve on its own.
engines such as Google, Bing, CT scans and MRI With respect to the type of data fed in the AI model,
scans in hospitals, Earth science, etc. AI models can be broadly categorised into three
Smart Interactions: Gaming domains:
2. What do you mean by AI Domains? (a) Data sciences
3. What is Natural Language Processing? (b) Computer vision
Ans. Natural language processing is capable to (c) Natural Language Processing
communicate between machines and human Data Science takes input in the form of numeric and
beings. It uses natural language for both oral and alphanumeric data.
spoken languages. Computer Vision takes input in the form of images
Natural Language Processing tries to capture the and videos.
information from spoken or written words in the Natural Language Processing takes input in the
system. form of text and speech.
It has two main components: Natural Language 2. What do you mean by Data Science? Illustrate
Understanding: It interprets the words and
your answer with an example.
establish a link with natural input and analyse the
Ans. Data science is one of the domains of AI. It processes
different aspects of language.
the data for the AI systems. It collects the data input,
Natural Langauge Generation: It generates
maintains them into accurate datasets, and prepares
meaningful phrases and sentences in Natural
the output in the proper and appropriate format.
Language. It includes the processes of text planning,
The final output or information extracted through
sentence planning, and text realisation.
data science can be used to make a decision.
NLU is easier than NLG.
For example, price comparison websites like
Examples are Email filters, smart assistants, PriceGrabber, PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla, and
translators, etc. DealTime are totally driven by data, that compares
4. What do you mean by Machine Learning? the price of a product from different vendors and
Ans. Machine learning refers to a branch or a division or then the user can make a suitable decision.
subset of AI that requires data and a trained model The digital marketing spectrum is also a good
algorithm. It learns from the data provided and example of data science. It shows the targeted ads
improves the performance or processes. It applies to to the audience according to their data.
labelled or unlabelled data and makes a prediction.
3. Differentiate between a script-bot and a smart-bot.
5. If you do an image search for vacations on a popular
search engine, the first few searches mostly return Script Bot Smart Bot
the picture of beaches. What is the concern here? A scripted chatbot Smart bots are built on
Explain. [SQP 2022-23] doesn’t carry even a NLP and ML.
Ans. In the given scenario, we are concerned about the glimpse of AI
bias. When we talk about a machine, we know that Script bots are easy to Smart bots are
it is artificial and cannot think on its own. It can make comparatively difficult
have intelligence, but we cannot expect a machine to make.
to have any biases of its own. Any bias can transfer
Script bot functioning Smart bots are flexible
from the developer to the machine while the
is very limited as they and powerful.
algorithm is being developed.
are less powerful.
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each) Script bots work Smart bots work on
1. Samarth attended a seminar on Artificial around a script that is bigger databases and
Intelligence and has now been asked to write a programmed into them other resources directly
report on his learnings from the seminar. Being a
No or little language NLP and Machine
non-technical person, he understood that the AI processing skills learning skills are
enabled machine uses data of different formats required.
in many of the daily based applications but
failed to sync it with the right terminologies and Limited functionality Wide functionality
TOPIC-3 A I Applications and Ethics

Concepts Covered:
 Applications of AI - A look at Real-life AI implementations  AI Ethics.
zz Defense: AI is used in defense applications such as

Revision Notes surveillance and reconnaissance, autonomous weapons
¾¾Applications of AI in Different Fields: systems, and cybersecurity. For example, AI-powered
¾¾Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a wide range of drones can provide real-time situational awareness in
applications in different fields. the battlefield.
¾¾Here are some examples: zz Banking: In the banking sector, AI is used for fraud
zz Commercial: AI is used in commercial applications

detection and prevention, risk assessment, and
such as marketing and advertising, customer service, customer service. For example, AI-powered algorithms
and sales forecasting. For example, companies use AI- can detect anomalies in financial transactions to
powered chatbots to provide 24/7 customer support prevent fraud.
zz Transport: AI is used in transport applications such
and improve customer engagement.
as self-driving cars, traffic management, and logistics
zz Industry: In the industrial sector, AI is used to optimise
optimisation. For example, self-driving cars use AI-
manufacturing processes, predictive maintenance,
powered sensors and algorithms to navigate and avoid
quality control, and supply chain management. For
obstacles.
example, AI-powered robots are used to automate
zz Security: AI is used in security applications such as facial
repetitive tasks and increase efficiency in production
recognition, behaviour analysis, and threat detection.
lines.
For example, AI-powered video analytics can detect
zz Medical: AI is used in medical applications such as
suspicious behaviour and alert security personnel.
disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and personalised zz Agriculture: AI is used in agriculture applications such
medicine. For example, AI-powered tools can analyse as crop monitoring, yield prediction, and precision
medical images to detect early signs of diseases like farming. For example, AI-powered sensors and drones
cancer. can collect data on crop health and soil moisture to
optimise farming practices.
¾¾Commonly Used AI Applications: zz Navigation apps: Navigation apps like Google Maps
There are several AI applications that are commonly and Waze use AI algorithms to provide real-time traffic
used in daily life, such as: updates and suggest alternate routes based on traffic
zz Virtual assistants: Virtual assistants like Siri, Google conditions.
Assistant, and Alexa use AI algorithms to understand zz Ride-sharing apps: Ride-sharing apps like Uber and
natural language and provide information or perform Lyft use AI algorithms to match riders with drivers,
tasks. estimate ride fares, and optimise routes.
zz Online customer service: AI-powered chatbots are
zz Personalised recommendations: AI algorithms are
used by platforms like Netflix, Spotify, and Amazon used by companies to provide 24/7 customer service
to recommend content or products based on users' and support through websites and social media.
zz E-mail spam filters: E-mail providers like Gmail and
preferences and browsing history.
Outlook use AI algorithms to filter spam and prioritise
zz Social media: AI algorithms are used by social media
important emails based on user behaviour.
platforms to curate content, filter spam, and detect and
zz Smart home devices: Smart home devices like smart
remove inappropriate content.
thermostats, lights, and security cameras use AI
algorithms to learn user preferences and automate
tasks based on their behaviour.
zz These are just a few examples of how AI is already being increasingly sophisticated and integrated into our daily
used in our daily lives, and as technology advances, we lives, it is important to consider the potential ethical
can expect to see even more applications of AI in our concerns and ensure that AI systems are designed and
everyday routines. used in a responsible and ethical manner.
¾¾Where we can use AI: Some of the key ethical issues in AI include:
zz Assisting humans: AI-powered chatbots can provide zz Bias: Bias refers to the tendency of AI systems to
24/7 customer service support, answering frequently make decisions or recommendations that favor certain
asked questions and freeing up human staff to focus on groups or outcomes over others. This can happen
more complex issues. when the data used to train the AI system is itself
zz Remote patient monitoring: AI can be used to remotely biased, or when the system is designed in a way that
monitor patients with chronic conditions, alerting unintentionally favors one group over another. For
healthcare providers of any changes in their condition example, facial recognition systems have been shown
before they become serious. This can help reduce to be less accurate in identifying people with darker
hospital readmissions and improve patient outcomes. skin tones, due to biases in the training data.
zz Monitoring contagious diseases: AI can analyse large zz Prejudice: Prejudice refers to the use of AI systems to
amounts of data from social media, news reports, discriminate against certain groups of people based
and other sources to identify potential outbreaks of on characteristics such as race, gender, or age. This
contagious diseases. For example, the BlueDot AI can happen when the AI system is designed to make
platform was able to identify the potential spread of decisions based on criteria that are discriminatory, or
COVID-19 before it was officially recognised by the when the system is trained on data that reflects existing
World Health Organisation. prejudices in society. For example, some companies
zz Analysis of data for research and development: AI have been accused of using AI-powered hiring systems
can analyse large amounts of data to identify patterns that discriminate against women or people of color.
and trends that can inform research and development zz Fairness: Fairness refers to the principle that AI
efforts. For example, pharmaceutical companies can systems should be designed and deployed in a way
use AI to analyse genomic data and identify potential that is fair to all people, regardless of their background
drug targets. or characteristics. This can involve ensuring that the
zz Efficiently solving complex problems: AI can be system is designed to treat everyone equally, or that it
used to solve complex problems that are beyond the takes into account relevant differences between groups
capabilities of humans. For example, AI algorithms can of people. For example, an AI system used to allocate
be used to optimise supply chain logistics, reducing medical resources should be designed to ensure that
costs and improving efficiency. everyone has an equal chance of receiving treatment,
zz Speedy disaster recovery strategy: AI can help with regardless of their socioeconomic status.
disaster response efforts by quickly analysing satellite zz Accountability: Accountability refers to the principle
imagery to identify areas that need help. For example, that those who create and deploy AI systems should
the Red Cross used AI to analyse satellite imagery be held responsible for any negative consequences that
after Hurricane Irma to identify areas that needed result from their use. This can involve establishing clear
immediate assistance. lines of responsibility for the system's operation, as
zz Performing recurring business tasks: AI can be used to well as mechanisms for detecting and addressing any
perform repetitive tasks, such as data entry or invoice harmful impacts that arise. For example, a company
processing, freeing up human staff to focus on more that uses an AI system to make decisions about
complex tasks. customer service should have clear policies in place
zz Reducing the chances of manual error: AI can help for handling complaints and addressing any negative
reduce the chances of human error by automating impacts on customers.
processes that are prone to error. For example, AI zz Transparency: Transparency refers to the principle
algorithms can be used to proofread written content that AI systems should be designed and deployed in
and identify errors that humans may have missed. a way that is transparent to users and stakeholders.
zz Ensuring 24-hour service with the same performance This can involve providing clear explanations of how
and consistency: AI can provide consistent and reliable the system works, as well as making its output and
service 24/7, without the need for breaks or time decision-making processes accessible to those who are
off. For example, AI-powered chatbots can provide affected by it. For example, a company that uses an AI
customer service support around the clock, ensuring system to make hiring decisions should be transparent
that customers receive timely assistance regardless of about how the system evaluates candidates and what
the time of day. criteria it uses.
The use of AI automation can provide numerous zz Interpretability: Interpretability refers to the ability to
benefits to businesses and society, including increased understand and interpret the output of an AI system.
efficiency, improved decision-making, and better This is important because it allows users to make
outcomes for individuals. informed decisions about how to act on the system's
¾¾Ethics in AI: recommendations. For example, an AI system used to
Ethics in AI is a field of study that focuses on the ethical diagnose medical conditions should be designed in a
implications of the development and use of artificial way that allows doctors to understand how the system
intelligence systems. As AI technology becomes arrived at its diagnosis and what factors it considered.
zz Explainability: Explainability refers to the ability to ¾¾Taking over human jobs leading towards the era of
provide clear explanations of how an AI system arrived Unemployment.
at a particular decision or recommendation. This is ¾¾Making humans less efficient for example: Asking for
important because it allows users to understand why everything from an artificially intelligent machine and
the system made a particular decision, and to identify making their own decisions.
any potential biases or errors in its decision-making zz Wealth inequalities, where wealthy people will become
processes. For example, an AI system used to evaluate richer by the influence of machines whereas poor
job candidates should be designed in a way that people will become poor because of lack of jobs.
allows the system to explain why it recommended one
zz Machines will affect humanity and make them less
candidate over another.
zz Privacy and security: AI systems can collect, store, and
interacting with other people.
analyse vast amounts of personal data, raising concerns zz Machines don’t know the desired output that humans
about privacy and security. It is important to ensure want.

that AI systems are designed to protect user privacy zz Facing racism from machines, which is also called AI
and are secure from cyber-attacks. Bias.
zz Social and economic impact: AI has the potential ¾¾What is AI bias?
to transform many aspects of society, including AI Bias means favoring someone or something. AI bias
the workforce, healthcare, and transportation. It focuses on training the machines with unbiased data,
is important to consider the potential social and when Bias Data is fed to an AI machine while creating
economic impacts of AI and ensure that the benefits the model then the machine will also be biased.
are distributed fairly.
zz Safety: AI systems can have physical and psychological
impacts on individuals, and it is important to ensure
that they are designed and used in a safe and
responsible manner.
¾¾What is AI Ethics?
The discipline deals with right vs wrong and the moral
obligations and duties of humans. It’s called AI ethics.
zz Examples of AI Bias:
Machine Voices What will happen after the end
of jobs?
Google How are we going to distribute
Recommendations the wealth created by
machines?
Search Results How do Machines affect our
behaviour and interaction?
Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with zz We have seen that in most of artificial assistants have a
grounding decisions, beliefs, policies, etc. In some female voice and not a male voice.
sort of framework for deciding right or wrong. Ethics zz When a camera missed the mark on racial sensitivity,
looks to resolve such questions as human morality. By or when a software used to predict future criminals
deriving some moral system we can prescribe value to showed bias against black people.
some actions or beliefs. zz Security systems are trained, based on an individual’s
¾¾Ethical concerns of AI: race of gender rather than their actions and movements
Can AI assure this: to commit the crime etc. Facial recognition systems look
at a diverse Training set resulting in only detecting the
Unemployment What will happen after the end racefor which they are trained.
of jobs? ¾¾How to avoid AI bias?
Inequality How are we going to distribute In simple terms AI access means making AI more
the wealth created by machines? accessible.
Humanity How do machines affect our AI access discusses the gap in society, where only
behaviour and interaction? upper-class people who can afford AI-enabled devices
have the opportunity to access it and people below the
Artificial Stupidity How can we guard against poverty line don’t have access to it.
mistakes?
Because of this, a gap has emerged between these two
Security How do we keep AI safe from classes of people and it gets widened with the rapid
adversaries? advancement of technology.
The Government has to bring balance in society by AI helps the machine to understand the commands in
providing infrastructure to common students/people the naturally spoken language of humans.
so that everyone will get a chance to access emerging zz AI in Decision making
technologies like AI. AI is now inheriting the decision-making capacity of
void biases in output humans used it in providing explanations and solutions
¾¾Data Privacy: of the problems to its user.
Data privacy is defined as one able to control how our Example: Self-driving cars
digital data is being stored, modified, and exchanged zz AI in Health-Care
between different parties. One of the most prominent use of AI can be seen in the
As technology advances Artificial Intelligence becomes healthcare industry
more and more integrated with every aspect of our With the use of AI, our doctors are getting help in
lives. Numerous different industries use it to improve various tasks like fast diagnosis of various diseases.
products and services but because machine learning zz Robotic Surgery: With help of certain machines
often uses million of pieces of personal data to train surgeons can now perform surgeries from a distance.
the algorithms it is by strict privacy laws including EU
zz AI in Finance
GDPR or the California consumer privacy act. This
means you need to protect your consumer’s data at all In finance AI is used as adaptive intelligence to make
times. automating chat-bots and algorithms.
zz AI in Data Security
Companies and government are using AI to improve

the data-security of applications and huge data-bases.
Example: AEG bot and AI2. This AI-bots can find cyber-
bugs in a system and thus help to improve data-security
zz AI in Expert System
Integration of special software, machine and special

information obtained from learning algorithms to
provide reasoning and advices.
zz Computer Vision
¾¾Applications of AI: Using of AI in computer-vision means to train the

zz AI in Gaming system such that, it can perform visual tasks such as
Playing games with AI Bots is the usage of Ai in image Processing, face-recognition
Gaming. Example: Face-locks of different devices
AI can think large number of possible moves with zz Speech Recognition
restrict knowledge. Extracting the real meaning of sentence by human talk.
AI is trained with data about the position, strategies,
Example: Siri, Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortana
concepts and rules of the game and is made to play
zz Robotics
with a partner.
These AI Bots can be digital or physical but generally, Today's robots are based on AI technologies, which uses
they are digital. different applications of AI discussed above, depending
Game play relies on the data fed and the algorithm upon their work.
developed by their developers. Today's most advance robot is Erica and Sophia. They
Some advance AI game-bots set their difficulty level by can talk and behave like humans so they are also called
analysing the gameplay of their competitor Example: as Humanoid.
AI game-bots are used in digital games like chess, zz AI in E-commerce
poker, and tic-tac-toe. AI uses an algorithm and automatically generates a list
zz AI in NLP of items based on your search or history. It also handles
Two understand the naturally spoken language of the service requirements of the customer.
humans by machines is known as NLP Examples: Youtube's feed, Filpkarts products on the
Recommended Natural Language Processing (NLP) home page, Google ads, etc.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 2. What can be defined as the science of moral duty
and ideal human behaviour that teaches what is
1. What is the basic principle of AI system design
right and what is wrong?
that uses a good code of conduct and produces
3. Which system refers to the guideline and system
results?
purposes should be very clear to its users?
Ans. AI Ethics is the basic principle of AI system design
Ans. Transparent system refers to the guideline and
that uses a good code of conduct and produces
system purposes should be very clear to it's user.
result.
4. Name the situation that is created by a system
Eg:The bot or the automation machine is not
itself and the developer of the system cannot trained with any data is not an AI while a chatbot
resolve them. that understands and processes human language is
Ans. Black Box problem an AI.
5. What term do we use to define Facing racism from
machines?
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)
Ans. AI bias 1. Your grandmother watches you use AI applications.
She wants to understand more about it. Help
6. What is defined as one able to control how
her understand the term artificial intelligence
our digital data is being stored, modified, and
by giving the right definition and explain to her
exchanged between different parties?
with an example how machines become artificially
Ans. Data privacy is defined as one able to control how
intelligent. [SQP 2023-24]
our digital data is being stored, modified, and
exchanged between different parties. Ans. When a machine possesses the ability to mimic
human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the future,
7. Give one example of AI used in Healthcare?
learn and improve on its own, it is said to have
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) artificial intelligence. In other words, you can say
1. What do you understand by Ethics? that a machine is artificially intelligent when it can
Ans. The concerns related to good and ideal behaviour accomplish tasks by itself - collect data, understand
or manners and moral principles are known as it, analyse it, learn from it, and improve it.
ethics.In other words, ethics refers to what is right
Machines become intelligent once they are trained
and what is wrong and then teaches moral conduct. with some data which helps them achieve their
2. Why ethical practices should be followed while tasks. AI machines also keep updating their
developing solutions using AI? knowledge to optimise their output. For example,
Ans. Ethical practices are very important while Netflix gives us recommendations on the basis
developing solutions using AI because the solution of what we like. Whenever we start liking a new
is made to solve the problem or reduce the genre, it updates and gives better suggestions.
complexity of the problem. 2. Why do need to collect data?

If ethical practices are not followed properly then Ans. We need to collect data for the following reasons:
the solution might create more problems and that
To store and analyse data
leads to more problems.

To know the potential of customers and get tangible

Even unethical practices increase risk and damage returns
to the surroundings. Which is not a good cause for

It helps for future marketing and increases
the problem solution.
engagement
3. All of us use smartphones. When we install a new
app, it asks us for several permissions to access
It helps in retargeting efforts and increases database
our phone’s data in different ways. Why do apps
It is helpful for making an overall strategy and
collect such data? [SQP 2023-24] improving the products
Ans. To provide customised notifications and
It is helpful in obtaining feedback from customer
recommendations. 3. “Smartphones are major sources of data

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of the app. nowadays.” Justify this statement.
4. What do you understand by data privacy? Ans. Smartphone becomes an integral part of human
Ans. Data plays a vital role in AI systems. The existence lives nowadays.
of an AI system is impossible without data.
Most of us use smartphones more than we interact

Data management like storage, usage, collection with people around us.
and maintaining data is one important concern.
This is because smartphones provide a lot of

When the user works on the system, the user is facilities and features that make human life easy
sharing data. This data needs permission to access and comfortable.
the data. This consent is known as data privacy.
With online shopping, ordering food becomes
5. How do you understand whether a machine/ very easy with the help of small box loaded with
application is AI based or not? Explain with the technology.
help of an example. [SQP 2022-23]
Moreover, now smartphones provide
Ans. Any machine that has been trained with data and recommendations and notifications according to
can make decisions/predictions on its own can be users’ choices.
termed as AI.

7. What refers to language processing skills both
Objective Type Questions in terms of understanding or implementation in
writing or verbally?
[A] Multiple Choice Questions (A) Musical intelligence
1. Which of the following is not a domain of AI? (B) Interpersonal intelligence
(A) Data Science (C) Linguistic intelligence
(B) Computer Vision
(C) Natural Language Processing (D) Mathematical intelligence
(D) Neural Network Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Ans. Option (D) is correct. 8. Read the examples given below:
Explanation: Neural Network is a key component (i) Using Chat GPT to write an email
of AI systems but is not considered as a domain of (ii) Face unlock technology of mobile phones using
AI. camera
2. Which of the following translates digital visual (iii) Turning off lights with IoT device
data into descriptions and then turned into a (iv) Hand sanitizer dispenser having sensor
computer-readable language to aid the decision- Choose the options that are not AI
making? [SQP-2023-2024]
(A) Computer Vision (B) PoxelLab (A) (i) and (ii) (B) (iii) and (i)
(C) Pixel It (D) Pixar (C) (iii) and (iv) (D) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Computer Vision is a technology used 9. Search engines not only predict what popular
in AI to understand and identify objects such as searches may apply to your query as you start
images, videos, etc, and describe them accurately typing, but it looks at the whole picture and
and efficiently. recognises what you’re trying to say rather than
3. Which of the following is an example of a CV? the exact search words. This is an example of
(A) Self-driving cars (B) Smart Interactions [SQP 2022-23]
(C) Face Locks (D) All of these (A) Computer Vision
Ans. Option (D) is correct. (B) Data Sciences
Explanation: Self-driving cars, Smart Interactions, (C) Natural Language Processing
and Facial recognition can be examples of a CV as (D) Natural Language Understanding
they include algorithms, models, or data to interpret Ans. Option (C) is correct.
and understand the visual data. Computer vision 10. When a user installs an app in the smartphone,
is widely used in self-driving cars, Face Locks uses it asks for access to gallery, contacts, etc. After
Computer Vision to search or identify people in accepting this, it gives the user agreement
images and videos. which most users accept without realising the
4. Which of the following is an example of NLP? implications. What is the concern here?
(A) Online translators (B) Email filters (A) Data Privacy (B) Unemployment
(C) Smart Assistants (D) All of these (C) AI bias (D) No concern
Ans. Option (D) is correct. [SQP 2022-23]
Explanation: NLP is a component of AI that enables Ans. Option (A) is correct.
computer programs to understand, generate, and 11. dentify the incorrect statement(s) from the
manipulate human language. So Online translators, following:
Email Filters, and Smart Assistants are all examples (i) Deep learning is a subset of Machine Learning
of NLP. (ii) Machine Learning is a subset of Deep Learning
5. Which of the following chatbot launched by (iii) Artificial Intelligence is a subset of Deep Learning
Microsoft as an experimental Twitter chatbot? (iv) Deep Learning is the advanced form of AI and ML
(A) Twitterbot (B) TwiChatBot (A) only (i) (B) (ii) and (iii)
(C) Tay (D) TwitterRobo (C) (i) and (ii) (D) Only (iii)
6. Amazon had been working on a secret AI recruiting [SQP 2022-23]
tool. The machine-learning specialists uncovered Ans. Option (B) is correct.
a big problem: their new recruiting engine did not 12. The Indian Government banned a few apps stating
like women. The system taught itself that male – “servers in the hostile nation are receiving and
candidates were preferable. It penalised resumes using the acquired data improperly”.
that included the word “women”. This led to the Which terminology suits best for this action?
failure of the tool. This is an example of. (A) AI Ethics (B) Data Privacy
(A) Data Privacy (B) AI access (C) AI Bias (D) AI Access
(C) AI Bias (D) Data Exploration [SQP 2023-24]
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Ans. Option (B) is correct.
13. Search engines not only predict what popular 7. _____________ is a domain of AI related to data
searches may apply to your query as you start systems and processes, in which the system
typing, but it looks at the whole picture and collects numerous data, maintains data sets and
recognises what you’re trying to say rather than derives meaning/sense out of them.
the exact search words. This is an example of Ans. Computer Vision
(A) Computer Vision 8. Full form of CV in AI________.
(B) Data Sciences Ans. Computer Vision
(C) Natural Language Processing 9. __________ is the domain of AI that depicts the
(D) Natural Language Understanding capability of a machine to get and analyse visual
[SQP 2022-23] information and afterward predict some decisions
Ans. Option (C) is correct. about it.
Ans. Computer Vision/CV
[B] Assertion & Reason
10. __________is full form of NLP.
of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Ans. Natural Language Processing
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: 11. __________ refer to the type of features that we
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and want to collect. [SQP 2023-24]
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion Ans. Data
(A). 12. __________ is the process of finding instances of
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but real-world objects in images or videos.
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of [SQP 2023-24]
assertion (A). Ans. Object detection
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. 13. _________ and ________ are AI based applications
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. that help us in navigation. [SQP 2022-23]
1. Assertion (A): One can be a good singer while the Ans. Google Maps, Ola, Uber
other can be a great athlete. (any relevant application name with similar
Reason (R): Humans possess different types of functionality can be considered)
intelligences but at different levels. [SQP 2023-24] 14. .......................... is the type of data used by NLP
Ans. Option (A) is correct. applications? [SQP 2022-23]
[C] Fill in the Blanks Ans. Text and Speech
1. ____________ is the ability to perceive information, 15. ___________ feature of NLP helps in understanding
the emotions of the people mentioned with the
and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards
feedback. [SQP 2023-24]
adaptive behaviour within an environment or
Ans. Sentiment Analysis
context.
Ans. Intelligence [D] Case Based Subjective
2. The ability to regulate, measure, and understand I. Read the following text and answer the following
numerical symbols, abstraction, and logic known
Reena is an engineering graduate recently she lost
as______________.
her mobile phone on the way to home. Now she is
Ans. Mathematical Logical Reasoning. in the market for the new one. Being tech-savvy,
3. _____________ is the intelligence where a person’s she’s interested in exploring smartphones that
ability to recognise and create sounds, rhythms, offer advanced features. Like smart locks, weather
and sound patterns. forecasting and other AI recommendations tools.
Ans. Musical Intelligence. After purchasing smart phone she wants to secure
her mobile with AI enabled features.
4. An additional category of intelligence relating
to religious and spiritual awareness is known
as_______________.
Ans. Existential Intelligence.
5. The ability to communicate with others by
understanding other people’s feelings influences
the person is known as ___________________
intelligence.
Ans. Interpersonal Intelligence.
6. _________________ is a subset of Artificial
Intelligence that enables machines to improve at
tasks with experience (data). (a) Whether is it possible to do so?
(b) How can AI recommendation tools enhance
Ans. Machine Learning
Reena’s mobile phone usage experience?
(c) Name the domain of AI. from previous hires, who were mostly male and
(d) Name any other similar application of the same white. The system had learned to favour resumes
domain. that had male names, attended certain schools, and
Ans. (a) Yes, it is possible to do so. Reena can use face lock used certain keywords. Riya’s resume, which had
feature to secure her smart phone for unauthorised a female name, a different school, and different
access. keywords, was ranked low by the system.
(b) AI recommendation tools can enhance Reena’s Riya realised that she was a victim of AI bias. She
mobile phone usage experience by analysing her felt angry and frustrated. She wondered how many
usage patterns, preferences, apps, content, services, other qualified candidates were rejected because
behaviour etc. of the system’s flawed assumptions. She decided
(c) Reena’s using face lock features which belongs to to file a complaint against the company and raise
the AI domain, i.e., Computer Vision awareness about the issue of AI bias.
(d) There are many applications of the computer Why AI models are biased in one or another way?
vision like Self driving car, Object classification, Explain it.
Categorisation of photos in phones and unusual Based on above paragraph answer the following
behaviour detection. questions:
II. Read the following text and answer the following (a) Which algorithms are used by company to develop
questions based on the same: AI system for screening resume?
Riya was excited to apply for her dream job at a tech (b) How system was trained/learned to screen the
company. She had a degree in computer science, resume?
years of experience in software development, and a (c) How will you help Riya in her resume selection?
passion for innovation. She uploaded her resume to (d) How AI models are biased in one or another way?
the company’s website and waited for a response. Ans. (a) Machine learning algorithms.
A few days later, she received an email saying (b) The system was trained on data from previous
that she was rejected. She was confused and hires. The system had learned to favor resumes that
disappointed. She wondered what went wrong. used certain keywords.
She decided to contact the company and ask for (c) Riya can use most relevant keywords which is
feedback. suitable for job.
She learned that the company used an AI system (d) AI systems working according to the algorithms so
to screen resumes and rank candidates based on they are biased in one or another way.
their qualifications. The system was trained on data
3. The machine’s ability to mimic human traits such as 5. (a) Supervised Learning,
making decisions, predicting the future, learning, (b) Unsupervised Learning,
and improving is called Artificial Intelligence. (c) Reinforcement Learning,
5. Sophia (d) Deep Learning (DL).
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) dataset to train and learn itself. As the machine
2. A chatbot is a computer program that’s designed receives the data it processes it and then makes
to simulate human conversation through voice a decision. These data models are known as
commands or text chats or both. Eg: Mitsuku Bot, different domains of AI.
Jabberwacky, chatGPT etc.
Enlist the three domains of AI.

Data Science

Computer Vision (CV)
2. AI becomes intelligent according to the training
given through data. The machine requires a
Natural Language Processing (NLP
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 7. Robotic Surgery: AI driven surgical robots.
2. Ethics is the science of moral duty and ideal
human behaviour that teaches what is right and
what is wrong.
Multiple Choice Questions

5. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Microsoft released the Tay chatbot on
23 March 2016 as a Twitter chatbot.
***
108

(ii) Q.1 to Q.5 are Objective Type Questions based (1 mark each)
(iii) Q.6 to Q.8 are Very short answer type questions (1 mark each)
(iv) Q.9 and Q.10 are Short answer type questions (2 marks each)
(v) Q.11 and Q.12 are Long answer type questions (4 marks each)
1. What refers to language processing skills both in terms of understanding or implementation in writing or
verbally?
(A) Musical intelligence (B) Interpersonal intelligence
(C) Linguistic intelligence (D) Mathematical intelligence
2. Search engines not only predict what popular searches may apply to your query as you start typing, but it looks
at the whole picture and recognises what you’re trying to say rather than the exact search words. This is an
example of?
(A) Computer Vision (B) Data Sciences
(C) Natural Language Processing (D) Natural Language Understanding
3. When a user installs an app in the Smartphone, it asks for access to gallery, contacts, etc. After accepting this, it
gives the user agreement which most users accept without realising the implications. What is the concern here?
(A) Data Privacy (B) Unemployment
(C) AI bias (D) No concern
4. Assertion (A): One can be a good singer while the other can be a great athlete.
Reason (R): Humans possess different types of intelligences but at different levels.
5. Assertion (A): Deep learning is a subset of Machine Learning.
Reason (R): Artificial Intelligence is a subset of Deep Learning
6. The basis of decision-making depends upon which factors?
7. What produces meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural language?
8. Name the situation that is created by a system itself and the developer of the system cannot resolve them.
9. What is artificial intelligence?
10. What do you mean by Machine Learning?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4 MARKS EACH
11. Explain the seven stages of decision-making.
12. What do you mean by Data Science? Illustrate your answer with an example.

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
C H A P T E R UNIT-2
2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

PROJECT CYCLE
Study Plan
• Understand the stages involved in the AI project cycle, such as problem scoping, data Maximum Questions = 41
collection, data exploration, modeling, evaluation.
• Learn about the importance of project planning in AI development and how to define
project goals and objectives.
• Develop an understanding of the importance of data collection in AI and how to
choose the right data sources.
• Know various data exploration techniques and its importance
• Know about the different machine learning algorithms used to train AI models
• Now the importance of evaluation and various metrics available for evaluation
• Know about the Neural Network
Revision Notes 2. Acquiring data from different sources like online, with
friends, etc for Designs and ideas.
¾¾Introduction to the AI Project Cycle: Artificial
3. Make a list of the gathered data.
Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative
technology with the potential to revolutionise industries 4. Creating or Modelling a card on the basis of the data
and reshape the way we live and work. To harness collected.
the power of AI effectively, organisations undertake 5. Showing it to Parents or cousins to Let them check it or
structured processes known as AI project cycles. These evaluate it.
cycles provide a systematic approach to developing
¾¾Components of the AI Project Cycle:
AI solutions, from ideation to implementation and
beyond. Problem Scoping Understanding the problem
zz What is Project Cycle?
In earlier classes, we studied about Water Cycle, etc. In Data Acquisition Collecting accurate and reliable
the Water-Cycle, we studied that how is the journey of data
water carried out from one step to another till the end.
zz Like that in Project Cycle, we will deal with the steps Data Exploration Arranging the data uniformly
involved in creating a project, starting from the given
problem until the project is created and tested. Modelling Creating Models from the Data
zz Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve
problems using proven scientific methods and drawing Evaluation Evaluating the project
inferences about them.
zz Let us take some daily examples as projects, requiring
steps to solve the problem. MNEMONICS
Mnemonic:
¾¾Let’s see one more example: WWWW: Who, What, Where, Why
zz Creating a birthday card. DEPS: Data Exploration and Problem Solving
1. Checking the factors like budget, etc Which will help us SUPER: Supervised Learning, UnSupervised Learning,
Problem Scoping, Evaluation, Reinforced Learning
decide the next steps and understand the Project.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Project Cycle 111
AI PROJECT
Problem Scoping Sources
CYCLE
Data Aquisition Tools
Learning Rule
4 W's Based Based
Data Exploration
Modeling
Who What Where Why
PROBLEM
SCOPING
Evaluation
¾¾Problem Scoping: Every successful AI project begins block, you also gather evidence to prove that the
4 W's
with a clear understanding of the problem it aims to problem you have selected exists.
solve. This stage involves identifying pain points or 3. Where: “Where” does the problem arise, situation, and
inefficiencies that AI can address. For instance, a retail location?
company may seek to improve inventory management 4. Why: “Why” is the given problem worth solving?
by predicting demand patterns using machine
learning algorithms. By pinpointing the problem, Who → What → Where → Why
the organisation can define specific goals and set the
project in the right direction. PROBLEM
Example: Amazon, the e-commerce giant, uses AI to SCOPING
optimise its supply chain operations. By analysing
vast amounts of data, AI algorithms forecast product
demand, allowing Amazon to stock its fulfillment
centers strategically and minimise delivery times. 4 W's
The AI project cycle provides a systematic framework
for organisations to leverage AI technologies
effectively. By following a step-by-step approach from
problem identification to deployment and monitoring,
businesses.Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionised Who What Where Why
numerous industries, ranging from healthcare and
finance to transportation and customer service. ¾¾We can take a look at the Sustainable Development
However, the success of AI systems depends heavily Goals. 17 goals have been announced by the
on the clarity and accuracy with which the problem United Nations which is termed as the Sustainable
at hand is scoped. Problem scoping in AI involves Development Goals. The aim is to achieve these goals
defining the specific objectives, constraints, and by the end of 2030. A pledge to do so has been taken by
requirements of an AI project to ensure its successful all the member nations of the UN.
implementation. In this article, we will explore a step-
by-step approach to AI problem scoping, accompanied
by suitable examples, to illustrate the significance of
this crucial stage in AI development.
¾¾Problem Scoping refers to understanding a problem
finding out various factors which affect the problem,
define the goal or aim of the project.
¾¾4Ws of Problem Scoping
The 4W’s of Problem Scoping are Who, What,
Where, and Why. This 4Ws helps in identifying and
understanding the problem in a better and more
efficient manner.
1. Who: Who” part helps us in comprehending and
categorising who are affected directly and indirectly by
the problem and who are called the Stake Holders
2. What: What” part helps us in understanding and
identifying the nature of the problem and under this
Here are the 17 SDGs. Let’s take a look: problem. Thus, in the “Why” canvas, think about the
benefits which the stakeholders would get from the
solution and how it will benefit them as well as the
society.
zz Why do you believe it is a problem worth solving?
1. What would be key value to the stakeholders?
2. How would it improve their situation?
After filling the 4Ws Problem canvas, you now need to
summarise all the cards into one template. The Problem
Statement Template helps us to summarise all the
key points into one single Template so that in future,
whenever there is need to look back at the basis of the
problem, we can take a look at the Problem Statement
Template and understand the key elements of it.
As you can see, many goals correspond to the problems ¾¾Data Acquisition: The process of collecting accurate
which we might observe around us too. One should and reliable data to work with.
look for such problems and try to solve them as this zz Acquiring high-quality and diverse data is crucial
would make many lives better and help our country for training effective AI models. However, the
achieve these goals. data acquisition process can be complex and time-
Scoping a problem is not that easy as we need to have consuming. In this article, we present a step-by-step
a deeper understanding around it so that the picture guide to simplifying AI data acquisition, ensuring
becomes clearer while we are working to solve it. that you gather the right data efficiently. Each step
Hence, we use the 4Ws Problem Canvas to help us out. is accompanied by examples to illustrate the process
Let us go through each of the blocks one by one. effectively.
zz Who zz Step 1: Define Your Data Requirements: Before diving
The “Who” block helps in analysing the people getting into data acquisition, clearly define your project's data
affected directly or indirectly due to it. Under this, we requirements. Identify the specific data attributes,
find out who the ‘Stakeholders’ to this problem are formats, and labels necessary for training your AI
and what we know about them. Stakeholders are the model. For example, if you're building an image
people who face this problem and would be benefitted classification model to identify different species of
with the solution. Here is the Who Canvas: birds, you would need a dataset consisting of labelled
zz Who is having the problem? bird images.
1. Who are the stakeholders? zz Step 2: Determine Data Sources: Identify potential
2. What do you know about them? sources where you can acquire the required data. These
sources can include public datasets, commercial data
zz What?
providers, social media platforms, or in-house data
Under the “What” block, you need to look into what
collections. For instance, if you need weather data for
you have on hand. At this stage, you need to determine
predicting rainfall, you might consider weather APIs,
the nature of the problem. What is the problem and
government databases, or meteorological research
how do you know that it is a problem? Under this block,
organisations as potential sources.
you also gather evidence to prove that the problem
zz Step 3: Access Publicly Available Data: Many domains
you have selected actually exists. Newspaper articles,
have publicly available datasets that can serve as a
Media, announcements, etc are some examples. Here is
starting point. Explore platforms like Kaggle, UCI
the What Canvas:
Machine Learning Repository, or data.gov for open
zz What is the nature of the problem?
datasets related to your project. For example, if you're
1. What is the problem? working on sentiment analysis, you can find pre-
2. How do you know it is a problem? labelled datasets of tweets or customer reviews.
zz Where? zz Step 4: Create Data Crawlers and Scrapers: If
Now that you know who is associated with the the required data is not readily available, you can
problem and what the problem actually is; you need to develop data crawlers or web scrapers to collect data
focus on the context/situation/location of the problem. from websites or online sources. Python libraries like
This block will help you look into the situation in which BeautifulSoup or Scrapy can assist in automating this
the problem arises, the context of it, and the locations process. For instance, if you need news articles for a text
where it is prominent. Here is the Where Canvas: summarisation model, you can build a web scraper to
zz Where does the problem arise? extract relevant articles from news websites.
1. What is context/situation in which the stakeholders zz Step 5: Collect User-Generated Content: In certain
experience the problem? cases, user-generated content can be a valuable data
2. Where is the problem located? source. Social media platforms like Twitter, Instagram,
zz Why? or Reddit provide APIs that allow access to public
You have finally listed down all the major elements posts and comments. For instance, if you're building
that affect the problem directly. Now it is convenient to a sentiment analysis model for brand reputation, you
understand who the people that would be benefitted can gather relevant tweets mentioning the brand using
by the solution are; what is to be solved; and where Twitter's API.
will the solution be deployed. These three canvases zz Step 6: Generate Synthetic Data: If obtaining real-
now become the base of why you want to solve this world data is challenging, you can generate synthetic
data that mimics the characteristics of your target Sometimes, you use the internet and try to acquire data
dataset. Tools like data synthesis libraries or generative for your project from some random websites. Such data
models can be used to create artificial samples. For might not be authentic as its accuracy cannot be proved.
example, in rare event prediction, you can use data Due to this, it becomes necessary to find a reliable
generation techniques to create simulated instances of source of data from where some authentic information
rare events. can be taken. At the same time, we should keep in mind
zz Step 7: Annotate and Label Data: Depending on your that the data which we collect is open-sourced and not
project requirements, you may need labelled data for someone’s property. Extracting private data can be an
supervised learning. Annotate the acquired data by offence. One of the most reliable and authentic sources
assigning appropriate labels or annotations. This step of information, are the open-sourced websites hosted
is crucial for training your AI model accurately. For by the government. These government portals have
example, if you're building a chatbot, you may need to general information collected in suitable format which
annotate user queries with intent labels. can be downloaded and used wisely.
zz Step 8: Ensure Data Privacy and Ethics: Respect privacy Some of the open-sourced Govt. portals are: data.gov.
regulations and ethical considerations throughout in, india.gov.in
the data acquisition process. Anonymise and protect Data Exploration and Visualisation:
personally identifiable information (PII) whenever
Data Exploration is the process of arranging the
necessary. Ensure compliance with data protection
laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation gathered data uniformly for a better understanding.
(GDPR) or other relevant local regulations. Data can be arranged in the form of a table, plotting a
zz Step 9: Clean and Preprocess Data: Data cleaning and
chart, or making a database.
preprocessing are essential to ensure data quality and To analyse the data, you need to visualise it in some
uniformity. Remove duplicates, handle missing values, user-friendly format so that you can:
and standardise formats to create a consistent dataset. Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships, and
For instance, if you're analysing customer feedback, patterns
you might need to remove irrelevant or spammy Define the strategy for which model to use at a later
comments. stage
zz Step 10: Validate and Verify Data: Perform data Communicate the same to others effectively:
validation and verification to ensure the collected data Data Visualisation tools
meets your quality standards. Conduct sanity checks,
The tools used to visualise the acquired data are known
statistical analyses, or cross-validation to identify and
as data visualisation or exploration tools.
rectify any issues. For example, if you're working on
fraud detection, verify the integrity of the data by A few data visualisation tools are: Google Charts,
comparing it with known fraud cases. Tableau, Fusion Charts, High charts
Simplifying AI data acquisition involves a systematic In today's data-driven world, the sheer volume and
approach encompassing defining requirements, complexity of information available to organisations can
identifying sources, accessing public datasets, using be overwhelming. From customer behaviour patterns
web scrapers, collecting user-generated content, to market trends, businesses are sitting on agoldmine
generating synthetic data, annotating data, ensuring of data that holds the potential to uncover valuable
privacy and ethics, cleaning and preprocessing, and insights and drive strategic decision-making. However,
validating the acquired data. By following this step- extracting meaningful and actionable intelligence from
by-step guide and adapting it to your specific project, this vast sea of data poses a significant challenge. This
you can simplify the data acquisition process and build is where the advent of AI data exploration comes into
more effective AI models. play.
¾¾Data Features AI data exploration is revolutionising the way we
Look at your problem statement once again and try to analyse, interpret, and leverage data by harnessing the
find the data features required to address this issue. power of artificial intelligence. By combining advanced
Data features refer to the type of data you want to algorithms, machine learning, and computational
collect. In our previous example, data features would capabilities, AI data exploration enables organisations
be salary amount, increment percentage, increment to navigate the depths of their data and unearth
period, bonus, etc. hidden patterns, correlations, and trends. It empowers
After mentioning the Data features, you get to know businesses to transform raw data into valuable
what sort of data is to be collected. Now, the question knowledge, enhancing their understanding of various
arises- From where can we get this data? There can be domains and empowering data-driven decision-
various ways in which you can collect data. Some of making processes.
them are: Example:
¾¾Let's consider a retail company looking to improve its
customer retention strategy. Traditionally, the company
would have relied on manual analysis of customer
transactions, surveys, and feedback to identify patterns
and preferences. However, with the vast amount of
data generated by online shopping platforms, social
media interactions, and customer service logs, this
approach is no longer feasible.
¾¾In the field of AI, there are various types of 175

visualisations used to represent and analyse data. 150
These visualisations help researchers, data scientists, 125
Frequency
and other stakeholders gain insights and understand 100
patterns in the data. Here are some general types of 75
visualizations commonly used in AI: 50
1. Line Charts: Line charts are used to display trends 25
and patterns over time. They are useful for showing 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
continuous data and can help visualise changes, Response time (hrs)
fluctuations, or correlations.
¾¾5. Heatmaps: Heatmaps are graphical representations
LINE CHART EXAMPLES of data where values are encoded as colors in a grid.
They are commonly used to visualise matrices or tables,
Line with Markers Stacked Line with Markers
7,000 600
and the intensity of the color indicates the magnitude
6,000
• • •• • • of the data values.
5,000
• • •
500 •
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• ••
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11
13
15
17
12
14
16
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20
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20
20
20
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300
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2,000
Line Chart for Comparison 100% Stacked Line with Markers Bronx
5,500
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5,000
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150 60% • •• •• •• •• •• 3,500
• • • • •• •• • ••
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50 20% 2,500
Queens 2,000
1,500
1,000
2. Bar Charts: Bar charts are effective for comparing Staten Island
categories or discrete data. They use rectangular bars of

6. Pie Charts: Pie charts are circular charts divided into
varying lengths to represent values, making it easy to
sectors, where each sector represents a category or
compare quantities across different categories.
proportion of the whole. They are useful for showing
the proportions or percentages of different categories
in a dataset.
Pie Chart
7. Box Plots: Box plots, also known as box-and-whisker

plots, are used to display the distribution of a dataset
and visualise summary statistics such as median,
quartiles, and outliers. They provide a concise summary
3. Scatter Plots: Scatter plots are used to visualise the of the data's spread and skewness.
relationship between two variables. Each data point is
Speed of light (km/s minus 299.000)
represented by a dot on the plot, and the position of the

dot indicates the values of the variables. Scatter plots 1000
can reveal correlations or patterns in the data.
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8. Network Graphs: Network graphs, or node-link
3 4 5 6 7
diagrams, are used to represent relationships between
entities. Nodes represent individual entities, while the
4. Histograms: Histograms are used to display the
links or edges represent connections or interactions
distribution of a single variable. They divide the data
between them. Network graphs are commonly used
into bins or intervals and show the frequency or count
in areas such as social network analysis or analysing
of data points falling into each bin, creating a visual
complex relationships.
representation of the data's distribution.
These are just a few examples of the general types of
Wonju
Seoul Metro visualisations used in AI. Depending on the specific
Daegu data and analysis requirements, other specialised
Yangyang
visualisations and techniques may also be employed.
Gunsan Busan ¾¾Other Data Exploration or Visualisation Tools
Jeju Gwangju
TOOLS FOR DATA
Phang
Seoul EXPLORATION
Cheongju
Ulsan Yeosu
Sacheon
Google Fusion High

9. Treemaps: Treemaps are hierarchical visualisations Tableau
Charts Charts Charts
that represent data as nested rectangles. The size of
each rectangle corresponds to a quantitative value, (a) Google Charts: Google chart tools are powerful, simple
while the nesting structure represents the hierarchical to use, and free. Try out our rich gallery of interactive
relationships between the categories. charts and data tools.
Top ACME Products by Revenue

(average sales during the year, in $) Column Chart Pie Chart Bar Chart
Products by Revenue <=25000
Fruits Dairy 25000-30000
Apricots Cheese 30000-40000

Melons
Apples Milk
40000-50000
Plums Cherries Yogut 50000-10000

Area Chart Donut Chart Line Chart
Tangerine
Orang
Bananas Curd <=10000

Pineapples Kefir
Vegetables Meat
Cucumbers
Eggplants Beef
Cabbag
Carrot
Potato Mutton
Capsicu
Squash
Tomatoes Pork Veal
(b) Tableau: Tableau is often regarded as the grandmaster of data visualisation software and for good reason.
Tableau has a very large customer base of 57,000+ accounts across many industries due to its simplicity of use
and ability to produce interactive visualisations far beyond those provided by general BI solutions.
(c) FusionCharts: This is a very widely-used, JavaScript-based charting and visualisation package that has established
itself as one of the leaders in the paid-for market.
It can produce 90 different chart types and integrates with a large number of platforms and frameworks giving a
great deal of flexibility.
(d) Highcharts: A simple options structure allows for deep customisation, and styling can be done via JavaScript or CSS.
Highcharts is also extendable and pluggable for experts seeking advanced animations and functionality.
¾¾AI Modelling ¾¾The Importance of AI Data Modelling: Data modelling

¾¾Modelling is the process in which different models is crucial for AI systems as it lays the foundation for
based on the visualised Data can be created and even accurate analysis and intelligent decision-making. By
checked for the advantages and disadvantages of the transforming raw data into a structured format, AI
model. models can identify patterns, relationships, and trends
that might not be apparent at first glance. This enables
¾¾In this stage, AI models are developed and trained
organisations to gain valuable insights, make data-
using the prepared data. Machine learning techniques,
driven decisions, and unlock new opportunities.
such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning,
¾¾Key Components of AI Data Modelling:
or reinforcement learning, are applied to build models
1. Data Collection
that can make predictions, classify data, or perform
2. Data Preprocessing
other specific tasks. The models are refined through
3. Feature Engineering
iterations to enhance their accuracy and performance.
4. Model Selection
¾¾In the world of Artificial Intelligence (AI), data modelling
5. Training and Evaluation
plays a pivotal role in uncovering valuable insights
6. Iterative Refinement
from vast amounts of information. AI data modelling
¾¾Let's consider an example to illustrate how AI data
involves the process of structuring, organising, and
modelling can be applied in a practical scenario.
representing data in a way that allows AI systems to
Suppose a telecommunications company wants to
understand, learn, and make predictions. In this article, predict customer churn, i.e., identify customers who
we will explore the fundamentals of AI data modelling, are likely to cancel their subscriptions. The company
and its importance, and provide a practical example to collects historical data on customer demographics,
illustrate its applications. service usage, billing information, and churn status.
1. Data Collection: The company gathers customer data zz That means the machine works on the rules and
from its databases, including age, gender, monthly information given by the developer and performs the
charges, contract type, and usage patterns. task accordingly.
2. Data Preprocessing: The data is cleaned, missing values For example: Suppose you have a dataset containing
are handled, and outliers are addressed. The company 100 images of apples and bananas each. Now you
ensures that the data is accurate and consistent. created a machine using Computer-Vision and trained
3. Feature Engineering: Relevant features are extracted it with the labelled images of apples and bananas. If
or created, such as average monthly usage, payment you test your machine with an image of an apple it will
history, tenure, and customer complaints. give you the output by comparing the images in its
4. Model Selection: Based on the nature of the problem datasets. This is known as the Rule-Based Approach.
and available data, the company selects a machine ¾¾In the ever-evolving field of artificial intelligence
learning model, such as a random forest classifier or a (AI), data modelling plays a crucial role in extracting
neural network. meaningful insights and making informed decisions.
5. Training and Evaluation: The model is trained using Among various approaches, the rule-based approach
the labelled dataset, where churn status is the target stands out as an effective methodology for AI data
variable. The model's performance is evaluated using modeling.
metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. ¾¾Real-World Applications:
6. Iterative Refinement: The model's performance is 1. Diagnostic Systems: Rule-based AI models have been
analysed, and if necessary, the company revisits the successfully employed in medical diagnosis, where
feature set, adjusts hyperparameters, or tries different they analyse patient symptoms and medical history
algorithms to improve accuracy. to provide recommendations for treatment or further
¾¾By leveraging AI data modeling techniques, the tests.
telecommunications company can accurately predict 2. Fraud Detection: Financial institutions use rule-based
customer churn, enabling them to take proactive models to identify patterns indicative of fraudulent
measures such as targeted retention campaigns or activities, allowing for the timely detection and
personalised offers to reduce customer attrition. prevention of financial crimes.
¾¾AI data modelling is a powerful approach that allows 3. Decision Support Systems: Rule-based AI systems are
organisations to extract valuable insights from their utilized in various domains, such as customer service
data, empowering data-driven decision-making and supply chain management, to provide decision
and fostering innovation. By understanding the support. These models help automate routine decision-
fundamentals of AI data modeling and following a making processes, improving efficiency and reducing
systematic approach, businesses can leverage the errors.
potential of AI to gain a competitive advantage in ¾¾In the Rule-based Approach we will deal with 2
today's data-rich world. divisions of the dataset:
Machine 1. Training Data – A subset required to train the model
Learning 2. Testing Data – A subset required while testing to
Learning
Deep trained the model
Based
Learning ¾¾Training vs Testing Data
Al Models Base Training Set Testing Set
Rule Use Used for Training the Used for Testing
Based
Model the Model after it is
Example: Healthcare organisations, like the Mayo trained
Clinic, utilise AI models to predict patient outcomes. Size Is a lot bigger than It is smaller than
By analysing patient data, including medical records testing data and Training Set and
and genetic information, AI algorithms can help constitutes about constitutes about
identify patterns and risk factors for specific diseases, 70% to 80% 20% to 30%
enabling doctors to make more informed decisions and
recommend personalised treatments. Data Set
¾¾Rule Based Approach: Rule Based Approach Refers
to AI modelling where the relationship or patterns Training Testing
in data are defined by the developer. That means the Dataset Dataset
machine works on the rules and information given by
the developer and performs the task accordingly. Train the Model (70%) Test the Model (30%)
Ex: You trained your model with 100 images of
applesand bananas. Now If you test it by showing an
apple, it will figure out and tell if it's an apple or not. Train Test
Here Labelled images of apples and bananas were fed, Model Model
due to which the model could detect the fruit.
¾¾Learning Based Approach
zz Rule-Based Approach Refers to AI modelling where
zz The learning-Based Approach is based on a Machine
the relationship or patterns in data are defined by the
learning experience with the data fed.
developer.
zz AI systems heavily rely on data for training and Example: Google's self-driving car project, Waymo,
decision-making. During this stage, relevant data is collects extensive data from sensors, cameras, and
collected, curated, and prepared for analysis. The lidar to train its AI models. The data includes images,
quality and diversity of data play a crucial role in the video feeds, and sensor readings, which arecarefully
accuracy and effectiveness of AI models. It may involve annotated and labelled to enable the AI system to
data cleaning, feature engineering, and ensuring data recognise and respond to various traffic scenarios.
privacy and security.
¾¾In artificial intelligence (AI), a learning-based approach refers to a methodology where an AI system learns from data
and experience to improve its performance on a given task. Instead of being explicitly programmed with all the rules
and instructions, the AI system leverages algorithms and statistical techniques to automatically extract patterns and
insights from the data it is exposed to.
MACHINE
LEARNING
Supervised Unsupervised Reinforcement
Regression Clustering Clustering
Classification Dimensionality Association

Reduction
There are several types of learning-based approaches Example: to predict weather which of them is apple
in AI. and pineapple.
zz What is Regression?
¾¾Types of Machine Learning
Regression is a type of supervised learning which is
Machine learning can be divided into 3 types, used to predict continuous value.
Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, and Example: Regression is used to predict the weather. it is
semi-supervised or Reinforcement Learning also used widely for weather forecasting.
LEARNING BASED
APPROACH
Supervised Unsupervised Reinforcement

Learning Learning Learning
¾¾Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is where a computer algorithm
is trained on input data that has been labelled for a
particular output.
For example, a shape with three sides is labelled as a
triangle, Classification , and Regression models are also
types of supervised Learning
Supervised
Learning
Classification Regression
zz What is classification? ¾¾Unsupervised Learning:

Classification is when the algorithm’s job is to separate In terms of machine learning, unsupervised learning is
the labelled data to predict the output. in which a system learns through data sets created on
its own. In this, the training is not labelled.
Learning on its own is termed Unsupervised learning. the amount of coin given (state) you get the drink
Basically, in unsupervised learning where the data is corresponding to the amount(reward) if the coin is
un-tagged or un-named, the machine creates a learning damaged or there is any another problem, then you get
algorithm using its structural data sets present in its nothing (penalty).
input. Here the machine is building a policy that which drink
zz Clustering: Refers to the unsupervised learning should be provided under what conditions and how to
algorithm which can cluster the unknown data handle an error in the environment.
according to the patterns or trends identified out of ¾¾Evaluation and Validation:
it. The patterns observed might be the ones which are Once the AI model is trained, it needs to be rigorously
known to the developer or it might even come up with evaluated and validated to ensure its effectiveness
some unique patterns out of it. and reliability. This stage involves testing the
zz Dimensionality Reduction: We humans are able to model's performance against predefined metrics and
visualise upto 3-Dimensions only but according to a lot comparing it with existing benchmarks or human
of theories and algorithms, there are various entities experts. Validation helps identify potential biases,
which exist beyond 3-Dimensions. For example, in errors, or limitations that need to be addressed before
Natural language Processing, the words are considered deployment.
to be N-Dimensional entities. Which means that
Example: Social media platforms like Facebook employ
we cannot visualise them as they exist beyond our
AI algorithms to detect and moderate content that
visualisation ability. Hence, to make sense out of it, we
violates community guidelines. To ensure fairness and
need to reduce their dimensions. Here, dimensionality
accuracy, these models undergo extensive evaluation
reduction algorithm is used.
to minimise false positives and false negatives, ensuring
As we reduce the dimension of an entity, the information that legitimate content is not mistakenly flagged or
which it contains starts getting distorted. For example, allowed.
if we have a ball in our hand, it is 3-Dimensions right
¾¾Evaluation: Evaluation in AI refers to the process
now. But if we click its picture, the data transforms
of assessing the performance and quality of an AI
to 2-D as an image is a 2-Dimensional entity. Now, as
system. It is crucial to evaluate AI models to determine
soon as we reduce one dimension, at least 50% of the
their effectiveness, reliability, and generalizability.
information is lost as now we will not know about the
Evaluating AI models helps researchers, developers,
back of the ball. Whether the ball was of same colour
and users understand the strengths and limitations of
at the back or not? Or was it just a hemisphere? If
the system, and it plays a vital role in guiding further
we reduce the dimensions further, more and more
improvements.
information will get lost.
An example of evaluation in AI can be seen in natural
Hence, to reduce the dimensions and still be able to
language processing (NLP) tasks, such as sentiment
make sense out of the data, we use Dimensionality
analysis. In sentiment analysis, the goal is to determine
Reduction.
the sentiment (positive, negative, or neutral) expressed
Example: Suppose a boy sees someone performing
in a given text. To evaluate the performance of an AI
tricks with a ball, so he also learns the tricks by himself.
model for sentiment analysis, several steps can be
This is what we call unsupervised learning.
taken:
¾¾Reinforcement Learning:
1. Data collection and annotation: A dataset of texts,
Learning through feedback or trial and error method is labelled with their corresponding sentiment (positive,
called Reinforcement Learning. negative, or neutral), is collected. Human annotators
In this type of learning, The system works on a Reward review each text and assign the appropriate sentiment
or Penalty policy. In this an agent performs an action label.
positive or negative, in the environment which is taken 2. Train-test split: The dataset is divided into two subsets:
as input from the system, then the system changes the a training set and a test set. The training set is used to
state in the environment and the agent is provided train the AI model, while the test set is kept separate for
with a reward or penalty. evaluation.
The system also builds a policy, that what action should 3. Model training: The AI model is trained using the
be taken under a specific condition. labelled training set. Various machine learning or deep
Example: A very good example of these is Vending learning techniques may be employed, such as neural
machines. networks or support vector machines.
Actions 4. Evaluation metrics: To assess the model's performance,
evaluation metrics are used. Common metrics for
sentiment analysis include accuracy, precision, recall,
and F1-score. These metrics provide insights into the
Agent Environment model's ability to correctly classify sentiments.
5. Testing and analysis: The trained model is then tested
State
on a separate test set, and the evaluation metrics are
Reward computed based on the model's predictions. The results
Suppose you put a coin (action) in a Juice Vending are analysed to determine the model's effectiveness in
machine(environment), now the system detects sentiment analysis.
6. Iterative improvement: Based on the evaluation zz Neural Networks are base of an AI model. As input
results, further iterations of training, tuning, and data increases the accuracy of AI increases
evaluation may be performed to improve the model's Solution: To overcome the disadvantages of if/else
performance. This iterative process helps refine the AI statements, people developed neural networks in
system and make it more accurate and reliable. computers using specific mathematical prediction
By following such evaluation processes, researchers algorithms. Due to this we code the AI once and give
and developers can measure the performance of AI it a collection of data, which is then processed by these
models, identify potential weaknesses or biases, and neural networks to give output and the output changes
make informed decisions regarding model selection as data changes.
or improvement strategies. Evaluation is essential for zz PHP stands for PHP hypertext preprocessor it is a
building trustworthy and robust AI systems across recursive acronym.
various domains. ¾¾Accuracy-Data Proportionality:
7. Deployment and Monitoring: After successful zz The main reason the Neural Networks are implemented
validation, the AI model is deployed into a production to build AI because it learns as it get's more data just
environment. This stage involves integrating the like human, if we do something we collect data from
model into the existing infrastructure, such as software surrounding and learn new things and by practicing
systems or devices, and ensuring its seamless operation. it (i.e., getting more data on same thing) we get perfect
Continuous monitoring is crucial to track the model's and master it.
performance, detect anomalies, and make necessary To get better idea see the graph given below.
updates or improvements over time.
Example: Virtual assistants, such as Apple's Siri
Model Performance
Large NN
or Amazon's Alexa, are deployed on smartphones
and smart speakers. These AI-powered assistants Medium NN
continuously learn from user interactions, improving
Small NN
their language understanding and response accuracy.
Regular updates and monitoring enable these virtual Traditional ML Algorithms/
assistants to adapt to user preferences and provide Statistical Learning
more personalised experiences.
¾¾Neural Networks: Neural Networks are series of Data Size
networks of independent neurons just like in our brain, zz As seen in the figure given, the larger Neural Networks
but in computers, neurons are not the living tissue it is tends to perform better with larger amounts of data
just an algorithm which gives output based on given whereas the traditional machine learning algorithms
data stop after a certain saturation point.
zz The key advantage of Neural Networks, are that they ¾¾How Neural Networks Work?
are able to extract data features automatically without
zz This is a representation of how neural networks work.
needing the input of the programmer. A Neural Network is divided into multiple layers and
zz A Neural Network is essentially a system of organising each layer is further divided into several blocks called
machine learning algorithms to perform certain tasks. nodes.
It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which zz Each node has its own task to accomplish which is
the dataset is very large, such as in images.
then passed to the next layer. The first layer of a Neural
zz Neural Networks are collections of neurons containing
Network is known as the input layer.
specific algorithm which are networked together to
zz The job of an input layer is to acquire data and feed
solve a particular set of problems irrespective of data size
it to the Neural Network. No processing occurs at the
¾¾Why Neural Networks?
input layer. Next to it, are the hidden layers. Hidden
To understand clearly, let’s dive to its earlier stage! layers are the layers in which the whole processing
¾¾If Else Era occurs. Their name essentially means that these layers
zz In earlier times people tried to solve big data are hidden and are not visible to the user. Each node
related problems using if else statements, for better of these hidden layers has its own machine learning
understanding let's go through a example. algorithm which it executes on the data received from
zz Example: Suppose we want to build an AI-enabled chat the input layer. The processed output is then fed to the
app that will talk to people just like any other human. subsequent hidden layer of the network.
for that we will write if statements (programming
zz There can be multiple hidden layers in a neural
concept) checking if he/she says "hello" we will reply
network system and their number depends upon the
"hi" but the problem in this is that we need to write 100
complexity of the function for which the network has
or 1000 lines of if- else logic which is very inefficient
been configured Also, the number of nodes in each
and bad practice in the programming world So we take
layer can vary accordingly. The last hidden layer passes
apply concept of our brain to a machine cause we don't
have to think "if he says hello I will say hi" it's not a the final processed data to the output layer which then
command, the reply changes based on situation. gives it to the user.
zz Working of Neural Networks zz It is a typical part of nearly any neural network in
which engineers simulate the types of activity that go
on in the human brain.
¾¾Output Layer:
zz The output layer is responsible for producing the final
result. There must always be one output layer in a
neural network.
zz The output layer takes in the inputs which are passed
in from the layers before it, performs the calculations
via its neurons and then the output is computed
¾¾Processing Layers in Neural Networks. zz The interior layers are sometimes called “hidden
zz Input Layer: The input layer of a neural network is layers” because they are not directly observable from
composed of artificial input neurons, and brings the the systems inputs and outputs.
initial data into the system for further processing by ¾¾Features of Neural Networks:
subsequent layers of artificial neurons. zz Neural Network systems are modelled on the human
zz The input layer is the very beginning of the workflow brain and nervous system.
for the artificial neural network. zz They are able to automatically extract features without
¾¾Hidden Layer: input from the programmer.
zz A hidden layer in an artificial neural network is a layer zz Every neural network node is essentially a machine
in between input layers and output layers, where learning algorithm.
artificial neurons take in a set of weighted inputs and zz It is useful when solving problems for which the data
produce an output through an activation function. set is very large.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) patents, control, etc., are known as Open Source
Data.
1. At which stage of the AI Project Cycle, do we look
at various parameters which affect the problem we 7. The combination of structured and unstructured
wish to solve so that the picture becomes clearer? data is known as which data?
Ans. The combination of structured and unstructured
data is known as Semi-Structured data.
Ans. Problem Scoping 8. Name the second stage of the AI project cycle.
Explanation: In Problem Scoping you scope the Ans. Data Acquisition
problem by which, you set the goal for your AI 9. Which approach is based on rules and data fed
project by stating the problem which you wish to into the machine?
solve with it.
Ans. Rule-based approach
Under problem scoping, we look at various
parameters which affect the problem we wish to Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each)
solve so that the picture becomes clearer. 1. Name any 2 methods for collecting data.
2. How many SDGs have been announced by the Ans. Surveys and Interviews.
United Nations? Explanation:
3. By which term the people who face the stated
problem and would be benefitted from the Data Sources
solution are described as
Ans. Stakeholders
Surveys Web Scrapping Sensor
4. Which W of 4Ws canvas problem helps in analysing
the affected people directly or indirectly?
5. Name the data which is available as soon as an
Cameras Observations API
event takes place.
Ans. Real-time data is available as soon as the data event 2. What stages of an AI project cycle are there?
occurs.

6. What is the name of the data which is available
3. What is problem Scoping?
freely for everyone to use and which is not
Ans. The process through which student designers
restricted through copyrights, patents, control,
“figure out” the problem they need to solve is
etc.?
called problem scoping. It is the procedure used to
Ans. The data which is available freely for everyone identify the issue.
to use and is not restricted through copyrights,
4. Who are the stakeholders? 12. What is Learning Based Approach?

Ans. Stakeholders are people who are either actively Ans. AI modelling where the computer learns on its
involved in the project or who have interests own. The AI model is trained on the data provided
that the project’s results might influence. Project to it under the learning based technique, and after
managers, project sponsors, executives, clients, or that, it is able to create a model that is flexible to the
users are typically included in this group. change in data.
5. What do you mean by Problem Statement Long Answer Type Questions (6 marks each)
Template? 1. What are the various ways to collect data?
Ans. Stakeholders can define and describe a problem Ans. Various ways to collect the data is –
by writing a summarised report called a problem (a) Surveys
statement. Its objective is to offer a comprehensive (b) Web Scraping
plan of action to address the issue and include (c) Sensors
suggestions for how those responsible can stop it
(d) Cameras
from happening again in the future.
(e) Observations
6. What is data Acquisition?
(f) Application Program Interface (API)
Ans. The process of gathering correct and trustworthy
data to work with is known as data acquisition. The Commonly Made Error
second stage of the project cycle is data acquisition,
and for successful decision-making, we must One common error students make with dataset
make sure the data is gathered from genuine and divisions is not distinguishing between training
trustworthy sources. and testing data, which can lead to improper model
evaluation and over fitting.
7. What is the difference between Training Data &
Testing Data?
Ans. The datasets are divided into two groups in machine Answering Tip
learning. The first subset, referred to as the training
data, is a section of our actual dataset that is used to Maintain an appropriate split ratio between training
and testing data, typically around 70-80% for
train a machine learning model. The second subset,
training and 20-30% for testing, to ensure an effective
referred to as testing data, Once your machine
evaluation of the model's performance while allowing
learning model is built, you need unseen data to
for sufficient training.
test your model. This data is called testing data.
Training data use 80% of the whole data and testing 2. What is 4Ws Problem Canvas?
data use 20%.
3. What are the different types of Learning based
8. What is data exploration? approaches?
Ans. Data exploration is the process of displaying and Ans. The learning-based approach can be divided into
detecting unique patterns and trends in data using three types–
tools and procedures. Data visualisation and other
(a) Supervised Learning: In order for a computer to
complex statistical techniques can be used to do
learn from data, it must have external supervision.
this.
This is known as supervised learning. We use the
9. What is data modelling? labelled dataset to train the supervised learning
Ans. Data modelling is the process of developing a models. Supervised machine learning is a method
visual representation of an entire information for addressing two major issues: regression and
system or certain components of it. for example, the classification.
development, training, and application of machine (b) Unsupervised Learning: This term refers to a sort
learning algorithms that simulate logical decision- of machine learning in which the machine can
making based on accessible facts are known as AI learn from the data on its own without any external
modelling. supervision. The unlabelled dataset can be used to
10. What are the types of AI Modelling? train the unsupervised models. These are employed
Ans. AI Models are classified into two types – in order to address the Association and Clustering
issues.
(a) Learning Based
(c) Reinforcement Learning: Reinforcement learning
(b) Rule Based is a learning process where an agent interacts
11. What is Rule-Based Approach? with its environment by taking actions and learns
Ans. When the developer sets the rules. The machine through feedback. The agent receives feedback
executes its duty in accordance with the rules or in the form of rewards; for example, he receives
instructions specified by the developer. a positive reward for each good activity and a
A rule-based AI system is one that aims to develop negative reward for each bad action. The agent is
AI systems by using a model that is exclusively not under any oversight. Reinforcement learning
makes use of the Q-Learning algorithm.
based on predetermined rules.
4. Who many types of Supervised Learning models Ans. There are two type of Unsupervised learning
in AI? models in AI
Ans. There are two types of Supervised Learning models (a) Clustering: Refers to the unsupervised learning
(a) Classification: When the data is labelled-based technique that can cluster the unknown data
categorised. For instance, under the grading system, according to patterns or trends found in it. The
students are categorised based on the grades they developer may already be aware of the patterns
receive in relation to their exam marks. noticed, or it may even generate some original
(b) Regression: Such models work on continuous data. patterns as a result.
For example, if you wish to predict your next salary, (b) Dimensionality Reduction: If you have a large
then you would put in the data of your previous number of features, it could be beneficial to minimise
salary, any increments, etc., and would train the them using an unsupervised step before moving
model. on to supervised steps. Numerous unsupervised
5. How many types of Unsupervised Learning model learning techniques include a transform technique
in AI? that can be used to lessen the dimensionality.

5. 4Ws canvas is associated with
Objective Type Questions (A) Modelling
[A] Multiple Choice Questions (B) Data Acquisition
1. Problem scoping helps in (C) Problem Scoping
(A) Setting the goal (D) Data exploration
(B) Identifying the problem 6. ______ is one of the way of Data Acquisition.
(C) A deeper understanding of the problem (A) Surveys (B) Coding
(D) All of these (C) Cloud Computing (D) None of these
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Problem Scoping refers to under- Explanation:
standing a problem and finding out various factors 1. Surveys are conducted to gather information about
which affect the problem, define the goal or aim of the users and it is a source of data
the project. 2. Coding is used to give instructions to the computer
2. Choose the five stages of the AI project cycle in the not to gather information.
correct order 3. Cloud Computing is used to gather information
(A) Evaluation → Problem Scoping → Data from the cloud but its not a source of data
Exploration → Data Acquisition → Modelling 7. The type of data being collected in data acquisition
(B) Problem Scoping → Data Exploration → Data is known as _______.
Acquisition → Evaluation → Modelling (A) System Mapping (B) 4Ws Canvas
(C) Data Acquisition → Problem Scoping → Data (C) Data Features (D) Web Scraping
Exploration → Modelling → Evaluation Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(D) Problem Scoping → Data Acquisition → Data Explanation: The type of data being collected in
Exploration → Modelling → Evaluation data acquisition is known as Data Features.
3. The ____ are people who face the problem and 8. Data exploration can be done using __________.
would be benefited from the solution. (A) Problem Scoping (B) Data Visualisation
(A) Stakeholders (B) Key persons
(C) Data Features (D) Web Scraping
(C) Developer (D) End user
Explanation: Data exploration can be done using
Explanation: The Stakeholders are people who Data Visualisation
face the problem and would be benefited from the
solution. 9. Choose the correct option
4. Which of the following is not related to 4 W in (A) Unsupervised learning → labelled dataset,
Regression
problem scoping ?
(A) Who (B) What (B) Supervised learning → labelled data set,
Regression
(C) Where (D) With
(C) Unsupervised learning → unlabelled dataset,
Classification
Explanation: The 4ws of problem scoping are Who,
(D) Supervised learning → unlabelled data set,
What, Where and Why. These Ws helps in identifying
Regression
and understanding the problem in a better and
efficient manner. With is not related to 4Ws. Ans. Option (B) is correct.
10. Which of the following model the relationship or (C) A is correct but R is incorrect
patterns in data defined by the developer? (D) A is incorrect but R is correct
(A) Rule Base Approach Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(B) Learning Based Approach [C] Case Based Subjective
(C) Decision Tree (D) K Map I. Read the following text and answer the following
Ans. Option (A) is correct. questions based on the same:
[B] Assertion & Reason In recent years, there has been increasing concern
about the impacts of climate change and other
environmental issues on global ecosystems,
economies, and societies. As we delve into the
complexities of addressing these challenges,
1. Assertion (A): We can use histograms when data
it's essential to thoroughly examine the various
is in categories (such as “Pop”,”Rock”,”Jazz”,”Hip-
dimensions and implications involved.
Hop”, etc.)
(A) Create ‘What’ canvas of 4Ws problem.
Reason (R): We use bar charts when we have
(B) Create ‘Why’ canvas of 4Ws problem.
continuous data (such as a person’s height or
(C) Create ‘Who’ canvas of 4Ws problem.
weight)
(D) Create ‘Where’ canvas of 4Ws problem.
(A) (A) is false but (R) is true
Ans. What:
(B) (A) is true but (R) is false
(A). What specific environmental issues or aspects of
(C) Both (A) and (R) are true
climate change are most pressing?
(D) Both (A) and (R) are false • Identifying the key environmental challenges such
Ans. Option (D) is correct. as rising temperatures, extreme weather events, loss
2. Assertion (A): A pie chart is divided into segments of biodiversity, deforestation, ocean acidification,
to represent values of Different sizes. and pollution.
Reason (R): Pie Chart is very effective when we What are the primary causes and drivers behind
have so many data series these environmental issues?
(A) (A) is false but (R) is true • Understanding the root causes including
(B) (A) is true but (R) is false greenhouse gas emissions from human activities,
(C) Both (A) and (R) are true deforestation, industrialisation, agricultural
(D) Both (A) and (R) are false practices, and unsustainable consumption patterns.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. Why:
3. Statement 1: At the same time, we should keep in (B) Why is it important to address these environmental
mind that the data which we collect is open-sourced challenges urgently?
and not someone’s property. • Exploring the urgency due to the severe impacts
Statement 2: Extracting private data can be an on ecosystems, biodiversity loss, threats to human
offence. health, economic instability, social inequality, and
(A) Statement 1 is True risks to future generations.
(B) Statement 2 is True Why should individuals, communities,
(C) Statement 1 and 2 both are True governments, and businesses prioritise efforts
(D) None of these statements are True to mitigate climate change and environmental
Ans. Option (C) is correct. degradation?
4. Statement 1: Self-motivation teaches us self- • Understanding the interconnectedness of
discipline and hard work to achieve our goals environmental health with economic prosperity,
Statement 2: Individuals experience increased public health, social justice, and global stability, as
anxiety and boredom when they motivate well as the ethical responsibility to preserve the
themselves. planet's resources.
(A) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct. Who:
(B) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are incorrect. (C) Who are the key stakeholders involved in addressing
(C) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is climate change and environmental issues?
incorrect • Identifying stakeholders such as governments,
(D) Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is policymakers, scientists, NGOs, businesses,
correct communities, indigenous groups, and individuals,
Ans. Option (C) is correct. each with unique roles and responsibilities.
5. Assertion (A): A self-driving car is made up of a • Who are the most vulnerable populations and
combination of sensors, cameras, radar and AI. ecosystems affected by climate change and
Reason (R): The owner is liable if a self-driving car environmental degradation?
is involved in an accident • Highlighting vulnerable communities including
(A) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct low-income groups, indigenous peoples, coastal
explanation of (A) regions, small island nations, arctic ecosystems, and
(B) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the wildlife species, disproportionately impacted by
correct explanation of A environmental changes.
When: • Setting timelines and milestones for achieving goals
(D) When should action be taken to mitigate the impacts such as reducing emissions, transitioning to renewable
of climate change and environmental degradation? energy, conserving biodiversity, and promoting
• Determining the urgency for immediate action sustainable development, while recognising the
considering the accelerating pace of environmental ongoing nature of environmental stewardship.
degradation and the limited window to mitigate By addressing the "what," "why," "who," and "when"
irreversible consequences. aspects of climate change and environmental
• When can we expect to see tangible progress in issues within this 4W canvas, we can develop a
addressing these environmental challenges? comprehensive understanding of the complexities
and implications involved, guiding efforts towards
effective solutions and sustainable practices.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Long Answer Type Questions (6 marks each)
2. There are 17 SDGs have been announced by the 2. Who, What, Where, and Why are the 4Ws of
United Nations problem scoping. These Ws aid in more accurate
4. Who and effective problem identification and
Explanation: Who–“Who” part helps us in comprehension.
comprehending and categorising that who are (a) who: who is facing for problem who are the
affected directly and indirectly by the problem stakeholders of problem.
and who are called the stakeholders. (b) what: what is refer to a asking question.
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) (c) where: where is refer to asking about the place
where the person was going.
2. There are five different stages of the AI Project.
Problem Scoping >> Data Acquisition >> Data (d) why: why is refer to asking about the person like
Exploration >> Modelling >> Evaluation why are you asking questions.

Explanation: Problem Scoping involves the
4ws canvas which is used to set the goal for the
problem.
***
126

1. Choose the five stages of the AI project cycle in the correct order
(A) Evaluation → Problem Scoping → Data Exploration → Data Acquisition → Modelling
(B) Problem Scoping → Data Exploration → Data Acquisition → Evaluation → Modelling
(C) Data Acquisition → Problem Scoping → Data Exploration → Modelling → Evaluation
(D) Problem Scoping → Data Acquisition → Data Exploration → Modelling → Evaluation
2. Data exploration can be done using __________.
(A) Problem Scoping (B) Data Visualisation
(C) Data Features (D) Web Scraping
3. ______ is one of the way of Data Acquisition.
(A) Surveys (B) Coding
(C) Cloud Computing (D) None of these
FILL IN THE BLANKS 1 MARK EACH
4. The type of data being collected in data acquisition is known as _______.
5. Data exploration can be done using __________.
6. At which stage of the AI Project Cycle, do we look at various parameters which affect the problem we wish to
solve so that the picture becomes clearer?
7. Which approach is based on rules and data fed into the machine?
8. The combination of structured and unstructured data is known as which data?
9. What is Rule-Based Approach?
10. What is Learning Based Approach?
11. What are the different types of Learning based approaches?
12. What is 4Ws Problem Canvas?

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
UNIT-4
C H A P T E R
3 DATA SCIENCE (AI)
Course of Action
Learning Objectives Maximum Time = 1:05 Hrs
In this chapter, you will study: Maximum Questions = 28
• Define the concept of Data Science and understand its applications in various fields.
• Understand the basic concepts of data acquisition, visualisation, and exploration.
• Use Python libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib for data analysis and
visualisation.
• Understand the basic concepts of statistics, such as mean, median, mode, and
standard deviation, and apply them to analyse data using various Python packages.
• Understand the basic concepts of the KNN algorithm and its applications in
supervised learning.
Revision Notes Data Science is just not a single field but it uses concepts
and principles of mathematics, statistics, computer
¾¾What is Data Science: science, and information science. It is also capable of
Data Science is one of the important concepts to discovering hidden patterns from the raw data. It can
provide some features like statistics, data analysis, also be used for predictions. Observe the following
machine learning, and deep learning. Data science picture which differentiates the points between data
helps to understand and analyse the actual scenario analysis and data science.
and helps to take fruitful decisions.
Earlier the data processing was quite easy because ¾¾Now before we get into the concept of Data Sciences,
data was limited and structured. The structure can be let us experience this domain with the help of the
analysed easily and effectively. Nowadays more than following game:
80% of data is unstructured. So with unstructured data, MNEMONICS
the traditional methods cannot work appropriately.
Mnemonic: My Detective Detects Problems Easily
In addition to this, day by day the number of internet M: Modelling
users increasing. So it increases the use of unstructured D: Data Acquisition
data. These unstructured data collected by the various D: Data Exploration
organisations through mobile apps, websites and other P: Problem Scoping
platforms can be used to serve the specific requirements E: Evaluation
of the customer and users. This will increase the
demand for data science.
Data Science (AI) 129
zz Rock Paper and Scissors: Rock, Paper, Scissors | Afiniti ________________________________________________
(rockpaperscissors.ai) ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
What approach was the machine following while
playing against you?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
¾¾Applications of Data Science:
zz Data Science is not a new field. Data Sciences majorly
work around analysing the data and when it comes to
AI, the analysis helps in making the machine intelligent
enough to perform tasks by itself. There exist various
Go to this link and try to play the game of Rock, Paper
applications of Data Science in today’s world. Some of
and Scissors against AI model.
them are:
The challenge here is to win 20 games against AI before
zz Fraud and Risk Detection: The earliest applications of
AI wins them against you.
data science were in Finance. Companies were fed up
¾¾Answer the following questions after playing the
of bad debts and losses every year. However, they had
game: a lot of data which use to get collected during the initial
Did you manage to win? paperwork while sanctioning loans. They decided to
________________________________________________ bring in data scientists in order to rescue them from
________________________________________________ losses.
________________________________________________ Over the years, banking companies learned to
divide and conquer data via customer profiling, past
________________________________________________ expenditures, and other essential variables to analyse
What was the strategy that you applied to win this the probabilities of risk and default. Moreover, it also
game against the AI machine? helped them to push their banking products based on
________________________________________________ customer’s purchasing power.
zz Genetics & Genomics: Data Science applications also
________________________________________________
enable an advanced level of treatment personalisation
________________________________________________ through research in genetics and genomics. The goal
________________________________________________ is to understand the impact of the DNA on our health
________________________________________________ and find individual biological connections between
genetics, diseases, and drug response. Data science
________________________________________________ techniques allow integration of different kinds of data
Was it different playing Rock, Paper & Scissors with an with genomic data in disease research, which provides
AI machine as compared to a human? a deeper understanding of genetic issues in reactions
________________________________________________ to particular drugs and diseases. As soon as we acquire
reliable personal genome data, we will achieve a deeper
________________________________________________ understanding of the human DNA. The advanced
________________________________________________ genetic risk prediction will be a major step towards
________________________________________________ more individual care.
zz Internet Search: When we talk about search engines, zz Website Recommendations: Aren’t we all used to the
we think ‘Google’. Right? suggestions about similar products on Amazon? They
zz But there are many other search engines like Yahoo, not only help us find relevant products from billions of
Bing, Ask, AOL, and so on. All these search engines products available with them but also add a lot to the
(including Google) make use of data science algorithms user experience.
to deliver the best result for our searched query in the A lot of companies have fervidly used this engine to
fraction of a second. Considering the fact that Google promote their products in accordance with the user’s
processes more than 20 petabytes of data every day, interest and relevance of information. Internet giants
had there been no data science, Google wouldn’t have like Amazon, Twitter, Google Play, Netflix, LinkedIn,
been the ‘Google’ we know today. IMDB and many more use this system to improve the
user experience. The recommendations are made based
on previous search results for a user.
zz Targeted Advertising: If you thought Search would

have been the biggest of all data science applications,
here is a challenger – the entire digital marketing zz Airline Route Planning: The Airline Industry across
spectrum. Starting from the display banilrs on various the world is known to bear heavy losses. Except for a
websites to the digital billboards at the airports – few airline service providers, companies are struggling
almost all of them are decided by using data science to maintain their occupancy ratio and operating profits.
algorithms. This is the reason why digital ads have With high rise in air-fuel prices and the need to offer
been able to get a much higher CTR (Call-Through heavy discounts to customers, the situation has got
Rate) than traditional advertisements. They can be worse. It wasn’t long before airline companies started
targeted based on a user’s past behaviour. using Data Science to identify the strategic areas of
improvements. Now, while using Data Science, the
airline companies can:
zz Predict flight delay
zz Decide which class of airplanes to buy
zz Whether to directly land at the destination or take a

halt in between (For example, A flight can have a direct
route from New Delhi to New York. Alternatively, it
can also choose to halt in any country.)
zz Effectively drive customer loyalty programs
zz Revisiting AI Project Cycle: Data Sciences is a
combination of Python and Mathematical concepts like
Statistics, Data Analysis, probability, etc. Concepts of
Data Science can be used in developing applications
around AI as it gives a strong base for data analysis in
Python.
Problem Data
Scoping Exploration Evaluation
Data
Modelling
Acquisition
But, before we get deeper into data analysis, let us recall how Data Sciences can be leveraged to solve some of the
pressing problems around us. For this, let us understand the AI project cycle framework around Data Sciences with
the help of an example.
Humans are inherently social creatures, constantly customers. Unfortunately, if these expectations are not
engaging in various social gatherings. One of the most met, a substantial amount of food is discarded, resulting
enjoyable activities is dining out with friends and in financial loss for the restaurant. They are left with
family, which is why restaurants can be found almost no choice but to either dispose of the excess food or
everywhere. To cater to their customers’ preferences, offer it to those in need for free. When considering the
many restaurants offer buffet options, providing a wide cumulative daily losses over the course of a year, the
variety of food items. Whether it’s a small eatery or a financial impact becomes quite significant.
Now that we have understood the scenario well, let
large establishment, every restaurant prepares food in
us take deeper look into the problem to find out more
large quantities, anticipating a significant number of about various factors around it.
patrons. However, at the end of the day, a considerable zz Stage 1: Problem Scoping
amount of food often goes to waste, as restaurants are Let us fill up the 4Ws problem canvas to find out.
unwilling to serve stale food to their customers the
following day. Consequently, they prepare food in Who? What? Where? Why?
bulk daily, taking into account the expected number of
Who Canvas – Who is having the problem? An ideal solution Be to be able to predict Why
• Restaurants offering would the amount of food to be
Who are the stakeholders? buffets prepared for every day
• Restaurant Chefs consumption
The Problem statement template leads us towards the
• Restaurants cook food in
goal of our project which can now be stated as:
bulk every day for their
buffets to meet their “To be able to predict the quantity of food dishes to be
customer needs. prepared for everyday consumption in restaurant buffets.”
What do we know about
zz Stage 2: Data Acquisition
them? • They estimate the number
of customers that would Once the project goal has been finalised, it is essential
walk into their restaurant to examine the different data features that have an
every day. impact on the problem at hand. As AI-based projects
rely on data for testing and training, it is crucial to
What Canvas – What is the nature of their problem? comprehend the type of data that needs to be gathered
• Quite a large amount of in order to progress towards the goal. In our specific
food is leftover everyday scenario, there are several factors that influence the
unconsumed at the quantity of food to be prepared for buffet consumption
restaurant which is either the following day.
What is the problem? thrown away or given for Quantity of
free to needy people. Total Number Dish
dish prepared
of Customers consumption
• Restaurants have to bear per day
everyday losses for the
unconsumed food. Unconsumed Quantity of
• Restaurant Surveys have dish quantity Price of dish dish for the
per day next day
shown that restaurants
How do you know it is a
face this problem of food
problem? Let’s explore the correlation between these factors
waste.
and our issue at hand. Utilising the System Maps tool
will help us analyse how elements are interconnected
Where Canvas – Where does the problem arise? with the project’s objective. Below is the System map
depicting our problem statement.
• Restaurants which serve
What is the context/
buffet food
situation in which the
• At the end of the day,
stakeholders experience
when no further food
this problem?
consumption is possible
Why? – Why do you think it is a problem worth
solving?
•
It the restaurant has a
proper estimate of the
What would be of key quantity of food to be
value to the stakeholders? prepared every day,
the food waste can be
reduced.
• Less or no food would be
left unconsumed.
How do you know it is a
• Losses due to
problem?
unconsumed food would
reduce considerably. In this system map, the relationship between each
Now that we have noted down all the factors around element is clearly defined in order to achieve the
our problem, let us fill up the problem statement objectives of our project. It is important to note that
template. positive arrows indicate a direct relationship between
elements, while negative arrows represent an inverse
Our Restaurant Owner Who? relationship between elements.
Have a problem Losses due to food What? After analysing the factors that impact our problem
of wastage statement, it is now necessary to examine the data that
While The food is left Where? needs to be obtained in order to achieve our goal. In
unconsumed due to this particular case, a dataset has been created for each
improper estimation dish prepared by the restaurant over a 30-day period,
encompassing all the aforementioned elements. This
dataset is collected offline through a regular survey, as zz Stage 3: Data Exploration
it is tailored specifically to the needs of this particular Once the database has been created, it is essential
restaurant. to analyse the gathered data and comprehend the
The data collected falls into the following categories: necessary information. In the context of our project,
dish name, dish price, daily dish production quantity,
which aims to forecast the amount of food to be
daily quantity of unconsumed dishes, total number of
prepared for the upcoming day, the following data is
customers per day, and fixed number of customers per
day. required:
Quantity of
Name of Dish Quantity of that dish
unconsumed portion of
prepared per day
the dish per day
Hence, we extract the necessary data from the carefully curated dataset and ensure its cleanliness by eliminating any
errors or missing components.
zz Stage 4: Data Modelling
Once the dataset has been prepared, the model is trained using it. Specifically, a regression model is selected, with
the dataset being input as a dataframe and trained accordingly. Regression is a type of Supervised Learning model
that deals with continuous data values over a specific time frame. Given that our dataset consists of continuous data
spanning 30 days, utilising a regression model allows for predicting subsequent values in a similar manner. The 30-
day dataset is split into a 2:1 ratio for training and testing purposes. Initially, the model is trained on the first 20 days
of data, followed by evaluation on the remaining 10 days.
zz Stage 5: Data Evaluation
After undergoing training on a 20-day dataset, it is now imperative to assess the model’s functionality. Let us observe
the model’s performance and evaluate its testing procedures.
Once the model has reached its peak efficiency, it is Science not only helps us gain a better understanding
prepared for deployment within the restaurant to be of the dataset, but also provides valuable insights and
utilised in real-time. analysis. With the incorporation of AI, machines are
¾¾Data Collection: Data collection has been a part of now capable of making predictions and suggestions
our society for a long time, even before the advent based on the data. Now that we have explored a
of advanced technology. People have always found Data Science project example, we have a clearer
ways to maintain records and keep track of relevant understanding of the types of data that can be used
information, even without a deep understanding of in such projects. Data for domain-based projects is
calculations. While data collection itself doesn’t require typically in numerical or alphanumeric format and is
much technological knowledge, analysing the collected organised in tables. These databases are commonly
data can be a challenging task for humans, especially found in various institutions for record keeping and
when dealing with numbers and alphanumeric data. other purposes. You may already be familiar with some
This is where Data Science comes into play. Data examples of datasets used in these projects.
Now look around you and find out what are the 1. Online
different types of databases which are maintained in 2. Offline
the places mentioned below. Try surveying people who
are responsible for the designated places to get a better Online Sources Offline Sources
idea.
Open-Sources web portals run by Sensors
Government
Reliable private websites such as Surveys
It is evident that the data types mentioned earlier Kaggle
are presented in table format, consisting of numeric Word Organisations Open-source Interviews
or alpha-numeric information. However, a crucial websites
question arises: is this data accessible to everyone? Observations
Should these databases be open to all individuals?
zz Online Sources: The online sources provide the data
What are the different origins of data that contribute
to the creation of such databases? Let us explore these collection facility by various websites, portals and apps.
questions further! Users need to browse the web portal or download the
app and follow the instructions. This method is not that
¾¾Source of Data: There are various sources for data
popular as compared to offline sources right now but in
collection found nowadays in the market. The major
future it become popular.
kinds of sources for data collection are:
zz Offline Sources: The offline sources are more likely There are a few python modules and libraries which
effective and useful for data collection. The offline are very useful for data access, they are:
sources give a clear picture to make a decision. Here 1. NumPy: NumPy, short for Numerical Python, serves as
are a few ways for the same. the essential library for performing mathematical and
1. Sensors: They are IoT-based devices which collect data logical operations on arrays within Python. It is widely
from the physical world and transform it into digital utilised for numerical computations. NumPy offers
form. They are connected through gateways to relay a broad spectrum of arithmetic operations on arrays,
the data into the cloud and server. simplifying the process of working with numerical
2. Surveys: Surveys can be conducted by using different data. Additionally, NumPy supports arrays, which
questionnaires. It is most popular for a large amount of are essentially homogeneous collections of data. An
data. It should be handled carefully. The surveys are array represents a group of values that share the same
less expensive and easy to process. Surveys are mostly data type. These values can be integers, characters,
conducted by using forms. These forms can be online booleans, and so forth, but an array can only store one
or offline. data type. In NumPy, arrays are referred to as ND-
3. Interviews: Interviews are the best and most popular arrays (N-Dimensional Arrays) due to the capability of
way to data collection. A list of questions is prepared creating arrays with multiple dimensions in Python.
to conduct interviews and collect data. It is one of the Comparatively, an array can be likened to a list. Let’s
primary collection methods. It is the most expensive delve into the distinctions between the two:
process. It can be also conducted over the phone,
through a web chat interface. NumPy Arrays Lists
4. Observations: It includes collecting information 1. Homogenous 1. Heterogenous
without asking questions. It requires researchers, collection of Data. collection of Data.
and observers, to add their judgement to data. It can
2. Can contain only one 2. Can contain multiple
determine the dynamics of a situation and cannot be
type of data, hence not types of data, hence
measured through other data collection techniques. It
flexible with datatypes. flexible with datatypes.
can be combined with additional information such as
video. Cannot be directly 3.
3. Can be directly
The following point should be remembered while initialised. con be initialised as it is a part
accessing data from any data sources: operated with Numpy of Python syntax.
1. Data which is available for public usage only should be package only.
taken up.
4. Direct numerical 4. Direct numerical
2. Personal datasets should only be used with the consent
operations can be operations are not
of the owner.
done. For example, possible. For example,
3. One should never breach someone’s privacy to collect
data. dividing the whole dividing the whole
4. Data should only be taken from reliable sources as the array by 3 divides list by 3 cannot divide
data collected from random sources can be wrong or every element by 3. every element by 3.
unusable. 5.
Widely used for 5.
Widely used for data
5. Reliable sources of data ensure the authenticity of data arithmetic operations. management.
which helps in the proper training of the AI model.
6.
Arrays take less 6.
Lists acquire more
¾¾Types of Data: For data science models or projects,
memory space. memory space.
generally, data is collected in the form of tables in
different formats: Functions like concat- 7.
7. Functions like concat-
1. CSV: It is a common and simple file format to store enation, appending, enation, appending,
data in tabular form. It can be opened through any reshaping, etc., are not reshaping, etc., are triv-
spreadsheet software (MS Excel), documentation trivially possible with ially possible with lists.
software (MS Word) and any text editor (Notepad). arrays.
Everyone contains a record, each record has a number
Example: To create a 8.
8. Example: To create a
of fields and these fields are separated by a comma.
numpy array 'A': list:
2. Spreadsheet: A spreadsheet contains rows and columns
to represent data in tabular form. Mostly spreadsheet is import numy A = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
used to calculate data, manipulate data, analyse data A=numpy.array([1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
and maintain data records. MS excel is well known and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
popular spreadsheet software. 8, 9, 0])
3. SQL: It stands for Structured Query Language. It is
2. Pandas: Pandas is a Python software library designed
used to handle the data stored in DBMS (Database
for data manipulation and analysis. It provides data
Management Software) System. It provides basic
structures and functions for manipulating numerical
commands to create, alter, delete and manage tables and time series. The name “Pandas” is derived
transactions for database management. from “panel data,” which refers to data sets that contain
¾¾Data Access: When the data is collected from different observations for the same individuals over multiple
sources, it is required to use for different purposes. So time periods. Pandas is highly versatile and can handle
data access is the key factor. various types of data effectively.
zz Tabular data with heterogeneously-typed columns, as zz Automatic and explicit data alignment: objects can
in an SQL table or Excel spreadsheet. be explicitly aligned to a set of labels, or the user can
zz Ordered and unordered (not necessarily fixed- simply ignore the labels and let Series, DataFrame, etc.
frequency) time series data. automatically align the data for you in computations.
zz Arbitrary matrix data (homogeneously typed or zz Intelligent label-based slicing, fancy indexing, and
heterogeneous) with row and column labels. subsetting of large data sets.
zz Any other form of observational / statistical data sets. zz Intuitive merging and joining data sets.
The data actually need not be labelled at all to be placed zz Flexible reshaping and pivoting of data sets.
into a Pandas data structure. 3. Matplotlib: Matplotlib serves as an exceptional
zz Pandas, a library in Python, offers two main data visualisation tool in Python for creating 2D plots from
structures: Series, which is 1-dimensional, and arrays. It is a versatile data visualisation library that is
DataFrame, which is 2-dimensional. These data compatible with various platforms and relies on NumPy
structures are designed to handle a wide range of use arrays. Visualising data offers a significant advantage
cases in fields such as finance, statistics, social science, by providing a clear representation of large datasets
and engineering. Pandas is built on top of NumPy and in a user-friendly manner. Matplotlib offers a diverse
is specifically designed to seamlessly integrate with range of plot options, which aid in interpreting trends,
other popular scientific computing libraries. identifying patterns, and establishing correlations.
Here are just a few of the things that pandas does well: These plots are essential tools for analysing quantitative
zz Easy handling of missing data: (represented as NaN) data. Below are examples of the types of graphs that
in floating point as well as non-floating point data. can be generated using this library:
zz Size mutability: Columns can be inserted and deleted
from DataFrame and higher dimensional objects.
25%
Bar Graph Histogram Scatter Plot Area Plot Pie Plot
You have the ability to not only create plots, but also zz Mean (arithmetic mean): statistics.mean()
customise them according to your preferences. By zz Median: statistics.median(), statistics.median_low(),
stylising your plots, you can enhance their descriptive statistics.median_high()
and communicative qualities. These tools assist us in zz Mode: statistics.mode(), statistics.multimode()
both accessing and exploring datasets, enabling us to zz Standard deviation:
gain a deeper insight into the data.
zz Population standard deviation: statistics.pstdev()
¾¾Basic Statistical Learning with Python: It is well known
zz Sample standard deviation: statistics.stdev()
that Data Sciences revolves around the analysis of data
zz Variance:
and carrying out related tasks. Mathematics plays
zz Population variance: statistics.pvariance()
a crucial role in analysing both numeric and alpha-
numeric data in this field. Python also incorporates zz Sample variance: statistics.variance()
basic statistical methods from mathematics for the ¾¾Mean (arithmetic mean):
analysis and manipulation of datasets. Some commonly statistics.mean()
used statistical tools in Python include: E.g. l = [1, 3, 8, 15]
zz Mean print(statistics.mean(l))
zz Median # 6.75
zz Mode ¾¾Median:
zz Standard Deviation
statistics.median(), statistics.median_
low(), statistics.median_high()
zz Variance
E.g. l = [3, 1, 8]
print(statistics.median(l))
# 3
print(statistics.median_low(l))
# 3
print(statistics.median_high(l))
# 3
Ex: 2 = l= [3, 1, 8, 15]
print(statistics.median(l))
# 5.5
print(statistics.median_low(l))
# 3
print(statistics.median_high(l)) and cannot be processed. Consequently, these values
# 8 are removed from the database whenever they are
¾¾Mode: encountered.
statistics.mode(), statistics. 2. Missing Data: Some datasets may contain empty
multimode() cells where the values are missing, resulting in these
Ex: l = [3, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2] cells remaining empty. Missing data should not be
print(statistics.mode(l)) interpreted as an error, as the values may not be
# 2 erroneous or missing due to any error.
print(statistics.multimode(l)) 3. Outliers: Outliers refer to data points that fall outside
# [2] the range of a specific element. To illustrate this, let
Ex.2: l = [3, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3] us consider the example of student marks in a class.
print(statistics.mode(l)) Suppose a student was absent for exams and received
# 3 a score of 0. If this score is included in the calculation
print(statistics.multimode(l)) of the class average, it would significantly lower the
# [3, 2] overall average. To address this, the average is calculated
¾¾Standard deviation: for the range of marks from highest to lowest, while
zz Population standard deviation: statistics. treating this particular result separately. This ensures
pstdev() that the average marks of the class accurately reflect the
Ex: l = [10, 1, 3, 7, 1] data.
print(statistics.pstdev(l)) Analysing the collected data can be challenging, as
# 3.5552777669262356 it primarily consists of tables and numbers. While
zz Sample standard deviation: statistics.stdev()
machines excel at processing numbers efficiently,
Ex: l = [10, 1, 3, 7, 1] humans often require visual aids to comprehend and
interpret the information effectively. Therefore, data
print(statistics.stdev(l))
visualisation techniques are employed to interpret the
# 3.9749213828703582
collected data, identify patterns, and uncover trends.
¾¾Variance:
Matplotlib, a Python package, is essential for visualising
zz Population variance: statistics.pvariance()
data and deriving insights from it.
Ex:
As previously mentioned, this package enables us to
l = [10, 1, 3, 7, 1]
create a wide range of graphs for data representation.
print(statistics.pvariance(l))
Let’s delve into a few examples.
# 12.64
¾¾Scatter Plot:
zz Sample variance: statistics.variance()
Ex 2: 1.2
l = [10, 1, 3, 7, 1]
1.0
print(statistics.variance(l))
# 15.8
0.8
Advantage of using Python packages is that we do not
need to make our own formula or equation to find out
0.6
the results. There exist a lot of pre-defined functions
with packages like NumPy which reduces this trouble
for us. All we need to do is write that function and pass 0.4
on the data to it. It’s that simple!
¾¾Data Visualisation: During the process of data 0.2
collection, it is possible to encounter errors within the
data. Let us begin by examining the various types of 0.0
issues that may arise with the data: _
1. Erroneous Data: There are two ways in which the data 0.2
_
0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
can be considered erroneous:
zz Incorrect values: This refers to instances where the
Scatter plots are utilised for representing discontinuous data,
values within the dataset are incorrect at random
which refers to data lacking a continuous flow. Discontinuity
positions. For example, a decimal value may be present
is introduced by gaps in the data. A two-dimensional scatter
in the phone number column or a name may be
plot can effectively showcase information for up to four
mentioned in the marks column. These incorrect values
parameters.
do not align with the expected data for that particular
position. In this scatter plot, 2 axes (X and Y) are two different
zz Invalid or Null values: In certain cases, the values parameters. The colour of circles and the size both
within the dataset become corrupted and therefore represent 2 different parameters. Thus, just through
become invalid. NaN values are often encountered, one coordinate on the graph, one can visualise 4
which represent null values that hold no meaning different parameters all at once.
¾¾Bar Chart:
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
Gross
0.25
0.2 Net
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Raw Hiostory Vintage Contract
Bar charts are widely utilised graphical tools that find This is an example of a double bar chart. The 2
application across various fields, from students to axes depict two different parameters while bars of
scientists. They serve as a simple yet informative means different colours work with different entities ( in this
of visual representation. case it is women and men). Bar chart also works on
Different variations of bar charts, such as single bar discontinuous data and is made at uniform intervals.
charts and double bar charts, cater to diverse data
presentation needs.
¾¾Histogram:
Histograms provide a precise depiction of continuous help of XY plane. Here, at the left, the frequency of the
data. When focusing on illustrating the fluctuations in element has been plotted and it is a frequency map for
a single variable over a specific time frame, histograms the same. The colours show the transition from low to
are utilised. high and vice versa. Whereas on the right, a continuous
They showcase the distribution of the variable across dataset has been plotted which might not be talking
various time intervals through the use of bins. about the frequency of occurrence of the element.
In the given example, the histogram is showing the
variation in frequency of the entity plotted with the
¾¾Box Plot:
Box plots, also referred to as box and whiskers plots, zz Personality Prediction:
provide a convenient way to visually represent the Step 1: Here is a map. Take a good look at it. In this
distribution of data across its range by dividing it into map you can see the arrows determine a quality. The
percentiles. These plots effectively display the data’s qualities mentioned are:
quartiles, making it easier to analyse and understand 1. Positive X-axis: People focussed: You focus more on
its distribution. people and try to deliver the best experience to them.
Here as we can see, the plot contains a box and two 2. Negative X-axis: Task focussed: You focus more on the
lines at its left and right are termed as whiskers. The task which is to be accomplished and try to do your
plot has 5 different parts to it: best to achieve that.
The first quartile represents data from the 0th percentile 3. Positive Y-axis: Passive: You focus more on listening
to the 25th percentile, where the whisker length to people and understanding everything that they say
depends on the range covered by the data. A smaller without interruption.
range results in a shorter whisker, while a larger range 4. Negative Y-axis: Active: You actively participate in the
leads to a longer whisker. discussions and make sure that you make your point
The second quartile, from the 25th percentile to the 50th in-front of the crowd.
percentile, is plotted inside the box as it has minimal ¾¾Think for a minute and understand which of these
deviation from the mean. qualities you have in you. Now, take a chit and write
The third quartile, from the 50th percentile to the 75th your name on it. Place this chit at a point in this map
percentile, is also plotted inside the box due to its which best describes you. It can be placed anywhere
low deviation from the mean. The second and third on the graph. Be honest about yourself and put it on
quartiles together form the Inter Quartile Range (IQR). the graph.
The length of the box varies based on the spread of the Step 2: Now that you have all put up your chits on
data distribution. the graph, it’s time to take a quick quiz. Go to this link
The fourth quartile, from the 75th percentile to the 100th and finish the quiz on it individually: What Animal are
percentile, represents the top 25 percentile data. Box YOU? (DiSC) - Personality Quiz (uquiz.com)
plots are useful in identifying outliers, which are data On this link, you will find a personality prediction
points outside the range and are visualised as dots or quiz. Take this quiz individually and try to answer all
circles on the graph. the questions honestly. Do not take anyone’s help in
Let us now move ahead and experience data it and do not discuss about it with anyone. Once the
visualisation using Jupyter notebook. Matplotlib library quiz is finished, remember the animal which has been
will help us in plotting all sorts of graphs while Numpy predicted for you. Write it somewhere and do not show
and Pandas will help us in analysing the data. it to anyone. Keep it as your little secret.
¾¾Data Sciences: In this section, we would be looking at Once everyone has gone through the quiz, go back
one of the classification models used in Data Sciences. to the board remove your chit, and draw the symbol
But before we look into the technicalities of the code, which corresponds to your animal in place of your chit.
let us play a game. Here are the symbols:
Place the symbols where you have placed your names. animal appears most frequently in their proximity? If
Instruct 4 students not to do so and advise them to keep the lion symbol is most common near their tag, do you
their animals a secret. Ensure that their name tags are on believe there is a high likelihood that their animal is
the graph so we can anticipate their animals using this also a lion? Let’s now make an educated guess for the
map. We will now apply the nearest neighbor algorithm animal for each of the 4 students based on their nearest
and attempt to forecast the potential animal(s) for these neighbors. Once the animals are guessed, inquire with
4 unknowns. Examine these 4 tags individually. Which these 4 students if the guess is accurate or not.
¾¾K-Nearest Neighbour: The K-Nearest Neighbours influenced by the selection of K and the distance metric
(KNN) algorithm is widely utilised in machine used. Therefore, it is crucial to perform meticulous
learning for classification and regression purposes. It parameter tuning in order to achieve the most
operates on the principle that data points with similar favourable outcomes.
characteristics are likely to have similar labels or values. ¾¾Some features of KNN are:
In the training phase, the KNN algorithm stores the zz The KNN prediction model relies on the surrounding
complete training dataset as a reference. When making points or neighbours to determine its class or group
predictions, it computes the distance between the input zz Utilises the properties of the majority of the nearest
data point and all the training examples, employing a points to decide how to classify unknown points
selected distance metric like Euclidean distance. zz Based on the concept that similar data points should be
The algorithm proceeds by identifying the K closest close to each other
neighbours to the input data point, taking into The personality prediction activity was a brief
account their respective distances. In the context of introduction to KNN. As you recall, in that activity, we
classification, the algorithm determines the predicted tried to predict the animal for 4 students according to
label for the input data point by assigning it the most the animals which were the nearest to their points. This
frequently occurring class label among the K neighbors. is how in a lay-man’s language KNN works. Here, K is a
In regression, on the other hand, the algorithm predicts variable which tells us about the number of neighbours
the value for the input data point by calculating either which are taken into account during prediction. It can
the average or weighted average of the target values of be any integer value starting from 1.
the K neighbors. Let us look at another example to demystify this
The KNN algorithm is known for its simplicity algorithm. Let us assume that we need to predict the
and comprehensibility, which has contributed to sweetness of a fruit according to the data which we
its widespread adoption across different fields. have for the same type of fruit. So here we have three
Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this algorithm can be maps to predict the same:
Here, X is the value which is to be predicted. The green dots depict sweet values and the blue ones denote not sweet.
Let us try it out by ourselves first. Look at the map closely and decide whether X should be sweet or not sweet?
Now, let us look at each graph one by one:
¾¾On the basis of this example, let us understand KNN the known points and the unknown point (where
better: dissimilarity refers to the disparity between two values),
zz K-nearest neighbours (KNN) algorithm aims to forecast and selects K number of points with the smallest
an unfamiliar value by considering the known values. dissimilarity. Based on this, the algorithm generates
The model computes the dissimilarity between all predictions.
¾¾Let us understand the significance of the number of zz Recommendation Engines: The primary function
neighbours: of a KNN algorithm is to assign a new query point
zz Scenario-1: Lowering the value of K to 1 leads to a to a pre-existing group that has been created using a
decrease in the stability of our predictions. For instance, large corpus of datasets. This functionality is crucial in
envisioning a scenario where K=1 and X is situated recommender systems, as it allows for the assignment
among multiple green points and one blue point, with of each user to a specific group and subsequently
the blue point being the closest neighbor. Logically, provides recommendations based on the preferences
one would assume that X is more likely to be green. of that group.
However, due to the K=1 setting, the KNN algorithm ¾¾Advantages of the KNN Algorithm:
inaccurately predicts that X is blue.
zz It is straightforward to comprehend and execute.
zz Scenario-2: On the contrary, by increasing the value
of K, our predictions become increasingly reliable as zz It offers great flexibility for both regression and
a result of majority voting / averaging. Consequently, classification tasks.

they are more likely to yield precise predictions (up to a zz The incorporation of fresh data into the dataset does
certain threshold). However, beyond this threshold, we not necessitate the preservation of a model.
start observing a growing number of errors. It is at this zz It achieves high precision through basic supervised
juncture that we realise we have exceeded the optimal learning methods.
value of K. zz It proves to be highly beneficial for handling nonlinear
zz Scenario-3: When conducting a majority vote, such
data.
as selecting the mode in a classification scenario, it is
zz It demonstrates increased efficiency when dealing with
common practice to choose an odd value for K in order
to avoid ties. extensive training data.
¾¾Applications of KNN: ¾¾Disadvantages of the KNN Algorithm:
zz Data Preprocessing: When dealing with any Machine zz The algorithm’s precision relies on the data’s caliber.
Learning problem, the initial step is to perform zz The expense of forecasting the k-nearest neighbours is
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). If missing values exceedingly steep.
are found in the data, there are various imputation
zz Inadequate for data with numerous features or
methods available. One effective method is the KNN
parameters.
Imputer, which is commonly used for sophisticated
zz Consumes a substantial amount of memory.
imputation techniques.
zz Pattern Recognition: KNN algorithms demonstrate zz Lacks scalability.
excellent performance when trained using the MNIST zz The Curse of Dimensionality.
dataset and evaluated. It has been observed that the zz Susceptible to Overfitting.
accuracy achieved is remarkably high.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) list has an even number of observations, the median
is the average of the two middle values.
1. Why KNN is lazy learner? 7. What is mode?
Ans. KNN algorithm does not build a model during the Ans. The mode is the value that appears most frequently
training phase. The algorithm memories the entire in a dataset. It represents the most common
training dataset and performs action on the dataset observation or category within the data.
at the time of classification.
2. What is Data Science?
1. How is society helping entrepreneurs in their
Ans. Data science is an interdisciplinary field that business? [SQP 2023-24]
involves extracting insights and knowledge from Ans. Society is helping entrepreneurs by
structured and unstructured data using various (i) Creating needs
techniques, algorithms, and tools. (ii) Providing raw material
3. What are Pandas use for? (iii) buying/selling of items
4. Name the five stages of AI Project? (iv) making money
Ans. Stage 1: Problem Scoping 2. What is data with respect to the AI domain of Data
Stage 2: Data Acquisition Science?
Stage 3: Data Exploration Ans. Every AI system heavily relies on data. Data is the
Stage 4: Data Modelling core of almost every AI system. AI systems need
Stage 5: Data Evaluation data for functioning, learning and growing. It is
5. What is mean? basically input in the system.
6. What is median? 3. What type of data can be used by Pandas?
Ans. The median is the middle value of a sorted list Ans. • Tabular data: Data organised in rows and
of numbers. If the list has an odd number of columns, such as CSV files, Excel spreadsheets, SQL
observations, the median is the middle value. If the tables, etc.
• Time series data: Data indexed by time or date, maintains them into accurate datasets, and prepares
commonly used in financial, economic, and the output in the proper and appropriate format.
scientific applications. The final output or information extracted through
• Heterogeneous data: Data with mixed types, such data science can be used to make a decision.
as numeric, string, boolean, etc.
For example, price comparison websites like
• Missing data: Data with missing or NaN (Not PriceGrabber, PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla, and
a Number) values, which Pandas can handle DealTime are totally driven by data, compares the
efficiently. price of a product from different vendors and then
Commonly Made Error the user can make a suitable decision.
Confusion between data science and data analysis,

The digital marketing spectrum is also a good example
overlooking the diverse applications of data science of data science. It shows the targeted ads to the audience
beyond traditional. according to their data.
2. Explain the concepts of mean, median, mode, and
Answering Tip standard deviation.
Pay attention to data preprocessing steps such 3. Explain the k-nearest neighbours (KNN) algorithm.
as handling missing values, encoding categorical Ans. The k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm is a
variables, and scaling features, as they can significantly simple and versatile supervised machine learning
impact model performance. algorithm used for both classification and regression
tasks. KNN makes predictions by memorising the
4. What are the applications of data science?
data points rather than building a model about
5. What is the use of histogram?
it. This is why it is also called “lazy learner” or
Ans. Histograms are used for visualising the distribution
“memory based” model too.
of a dataset. They display the frequency or count
of data points within predefined intervals, called
KNN relies on the principle that similar data points
bins, along a continuous axis. Histograms provide tend to belong to the same class or have similar
insights into the central tendency, dispersion, and target values. This means that, In the training
shape of the data distribution, allowing users to phase, KNN stores the entire dataset consisting of
identify patterns, outliers, and trends in the data. feature vectors and their corresponding class labels
They are commonly used in statistical analysis, (for classification) or target values (for regression).
exploratory data analysis, and data visualisation It then calculates the distances between that point
to understand the underlying characteristics of a and all the points in the training dataset. (commonly
dataset and make informed decisions based on the used distance metrics are Euclidean distance and
data distribution. Manhattan distance).
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)

Note: Choosing an appropriate value for k is crucial.
A small k may result in noisy predictions, while a
1. What do you mean by data science? Illustrate your
large k can smooth out the decision boundaries.
answer with an example.
The choice of distance metric and feature scaling
Ans. Data science is one of the domains of AI. It processes also impact KNN’s performance.
the data for the AI systems. It collects the data input,

(C) Training data and testing data are acquired in
Objective Type Questions the Data Acquisition stage.
(D) Training data is always larger as compared to
[A] Multiple Choice Questions testing data.
1. Rajat has made a model which predicts the Ans. Option (A) is correct.
performance of Indian Cricket players in 2. Which of the following is an application of data
upcoming matches. He collected the data of science? [SQP 2023-24]
players’ performance with respect to stadium, (A) Text summarisation
bowlers, opponent team and health. His model (B) Target Advertisements
works with good accuracy and precision value. (C) Face lock in smartphones
Which of the statement given below is incorrect? (D) Email filters
[SQP 2023-24] 3. Which of the following means how far each
(A) Data gathered with respect to stadium, bowlers, number in the given dataset is from the mean
opponent team and health is known as Testing value?
Data. (A) Mean (B) Median
(B) Data given to an AI model to check accuracy (C) Mode (D) Variance
and precision is Testing Data. Ans. Option (D) is correct.
4. Which among the following is used to solve both 4. The _______________ algorithm assumes that
classification and regression problems? similar things exist in close proximity.
(A) CNN (B) KNN Ans. KNN
(C) ANN (D) NLP 5. _______________ is used to plot data using
5. Which of the following is used for data analysis rectangular bars or columns.
and calculation related to large numerical data Ans. Bar chart
sets? [C] Case Based Subjective
(A) NumPy (B) Pandas I. Read the following text and answer the following
(C) Packages (D) Modules questions based on the same:
Ans. Option (A) is correct. The given pie chart shows the subject of interest of
Explanation: Numerical Python (NumPy) is each student in a class.
used for data analysis and calculation related to
large numerical data sets. It performs various
mathematical operations on arrays, making
numerical computation faster and memory efficient.
6. Which of the following is a circular representation
of data where each slice shows the relative size of
the data?
(A) Pie-chart (B) Column chart
(C) Bar chart (D) histogram
Explanation: A pie chart is a type of graph in a
circular form used to represent data or information
where each slice shows the size of the data. Answer the following question concerning the
given pie diagram.
7. Which of the following is the measure of dispersion
of a set of data from its mean? (a) If 30 students’ subjects of interest are Hindi, how
many total students were surveyed?
(A) Median (B) Mean
(b) Which subject is liked the most?
(C) Standard deviation (D) Variance
(c) Which subject is disliked the most?
(d) What is sum of the percentage of maths and hindi?
Ans. (a) According to the given question, 8% of the total
[B] Fill in the Blanks number of students is 30. i.e. (8/100) x Total = 30
1. _____________ is a simple file format that stores
Therefore, Total = 30 x (100/8) = 375
data separated by commas. [SQP 2023-24]
Hence 375 students were surveyed.
Ans. CSV (Commas Separated Value)
(b) According to the given pie chart, maths is liked the
2. The graphical representation of the data in a data most.
set to identify pattern and trends out of it is called (c) According to the given pie chart, hindi is disliked
_________________. the most.
Ans. Data Visualisation (d) According to the given pie chart,
3. _______________ is the measure of dispersion of a Maths % is: 34% and
set of data from its mean. Hindi % is: 8%
Ans. Standard deviation Hence the total of maths and hindi is: 34+ 8=42 %
3. Pandas is used for data manipulation and analysis 4. • Recommender Systems: Providing personalised
in Python. recommendations to users based on their past
5. Mean refers to the average value of a set of behaviours and preferences, commonly seen in
numbers. It is calculated by summing all the values e-commerce, streaming services, and social media
in the dataset and dividing by the total number of platforms.
values.
• Fraud Detection: Identifying fraudulent activities Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)
and transactions by analysing patterns and 2. Mean: The mean, often referred to as the average,
anomalies in data, utilised in banking, insurance, is calculated by summing up all the values in a
and cybersecurity industries. dataset and then dividing by the total number of
• Image and Video Analysis: Analysing and values.
interpreting visual data, used in medical imaging, Median: When data are sorted in either ascending
surveillance, autonomous vehicles, and facial or descending order, the median is the value in the
recognition systems. middle of the dataset. The median is the average
• Health Informatics: Analysing medical data to of the two middle values when the number of
improve patient care, disease diagnosis, treatment data points is even.
outcomes, and public health interventions. In comparison to the mean, the median is less
• Social Network Analysis: Studying relationships impacted by extreme numbers, making it a more
and interactions within social networks to reliable indicator of central tendency.
understand social behaviour, influence, and Mode: The value that appears most frequently
network dynamics. in a dataset is the mode. One mode (unimodal),
• Energy Forecasting: Predicting energy several modes (multimodal), or no mode (if all
consumption and optimising energy production values occur with the same frequency) can all exist
and distribution, contributing to renewable in a dataset.
energy integration, demand-side management, Standard deviation: The spread or dispersion
and energy efficiency initiatives. of data points in a dataset is measured by the
standard deviation. It quantifies the variance
between different data points.

4. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: K- Nearest Neighbour, KNN is used
2. Option (B) is correct. to tackle regression and classification problem
Explanation: Target Advertisement is an example statements.
of Data Science, a method of advertising that
uses data science to understand customer's
requirements, interests, behaviours, and
preferences.
***
145

1. Which of the following means how far each number in the given dataset is from the mean value?
(A) Mean (B) Median
(C) Mode (D) Variance
2. Which of the following is the measure of dispersion of a set of data from its mean?
(A) Median (B) Mean
(C) Standard deviation (D) Variance
3. Which of the following is used for data analysis and calculation related to large numerical data sets?
(A) NumPy (B) Pandas
(C) Packages (D) Modules
4. The _______________ algorithm assumes that similar things exist in close proximity.
5. _______________ is used to plot data using rectangular bars or columns.
6. What is mode?
7. What is mean?
8. Name the five stages of AI Project?
9. What is data with respect to the AI domain of Data Science?
10. What is the use of histogram?
11. Explain the k-nearest neighbours (KNN) algorithm.
12. Define and 4 applications of Data Science.

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
4 COMPUTER VISION
Study Plan
In this chapter, you will study: Maximum Questions = 38
• DDefine the concept of Computer Vision and understand its applications in various
fields.
• Understand the basic concepts of image representation, feature extraction, object
detection, and segmentation.
• Use Python libraries such as OpenCV for basic image processing and computer vision
tasks. Apply the convolution operator to process images and extract useful features.
• Understand the basic architecture of a CNN and its applications in computer vision
and image recognition.
Revision Notes Scan this the ability to process visual information like humans.
¾¾Think of it this way:
¾¾What is it?
zz Input: Images and videos (digital eyes)
zz Computer vision (CV): is a branch of
zz Process: Analysing, understanding, and extracting
Artificial Intelligence (AI) that allows
Introduction to information (brain at work)
computers to see and understand the Computer
zz Output: Insights, predictions, actions (making sense of
world through images and videos. Vision
Imagine it as giving robots eyes and the visual world)
¾¾Now before we get into the concepts of Computer Vision, let us experience this domain with the help of the
following game:
Emoji Scavenger Hunt:
Go to the link https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/ and try to play the game of Emoji Scavenger Hunt. The
challenge here is to find 8 items within the time limit to pass.
¾¾Did you manage to win?
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
Computer Vision 147
¾¾What was the strategy that you applied to win this zz Extract meaning: Decide whether to stop, turn, or
game? accelerate
________________________________________________ ¾¾In simpler terms:
CV = Seeing through pictures + understanding what
________________________________________________ you see + taking action based on that understanding.
________________________________________________ Remember:
zz CV is not simply replicating human vision; it’s about
________________________________________________
extracting and analysing information from images in a way
________________________________________________ that’s valuable for computers.
zz CV applications are constantly evolving and shaping our
________________________________________________
world in exciting ways.
________________________________________________ ¾¾Applications of Computer Vision Scan this
________________________________________________ zz Computer Vision: Seeing through
the Machine’s Eye
________________________________________________ This decade and the upcoming one
¾¾Was the computer able to identify all the items you are poised to witness a significant leap How Computer
brought in front of it? in technology, and computer vision Vision
________________________________________________ is at the forefront of this revolution. Application
Work?
Computer vision is a field of artificial
________________________________________________ intelligence that enables computers to
________________________________________________ understand and interpret the visual world. In simpler
________________________________________________ terms, it’s like giving machines the ability to “see” and
process information from images and videos.
________________________________________________ ¾¾Common Applications of Computer Vision:
________________________________________________ zz Facial Recognition: Imagine being able to identify a
person from a grainy security camera footage. Facial
________________________________________________ recognition technology, powered by computer vision,
________________________________________________ does just that. It analyses facial features like eyes, nose,
________________________________________________ and jawline to create a unique biometric map, allowing
for identification and verification.
¾¾Did the lighting of the room affect the identifying of
items by the machine? MNEMONICS
________________________________________________ Mnemonic:
________________________________________________ I Understand English
________________________________________________ I : Identify objects and features
U: Understand Context
________________________________________________
E: Extract Meaning
________________________________________________ Curriculum Vitae
________________________________________________ C: Computer
________________________________________________ V : Vision
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
¾¾Why is it important?
CV plays a crucial role in various fields, including:
zz Safety & Security: Facial recognition, anomaly
detection for surveillance, autonomous vehicles
zz Health: Medical image analysis, disease detection,
robot-assisted surgery
zz Access: Biometric authentication, smart home
automation, visual assistance for the disabled
zz Entertainment: Augmented reality, image editing,
special effects
¾¾How does it work?
CV uses complex algorithms and machine learning
techniques to:
1. Identify objects and features: Recognise shapes,
colours, textures, and patterns in images.
2. Understand context: Analyse relationships between
objects, their location, and movement.
Extract meaning: Draw conclusions and make predictions
based on the information extracted.
Example:
Imagine a self-driving car using CV. It can:
zz Face Filters: Those fun and quirky filters you use on
zz Identify objects: Cars, pedestrians, traffic lights
zz Understand context: Lane markings, traffic flow, speed your selfies? They’re powered by computer vision too!
limits Face filters track facial landmarks and manipulate them
Computer Vision 149
in real-time, adding glasses, hats, or even transforming computer vision sensors and AI algorithms, are rapidly
your face into an animal. evolving. These cars can perceive their surroundings
in 360 degrees, detect objects like pedestrians and
vehicles, and navigate roads autonomously.
zz Google Lens: Ever pointed your phone at a landmark zz Healthcare: Computer vision is transforming the medical
and instantly gotten information about it? That’s field as well. Medical imaging analysis, powered by AI,
Google Lens in action. It uses computer vision to is helping doctors diagnose diseases more accurately
analyse images and match them to its vast database, and efficiently. By analysing X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs,
providing you with relevant information like names, computer vision algorithms can identify abnormalities
locations, and even reviews. and tumors, leading to better patient care.
zz Retail Stores: Say goodbye to checkout lines! Amazon

Go, a futuristic store powered by computer vision, zz Google Translate App: Break down language barriers
tracks your shopping journey and automatically bills with the power of your smartphone! Google Translate
you without any human interaction. Cameras and app uses computer vision to translate text directly
sensors follow your movements and detect the items from images and signs. Simply point your camera at
the text, and voila, you have the translation in your
you pick up, creating a seamless shopping experience.
preferred language. These are just a few examples of
the many ways computer vision is impacting our lives.
As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect
even more exciting applications in fields like robotics,
security, and entertainment. The future is bright, and
computer vision is leading the way.
zz Automotive Industry: Buckle up for the future of

transportation! Self-driving cars, equipped with
zz Computer Vision: Now, you go beyond the picture.

You interpret the scene, identifying objects like a
broken window, a footprint, or a suspicious car. You
even reconstruct the events based on the clues – who
was there, what happened, and why? This is the realm
of constructing meaningful descriptions: extracting
information and understanding the scene’s context.
¾¾Real-world applications:
¾¾Application Domains of Computer Vision: zz Robotics: Imagine a robot navigating a factory floor.
zz Agriculture zz Gesture analysis

Image processing helps it see obstacles and adjust
zz Autonomous vehicles zz Geoscience
its path, while computer vision allows it to recognise
zz Biometrics zz Medical imagery
objects and manipulate them with precision.
zz Medicine: Doctors use image processing to enhance
zz Character recognition zz Pollution monitoring
zz Forensics, security, and zz Process control
medical scans, revealing tiny details. Computer vision
surveillance then helps diagnose diseases by identifying tumors,
zz Remote sensing
analysing tissue samples, and even creating 3D models
zz Industrial quality inspection zz Robotics
of organs for surgery planning.
zz Face recognition zz Transport
zz Security: Facial recognition systems use image
zz Computer vision is concerned with modeling and
processing to capture faces, while computer vision
replicating human vision using computer software
analyses them to identify individuals or detect
and hardware. Formally if we define computer vision
suspicious behaviour in security footage.
then its definition would be that computer vision is a
discipline that studies how to reconstruct, interrupt zz Transportation: Self-driving cars rely on both. Image
and understand a 3d scene from its 2d images in terms processing clarifies road markings and traffic signals,
of the properties of the structure present in scene. while computer vision interprets the scene, identifying
zz It needs knowledge from the following fields in order
pedestrians, vehicles, and potential hazards to navigate
to understand and stimulate the operation of a human safely.
vision system. ¾¾Remember:
zz Computer Science zz Physiology zz Image processing is the “how” – it manipulates the
zz Electrical Engineering zz Biology image itself.
zz Mathematics zz Cognitive Science zz Computer vision is the “what” and “why” – it interprets
¾¾Image Processing: the image to understand its meaning and context.
Image Processing: Image processing is the method zz Think of them as two sides of the same coin, working
of transforming an image into a digital form and together to unlock the secrets hidden within images.
performing certain operations to get some senseful ¾¾Computer Vision: Getting Started
information from it. Computer Vision is a domain of
Scan this
¾¾Image Features:
Artificial Intelligence, that deals with
zz A feature is a description of an image.
the images. It involves the concepts
zz Features are the specific structures in the image such as of image processing and machine
points, edges or objects. learning models to build a Computer Detection
VS Image
zz Other examples of features are related to tasks of CV Vision based application. Segmentation
motion in image sequences, or to shapes defined in ¾¾Computer Vision Tasks:
terms of curves or boundaries between different image
The various applications of Computer Vision are based
regions.
on a certain number of tasks which are performed to
¾¾Image Extraction: This feature transforms raw data
get certain information from the input image which
into numerical data for better conservation of the data
can be directly used for prediction or forms the base for
and improving the machine learning results.
further analysis. The tasks used in a computer vision
¾¾Object Detection: Object detection is a computer vision
application are:
technique that allows us to identify and locate objects
in an image or video. For Single For Multiple
¾¾Image Segmentation: Image Segmentation is the
Objects Objects
method which perform a digital image is partitioned
into various subgroups in pixels called Image Objects,
which can decrease the complexity of the image, and
analysing the image becomes simpler.
¾¾Computer Vision Vs Image Processing:
Imagine you’re a detective investigating a crime scene.
zz Image Processing: You meticulously analyse the photo
evidence, adjusting brightness, sharpening blurry
details, and enhancing colours to see everything clearly.
This is like applying image-to-image transformations:
manipulating the image itself.
Computer Vision 151
Applications of computers are based on several tasks that can be performed on the input image so as to perform
Analysis or predict the output.
¾¾There are two methods of Computer Vision Task: zz Resolution: How Densely Packed are the Pixels?
1. For Single Objects – Classification Think of resolution as the “pixel density” of an image.
and Classification + Localisation Scan this
It tells us how many pixels are crammed into a specific
zz Image Classification: Identifying the
category of an object in an image. Think area, usually measured in width x height. For instance,
of it like sorting photos into folders like a 1080 x 720 resolution image has 1080 pixels across
«cats,» «cars,» or «landscapes. Image its width and 720 pixels down its height. A higher
Example: A program that classifies Classification VS resolution image (like 4K) packs more pixels into the
X-ray images as “normal” or Object Detection same space, resulting in sharper details and smoother
VS Image
“pneumonia.” Segmentation transitions. Remember, megapixels (million pixels) are
zz Image Classification + Localisation: a handy way to compare the overall pixel count of
Not only identifying the object’s different images.
category but also pinpointing its location in the image.
Like labeling and marking a specific cat in a picture. zz Pixel Values: Shades of Gray and Beyond
Example: Self-driving cars using cameras to identify Each pixel has a value that dictates its brightness.
and locate pedestrians on the road. On a scale of 0 to 255 (like a light dimmer switch!),
2. For Multiple Objects – Object Detection and Instance 0 represents pitch black (no light) and 255 signifies
Segmentation pure white (maximum brightness). Shades of gray fall
zz Object Detection: Finding instances of objects (not just somewhere in between, with each shade representing
their category) within an image. More like spotting all an equal mix of the three primary colours: Red, Green,
the cats, not just classifying the photo as “cats.”
and Blue (RGB). These numbers are the language
Example: Facial recognition software detecting faces in
computers use to store and understand the images we
a crowd.
see on our screens.
zz Instance Segmentation: Assigning a unique label to
each pixel belonging to an object, essentially separating Number of Different Number of Number of
and outlining individual instances. Imagine drawing
precise circles around each cat in the picture. bits patterns patterns patterns
Example: Medical imaging software segmenting 1 01 2^1 2
tumors for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
¾¾Basics of Images Pixels: The Building Blocks of Images 2 00 01 10 11 2^2 4
Imagine a mosaic. Each tiny tile forms the bigger 3 000 001 010 2^3 8
picture, right? Similarly, pixels are the fundamental
building blocks of any digital image. These tiny squares 100 011 101
of information, typically arranged in a grid, determine 110 111
the smallest unit of detail we see. The more pixels an
image has, the closer it resembles the original object 2 ^ 8 = 256
or scene, just like a finer mosaic offers a more intricate
representation. zz Grayscale Images: Where Colour Takes a Backseat
Grayscale images are like black and white photographs,
devoid of any vibrant hues. They showcase the tonal
variations of a scene, where white is the brightest point
and black is the darkest. Each pixel in a grayscale image
holds a single value between 0 and 255, representing
the combined brightness level of the three primary
colours. This simplified representation can be useful
for certain applications, like medical imaging or artistic
expressions.
Here is an example of a grayscale image as you check, 2. What is the output colour when you put R=G=B=0 ?
the value of pixels are within the range of 0–255. The ________________________________________________
computers store the images we see in the form of these ________________________________________________
numbers.
________________________________________________
zz RGB Colours: The Symphony of Light
The magic of colour in digital images lies in the ________________________________________________

interplay of three primary colours: Red, Green, and ________________________________________________
Blue. Every colour you see on your screen is a unique ________________________________________________
blend of these three in varying intensities. Computers
________________________________________________
store RGB images in three separate channels – one for
each primary colour – allowing for the creation of a vast ________________________________________________
spectrum of vibrant hues. Understanding this concept ________________________________________________
is crucial for anyone who wants to delve deeper into 3. How does the colour vary when you put either of the
the world of digital graphics and image manipulation. three as 0 and then keep on varying the other two?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. How does the output colour change when all the three
colours are varied in same proportion ?
________________________________________________
¾¾Let us experience: ________________________________________________
Go to this online link URL https://www.w3schools.com/ ________________________________________________
colours/colours_rgb.asp. On the basis of this online tool,
________________________________________________
try and answer all the below mentioned questions.
1. What is the output colour when you put R=G=B=255? ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ 5. What is the RGB value of your favourite colour from
the colour palette?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
Computer Vision 153
________________________________________________ URL( WEBSITES BASED ON IMAGE PROCESSING
________________________________________________ WITH AI TRY AND FUN)
https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/
________________________________________________
https://www.w3schools.com/colours/colours_rgb.asp
________________________________________________
https://www.piskelapp.com/
________________________________________________ https://setosa.io/ev/image-kernels/
________________________________________________ ¾¾Image Features: In computer vision and image
zz Were you able to answer all the questions? If yes, then processing, a feature is a piece of information which is
you would have understood how every colour we see relevant for solving the computational task related to a
around is made. certain application. Features may be specific structures
Now the question arises, how do computers store RGB in the image such as points, edges or objects.
images? Every RGB image is stored in the form of three For example:
different channels called the R channel, G channel and Imagine that your security camera is capturing an
the B channel. image. At the top of the image we are given six small
Each plane separately has a number of pixels with each patches of images. Our task is to find the exact location
pixel value varying from 0 to 255. All the three planes of those image patches in the image.
when combined together form a colour image. This Take a pencil and mark the exact location of those
means that in a RGB image, each pixel has a set of three
patches in the image.
different values which together give colour to that
particular pixel.
For Example:
1. Were you able to find the exact location of all the

patches?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
As you can see, each colour image is stored in the ________________________________________________

form of three different channels, each having different ________________________________________________
intensity. All three channels combine together to form
a colour we see. ________________________________________________
In the above given image, if we split the image into ________________________________________________
three different channels, namely Red (R), Green
(G) and Blue (B), the individual layers will have the ________________________________________________
following intensity of colours of the individual pixels. 2. Which one was the most difficult to find?
These individual layers when stored in the memory
looks like the image on the extreme right. The images ________________________________________________
look in the grayscale image because each pixel has a ________________________________________________
value intensity of 0 to 255 and as studied earlier, 0 is
________________________________________________
considered as black or no presence of colour and 255
means white or full presence of colour. These three ________________________________________________
individual RGB values when combined together form ________________________________________________
the colour of each pixel.
Therefore, each pixel in the RGB image has three values ________________________________________________
to form the complete colour. ________________________________________________
¾¾Task: Go to the following link URL www.piskelapp.
________________________________________________
com and create your own pixel art. Try and make a GIF
using the online app for your own pixel art. ________________________________________________
3. Which one was the easiest to find? In the above image how would we determine the exact
location of each patch?
________________________________________________ The blue patch is a flat area and difficult to find and
________________________________________________ track. Wherever you move the blue patch it looks the
same. The black patch has an edge. Moved along the
________________________________________________
edge (parallel to edge), it looks the same. The red patch
________________________________________________ is a corner. Wherever you move the patch, it looks
________________________________________________ different, therefore it is unique. Hence, corners are
considered to be good features in an image.
________________________________________________ ¾¾Introduction to OpenCV:
________________________________________________ Now that we have learnt about image features and its
________________________________________________ importance in image processing, we will learn about a
tool we can use to extract these features from our image
________________________________________________ for further processing.
zz Let’s Reflect: Let us take individual patches into OpenCV or Open Source Computer Vision Library is
account at once and then check the exact location of that tool which helps a computer extract these features
those patches. from the images. It is used for all kinds of images
zz For Patch A and B: The patch A and B are flat surfaces and video processing and analysis. It is capable of
in the image and are spread over a lot of area. They can processing images and videos to identify objects, faces,
be present at any location in a given area in the image. or even handwriting.
zz For Patch C and D: The patches C and D are simpler as In this chapter we will use OpenCV for basic image
compared to A and B. They are edges of a building and processing operations on images such as resizing,
we can find an approximate location of these patches but cropping and many more.
finding the exact location is still difficult. This is because To install OpenCV library, open anaconda prompt and
the pattern is the same everywhere along the edge. then write the following command:
zz For Patch E and F: The patches E and F are the easiest
¾¾pip install opencv-python: Now let us take a deep dive
to find in the image. The reason being that E and F on the various functions of OpenCV to understand the
are some corners of the building. This is because at various image processing techniques. Head to Jupyter
the corners, wherever we move this patch it will look Notebook for introduction to OpenCV given on this
different. link: http://bit.ly/cv_notebook
¾¾Conclusion: In image processing, we can get a lot of
features from the image. It can be either a blob, an edge
or a corner. These features help us to perform various
tasks and then get the analysis done on the basis of the
application. Now the question that arises is which of
the following are good features to be used?
As you saw in the previous activity, the features having
the corners are easy to find as they can be found only
at a particular location in the image, whereas the edges
which are spread over a line or an edge look the same
all along. This tells us that the corners are always good
features to extract from an image followed by the edges.
Let’s look at another example to understand this.
Consider the images given below and apply the
concept of good features for the following. ¾¾Convolution: We have learnt that computers store
images in numbers, and that pixels are arranged in a
particular manner to create the picture we can recognise.
These pixels have value varying from 0 to 255 and the
value of the pixel determines the colour of that pixel.
But what if we edit these numbers, will it bring a
change to the image? The answer is yes. As we change
the values of these pixels, the image changes. This
process of changing pixel values is the base of image
editing.
We all use a lot of image editing software like photoshop
and at the same time use apps like Instagram and
snapchat, which apply filters to the image to enhance
the quality of that image.
Computer Vision 155
As you can see, different filters applied to an image zz Try experimenting with the following values to come
change the pixel values evenly throughout the image. up with a theory:
How does this happen? This is done with the help of the 1. Make 4 numbers negative. Keep the rest as 0.
process of convolution and the convolution operator 2. Now make one of them as positive.
which is commonly used to create these effects. 3. Observe what happens.
Before we understand how the convolution operation 4. Now make the second positive.
works, let us try and create a theory for the convolution zz What theory do you propose for convolution on the
operator by experiencing it using an online application. basis of the observation?

¾¾Task: Go to the link URL http://matlabtricks.com/post- ________________________________________________
5/3x3-convolution-kernels-with-online-demo and at
the bottom of the page click on load “Click to Load ________________________________________________
Application” ________________________________________________
¾¾Once the application is loaded try different filters and ________________________________________________
apply it on the image. Observe how the value of the
kernel is changing for different filters. Try these steps ________________________________________________
1. Change all to positive values ________________________________________________
2. Change all to negative values ________________________________________________
3. Have a mixture of negative and positive values ________________________________________________
Let us follow the following steps to understand how a
________________________________________________
convolution operator works. The steps to be followed
zz Itis time to test the theory. Change the location of the
are:
four numbers and follow the above mentioned steps.
Does your theory hold true?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
If yes, change the picture and try whether the theory ________________________________________________
holds true or not. If it does not hold true, modify ¾¾Convolution : Explained
your theory and keep trying until it satisfies all the Convolution is a simple Mathematical operation which
conditions. is fundamental to many common image processing
¾¾Let’s Discuss: operators. Convolution provides a way of `multiplying
zz What effect did you apply? together’ two arrays of numbers, generally of different
sizes, but of the same dimensionality, to produce a
________________________________________________ third array of numbers of the same dimensionality.
________________________________________________ An (image) convolution is simply an element-wise
multiplication of image arrays and another array called
________________________________________________ the kernel followed by sum.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
zz How did different kernels affect the image?
________________________________________________ As you can see here,

I = Image Array
________________________________________________ K = Kernel Array
________________________________________________ I * K = Resulting array after performing the convolution
operator
________________________________________________
Note: The Kernel is passed over the whole image to get
________________________________________________ the resulting array after convolution.
________________________________________________ Convolutions are one of the most critical, fundamental
building blocks in computer vision and image
________________________________________________
processing.
________________________________________________ We learned that computers store images in numbers
________________________________________________ and that pixels are arranged in a particular manner to
zz Why do you think we apply these effects? create the picture we can recognise. As we change the
values of these pixels, the image changes.
________________________________________________ Convolution is simply an element-wise multiplication of
________________________________________________ two matrices followed by a sum. Convolution is using
a ‘kernel’ to extract certain ‘features’ from an input
________________________________________________
image.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
zz How do you think the convolution operator works?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________ ¾¾steps of convolution:
________________________________________________ 1. Take two matrices (Input Image +kernel with
dimensions).
________________________________________________
2. Multiply them, element-by-element (i.e., not the dot-
________________________________________________ product, just a simple multiplication).
Computer Vision 157
3. Sum the elements together. zz Write your Output Here:
4. Then the sum will be the Centre value of the image.
¾¾What is a Kernel?
A Kernel is a matrix, which is slid across the image
and multiplied with the input such that the output is
enhanced in a certain desirable manner. Each kernel
has a different value for different kind of effects that
we want to apply to an image.
In Image processing, we use the convolution operation
to extract the features from the images which can le later
used for further processing especially in Convolution
Neural Network (CNN), about which we will study
later in the chapter.
In this process, we overlap the centre of the image ¾¾Summary:
with the centre of the kernel to obtain the convolution 1. Convolution is a common tool used for image editing.
output. In the process of doing it, the output image 2. It is an element wise multiplication of an image and a
becomes smaller as the overlapping is done at the kernel to get the desired output.
edge row and column of the image. What if we want 3. In computer vision application, it is used in
the output image to be of exact size of the input image, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract image
how can we achieve this? features.
¾¾Convolution Neural Network (CNN): CNN is an
To achieve this, we need to extend the edge values
efficient recognition algorithm that is widely used in image
out by one in the original image while overlapping
recognition and processing that is specifically designed to
the centres and performing the convolution. This will
process pixel data.
help us keep the input and output image of the same
size. While extending the edges, the pixel values are
considered as zero.
zz A convolutional neural network consists of the

following layers:
1. Convolution Layer
2. Rectified linear Unit (ReLU)
3. Pooling Layer
4. Fully Connected Layer
¾¾Let’s try: In this section we will try performing the

convolution operator on paper to understand how it
works. Fill the blank places of the output images by
performing the convolution operation.
¾¾Convolution Layer:
zz Definition: A convolutional layer is a fundamental
building block of Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs). It’s responsible for extracting key features
from an input, like edges, textures, or shapes, to help
the network understand and classify the data.
zz Imagine this: You’re showing a child a new object,
like a car. You point out its defining characteristics,
like wheels, windows, and headlights. This is similar
to what a convolutional layer does with an image. It
“looks” for specific patterns and shapes (like edges and
colour gradients) that act as “landmarks” for identifying
the object.
¾¾Here’s how it works: If we see the two graphs side by side, the one on the left
1. Kernel: The layer uses a small square matrix called a is a linear graph. This graph when passed through the
kernel to scan the input image. This kernel acts like a ReLU layer, gives the one on the right. The ReLU graph
“feature detector,” searching for specific patterns. starts with a horizontal straight line and then increases
2. Convolution: The kernel slides across the image, linearly as it reaches a positive number.
performing a dot product operation at each position. Now the question arises, why do we pass the feature
This operation essentially measures how well the map to the ReLU layer? it is to make the colour change
kernel matches the underlying image patterns in that more obvious and more abrupt?
area.
3. Feature Map: The output of the convolution process
is a feature map. This map contains a value for each
position in the input image, indicating the strength of
the detected feature at that location.
Example: Let’s say you’re training a CNN to recognise
cats. The first convolutional layer might have kernels
specifically tuned to detect edges, curves, and specific
shapes like ears and whiskers. These kernels would As shown in the above convolved image, there is a
“slide” over the input image, highlighting areas with smooth grey gradient change from black to white. After
these features in the resulting feature map. This applying the ReLu function, we can see a more abrupt
information is then used by subsequent layers in the
change in colour which makes the edges more obvious
CNN to build a higher-level understanding of the
which acts as a better feature for the further layers in a
image, ultimately leading to cat recognition.
CNN as it enhances the activation layer.
¾¾In short:
¾¾Pooling Layer:
zz Convolutional layers extract key features from an input, like
zz Definition: A layer that reduces the spatial dimensions
edges and patterns.
of a feature map while preserving important features. It
zz They use kernels to scan the input and identify these features.
combines nearby activations into a single value, thereby
zz The output is a feature map that highlights the detected
reducing the number of parameters and computations
features in the input.
needed in the network.
zz This information helps the CNN understand and classify the
zz Example: Imagine a feature map with a size of 28x28.
data.
Applying a pooling operation with a kernel size of 2x2
and a stride of 2 will reduce the size to 14x14.
zz Benefits:
Reduces the size of the network, making it faster and
more efficient to train.
Improves the network’s ability to detect features that
are independent of their exact location in the input
image (e.g., edges, textures).
¾¾Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU): Provides some level of invariance to small translations
and distortions in the input image.
zz Definition: A type of activation function used in neural
¾¾In simpler terms:
networks that sets all negative input values to zero and
keeps positive values unchanged. Mathematically, it›s zz ReLU: Acts like a filter, letting positive features pass
represented as f(x) = max(0, x). through while discarding negative ones. Think of it
zz Example: Imagine a feature map with values like -2, like turning off a light switch for all the «bad» features.
3, 1, -5. After passing through a ReLU layer, the values zz Pooling: Like shrinking a map, pooling reduces the size
become 0, 3, 1, 0. of the feature map while keeping the most important

zz Benefits: details. It›s like zooming out to see the bigger picture.
Faster training compared to other activation functions
like sigmoid or tanh.
Helps prevent vanishing gradients, a common problem
in deep learning.
Leads to sparser activations, meaning more neurons
are turned off, improving computational efficiency.
Computer Vision 159
¾¾There are two types of pooling:
1. Max pooling: The maximum pixel value of the batch is KEY TERMS
¾¾FC layers combine high-level features extracted by
selected.
2. Average pooling: The average value of all the pixels in CNNs.
the batch is selected. ¾¾They learn complex relationships between features.
¾¾They make final predictions based on these learned
relationships.
¾¾They are “cheap” in terms of computational
resources compared to other methods.
A small difference in input image will create very

similar pooled image.
¾¾Let’s
Summarise:
Convolutional Neural Network
¾¾Fully Connected Layer:

Definition: A fully-connected layer (FC layer) is a type
of artificial neural network layer where every neuron
in the layer is connected to every neuron in the next
layer. In a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), it’s
typically the final layer responsible for interpreting the
extracted features and making a final decision. Write the whole process of how a CNN works on the
basis of the above diagram.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Example: Imagine you’re analysing a cat image in ________________________________________________
a CNN. The convolutional and pooling layers have
already identified features like whiskers, fur pattern, ________________________________________________
and eye shape. The FC layer takes these features as ________________________________________________
inputs and learns complex relationships between them.
________________________________________________
If a specific combination of features (e.g., pointy ears,
fluffy fur, almond eyes) consistently coincides with the ________________________________________________
“cat” label in the training data, the FC layer assigns a ________________________________________________
high probability to the image being a cat. ________________________________________________
Essentially, the FC layer acts like a complex puzzle
solver: _______________________________________________
1. Input: It receives high-level features extracted by the ________________________________________________
previous layers (like whiskers, fur). ________________________________________________
2. Connection: Each feature is connected to every
“neuron” in the FC layer, allowing for complex ________________________________________________
interactions. ________________________________________________
3. Learning: The FC layer learns how these features
________________________________________________
combine and influence the final output.
4. Conclusion: Based on the learned relationships, the FC ________________________________________________
layer assigns a probability to the image belonging to a ¾¾Let’sExperience:
specific category (e.g., “cat”). Now let us see how this comes into practice. To see that,
zz Analogy: Think of it like baking a cake. The
go to the link URL http://scs.ryerson.ca/~aharley/vis/
convolutional and pooling layers gather ingredients conv/flat.html
and prepare them (e.g., flour, eggs, sugar). The FC layer
then mixes these ingredients in specific proportions This is an online application of classifying different
(based on the recipe) and bakes them (learning the numbers. We need to analyse the different layers in
relationships). Finally, it determines the flavor and type the application on the basis of the CNN that we have
of cake (making a conclusion). studied in the previous section.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) This allows it to accurately classify and identify
objects in new, unseen images.
1. What is a domain of AI-related to data systems and
processes, in which the system collects numerous • Unsupervised learning: In unsupervised learning,
data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/ the computer vision system is not provided with
sense out of them. any labelled data. It must learn to identify patterns
and relationships in the data on its own. This can be
Ans. Data Science
useful for tasks such as image segmentation, where
2. The information extracted through data science the goal is to group similar pixels together without
can be used to make a decision about it. Is it True any prior knowledge about the image content.
or False?
4. Explain the difference between image recognition
3. Give one example of data science? and object detection. [SQP]
Ans. Price Comparison websites Ans. • Image recognition: This refers to the task of
4. What is the full form of CV in terms of AI? identifying the content of an entire image. It
Ans. Computer Vision involves classifying the image into a predefined
5. Name the domain of AI that depicts the capability category, such as “landscape,” “portrait,” or “cat.”
of a machine to get and analyse visual information • Object detection: This refers to the task of locating
and afterwards predict some decisions about it. and identifying specific objects within an image or
Ans. Computer Vision/CV video. It involves identifying the bounding boxes
6. Which domain of AI translates digital visual data around each object and classifying the object within
into descriptions and then turned into a computer- each box.
readable language to aid the decision-making? For example, an image recognition system might
Ans. Computer Vision classify an image as a “cat,” while an object detection
system might identify and locate two cats within
7.What is the importance of CV?
the same image.
Ans. AI enables computer vision to understand, recognise,
5. Give two examples of how computer vision is used
and analyse all types of visual data.
in everyday life.
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) Ans. • Facial recognition in smartphones: Used to un-
1. Define computer vision and explain its two main lock smartphones and authenticate users for various
applications. [SQP] applications.
Ans. Computer vision is a field of Artificial Intelligence • Self-driving cars: Cameras are used to detect and
that enables computers to interpret and understand track objects like pedestrians, vehicles, and traffic
visual information from the real world through signals, enabling autonomous driving.
digital images and videos. It involves techniques 6. How does the face lock system work in a
like image recognition, object detection, and image smartphone?[2023]
segmentation. Ans. • The face lock system in a smartphone detects and

Two main applications of computer vision include: captures the image.
• Image classification: Identifying and classifying • It saves the features of the face at the beginning or
objects, scenes, or activities within images. For the first time when the lock is applied.
example, recognising faces in photographs or • After that whenever the features match it will
identifying the type of animal in a picture. unlock the smartphone.
• Object detection: Locating and identifying specific 7. Why do pixel values have numbers?
objects within an image or video. For example, [SQP]
detecting pedestrians and vehicles in self-driving
Ans. Computer systems only work in the form of ones
cars or identifying suspicious objects in security
and zeros or binary systems. Each bit in a computer
cameras.
system can have either a zero or a one. Each pixel
2. What is OpenCV? uses 1 byte of an image each bit can have two
3. Explain the difference between supervised and possible values which tells us that the 8 bits can
unsupervised learning in the context of computer have 255 possibilities of values that start from 0 and
vision. [SQP] ends at 255.
Ans. • Supervised learning: In supervised learning, the
computer vision system is trained on a dataset of Commonly Made Error
labelled images. Each image is associated with a Confusing computer vision with image processing,
label that identifies the object or scene it depicts. leading to misconceptions about their respective
During training, the system learns to associate the roles and applications.
features of the image with the corresponding label.
Computer Vision 161
Ans. Ethical implications of computer vision technology
Answering Tip include:
Use visual aids, diagrams, and examples to illustrate • Bias: Algorithms trained on biased data can
your answers, making complex concepts more perpetuate discrimination and unfair treatment.
accessible and enhancing clarity for the reader. • Privacy: Concerns arise regarding the collection
and use of personal data through facial recognition
8. What is kernel?
and other surveillance technologies.
Ans. A kernel is a matrix or a small matrix used for
• Security: Malicious actors can exploit vulnerabilities
blurring, sharpening, and many more which is slid
in computer vision systems for cyberattacks or
across the image and multiplied with the input such
manipulation.
that the output is enhanced in a certain desirable
Suggestions for mitigating these risks include:
manner.
• Transparency: Openly communicating how
9. What is the difference between convolution and
algorithms are developed and deployed.
pooling layer? [SQP]
• Accountability: Holding developers and users
Ans. The major difference is if you include a large stride
responsible for the ethical implications of their
in the convolution filter, you are changing the types
work.
of features you extract in the algorithm, whereas if
• Regulation: Implementing laws and standards to
you change it in the pooling layer, you are simply
protect individual rights and privacy.
changing how much the data is down-sampled.
• Human oversight: Ensuring human control over
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each) decision-making processes involving computer
1. Explain the concept of image recognition in vision technology.
computer vision. How does it work? Discuss the role 4. Describe the future of computer vision technology
of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in image and its potential impact on various aspects of life.
recognition. Additionally, provide two real-world Discuss one emerging application of computer
applications of image recognition.[2023] vision with its potential benefits and challenges.
Ans. Image recognition in computer vision refers to the Ans. The future of computer vision is promising, with
ability of computers to identify and classify objects potential applications in various fields:
in images and videos. It involves several steps: • Healthcare: Assisting with surgery, personalised
(i) Preprocessing: The image is first cleaned and medicine, and disease diagnosis.
resized to ensure proper format and size for • Education: Enhancing learning experiences,
processing. individualising instruction, and providing real-time
(ii) Feature extraction: Algorithm identifies key feedback.
features that distinguish different objects, such as • Transportation: Optimising traffic flow, improving
edges, shapes, and colours. safety, and automating delivery services.
(iii) Classification: The extracted features are compared • Retail: Personalising shopping experiences,
to a database of known objects to identify the object providing product recommendations, and
in the image. automating checkout processes.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) play a Emerging application:
crucial role in image recognition. These are deep • Smart homes: Using computer vision for object
learning algorithms inspired by the structure of recognition, gesture control, and activity monitoring
the human brain. They learn to identify complex to enhance comfort, security, and energy efficiency.
patterns in images by analysing them through Benefits:
layers of filters and performing computations.
• Improved convenience, safety, and security.
Real-world applications of image recognition
• Increased personalisation and customisation of
include:
services.
(i) Facial recognition: Used in security systems,
• Automation of tedious and dangerous tasks.
unlocking smartphones, and tagging people in
photos. • Improved efficiency and productivity in various
industries.
(ii) Medical imaging: Assists doctors in diagnosing
diseases by analysing X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs. Challenges:
(iii) Self-driving cars: Identify objects and obstacles on • Ethical concerns regarding privacy, bias, and
the road, enabling autonomous navigation. transparency.
(iv) Image search: Helps users find relevant images • Dependence on large amounts of data and
based on their queries. computational resources.
2. What do you mean by Computer Vision? • Job displacement due to automation.
[SQP] • Potential for misuse by malicious actors.
3. Discuss the ethical implications of using computer By addressing these challenges and promoting
vision technology. Consider issues such as bias, responsible development, computer vision has the
privacy, and security. Provide suggestions for potential to significantly improve our lives and
mitigating these risks. transform various industries.
5. Explain the concept of image segmentation in AI Ans. Machine learning plays a crucial role in AI image
image processing. What are the different types of processing by providing algorithms that can learn
image segmentation? Discuss the applications of from data and make predictions on new data.
image segmentation in various fields. Various machine learning algorithms are used for
Ans. Image segmentation is the process of partitioning different image processing tasks:
an image into multiple segments or regions, based
(i) Supervised learning: This type of learning
on certain features such as colour, texture, intensity,
requires labelled datasets where each data point
or depth. It aims to group pixels that belong
together based on their similarities and separate has a known output. Some examples of supervised
them from pixels that belong to different objects or learning algorithms used in image processing are:
background. (ii) Image classification: Classifies images into
Types of Image Segmentation: predefined categories, such as cats vs. dogs.
(i) Thresholding: This is a simple and effective (iii) Object detection: Detects and localises objects in an
method that separates pixels based on a single image, such as identifying faces or cars.
threshold value. Pixels brighter than the threshold (iv) Unsupervised learning: This type of learning does
are classified as foreground, while those darker are not require labelled datasets. Some examples of
classified as background. unsupervised learning algorithms used in image
(ii) Edge Detection: This method identifies edges or processing are:
boundaries between different objects in an image. (v) Image clustering: Groups images based on their
This helps in separating objects and extracting their similarities without any prior knowledge of the
shapes. categories.
(iii) Region-growing: This method starts with a seed (vi) Dimensionality reduction: Reduces the
point and assigns neighboring pixels to the same dimensionality of image data for efficient storage
region if they are similar in terms of intensity, and processing.
colour, or texture. This process continues until no (vii) Reinforcement learning: This type of learning
more pixels can be added to the region. involves an agent interacting with an environment
(iv) Watershed: This method treats an image as a to learn by trial and error. It can be used in image
topographic surface, where pixels represent processing tasks such as image segmentation and
elevation values. Regions are formed by flooding image captioning.
basins (darker areas) and separating them by 7. Explain the ethical considerations and challenges
watersheds (ridges). in the use of AI image processing. How can
(v) Clustering: This method involves grouping pixels we ensure responsible and ethical use of this
with similar features into clusters using various technology?
clustering algorithms, such as K-means and mean- Ans. AI image processing, like any powerful technology,
shift. comes with ethical considerations and challenges

Applications of Image Segmentation: that need to be addressed:
(i) Medical imaging: Segmentation helps in identifying
Bias and discrimination: AI algorithms can inherit
tumors, lesions, and other abnormalities in medical biases from the data they are trained on, leading to
images. discrimination against specific groups of people.
(ii) Object detection and tracking: Segmentation is used
Privacy concerns: AI image processing can be used
to detect and track objects in videos and images for to extract sensitive information from images, raising
various applications, such as autonomous vehicles concerns about privacy and data security.
and surveillance systems.
Misuse and manipulation: AI image processing can
(iii) Content-based image retrieval: Segmentation be used to create fake images or videos for malicious
helps in retrieving images based on their content, purposes, such as spreading misinformation or
such as specific objects or scenes. propaganda.
(iv) Image editing and manipulation: Segmentation
To ensure responsible and ethical use of AI image
allows for selective editing of specific objects or processing, several measures can be taken:
regions in an image.
Transparency and explainability: Developers
(v) Remote sensing: Segmentation is used to analyse should strive to create transparent and explainable
satellite images for land cover classification, crop AI models to understand how they make decisions
monitoring, and disaster assessment. and mitigate bias.
6. Discuss the role of machine learning in AI image
Data governance and privacy protection: Robust
processing. Explain how different machine data governance frameworks and privacy
learning algorithms are used in various image protection measures are essential to ensure data is
processing tasks. collected, used, and stored ethically.
Computer Vision 163

Human oversight and accountability: Humans
Public engagement and education: Educating the
should be responsible for the decisions made by AI public about the capabilities and potential risks of
systems, and there should be clear accountability AI image processing is crucial for building
mechanisms in place.

6. In which of the following images, the shades range
Objective Type Questions starts with 0 and ends with 255?
[A] Multiple Choice Questions (A) Grayscale Images
(B) RGB Images
1. Which of the following techniques is NOT
commonly used in AI image processing? (C) Black and White Images
(A) Feature extraction (D) High resolution Images
(B) Object recognition Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(C) Image restoration 7. Which of the following is an example of image
(D) Image compression with data loss classification in CV?
Ans. Option (D) is correct. (A) Price Prediction
2. What is the primary goal of AI image processing? (B) Photos albums in smartphones
(C) Trend setting
(A) To enhance the aesthetic beauty of images. (D) Face lock in smartphones
(B) To automate tasks involving image analysis Ans. Option (B) is correct.
and interpretation.
(C) To create realistic digital art. [B] Fill in The Blanks
(D) To store and manage large image collections. 1. The most common pixel format is ____________.
3. What type of artificial neural network is most Ans. Byte Image
commonly used for image classification tasks? 2. Computer vision works on the same phenomenon
(A) Convolutional neural network (CNN) as that of ____________.
(B) Recurrent neural network (RNN) Ans. Human Vision
(C) Long short-term memory (LSTM) network 3. Pixel stands for ____________.
(D) Hopfield network Ans. “Picture Element”
Ans. Option (A) is correct. 4. In ____________ an image feature is simply a piece
4. What is the main difference between image of information about the content of an image.
recognition and object detection? Ans. Computer Vision
(A) Image recognition identifies the entire image, 5. ____________ is the process of identifying or
while object detection finds specific objects detecting the instances of real-world objects.
within the image. Ans. Object detection
(B) Object detection requires a deeper
understanding of the image content compared [C] Case Study Based Subjective
to image recognition. I. Read the following text and answer the following
(C) Image recognition involves labelling the entire questions based on the same:
image, while object detection assigns labels to Smart Surveillance System
individual objects. A residential complex installed a new AI-powered
(D) Object detection utilises more complex smart surveillance system. Cameras equipped
algorithms compared to image recognition. with computer vision algorithms monitor common
Ans. Option (A) is correct. areas and individual apartments upon resident
5. What are the potential benefits of using AI for consent. The system automatically detects
image processing in medical diagnosis? suspicious activities like trespassing, loitering,
and unauthorised vehicle entry. It triggers alerts
(A) Improved accuracy in disease detection and
and sends real-time notifications to residents and
classification.
security personnel.
(B) Reduced workload for radiologists and other
1. Identify the computer vision applications used in
medical professionals.
the smart surveillance system.
(C) Faster and more efficient diagnosis process.
Ans. Computer vision applications:
(D) All of the above.
• Object detection and recognition: Identifying
Ans. Option (D) is correct. individuals, vehicles, and suspicious objects.
• Motion tracking and analysis: Monitoring • Potential for misdiagnosis and reliance on human
movement patterns and detecting anomalies. oversight.
• Scene understanding: Analysing the context and • Ethical considerations regarding data privacy and
environment of the monitored area. algorithmic bias.
2. Analyse the potential benefits and drawbacks of 3. Analyse the role of AI in improving healthcare
implementing such a system. efficiency and accessibility.
Ans. Potential benefits: Ans. Role of AI in healthcare: * Improved diagnostic
• Enhanced security and crime prevention. accuracy and efficiency. * Personalised medicine
• Improved situational awareness for residents and and tailored treatment plans. * Increased access to
security personnel. healthcare services in remote areas. * Automation
• Faster response time to incidents and emergencies. of repetitive tasks and workload reduction for
3. Discuss the ethical considerations related to data healthcare professionals.
privacy and potential biases in the computer III. Read the following text and answer the following
vision algorithms. questions based on the same:
Ans. Potential drawbacks: Medical Diagnosis using AI Image Processing
• Privacy concerns over constant monitoring and In recent years, AI image processing has
data collection. revolutionised the field of medical diagnosis. By
• Risk of bias and discrimination in the algorithms analysing medical images such as X-rays, MRI
leading to unfair profiling. scans, and CT scans, AI algorithms can detect
• Potential for misuse and abuse of the system by abnormalities and diseases with remarkable
unauthorised individuals. accuracy. This technology has the potential to
Ethical considerations: improve the early detection of diseases, leading to
• Transparency and accountability in data collection better treatment outcomes and saving lives.
and usage. 1. Explain the two main types of AI image processing
• User consent and control over personal data. techniques used in medical diagnosis.
• Algorithmic fairness and mitigating bias towards Ans. Types of AI image processing techniques:
specific groups. • Deep learning: This technique uses artificial
• Clear guidelines and regulations regarding system neural networks to analyse medical images and
usage and data access. automatically identify patterns associated with
II. Read the following text and answer the following specific diseases.
questions based on the same: • Machine learning: This technique involves training
AI-powered Medical Diagnosis algorithms on manually labelled datasets of medical
Hospitals are adopting AI-powered computer images to recognise specific features and patterns.
vision systems to assist doctors in medical diagnosis. 2. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations of
These systems analyse medical images like X-rays, using AI for medical diagnosis.
CT scans, and MRIs to identify abnormalities and
Ans. Benefits and limitations:
suggest potential diagnoses. They can also detect
subtle changes in images over time, aiding in early Benefits:
disease detection and treatment planning. • Improved accuracy and speed of diagnosis
1. Explain how computer vision algorithms are used • Early detection of diseases
for medical diagnosis. • Reduced reliance on human expertise
Ans. Computer vision for medical diagnosis: • Personalised treatment plans
• Image segmentation: Identifying and segmenting Limitations:
specific organs and tissues in the images.
• Potential for bias in algorithms
• Feature extraction: Identifying and analysing
• Lack of interpretability of results
relevant features like size, shape, and texture.
• Anomaly detection: Recognising abnormalities and • Ethical concerns regarding data privacy and
deviations from normal patterns. algorithmic fairness
• Classification: Classifying the abnormalities into • Dependence on large datasets for training
different disease categories. 3. Describe one specific case where AI image
2. Discuss the advantages and limitations of using AI processing was used to successfully diagnose a
in healthcare compared to traditional diagnostic disease.
methods. Ans. In 2020, researchers developed an AI algorithm
Ans. Advantages: that could detect early-stage lung cancer with 95%
• Increased accuracy and early detection of diseases. accuracy using chest X-rays. This was significantly
• Improved diagnostic consistency and reduced higher than the accuracy of human radiologists,
subjectivity. who were able to detect the disease with only 85%
• Potential cost reduction and resource optimisation. accuracy. This advancement has the potential to
Limitations: save thousands of lives by enabling early diagnosis
and treatment of lung cancer.
• Reliance on high-quality data and training models.
Computer Vision 165
IV. Read the following text and answer the following 2. Discuss the ethical considerations and challenges
questions based on the same: involved in deploying self-driving cars on public
Self-driving Cars and AI Image Processing roads.
Self-driving cars are a rapidly emerging Ans. Ethical considerations and challenges:
technology that has the potential to revolutionise • Safety concerns regarding potential accidents
transportation. These vehicles use a variety of caused by self-driving cars.
sensors, including cameras, radar, and LiDAR, to • Liability issues in case of accidents involving self-
perceive their environment and make decisions driving cars.
about how to navigate safely. AI image processing • Ethical dilemmas related to decision-making in
plays a crucial role in self-driving cars by enabling critical situations.
them to recognise objects, pedestrians, and other • Data privacy concerns regarding the collection and
vehicles in real-time. use of sensor data.
1. Explain the role of AI image processing in real- 3. Imagine you are a developer working on the AI
time object detection and recognition for self- system for a self-driving car. Describe a potential
driving cars. scenario where you would need to make a difficult
decision regarding the car’s behaviour based on
Ans. Role of AI image processing: the image data it receives.
AI image processing algorithms analyse the data Ans. Developer Scenario: The self-driving car is
from cameras and other sensors to: approaching a busy intersection. The image data
• Recognise and classify objects such as other shows a pedestrian crossing the street at a crosswalk,
vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, and traffic signs. but also a truck running a red light. The AI system
• Track the movements of objects in real-time to needs to decide whether to proceed through the
predict their future trajectories. intersection or stop to avoid a potential collision.
This is a difficult decision with potentially serious
• Estimate the distance and relative speed of objects
consequences, and the developer needs to carefully
to avoid collisions. consider all available data and ethical implications
before making a choice.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) information. In computer vision, input to the
2. True. machines are photographs, videos taken from
thermal, or infrared sensors, indicators and other
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) sources.
2. OpenCV or Open-Source Computer Vision • In this process, the visual data can be translated
Library is that tool that helps a computer to extract into descriptions and turned into computer-
these features from the images. It is capable of readable language to make a decision.
processing images and videos to identify objects,
• The examples of computer visions are as follows:
faces, or even handwriting.
 Face recognition systems: Apps such as Google
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each) Photos, Snapchat, Facebook, Interpol
2. • Computer Vision is of the three domains of AI. It  Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR): Search
gets the visual data and analyses them to make a engines such as Google, Bing, CT scans and MRI
decision. This process includes acquiring images, scans in hospitals, Earth science etc.
screening, analysing, identifying and extracting  Smart Interactions: Gaming

2. Option (B) is correct.
***
166

1. In which of the following images, the shades range starts with 0 and ends with 255?
(A) Greyscale Images (B) RGB Images
(C) Black and White Images (D) High resolution Images
2. What is the main difference between image recognition and object detection?
(A) Image recognition identifies the entire image, while object detection finds specific objects within the image.
(B) Object detection requires a deeper understanding of the image content compared to image recognition.
(C) Image recognition involves labelling the entire image, while object detection assigns labels to individual
objects.
(D) Object detection utilises more complex algorithms compared to image recognition.
3. What is the primary goal of AI image processing?
(A) To enhance the aesthetic beauty of images.
(B) To automate tasks involving image analysis and interpretation.
(C) To create realistic digital art.
(D) To store and manage large image collections.
4. The most common pixel format is ____________.
5. Computer vision works on the same phenomenon as that of ____________.
6. What is a domain of AI-related to data systems and processes, in which the system collects numerous data,
maintains data sets and derives meaning/ sense out of them.
7. Give one example of data science?
8. What is the full form of CV in terms of AI?
9. Give two examples of how computer vision is used in everyday life.
10. Define computer vision and explain its two main applications.
11. Discuss the role of machine learning in AI image processing. Explain how different machine learning algorithms
are used in various image processing tasks.
12. Discuss the ethical implications of using computer vision technology. Consider issues such as bias, privacy, and
security. Provide suggestions for mitigating these risks.

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
5 NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING
Course of Action
• Understand NLP's role in AI and its practical importance. Maximum Questions = 71
• Identify key NLP components and techniques.
• Revisit the AI Project lifecycle to implement an NLP Project
• Trace AI's historical evolution and milestones.
• Recognise and analyse different language ambiguities.
• Significance of semantic analysis in NLP.
• Practical NLP applications across domains.
Revision Notes MNEMONICS

Mnemonic:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the AI
Not Like Programming : NLP
method of communicating with an intelligent system
I Shall Never Note Occassions :
using a natural language such as English.
I: Input
Processing of Natural Language is required when you S: Speech Recognition
want an intelligent system like a robot or chatbot to N: NLG : Natural Language Generation
perform as per your instructions, when you want to N: NLU : Natural Language Understanding
hear decisions from a dialogue-based clinical expert O : Output
system, etc.
The field of NLP involves making computers perform ¾¾Components of NLP:
useful tasks using the natural languages humans use.
There are two components of NLP as given−
The input and output of an NLP system can be −
¾¾Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
¾¾Speech
Written Text Understanding involves the following tasks−
What is NLP? Mapping the given input in natural language into
The ability of a computer to understand useful representations.
Scan this zz Analysing different aspects of the language.
human language (commands)
whether spoken or written and to ¾¾Natural Language Generation (NLG)
generate an output by processing it, zz It is the process of producing meaningful phrases and
is called Natural Language Processing sentences in the form of natural language from some
What is NLP?
(NLP). It is a component of Artificial internal representation.
Intelligence. zz Natural Language Generation is a software process of
¾¾Let’s understand it in simple words! generating natural language output from structured
¾¾Now question yourself why you are able to talk with data sets. Its searches for the most relevant output from
your friend ?.. Because the words spoken by your its network and after arranging it and checking the
friend are taken as input from your ears, your brain grammatical mistakes it feeds the best result to the user.
processes them and as an output, you respond and the ¾¾It is very ambiguous. There can be different levels of
most important thing the language you are using for ambiguity:
communication is known to both of you. That’s NLP in zz Lexical ambiguity: It is at a very primitive level such
simple words!
as word level.
Input NLP Process For example, treating the word “board” as a noun or
verb?
Speech Recognition
zz Syntax Level ambiguity: A sentence can be parsed in
NLU different ways.

For example, “He lifted the beetle with a red cap.”−Did
NLG he use cap to lift the beetle or he lifted a beetle that had
red cap?
Output
Natural Language Processing 169
zz Referential ambiguity: Referring to something using is taken as input from your microphone then the Google
pronouns. For example, Rima went to Gauri. She said, Assistant recognises your speech and understands it
“I am tired.” − Exactly who is tired? (NLU) then it thinks of an answer (NLG), and after it
One input can mean different meanings. gives you most relevant ones (output) for your queries!
Many inputs can mean the same thing. ¾¾Challenges in NLG:
1. It should be Intelligence and Conversational.
Content 2. Deal with structured data
Determination
3. Text/Sentence planning
¾¾NLP Terminology:
Data zz Phonology: It is study of organising sound
Interpretation systematically.
zz Morphology: It is a study of construction of words
Sentence from primitive meaningful units.

NLG
Aggregation zz Morpheme: It is primitive unit of meaning in a
language.
Syntax: It refers to arranging words to make a sentence.
Grammaticalization It also involves determining the structural role of words
in the sentence and in phrases.
zz Semantics: It is concerned with the meaning of words
Language and how to combine words into meaningful phrases
Implementation and sentences.
zz Pragmatics: It deals with using and understanding
¾¾It involves:
sentences in different situations and how the
1. Text Planning
interpretation of the sentence is affected.
2. Sentence Planning
zz Discourse: It deals with how the immediately
3. Text Realisation preceding sentence can affect the interpretation of the
Text planning−It includes retrieving the relevant next sentence.
content from knowledge base. zz World Knowledge: It includes the general knowledge
Sentence planning−It includes choosing required about the world
words, forming meaningful phrases, setting tone of the
¾¾Steps in NLP:
sentence.
There are general five steps:
Text Realisation−It involves mapping the sentence
plan into the sentence sentence structure. 1. Lexical Analysis: It involves identifying and analysing
the structure of words. Lexicon of a language means
¾¾Steps to be enumerated as:
the collection of words and phrases in a language.
1. Content determination Lexical analysis is dividing the whole chunk of txt into
2. Data interpretation etc. paragraphs, sentences, and words.
¾¾Steps in NLG: 2. Syntactic Analysis (Parsing): It involves analysis of
1. Content determination: showing only important words in the sentence for grammar and arranging
information or summary for the user’s speech. For the words in a manner that shows the relationship
example, Google shows only a summary for a Wikipedia among the words. The sentence such as “The school
search. goes to boy” would be rejected by English syntactic
2. Data interpretation: Identifying the correct data and analyser.
showing it to the user with the context of the input.
For Example: In a Cricket match, winners, a man of the Lexical Analysis
match, run rate of the teams.
3. Sentence Aggregation: The selection of words or
expressions in an output sentence. For Example Syntactic Analysis
Selection between synonyms such as brilliant or
fantastic.
4. Grammaticalisation: As the name suggests, it ensures Semantic Analysis
the output must be according to grammatical patterns
and does not have any grammatical mistakes in it. For
Example: Using “,” between the text Discloure Analysis
5. Language Implementation: Ensuring the output data
according to the user’s preferences and putting it into
templates.For Example: When you asked something to Pragmatic Analysis
Google Assistant, the words or sentences spoken by you
3. Semantic Analysis: It draws the exact meaning or the 4. Question Answering: This involves answering
dictionary meaning from the text. The text is checked questions posed by users using natural language. For
for meaningfulness. It is done by mapping syntactic example, a virtual assistant like Siri or Alexa uses NLP
structures and objects in the task domain. The semantic techniques to answer questions posed by users.
analyser disregards a sentence such as “hot ice-cream”. 5. Chatbots: This involves creating computer programs
4. Discourse Integration: The meaning of any sentence that can converse with users in natural language.
depends upon the meaning of the sentence just before For example, a customer service chatbot can help
it. In addition, it also contributes to the meaning of the customers resolve their queries by conversing with
immediately succeeding sentence. them in natural language.
5. Pragmatic Analysis: During this step, what was said is ¾¾Two types of chatbots are:
re-interpreted to comprehend its intended meaning.
zz Script-bots:
It involves deriving those aspects of language which
require real-world knowledge. Script-bots follow a set of instructions already given
¾¾Applications of NLP:
to them.They are easy to create and use because they
It is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that deals stick to a simple plan.You can think of them like robots
with the interaction between computers and humans following a script in a play.Script-bots are like actors
using natural language. NLP enables machines to reading lines from a script—they do what they're told
understand, interpret, and generate human language. and don't change their performance.
Here are some examples of NLP applications: zz Smart-bots:
1. Sentiment analysis: This involves analysing text Smart-bots are like students who learn and adapt as
to determine the sentiment expressed in it, such as they go.They use a lot of information to make decisions,
positive, negative, or neutral. For example, a company just like when you study for a test.
might use sentiment analysis to monitor social media Smart-bots can handle more complicated tasks and can
to understand how people feel about their products or change their behaviour based on what's happening.
services. While they're more powerful, they need more work
2. Machine Translation: This involves automatically to set up and use because they're like students who
translating text from one language to another. For need to learn and grow over time. Technically, the
example, Google Translate uses NLP techniques to main task of NLP would be to program computers
translate text from one language to another. for analysing and processing huge amount of natural
3. Named Entity Recognition: This involves identifying language data.
and extracting named entities from text, such as names These are just a few examples of NLP applications. NLP
of people, places, and organisations. For example, a is a rapidly growing field, and there are many other
news organisation might use named entity recognition applications, such as text classification, information
to automatically extract the names of people and extraction, and summarisation.
organisations from news articles.
¾¾Key applications of NLP

Speech Recognition Speech recognition is when a system is able to give output by understanding or
interpreting a user’s speech as an input or a command. Used in: Google Assistant, Apple
Siri, Amazon Alexa, etc.
Sentimental Analysis Sentimental Analysis is a process of detecting bad and positive sentiments in a text. Used
in: Youtube’s violent or graphic content policies, review of products, identifying spam
messages.
Machine Translations Translations of text in a language to another different language by machines. Used in:
Google Translate, Youtube cc, Chatbot(s), etc.
¾¾After the Applications of NLP: 1. Problem Scoping: In the initial phase of the project,
zz Revisiting the AI Project Cycle: Building a Natural it's essential to comprehensively scope the problem
Language Processing Project of stress management and intervention. This
Let's explore the process of developing a Natural involves identifying the individuals experiencing
Language Processing (NLP) project within the context stress, understanding the nature of their stressors,
of stress management using Cognitive Behavioural determining where stress manifests in their lives, and
Therapy (CBT) as an intervention method. Stress is a elucidating the reasons behind their stress.
zz Who Canvas: Identifying individuals affected by stress
prevalent issue affecting individuals due to various
factors such as academic pressure, social expectations, and potential beneficiaries of CBT intervention.
family dynamics, and personal relationships. To zz What Canvas: Understanding the nature and triggers
address this, CBT emerges as a promising approach of stress experienced by individuals.

known for its effectiveness in helping individuals cope zz Where Canvas: Identifying the environments or
with stressors and improve their mental well-being. contexts where stress manifests and interventions are
Now, let's delve into the project cycle: needed.
zz Why Canvas: Exploring the underlying reasons and zz In 1961, the work presented in Teddington International
consequences of stress, emphasising the importance of Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and
effective intervention strategies. Applied Language analysis was the high point of this
2. Data Acquisition: phase.
Includes gathering conversational data from ¾¾Second Phase (AI Influenced Phase): Late 1960s to late
individuals undergoing stress or receiving CBT. 1970s

Data collection methods include surveys, interviews, zz In
this phase, the work done was majorly related to
online forums, and therapy sessions.Each data source world knowledge and on its role in the construction
provides valuable insights into the language patterns and manipulation of meaning representations. That is
and sentiments associated with stress and therapeutic why, this phase is also called AI-flavored phase.
interactions.The collected data serves as the foundation zz The phase had in it, the following:
for developing NLP models to analyse and understand zz Inearly 1961, the work began on the problems of
the language used in stress-related contexts. addressing and constructing data or knowledge base.
3. Data Exploration: This work was influenced by AI.
Processing and cleaning the collected textual data to zz Inthe same year, a BASEBALL question-answering
prepare it for NLP analysis. Cleaning text data for NLP system was also developed. The input to this system
analysis. Making text consistent using normalisation was restricted and the language processing involved
methods. Studying data to find language patterns, was a simple one.
emotions, and stress-related cues. This helps understand zz A much advanced system was described in Minsky
how language affects therapy. (1968). This system, when compared to the BASEBALL
4. Modelling: question-answering system, was recognised and
Feeding the preprocessed textual data to train NLP provided for the need of inference on the knowledge
models for stress analysis and therapy. Using AI to build base in interpreting and responding to language input.
models that find stress signs, analyse coping methods, ¾¾Third Phase (Grammatico-logical Phase): Late 1970s to
and track therapy progress. Trying different NLP late 1980s
methods like sentiment analysis and topic modeling zz This phase can be described as the grammatico-logical
to improve therapy effectiveness. Choose the models phase. Due to the failure of practical system building
based on project goals and therapy needs. in last phase, the researchers moved towards the use
5. Evaluation: of logic for knowledge representation and reasoning in
AI.
Assessing how well NLP models analyse stress language
zz The third phase had the following in it:
and aid therapy by comparing their predictions with
clinical observations. Gathering user feedback to zz The grammatico-logical approach, towards the end
confirm the usefulness of NLP in stress management,c of decade, helped us with powerful general-purpose
ontinuously refining NLP models to ensure their sentence processors like SRI’s Core Language Engine
effectiveness in real-world applications. and Discourse Representation Theory, which offered a
means of tackling more extended discourse.
¾¾Evolution of NLP:
zz Inthis phase we got some practical resources & tools
zz We have divided the history of NLP into four phases.
like parsers, e.g. Alvey Natural Language Tools along
The phases have distinctive concerns and styles.
with more operational and commercial systems, e.g. for
¾¾First Phase (Machine Translation Phase) - Late 1940s database query.
to late 1960s
zz The work on lexicon in 1980s also pointed in the
zz The work done in this phase focused mainly on direction of grammatico-logical approach.
machine translation (MT). This phase was a period of
¾¾Fourth Phase (Lexical & Corpus Phase): The 1990s
enthusiasm and optimism.
zz We can describe this as a lexical & corpus phase. The
zz Let us now see all that the first phase had in it−
phase had a lexicalised approach to grammar that
zz The research on NLP started in early 1950s after Booth appeared in late 1980s and became an increasing
& Richens’ investigation and Weaver’s memorandum influence. There was a revolution in natural language
on machine translation in 1949. processing in this decade with the introduction of
zz 1954 was the year when a limited experiment on machine learning algorithms for language processing.
automatic translation from Russian to English ¾¾Human Language VS Computer Language:
demonstrated in the Georgetown-IBM experiment.
zz Humans use different languages to communicate with
zz Inthe same year, the publication of the journal MT each other seamlessly.Our brains keep processing the
(Machine Translation) started. words that it listens to and the actions that it sees.it
zz The first international conference on Machine tries to make sense by analysing all of this at the same
Translation (MT) was held in 1952 and second was held time via the processing of speech signals through the
in 1956. eardrums and visual signals from the eyes.
zz Computers on the other hand understand only binary written and spoken. In written form, it is a way to pass
language.Unlike humans,machines are not able to our knowledge from one generation to the next. In
catch the errors while typing,hence it may not process the spoken form, it is the primary medium for human
that part at all. beings to coordinate with each other in their day-to-
¾¾Study of Human Languages: day behaviour. Language is studied in various academic
zz Language is a crucial and fundamental aspect of human disciplines. Each discipline comes with its own set of
behaviour. We can experience it in mainly two forms - problems and a set of solutions to address those.
¾¾Consider the following table to understand this:

Discipline Problems Tools
Linguists How phrases and sentences can be formed Intuitions about well-formedness and
with words? meaning.
What curbs the possible meaning for a Mathematical model of structure. For
sentence? example, model theoretic semantics, formal
language theory.
Psycholinguists How human beings can identify the structure Experimental techniques are mainly for
of sentences? measuring the performance of human
How the meaning of words can be identified? beings.
When does understanding take place? Statistical analysis of observations.
Philosophers How do words and sentences acquire their Natural language argumentation by using
meaning? intuition.
How the objects are identified by the words? Mathematical models like logic and model
What is meaning? theory.
Computational How can we identify the structure of a Algorithms
Linguists sentence ? Data structures
How knowledge and reasoning can be Formal models of representation and
modelled? reasoning.
How we can use language to accomplish AI techniques like search & representation
specific tasks? methods.
¾¾Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Language: the anaphoric reference of “it” in two situations causes
zz Ambiguity, a concept commonly heard in NLP, can ambiguity.
be referred to as the ability to interpret a sentence or ¾¾Pragmatic ambiguity
expression in multiple ways. In simple terms, we can zz Such kind of ambiguity refers to a situation where the
say that ambiguity is the capability of being understood context of a phrase gives it multiple interpretations. In
in more than one way. Natural language is very simple words, we can say that pragmatic ambiguity
ambiguous. NLP has the following types of ambiguities arises when the statement is not specific. For example,
¾¾Lexical Ambiguity: the sentence “I like you too” can have multiple
zz The ambiguity of a single word is called lexical interpretations like I like you (just like you like me), I
ambiguity. ,in other words,this occurs when a single like you (just like someone else dose).
word can have multiple meanings. For example, ¾¾NLP Phases:
treating the word 'silver' as a noun, an adjective, or a Following diagram shows the phases or logical steps in
verb. natural language processing:
¾¾Semantic Ambiguity Input Sentence
zz This kind of ambiguity occurs when the meaning
of the words themselves can be misinterpreted. In
other words, semantic ambiguity happens when a Morphological
sentence contains an ambiguous word or phrase. For Processing
example, the sentence “The car hit the pole while it
was moving” is having semantic ambiguity because Lexicon
the interpretations can be “The car while moving, hit Syntax
Analysis
the pole” and “The car hit the pole while the pole was Grammar
moving”.
¾¾Anaphoric Ambiguity
Sementic Semantic
zz This kind of ambiguity arises due to the use of
rules Analysis
anaphora entities in discourse or in other words where
subsequent sentences refer back to earlier entities in a
way that can lead to confusion. For example, the horse Pragmatic
Contextual
ran up the hill. It was very steep. It soon got tired. Here, Information Analysis
¾¾Morphological Processing intention in the input and establishing the correct
zz It is the first phase of NLP. The purpose of this phase is meaning.
to break chunks of language input into sets of tokens Humans communicate through language which we
corresponding to paragraphs, sentences and words. process all the time. Our brain keeps on processing
For example, a word like “uneasy” can be broken into the sounds that it hears around itself and tries to make
two sub-word tokens as “un-easy”. sense out of them all the time.
¾¾Syntax Analysis On the other hand, the computer understands the
zz It is the second phase of NLP. The purpose of this language of numbers. Everything that is sent to the
phase is two folds: first, to check that a sentence is well machine has to be converted to numbers. And while
formed or not and second to break it up into a structure typing, if a single mistake is made, the computer
that shows the syntactic relationships between the throws an error and does not process that part. The
different words. For example, a sentence like “The communications made by the machines are very basic
school goes to the boy” would be rejected by a syntax and simple.
analyser or parser. ¾¾TFDIF:
¾¾Semantic Analysis TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency)
zz It is the third phase of NLP. The purpose of this phase is a technique used in natural language processing to
is to draw exact meaning, or you can say dictionary determine the importance of words in a document
meaning from the text. The text is checked for corpus. Here are some key points about TF-IDF and its
meaningfulness. For example, a semantic analyser applications:
would reject a sentence like “Hot ice cream”. zz Term Frequency (TF): It measures the frequency of a
¾¾Pragmatic Analysis term in a document. Words that appear more frequently

zz It is the fourth phase of NLP. Pragmatic analysis simply within a document are considered more important for
fits the actual objects/events, which exist in a given that document.
context with object references obtained during the last zz Inverse Document Frequency (IDF): It evaluates the
phase (semantic analysis). For example, the sentence rarity of a term across all documents in a corpus. Rare
“Put the banana in the basket on the shelf ” can have terms that appear in fewer documents are considered
two semantic interpretations and the pragmatic more valuable.
analyser will choose between these two possibilities. zz TF-IDF Calculation: TF-IDF combines both TF and IDF
zz Natural Language Understanding (NLU): to assign a weight to each term in a document. The
zz Collecting the information and understanding it, is formula multiplies the term frequency with the inverse
called Natural Language Understanding (NLU). document frequency, resulting in a higher weight for
Natural Language Understanding (NLU) uses terms that are frequent in a document but rare across
algorithms to convert data spoken or written by the the corpus.
user into a structured data model. It does not require ¾¾Applications of TFDIF:
an in-depth understanding of the input but the Process zz Document Classification: Identifying key features to
Of NLP Natural Language Understanding (NLU) uses classify documents into different categories.
algorithms to convert data spoken or written by the zz Topic Modelling: Highlighting significant terms to
user into a structured data model. It does not require reveal prevalent themes across documents.
an in-depth understanding of the input but has to deal zz Information Retrieval: Ranking documents based on
with a much larger vocabulary. relevance to search queries.
¾¾Two subtopics of NLU: zz Stop Word Filtering: Removing common words that
1. Intent recognition: It is the most important part of carry little meaning.
NLU because it is the process of identifying the user’s zz Keyword Extraction: Identifying important keywords
intention in the input and establishing the correct within documents.
meaning. ¾¾Benefits of TF-IDF:
2. Entity recognition: It is the process of extracting zz It provides a quantitative measure of term importance.
the most important data in the input such as name, zz It helps in identifying relevant terms for various text
location, places, numbers, date, etc. For example: analysis tasks.
What happened on 9/11 (date) in the USA (place)1.
zz It is computationally efficient and widely used in
Intent recognition: It is the most important part of
practice.
NLU because it is the process of identifying the user’s

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 2.What is Problem Scoping?
1. The business or project requirements for the AI Ans. It is the process of identifying a problem,recognising
model are reviewed in? its scope and having a vision to solve it.
Ans. The business and project requirements for the AI 3. When starting with a project what aspects should
model are reviewed in Problem Scoping. a person have clear understanding of?
4. What is semantic ambiguity and when does it 7. Which words in a corpus have the highest values
occur and which ones have the least?
5. What is termed as the Problem Statement Ans. Stop words like – and, this, is, the, etc. have the
Template? highest values in a corpus. But these words do not
Ans. The template or framework that encapsulates the talk about the corpus at all. Hence, these are termed
content of all the cards on the 4Ws Problem Canvas as stopwords and are mostly removed at the pre-
processing stage only.
Rare or valuable words occur the least but add the
1. What is the fundamental difference between most important to the corpus. Hence, when we look
Human language and computer language? at the text, we take frequent and rare words into
Ans. The funadmental difference between human consideration.
language and computer language lies in their 8. What is the significance of converting the text into
nature and processing capabilities.Human language a common case?
is more complex and diverse,allowing seamless Ans. In Text Normalisation, we undergo several steps
communication through speech signals and visual to normalise the text to a lower level. After the
cues processed by the brain.In contrast computers removal of stop words, we convert the whole text
understand only binary language and lack the ability into a similar case, preferably lower case.
to perceive errors in the input unlike humans.
This ensures that the case sensitivity of the machine
2. What is meant by a dictionary in NLP? does not consider the same words as different just
3. What are the types of data used for Natural because of different cases.
Language Processing applications? 9. What are stop words? Explain with the help of
Ans. Natural Language Processing takes in the data of examples.
Natural Languages in the form of written words Ans. “Stop words” are the most common words in a
and spoken words which humans use in their daily language like “the”, “a”, “on”, “is”, “all”. These
lives and operate on this. words do not carry important meanings and are
usually removed from texts.
Commonly Made Error It is possible to remove stop words using Natural
Stemming and lemmatisation: Students may go Language Toolkit (NLTK), a suite of libraries and
wrong by applying these techniques incorrectly, programs for symbolic and statistical natural
leading to incorrect word normalisation and language processing.
affecting the accuracy of NLP models. 10. What is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)?
Ans. One of the most effective ways to deal with stress
is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which is
Answering Tip popular since it is simple to apply to people and
Students should customise stop words for their produces positive outcomes. Understanding a
specific text data to improve analysis accuracy. person’s behaviour and mentality in daily life is
part of this therapy. Therapists assist clients in
4. Mention some applications of Natural Language overcoming stress and leading happy lives with the
Processing. aid of CBT.
5. Give an example of the following: 11. What is Problem Scoping?
(a) Multiple meanings of a word Ans. Understanding a problem and identifying
(b) Perfect syntax, no meaning numerous elements that have an impact on it help
Ans. (a) Example of Multiple meanings of a word: define the project’s purpose or objective. Who,
His face turns red after consuming the medicine What, Where, and Why are the 4Ws of problem
Meaning – Is he having an allergic reaction? Or is scoping. These Ws make it easier and more effective
he not able to bear the taste of that medicine? to identify and understand the problem.
(b) Example of Perfect syntax, no meaning: 12. What is Data Acquisition?
Chickens feed extravagantly while the moon drinks Ans. We need to gather conversational data from
tea. This statement is correct grammatically but it people in order to decipher their statements and
does not make any sense. In Human language, a comprehend their meaning in order to grasp their
perfect balance of syntax and semantics is important feelings. This collection of information is known as
for better understanding. Data Acquistion. Such information can be gathered
6. What do you mean by document vectors? in a variety of ways.
Ans. Document Vector contains the frequency of each • Surveys
word of the vocabulary in a particular document.
• Observing the therapist’s sessions
In the document, vector vocabulary is written in the
• Databased available on the internet
top row. Now, for each word in the document, if
it matches the vocabulary, put a 1 under it. If the 13. What is Data Exploration?
same word appears again, increment the previous Ans. Once the textual information has been gathered
value by 1. And if the word does not occur in that using Data Acquistition, it must be cleaned up and
document, put a 0 under it. processed before being delivered to the machine in
a simpler form. As a result, the text is normalised end, or you can just say that this is how we divide
using a number of processes, and the vocabulary is a text into sentences. Sentence segmentation is the
reduced to a minimum because the computer just process in question. Using the spacy library, we
needs the text’s main ideas rather than its grammar. implement this portion of NLP in Python.
14. What is Data Modelling? 20. What is Tokenisation in AI?
Ans. After the text has been normalised, an NLP-based Ans. The challenge of breaking down a string of written
AI model is then fed the data. Keep in mind that language into its individual words is known as word
in NLP, data pre-processing is only necessary tokenisation (also known as word segmentation).
after which the data is supplied to the computer. Space is a good approximation of a word divider in
There are numerous AI models that can be used, English and many other languages that use some
depending on the kind of chatbot we’re trying variation of the Latin alphabet.
to create, to help us lay the groundwork for our 21. What is purpose of Stopwords?
project. Ans. Stopwords are words that are used frequently
15. What is Data Evaluation? in a corpus but provide nothing useful. Humans
Ans. The correctness of the trained model is determined utilise grammar to make their sentences clear and
based on how well the machine-generated answers understandable for the other person. However,
match the user’s input is knwon as Data Evaluation. grammatical terms fall under the category of
The chatbot’s proposed answers are contrasted with stopwords because they do not add any significance
the correct answers to determine the model’s efficacy. to the information that is to be communicated
16. What do you mean by Multiple Meanings of a through the statement. Stopword examples include:
word in Deep Learning? a/ an/ and/ are/ as/ for/ it/ is/ into/ in/ if/ on/ or/ such/
Ans. Depending on the context, the term mouse can be the/ there/ to
used to refer to either a mammal or a computer 22. What is Stemming in AI?
device. Consequently, mouse is described as Ans. The act of stripping words of their affixes and
ambiguous. The Principle of Economical Versatility returning them to their original forms is known as
of Words states that common words have a tendency stemming. The process of stemming can be carried
to acquire additional senses, which can create out manually or by an algorithm that an AI system
practical issues in subsequent jobs. Additionally, may use. Any inflected form that is encountered
this meaning conflation has additional detrimental can be reduced to its root by using a variety of
effects on correct semantic modelling, such as the stemming techniques. A stemming algorithm can
pulling together in the semantic space of words be created easily.
that are semantically unrelated yet are comparable 23. What is Lemmatisation?
to distinct meanings of the same word. Ans. Stemming and lemmatisation are alternate
17. What is Data Processing? techniques to one another because they both
Ans. Making data more meaningful and informative is function to remove affixes. However, lemmatisation
the effort of changing it from a given form to one differs from both of them in that the word that
that is considerably more useable and desired. This results from the elimination of the affix (also known
entire process can be automated using Machine as the lemma) is meaningful.
Learning algorithms, mathematical modelling, and Lemmatisation takes more time to complete than
statistical expertise. stemming because it ensures that the lemma is a
18. What is Text Normalisation? word with meaning.
Ans. The process of converting a text into a canonical 24. What is bag of Words?
(standard) form is known as text normalisation. For Ans. Bag of Words is a model for natural language
instance, the canonical form of the word “good” processing that aids in removing textual elements
can be created from the words “gooood” and that can be used by machine learning techniques.
“gud.” Another case is the reduction of terms that We obtain each word’s occurrences from the bag of
are nearly identical, such as “stopwords,” “stopwords and create the corpus’s vocabulary.
words,” and “stop words,” to just “stopwords.” An approach to extracting features from text for
We must be aware that we will be working on a use in modelling, such as with machine learning
collection of written text in this portion before we techniques, is known as a bag-of-words model, or
start. As a result, we will be analysing text from a BoW for short. The method is really straightforward
variety of papers. This collection of text from all and adaptable, and it may be applied in a variety of
the documents is referred to as a corpus. We would ways to extract features from documents.
perform each stage of Text Normalisation and test 25. What is TFIDF?
them on a corpus in addition to going through Ans. TF-IDF, which stands for term frequency-inverse
them all. document frequency, is a metric that is employed in
19. What is Sentence Segmentation in AI? the fields of information retrieval (IR) and machine
Ans. The challenge of breaking down a string of written learning to quantify the significance or relevance
language into its individual sentences is known as of string representations (words, phrases, lemmas,
sentence segmentation. The method used in NLP etc.) in a document among a group of documents
to determine where sentences actually begin and (also known as a corpus).
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each) Companies use Natural Language Processing
1. What is inverse document frequency? applications, such as sentiment analysis, to identify
opinions and sentiments online to help them
Ans. To understand inverse document frequency, first,
understand what customers think about their
we need to understand document frequency.
products and services (i.e., “I love the new iPhone”
• Document Frequency is the number of documents and, a few lines later “But sometimes it doesn’t
in which the word occurs irrespective of how many work well” where the person is still talking about
times it has occurred in those documents. the iPhone) and overall.
• In the case of inverse document frequency, we need Beyond determining simple polarity, sentiment
to put the document frequency in the denominator analysis understands sentiment in context to help
while the total number of documents is the numerator. better understand what’s behind an expressed
For example, if the document frequency of the opinion, which can be extremely relevant in
word “AMAN” is 2 in a particular document then its understanding and driving purchasing decisions.
inverse document frequency will be 3/2. (Here no. 5. What are the steps of text Normalisation? Explain
of documents is 3) them in brief.
2. Define the following: Ans. In, Text Normalisation we undergo several steps to
(i) Stemming (ii) Lemmatisation? normalise the text to a lower level.
Ans. Stemming is a technique used to extract the base (a) Sentence Segmentation:
form of the words by removing affixes from them. • Under sentence segmentation, the whole corpus
It is just like cutting down the branches of a tree to is divided into sentences. Each sentence is taken
its stems. as a different data so now the whole corpus gets
For example, the stem of the words eating, eats, reduced to sentences.
eaten is eaten. (b) Tokenisation:
Lemmatisation is the grouping together of different • After segmenting the sentences, each sentence is
forms of the same word. In search queries, then further divided into tokens.
lemmatisation allows end-users to query any
• A token is a term used for any word or number or
version of a base word and get relevant results.
special character occurring in a sentence.
3. Does the vocabulary of a corpus remain the same • Under tokenisation, every word, number, and
before and after text normalisation? Why? special character is considered separately and each
Ans. No, the vocabulary of a corpus does not remain of them is now a separate token.
the same before and after the text normalisation. (c) Removing Stop words, Special Characters, and
Reasons are: Numbers:
• In normalisation, the text is normalised through • In this step, the tokens which are not necessary are
various steps and is lowered to minimum removed from the token list.
vocabulary since the machine does not require
(d) Converting text to a common case:
grammatically correct statements but the essence of
it. • After the stop words removal, we convert the whole
text into a similar case, preferably lower case. This
• In normalisation Stop words, Special Characters
ensures that the case sensitivity of the machine
and Numbers are removed.
does not consider the same words as different just
• In stemming the affixes of words are removed and because of different cases.
the words are converted to their base form.
(e) Stemming
So, after normalisation, we get a reduced vocabulary.
• In this step, the remaining words are reduced to
4. Explain the concept of Bag of Words. their root words. In other words, stemming is the
Ans. • Bag of Words is a Natural Language Processing process in which the affixes of words are removed
model which helps in extracting features out of and the words are converted to their base form.
the text which can be helpful in machine learning (f) Lemmatisation
algorithms.
• In lemmatisation, the word we get after affix
• In a bag of words, we get the occurrences of each removal (also known as lemma) is a meaningful
word and construct the vocabulary for the corpus. one.
• Bag of Words just creates a set of vectors containing • With this, we have normalised our text to tokens
the count of word occurrences in the document which are the simplest form of words present in the
(reviews). Bag of Words vectors is easy to interpret. corpus.
• Explain how AI can play a role in sentiment analysis • Now it is time to convert the tokens into numbers.
of human beings? For this, we would use the Bag of Words algorithm.
The goal of sentiment analysis is to identify sentiment 6. What is the need of text normalisation in NLP?
among several posts or even in the same post where Ans. Since we all know that the language of computers
emotion is not always explicitly expressed. is Numerical, the very first step that comes to our
mind is to convert our language to numbers. This 10. Reframe: What are the different types of chatbots?
conversion takes a few steps to happen. Explain.

The first step to it is Text Normalisation. Since Ans. There are two types of Chatbot –
human languages are complex, we need to, first (a) Script Bot: An Internet bot, sometimes known
of all, simplify them in order to make sure that as a web robot, robot, or simply bot, is a software
understanding becomes possible. programme that does automated operations

Text Normalisation helps in cleaning up the textual (scripts) over the Internet, typically with the aim
data in such a way that it comes down to a level of simulating extensive human online activity like
where its complexity is lower than the actual data. communicating.
7. What are the applications of TFIDF? (b) Smart Bot: An artificial intelligence (AI) system
Ans. TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language that can learn from its surroundings and past
Processing domain. Some of its applications are: experiences and develop new skills based on that
knowledge is referred to as a smart bot. Smart bot
• Document Classification: Helps in classifying the
that are intelligent enough can operate alongside
type and genre of a document.
people and learn from their actions.
• Topic Modelling: It helps in predicting the topic for
11. Difference between human language vs computer
a corpus.
language?
• Information Retrieval System: To extract the
Ans. Although there is a significant difference between
important information out of a corpus.
the languages, human language and computer
• Stop word filtering: This helps in removing language can be translated into one other very
unnecessary words from a text body. flawlessly. Human languages can be used in
8. What are the different applications of NLP which voice, writing, and gesture, whereas machine-
are used in real-life scenario? based languages can only be used in written
Ans. Some of the applications which is used in the real- communication. A computer’s textual language can
life scenario are: communicate with vocal or visual clues depending
• Automatic Summarisation: Automatic summarisa- on the situation, as in AI chatbots with procedural
tion is useful for gathering data from social media animation and speech synthesis. But in the end,
and other online sources, as well as for summaris- language is still written. The languages also have
ing the meaning of documents and other written different meanings. Human languages are utilised
materials. When utilised to give a summary of a in a variety of circumstances, including this blog
news story or blog post while eliminating redun- post, whereas machine languages are almost solely
dancy from different sources and enhancing the used for requests, commands, and logic.
diversity of content acquired, automatic summaris- 12. What are the different applications of TFIDF?
ing is particularly pertinent. Ans. TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language
• Sentiment Analysis: In posts when emotion is not Processing domain. Some of its applications are:
always directly expressed, or even in the same post, • Document classification: Helps in classifying the
the aim of sentiment analysis is to detect sentiment. type and genre of a document.
To better comprehend what internet users are • Topic Modelling: It helps in predicting the topic for
saying about a company’s goods and services, a corpus.
businesses employ natural language processing
• Information Retrieval System: To extract the
tools like sentiment analysis.
important information out of a corpus.
• Text Classification: Text classification enables you
• Stop word filtering: Helps in removing the
to classify a document and organise it to make it
unnecessary words out of a text body.
easier to find the information you need or to carry
out certain tasks. Spam screening in email is one 13. Write the steps necessary to implement the bag of
example of how text categorisation is used. words algorithm.
• Virtual Assistants: These days, digital assistants Ans. The steps to implement bag of words algorithm
like Google Assistant, Cortana, Siri, and Alexa are as follows:
play a significant role in our lives. Not only can we (a) Text Normalisation: Collect data and pre-process it.
communicate with them, but they can also facilitate (b) Create Dictionary: Make a list of all the unique
our life. They can assist us in making notes about our words occurring in the corpus.
responsibilities, making calls for us, sending messages,
(c) Create document vectors: For each document in
and much more by having access to our data.
the corpus, find out how many times the word from
9. What is a Chatbot?Where are they used? Give a the unique list of words has occurred.
few examples.
(d) Create document vectors for all the documents.

(ii) Training data is used only to assess performance of
Objective Type Questions model
(iii) Testing data is the unseen data for which
[A] Multiple Choice Questions predictions have to be made
1. A corpus contains 12 documents. How many (A) (i) and iii) only (B) (i) and ii) only
document vectors will be there for that corpus?
(C) (ii) and iii) only (D) (i), ii) and iii)
[SQP 2022-23]
(A) 12 (B) 1
7. The ____ stage begins with the identification of
(C) 24 (D) 1/12 the problem in the AI project cycle.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (A) Problem Scoping
Explanation: Number of document vectors in a (B) Data acquisition
corpus depends on the size of the vocabulary
(C) Modelling
used to represent the documents if D is number
(D) Searching Ideas
of documents and V is the size of the vocaubulary
then Total number of document vectors = DxV Ans. Option (A) is correct.
2. Which of the following is the type of data used by Explanation: Problem Scoping means identifying
NLP applications? [SQP 2022-23] and understanding a problem that can be solved
(A) Images (B) Numerical data using AI techniques and knowledge.
(C) Graphical data (D) Text and Speech 8. Which W among 4Ws of Problem Scoping,
Ans. Option (D) is correct. determines the nature of the problem.
Explanation: NLP is a branch of AI that enables (A) Who (B) What
computer programs to understand, generate, and (C) Where (D) Why
manipulate human language. NLP is a machine Ans. Option (B) is correct.
learning technology that takes input in the form of Explanation: Problem Scoping is a part of the
text and speech. project cycle. It helps in figuring out the problem.
3. Which of the following statement is correct for ‘What’ block determines the nature of the problem.
problem scoping? 9. Which of the following refers to where among 4Ws
Has to be moved into Objective questions section canvas ?
(A) it will create real value for the organisation (A) stakeholders
(B) it will create more confusion among the (B) nature of the problem
stakeholders (C) context/situation/location
(C) it is a tool that prevents the problem will not (D) solution or benefits to the stakeholders
recur
(D) it is a tool that provides a clear understanding
10. The stakeholders can be a part of which w in 4ws
of the data flow
canvas ?
(A) Who (B) What
4. Problem scoping is the stage where.
(C) Where (D) Why
(A) The problem can be identified and goals can be
set Ans. Option (A) is correct.
11. The ‘who’ block in 4ws helps in analysing.
(B) The problem can be put on paper
(A) Stakeholders
(C) The problem can be discussed among
stakeholders (B) Nature of Problem
(D) The problem can be understood by the people (C) Context, Situation and Location
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (D) Benefits to the Stakeholders
5. Which of the following statements is correct for Ans. Option (A) is correct.
training data: Explanation: This part tells us who all are facing
(i) Data should be relevant the problem directly or indirectly, and who are the
(ii) Data should be authentic stakeholders of the problem.
(iii) Data should be downloaded only 12. Which block of 4ws problem canvas focuses on the
context/situation/location of the problem ?
(iv) Data can be anything
(A) Who (B) What
(A) i and ii (B) i, ii and iii
(C) Where (D) Why
(C) ii, iii and iv (D) All of them
13. Which of the following comes under problem
scoping?
6. Which of the following is incorrect?
(A) System mapping (B) 4Ws problem canvas
(i) Testing data is the one on which we train and fit
our model basically to fit the parameters (C) Data features (D) Web Scraping
Ans. Option (B) is correct. 20. Which of the following not an approach considered
Explanation: The 4Ws problem canvas Who, What, for modelling:
Where, and Why comes under problem scoping. (A) rule-based approach
This provides a framework for analysing and (B) learning-based approach
figuring out the best method to solve the problem. (C) knowledge-based approch
14. The AI process begins with problem definition (D) All of these
then followed by? Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(A) designing – brainstorming – building Explanation: The rule-based and learning-based
(B) designing – deploying – brainstorming approaches are considered for modelling. the
(C) brainstorming – designing – building knowledge-based approach is not considered
(D) designing – brainstorming – building for modelling , it can be integrated into the other
approaches.
21. The basis of decision making depends upon.
15. The AI project stage which is used to set the goal
(i) Availability of Information
for the problem is.
(ii) Past Experience
(A) Data Exploration
(iii) Positive Attitude
(B) Evaluation
(iv) Self-Awareness
(C) Problem Scoping
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iv)
(D) Data Validation
(C) (i), (ii) and (iv) (D) (i), ii) and (iii)
16. In data acquisition the data which is provided as
input is called __________.
22. It provides us with an appropriate framework
(A) Testing Data (B) Training Data which can lead us towards the goal of our AI
(C) Input data (D) None of the above Project.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (A) 4Ws Canvas (B) AI Project Cycle
17. The relevant and authentic data only collected (C) 17 SDGs (D) AI Models
through ? Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(A) Any websites Explanation: The AI project cycle is a step-by-
(B) Google step process to convert complex problems into
(C) Government Websites simpler ones and provides us with an appropriate
framework that can lead us toward the goal of our
(D) None of these
AI project.
Explanation: Government websites are safer and [B] Assertion & Reason
responsible for collecting relevant and authentic Directions: In the following questions, a statement
data. of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
18. __________ refers to the technique in natural
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
language processing where text data is represented reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
as a collection of unique words, disregarding (A).
grammar and word order. (B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(A) Bag of Words reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(B) Named Entity Recognition assertion (A).
(C) Latent Semantic Analysis
(D) Tokenisation 1. Assertion (A): In natural language processing
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (NLP), tokenisation is the process of breaking down
Explanation: Bag of Words(BaW) is a Natural text into smaller units such as words or phrases.
Language Processing Model used to analyse a text Reason (R): Tokenisation helps facilitate further
document based on word count. analysis of text data by enabling the identification
19. Text classification enables the assignment of and manipulation of individual units.
predefined categories to documents for organising Ans. Option (A) is correct.
information efficiently. Which of the following [C] State True or False Questions (1 mark each)
applications exemplifies text categorisation? 1. True or False: Problem scoping in an AI project only
(A) Sentiment analysis on social media posts involves identifying the individuals experiencing
(B) Image recognition in self-driving cars stress and understanding the nature of their
stressors, but it does not involve determining
(C) Fraud detection in financial transactions
where stress manifests in their lives.
(D) Spam filtering in email (A) True
Ans. Option (D) is correct. (B) False
Ans. Option (B) is correct. large amounts of text data. These algorithms learn
2. The w for what in 4Ws also gather the evidence to patterns and relationships from data and can be
prove that the problem you have selected actually trained to perform specific NLP tasks.
exists. (True/False) NLP has numerous real-world applications across
(A) True various domains, including:
(B) False
• Virtual Assistants: NLP powers virtual assistants like
3. True or False: TF-IDF is used to identify significant
Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant, enabling users to
terms in documents.
interact with devices using natural language commands.
(A) True
(B) False • Sentiment Analysis: NLP can be used to analyse
4. True or False: Document classification is a task in social media posts, customer reviews, and feedback to
natural language processing. determine sentiment and gauge public opinion.
(A) True • Language Translation: NLP enables automatic
(B) False translation of text between different languages,
Ans. Option (A) is correct. facilitating communication across linguistic barriers.
• Information Retrieval: NLP techniques are used in
[D] Case Based Subjective search engines to understand user queries and retrieve
I. Read the following text and answer the following relevant documents or web pages.
• Healthcare: NLP is used in medical research and
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field healthcare applications for tasks such as extracting
of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the information from electronic health records, analysing
interaction between computers and humans clinical notes, and assisting in diagnosis and treatment.
through natural language. Its primary goal is to
Overall, NLP plays a crucial role in bridging the
enable computers to understand, interpret, and
gap between human language and computer
generate human language in a way that is both
understanding, enabling a wide range of
meaningful and useful.
applications that enhance communication,
NLP encompasses a wide range of tasks and
information retrieval, and decision-making
techniques, including:
processes.
(i) Text Understanding: This involves tasks such
1. What is the primary goal of NLP? [1]
as parsing, semantic analysis, and named entity
recognition, which aim to extract meaning from text. Ans. NLP’s primary goal is to enable computers to
(ii) Text Generation: This includes tasks such as understand, interpret, and generate human
machine translation, summarisation, and dialogue language in a way that is both meaningful and
generation, where the goal is to produce human- useful
like text based on input from various sources. 2. Name some tasks and techniques of NLP. [1]
(iii) Text Classification: This involves categorising Ans. NLP encompasses a wide range of tasks and
text into predefined categories or labels, such as techniques:
sentiment analysis, spam detection, and topic Text Understanding, Text Generation, Text
classification. Classification, Information Extraction and
(iv) Information Extraction: This involves extracting Language Modeling.
structured information from unstructured text, 3. What do you mean by Virtual Assistants? [1]
such as extracting entities, relationships, and events Ans. NLP powers virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and
from news articles or documents. Google Assistant, enabling users to interact with
(v) Language Modeling: This involves building statistical devices using natural language commands.
or neural network-based models of language, which
4. What is the use of NLP in healthcare? [1]
can be used for tasks such as autocomplete, spell
checking, and language generation. Ans. NLP is used in medical research and healthcare
applications for tasks such as extracting information
NLP techniques often rely on machine learning and
from electronic health records, analysing clinical
deep learning algorithms to process and analyse
notes, and assisting in diagnosis and treatment.
3. When starting a project the person should have 2. Dictionary in NLP means a list of all the unique
a clear understanding of the problem statement words occurring in the corpus. If some words
first. are repeated in different documents, they are all
4. Semantic ambiguity occurs when the meaning of written just once in a while creating the dictionary.
the words themselves can be misinterpreted.
4. Natural Language Processing Applications- or people. You can have the chat through a
• Sentiment Analysis. website, application, or messaging app. These
• Chatbots & Virtual Assistants. chatbots, often known as digital assistants, can
• Text Classification. communicate with people verbally or via text.
• Text Extraction.
The majority of organisations utilise AI chatbots,
such the Vainubot and HDFC Eva chatbots, to give
• Machine Translation
their clients virtual customer assistance around-
• Text Summarisation the-clock.
• Market Intelligence
Some of the example of Chatbot:
• Auto-Correct (a) Mitsuku Bot (b) CleverBot
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each) (c) Jabberwacky (d) Haptik
8. A chatbot is a piece of software or an agent with (e) Rose (f) Ochtbot
artificial intelligence that uses natural language (g) chatgpt
processing to mimic a conversation with users
[A] Multiple Choice Questions [C] State True or False Questions(1 mark each)
12. Option (C) is correct. 2. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: “Where” the problem arises, the 3. Option (A) is correct.
situation, and the location.
***
182
1. Which of the following comes under problem scoping?
(A) System mapping (B) 4Ws problem canvas
(C) Data features (D) Web Scraping
2. __________ refers to the technique in natural language processing where text data is represented as a collection
of unique words, disregarding grammar and word order.
(A) Bag of Words (B) Named Entity Recognition
(C) Latent Semantic Analysis (D) Tokenisation
3. The AI process begins with problem definition then followed by?
(A) designing – brainstorming – building (B) designing – deploying – brainstorming
(C) brainstorming – designing – building (D) designing – brainstorming – building
ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS 1 MARK EACH
4. Assertion (A): In natural language processing (NLP), tokenisation is the process of breaking down text into
smaller units such as words or phrases.
Reason (R): Tokenisation helps facilitate further analysis of text data by enabling the identification and
manipulation of individual units.
5. Assertion: The problem can be identified and goals can be set.
Reason (R): The problem can be put on paper.
6. What is Problem Scoping?
7. What is termed as the Problem Statement Template?
8. What is Data Exploration?
9. What is Text Normalisation?
10. What is Data Evaluation?
11. Explain how AI can play a role in sentiment analysis of human beings?
12. What are the different applications of NLP which are used in real-life scenario?

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
6 EVALUATION
Course of Action
• Understand the role of evaluation in the development and implementation Maximum Questions = 42
of AI systems.
• Learn various Model Evaluation Terminologies.
• Learn to make a confusion matrix for given Scenario.
• Learn about the different types of evaluation techniques in AI, such as
Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1 Score, and their significance.
Revision Notes Let’s explore them with an example of the forest fire
scenario.
¾¾What is Evaluation? zz Consider developing an AI-based prediction model
zz Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability and deploying it in a forest that is prone to forest
of any AI model, based on outputs by feeding the test fires. The model’s current goal is to make predictions
dataset into the model and comparing it with actual about whether or not a forest fire has started. We need
answers. There can be different evaluation techniques, to consider the two circumstances of prediction and
depending on the type and purpose of the model. reality. The reality is the actual situation in the forest
zz Evaluation is a process that critically examines at the time of the prediction, while the prediction is the
a program. It involves collecting and analysing machine’s output.
information about a program’s activities, characteristics, 1. Possibility
and outcomes. Its purpose is to make judgments about
a program, to improve its effectiveness, and/or to
inform programming decisions.
So, evaluation is basically to check the performance
of your AI model. This is done by mainly two things
“Prediction” & “Reality“. Evaluation is done by:
zz First search for some testing data with the resulting
outcome that is 100% true.
zz Then you will feed that testing data to the AI model
while you have the correct outcome with yourself that
is termed as “Reality”.
zz When you get the predicted outcome from the AI
zz Here, we can see in the picture that a forest fire has
modal that is called “Prediction” compare it with the
resulting outcome, which is “Reality”. broken out in the forest. The model predicts a Yes which
means there is a forest fire. The Prediction matches
zz You can do this for:
with the Reality. Hence, this condition is termed as
zz Improving the efficiency and performance of your AI
True Positive.
model.
2. Case
zz Improve it, check your mistakes.
¾¾Importance of Evaluation:
zz Evaluation helps us to check whether the model is
operating correctly and optimally or not.
zz Evaluation helps to understand how well it achieves its

goals.
zz Evaluation helps to determine works well and could be
improved in a model.
¾¾Model Evaluation Terminologies
zz There are various new terminologies that come into
the picture when we work on evaluating our model.
Evaluation 185
zz Here there is no fire in the forest hence the reality is No. 4. Last case
In this case, the machine too has predicted it correctly
as a No. Therefore, this condition is termed as True
Negative.
3. Possible Action
zz Here, a forest fire has broken out in the forest because of

which the Reality is Yes but the machine has incorrectly
predicted it as a No which means the machine predicts
that there is no Forest Fire.Therefore, this case becomes
zz Here the reality is that there is no forest fire. But the False Negative.
machine has incorrectly predicted that there is a forest
fire. This case is termed as False Positive.
¾¾Confusion matrix
zz The comparison between the results of Prediction and reality is called the Confusion Matrix.
zz The result of a comparison between the prediction and reality can be recorded in what we call the confusion matrix.
The confusion matrix allows us to understand the prediction results. Note that it is not an evaluation metric but a
record that can help in evaluation.
Let us once again take a look at the four conditions that we went through in the forest fire example:
• True Positive
• Prediction & Reality matches (True)
• Prediction is True (Positive)
TP
• True Negative
• Prediction & Reality matches (True)
• Prediction is False (Negative)
TN
• False Positive
• Prediction and Reality no not match (False)
• Prediction is True (Positive)
FP
•False Negative
• Prediction and Reality do not match (False)
• Prediction is False (Negative)
FN
¾¾Prediction and Reality can be easily mapped together with the help of this confusion matrix.
¾¾Evaluation Matrix for AI Model and put us in danger in a situation like a forest fire.
zz Evaluation Methods: Accuracy, precision, and recall Imagine there is no need for a warning, even in the
are the three primary measures used to assess the case of a forest fire. The entire forest might catch fire.
success of a classification algorithm. zz Viral Outbreak is another situation in which a False
zz Accuracy Negative might be harmful. Consider a scenario in

Accuracy allows you to count the total number of which a fatal virus has begun to spread but is not being
accurate predictions made by a model. The accuracy detected by the model used to forecast viral outbreaks.
calculation is as follows: How many of the model The virus may infect numerous people and spread
predictions were accurate will be determined by widely.
accuracy. True Positives and True Negatives are what zz Consider a model that can determine whether a mail
accuracy considers. is spam or not. People would not read the letter if the
Correct prediction model consistently predicted that it was spam, which
Accuracy = ×100% could lead to the eventual loss of crucial information.
Total cases
zz The cost of a False Positive condition in this case
(TP+ TN) (predicting that a message is spam when it is not)
Accuracy = ×100%
(TP+ TN+ FP+ FN) would be high.
Here, total observations cover all the possible cases of
prediction that can be True Positive (TP), True Negative
(TN), False Positive (FP) and False Negative (FN).
zz Precision
Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive

cases versus all the cases where the prediction is true.
That is, it takes into account the True Positives and False
¾¾F1 Score
Positives.
zz F1 score can be defined as the measure of balance
True Positive
Precision = ×100% between precision and recall.
All Predicted Positives Precision ×Recall
F1 Score = 2×
TP Precision + Recall
Precision = ×100%
TP+ FP
zz Take a look at the formula and think of when can we
¾¾Recall get a perfect F1 score.
zz It can be described as the percentage of positively zz An ideal situation would be when we have a value of
detected cases that are positive. The scenarios where 1 (that is 100%) for both Precision and Recall. In that
a fire actually existed in reality but was either correctly case, the F1 score would also be an ideal 1 (100%). It is
or incorrectly recognised by the machine are heavily known as the perfect value for F1 Score. As the values
considered. That is, it takes into account both False of both Precision and Recall range from 0 to 1, the F1
Negatives (there was a forest fire but the model didn’t score also ranges from 0 to 1.
predict it) and True Positives (there was a forest fire in ¾¾Let us explore the variations we can have in the F1
reality and the model anticipated a forest fire). Score:
True Positive
Recall = Precision Recall F1 Score
True Positive + False Negative
Low Low Low
TP
Recall = Low High Low
TP + FP
High Low Low
¾¾Which Metric is Important? High High High
zz Depending on the situation the model has been
zz In conclusion, we can say that a model has good
deployed, choosing between Precision and Recall is
necessary. A False Negative can cost us a lot of money performance if the F1 Score for that model is high.
Evaluation 187
¾¾Case Study: 40
= 100 40.04%
The Confusion Reality:1 Reality:0 99
Matrix TP
Recall = .31
Prediction:1 22 12 TP FN
Prediction:0 47 18 Pr ecision Re call
F1 Score = 2
Calculate Accuracy, Precision, recall and F1 Score for Pr ecision Re call
the above problem. 64.70 .31
= 2
TP FP 64.70 .31
22 12 20.057 40.114
= 2 0.61
47 18 65.01 65.01
TP
Accuracy =
TP TN 100
Precision =
TP FP
100
TP TN FP FN
22
= 100 64.70%
22 18 22 12
= 100
22 18 12 47 zz Based on the given Confusion matrix calculate the
Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1 Score.

1. What is Evaluation? 1. What is the need for a confusion matrix?
Ans. Evaluation is the process of determining the Ans. The confusion matrix allows to understand the
dependability of any AI model. Depending on the prediction results by an AI model.
kind of model and its intended use. 2. Mentions two conditions when prediction matches
2. What is Confusion Matrix? reality.
Ans. The result of the comparison between the prediction 3. Rozin is a student of class 10 AI. She wants to
and reality can be recorded in a tabular structure know the methods of evaluation. Support her with
which helps in measuring the performance of an AI your answer.
model using the test data. Ans. The evaluation methods are:
3. What do you mean by prediction? • Accuracy
4. What is reality? • Precision
Ans. Reality refers to the real scenario when the • Recall
prediction has been made by a model. • F1 Score
5. What are the cases considered for evaluation? 4. Which cases are taken into account by precision?
6. What do you mean by True Positive? Ans. True Positives and False Positives cases are taken
Ans. True Positive refers to a condition that occurs when into account by precision.
both predictions done by the AI model and reality 5. Which cases are taken into account by the recall
are True or Yes. method?
7. What is True Negative? Ans. True Positives and False Negatives cases taken into
Ans. When both prediction and reality both are False or account by recall method.
No, this condition is called True Negative. 6. Draw the confusion matrix for the following data
8. Sarthak made a face mask detector system for • the number of true positive = 100
which he had collected the dataset and used all
• the number of true negative = 47
the dataset to train the model. Then, he used the
same data to evaluate the model which resulted in • the number of false positive = 62
the correct answer all the time but was not able to • the number of false negative = 290 [SQP 2023-24]
perform with unknown dataset. Ans.
Name the concept. [SQP 2023-24] Reality
Ans. Overfitting Confusion Matrix
Yes No
9. Which evaluation parameter takes into
consideration all the correct predictions? Yes 100 62
Prediction
[SQP 2023-24] No 290 47
Ans. Accuracy
7. People of a village are totally dependent on the again F1 score is high. The F1 score is a number
farmers for their daily food items. Farmers grow between 0 and 1 and is the harmonic mean of
new seeds by checking the weather conditions precision and recall. The formula to determine F1
every year. An AI model is being deployed in score is:
the village which predicts the chances of heavy F1 Score = 2 x ( Precision x Recall) / (Precision +
rain to alert farmers which helps them in doing Recall)
the farming at the right time. Which evaluation 4. An AI model made the following sales prediction
parameter out of precision, recall and F1 Score is for a new mobile phone which they have recently
best to evaluate the performance of this AI model? launched:
Explain. [SQP 2022-23]
Ans. Let us take each of the factor into consideration at Reality
Confusion Matrix
once, If precision is considered, FN cases will not Yes No
be taken into account, so it will be of great loss as if Yes 50 40
the machine will predict there will be no heavy rain, Prediction
but if the rain occurred, it will be a big monetary No 12 10
loss due to damage to crops. (i) Identify the total number of wrong predictions
If only recall is considered, then FP cases will not made by the model.
be taken into account. This situation will also cause (ii) Calculate precision, recall and F1 Score.
a big amount of loss, as all people of the village are [SQP 2023-24]
dependent on farmers for food, and if the model Ans. (i) the total number of wrong predictions made
predicts there will be heavy rain and the farmers by the model is the sum of false positive and false
may not grow crops, it will affect the basic needs of negative. FP + FN = 40 + 12 = 52
the people. TP
Hence, F1 Score is the best suited parameter to (ii) Precision =
TP FP
test this AI model, which is the balance between
Precision and Recall. 50
=
50 40
Commonly Made Error
50
Students might struggle to differentiate between =
90
terms commonly used in model evaluation, such
= 0.55
as true positives, false positives, true negatives,
and false negatives, resulting in errors when TP
Recall =
interpreting confusion matrices. TP FN
50
=
Answering Tip 50 12
Take the time to understand the definitions and 50
calculations of commonly used evaluation metrics, =
62
such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, to = .81
accurately interpret model performance.

F1 Score = 2*Precision*Recall/(Precision+Recall)
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each) 2 0.55 .81
=
1. There are 16 images, 9 are cat images and 7 are dog .55 .81
images. The cat images are positive cases and dog .891
images are negative cases. The model identifies =
1.36
5 cat images correctly and 3 cat images as dog
images. Similarly, it identifies 4 of them correctly = 0.65
as dog images. Find the accuracy of the model. 5. Automated trade industry has developed an AI
Ans. Total Predictions made: 5 + 3 + 4 = 12 model which predicts the selling and purchasing
of automobiles. During testing, the AI model came
Total Correct Predictions made: 5 + 4 = 9
up with the following predictions.
So the accuracy is: 12/9 = 1.33 (Approx.)
2. Consider that there are 10 images. Out of these 7 are Reality
apples and 3 are bananas. Kirti has run the model Confusion Matrix
Yes No
on the images and it catches 5 apples correctly and
2 bananas correctly. What is the accuracy of the Yes 60 25
model? Prediction
No 05 10
3. In which situation evaluation metric is more
important for any case? (i) How many total tests have been performed in the
Ans. F1 evaluation metric is more significant in any case. above scenario?
F1 score sort of upholds a balance between is high (ii) Calculate precision, recall and F1 Score.
Evaluation 189
Ans. (i) TP = 60, TN = 10, FP = 25, FN = 5 TP
60 + 25 + 5 + 10 = 100 total cases have been Recall =
TP FN
performed
(ii) (Note: For calculating Precision, Recall and F1 60
=
score, we need not multiply the formula by 100 as 60 5
all these parameters need to range between 0 to 1)
60
TP =
Precision = 64
TP FP
= 0.92
60
F1 Score=2*Precision*Recall/ (Precision+Recall)
=
60 25 2 0.7 0.92
=
60 0.7 0.92
=
85 = 0.79
= 0.7

Objective Type Questions Explanation: Accuracy is defined as the percentage
of correct predictions out of all observations.
[A] Multiple Choice Questions 7. Recall-Evaluation method is:
1. With the help of which of the following, Prediction (A) defined as the fraction of positive cases that are
and Reality can be easily mapped together? correctly identified.
(A) Predictions (B) defined as the percentage of true positive cases
(B) Confusion Matrix versus all the cases where the prediction is true.
(C) Reality (C) defined as the percentage of correct predictions
(D) Recall out of all the observations.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (D) comparison between the prediction and reality
Explanation: Prediction and Reality can be easily
mapped together with the help of the Confusion
8. F1 Score is the measure of the balance between
Matrix. It allows us to understand the prediction
(A) Accuracy and Precision [SQP 2023-24]
results.
(B) Precision and Recall
2. What will be the outcome, if the Prediction is "Yes"
and it matches with the Reality? and what will be (C) Recall and Accuracy
the outcomes Prediction is "Yes" and it does not (D) Recall and Reality
match with the Reality? Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(A) True Negative, False Negative Explanation: The F1 score is an important evaluation
(B) True Negative, False Positive metric, commonly used in classification tasks to
(C) True Positive, True Negative evaluate the performance of a model. It combines
(D) True Positive, False Positive precision and recall into a single value.
Ans. Option (D) is correct. 9. Which one of the following scenario result in a
3. Which of the following is not an example of an high false positive cost? [SQP 2023-24]
evaluation method? (A) viral outbreak (B) forest fire
(A) Precision (B) Prediction (C) flood (D) spam filter
(C) Precision (D) Recall Ans. Option (D) is correct.
4. ________________ is defined as the fraction of 10. Raunak was learning the conditions that make up
positive cases that are correctly identified. the confusion matrix. He came across a scenario in
(A) Precision (B) Accuracy which the machine that was supposed to predict
(C) Prediction (D) Recall an animal was always predicting not an animal.
What is this condition called? [SQP 2022-23]
5. F1 Score is I when:
(A) False Positive (B) True Positive
(A) Recall and Precision is 100%
(B) Recall is 100% (C) False Negative (D) True Negative
(C) Precision Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(D) Recall and Precision is 0. 11. Which two evaluation methods are used to
Ans. Option (A) is correct. calculate F1 Score? [SQP 2022-23]
6. _____________ is defined as the percentage of (A) Precision and Accuracy
correct predictions out of all the observations. (B) Precision and Recall
(A) Prediction (B) Accuracy (C) Accuracy and Recall
(C) Reality (D) F1 Score (D) Precision, F1 score
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
12. Which of the following statements is not true reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
about overfitting models? [SQP 2022-23] assertion (A).
(A) This model learns the pattern and noise in (C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
the data to such extent that it harms the (D) Both assertion and reason are false
performance of the model on the new dataset 1. Assertion (A): The output given by the AI model is
(B) Training result is very good and the test result known as reality.
is poor Reason (R):The real scenario is known as Prediction.
(C) It interprets noise as patterns in the data Ans. Option (D) is correct.
(D) The training accuracy and test accuracy both
are low [D] Case Based Subjective
Ans. Option (D) is correct. I. Read the following text and answer the following
13. Priya was confused with the terms used in the questions based on the same:
evaluation stage. Suggest her the term used for 1. An AI mode the following predictions for Book
the percentage of correct predictions out of all the Sales forecast. Calculate Accuracy, precision and
observations. [SQP 2022-23] recall for the following confusion matrix.
(A) Accuracy (B) Precision
(C) Recall (D) F1 Score Confusion True Positives True Negatives
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Matrix
Explanation: Accuracy is defined as the percentage Predicted 50 40
of correct predictions out of all observations. Positive
[B] Fill in the Blanks Predicted 12 10

Negative
1. _____________ is defined as the percentage of
correct predictions out of all the observations. Ans.
Ans. Accuracy
TP 50 40 FP
2. False Positive means the predicted value was
_____________ . FN 12 10 TN
Ans. Falsely Predicted Correction prediction
3. A model is said to have a good performance if the
Accuracy =
Total Cases
F1 Score for that model is _____________ .
Ans. High TP TN 100%
4 _____________ is the measure of a test's accuracy. =
TP TN FP FN
Ans. F-Measure
5. _____________ is the stage of testing the model. 50 10
= 100%
Ans. Model Evaluation 50 10 40 12
6. The output given by the AI machine is known as 60
_____________ (Prediction/ Reality) [SQP 2022-23] = 100% 55.5%
112
Ans. Prediction
7. _____________ is used to record the result of True Positive
comparison between the prediction and reality. It
Precision = × 100%
All Pr edicted Positive
is not an evaluation metric but a record which can
help in evaluation. [SQP 2022-23] TP
= 100%
Ans. Confusion Matrix TP FP
[C] Assertion & Reason =
50
100% 55.5%
Directions: In the following questions, a statement 50 40
of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of True Positive
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: Recall = 100%
True Positive False Negative
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion 50
= 0.80
(A). 50 12
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 5. (i) True Positive
3. Prediction refers to the output produced by the AI (ii) True Negative
model. (iii) False Positive
(iv) False Negative
Evaluation 191
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)
2. The two conditions when prediction matches 2. Total correct predictions are: 5 + 2 = 7
reality are: Total predictions made: 5 + 2
(i) True Positive So accuracy is: 7/7 = 100%.
(ii) True Negative The model does not predicted all of the images,
but whatever predictions it makes are correct.
Hence accuracy is 100%.

Explanation: Preparation is not an evaluation
method.
***
192

1. F1 Score is the measure of the balance between
(A) Accuracy and Precision (B) Precision and Recall
(C) Recall and Accuracy (D) Recall and Reality
2. _____________ is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations.
(A) Prediction (B) Accuracy
(C) Reality (D) F1 Score
3. Priya was confused with the terms used in the evaluation stage. Suggest her the term used for the percentage of
correct predictions out of all the observations.
(A) Accuracy (B) Precision
(C) Recall (D) F1 Score
4. ________________ is defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly identified.
5. _____________ is used to record the result of comparison between the prediction and reality. It is not an evaluation
metric but a record which can help in evaluation.
6. Sarthak made a face mask detector system for which he had collected the dataset and used all the dataset to train
the model. Then, he used the same data to evaluate the model which resulted in the correct answer all the time
but was not able to perform with unknown dataset.
7. Which evaluation parameter takes into consideration all the correct predictions?
8. What is reality?
9. People of a village are totally dependent on the farmers for their daily food items. Farmers grow new seeds by
checking the weather conditions every year. An AI model is being deployed in the village which predicts the
chances of heavy rain to alert farmers which helps them in doing the farming at the right time. Which evaluation
parameter out of precision, recall and F1 Score is best to evaluate the performance of this AI model? Explain.
10. Draw the confusion matrix for the following data
• the number of true positive = 100
• the number of true negative = 47
• the number of false positive = 62
• the number of false negative = 290
11. There are 16 images, 9 are cat images and 7 are dog images. The cat images are positive cases and dog images are
negative cases. The model identifies 5 cat images correctly and 3 cat images as dog images. Similarly, it identifies
4 of them correctly as dog images. Find the accuracy of the model.
12. In which situation evaluation metric is more important for any case?

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For elaborated
Solutions
PRACTICE PAPER 1

1 Please read the instructions carefully.
2. This Question Paper consists of 21 questions in two sections: Section A & Section B.
3. Section A has Objective type questions whereas Section B contains Subjective type questions.
4.
Out of the given (5 + 16 =) 21 questions, a candidate has to answer (5 + 10 =) 15 questions in the allotted (maximum)
time of 2 hours.
5. All questions of a particular section must be attempted in the correct order.
6. SECTION A - OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (24 MARKS):
i. This section has 05 questions.
ii. Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.
iii. There is no negative marking.
iv. Do as per the instructions given.
7.SECTION B – SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (26 MARKS):
ii. A candidate has to do 10 questions.
iii. Do as per the instructions given.
iv. Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.
SECTION A: OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 4 = 4 marks)
(i) Founded in 1952 as “Woodland Shoes” by Hari Dass Arora in Delhi, with his focus, dedication and clear ideas, ,
Woodland started as a humble shoe store. Today, it’s a popular brand known for its outdoor footwear, apparel,
and accessories.”
Which self-management skill is clearly visible in the given statement? 1
(ii) When you bring the mouse over a video file, it shows the details of that file. This is known as: 1
(A) Drag and drop (B) Double click
(C) Hover (D) Single click
(iii) Assertion (A): Traffic lights help control the flow of vehicles on a road.
Reason (R): They change color at regular intervals. 1
(A) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is correct but R is not correct
(D) A is not correct but R is correct
(iv) _______ the work is all about identifying and noting how we spent our time, and analysing how to spend our
time effectively. 1
(A) Organising (B) Prioritising
(C) Controlling (D) Tracking
(v) Rajat travelled to Germany from India to pursue her higher education. But she doesn’t know how to speak
German. Because of this, she was unable to find a part time job. This is an example of _____________. 1
(A) Interpersonal barrier (B) Physical barrier
(C) Organisational barrier (D) Linguistic barrier 1
(vi) “Efforts are made to increase the renewable power generation so that our electricity needs are met and at the
same time we do not pollute the environment or use up natural resources”. Which SDG can you relate this
statement to? 1
(A) Life on land (B) Clean water and sanitation
(C) Affordable and clean energy (D) Reduced inequalities
Q. 2. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)

(i) Assertion (A): Scoring highly on traditional IQ tests guarantees academic success.
Reason (R): Intelligence is multifaceted and academic performance depends on various factors beyond logic and
reasoning. 1
(B) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(ii) The Indian Government banned a few apps stating – “servers in the hostile nation are receiving and using the
acquired data improperly”. Which terminology suits best for this action? 1
(A) AI Ethics (B) Data Privacy
(C) AI Bias (D) AI Access
(iii) Statement 1: Neural networks are a type of machine learning algorithm inspired by the structure of the human
brain.
Statement 2: Neural networks can only be used for image recognition tasks. 1
(A) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct
(B) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are incorrect
(C) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect
(D) Statement 2 is correct but Statement 1 is incorrect
(iv) Observe the given graph and fill in the blank:
__________ the neural network, better is the performance. 1

(v) Which of the following file formats is designed for storing high-quality photographs? 1
(A) docx (B) csv
(C) jpg (D) pdf
(vi) A corpus contains 4 documents in which the word ‘diet’ was appearing once in document1. Identify the term in
which we can categorise the word ‘diet’. 1
(A) Stop word (B) Rare word
(C) Frequent word (D) Removable word
(i) Read the examples given below: 1
1. Using a microwave to heat food
2. Self-driving cars with obstacle detection
3. Smartwatch that tracks your heart rate
4. Search engine that personalises results based on your search history
Choose the options that are not AI:
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 3 and 1
(C) 2 and 4 (D) 1 and 4
(ii) _________ refers to the type of features that we want to collect. 1
(iii) Which of the following is an application of data science? 1
(A) Image recognition in self-driving cars
(B) Automatic temperature control in smart homes
(C) Personalised music recommendations on streaming services
(D) Spam filtering in email clients
Practice Paper-1 195
(iv) Which of the following tasks identifies the presence of objects in an image and draws bounding boxes around
them? 1
(A) Classification (B) Object detection
(C) Image segmentation (D) Object recognition
(v) What is a key characteristic that distinguishes an ML Chatbot from a rule-based chatbot? 1
(vi) Which of the following metrics does the F1 Score aim to strike a balance between? 1
(A) Accuracy and Precision (B) Precision and Recall
(C) Recall and Accuracy (D) Recall and Reality
(i) While learning about AI, Rohan came across a concept where machines improve their performance on a task by
learning from data, without being explicitly programmed. What is this concept called? 1
(ii) Statement 1: AI models can perfectly predict the future.
Statement 2: AI models are always accurate.
(B) Both Statement 1 and Statement 1 are Incorrect
(C) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 1 Incorrect
(D) Statement 2 is correct but Statement 2 is Incorrect
(iii) Ravi is considering improving his model’s accuracy. Which of the following actions would be MOST beneficial?
(A) Collect more data on past player performances under pressure.
(B) Simplify the model architecture to reduce overfitting.
(C) Use a larger portion of the available data for testing.
(D) Ignore the overestimation issue as some errors are inevitable.
(iv) How many channels does a typical color image have? 1
(v) Imagine you’re working for a company that receives customer reviews. How could sentiment analysis be
beneficial in processing this data? 1
(A) It can automatically categorise reviews by topic.
(B) It can identify key phrases used by customers.
(C) It can gauge customer satisfaction with the company’s products or services.
(D) It can generate creative marketing slogans.
(vi) Sachin trained his face mask detector model on a dataset and achieved 100% accuracy on the training data itself.
However, when he tested the model on a new, unseen dataset, its performance dropped significantly. What is the
most likely explanation for this observation? 1
(i) Arti, a student, created a chatbot that answers Economics questions. The chatbot was trained on a massive dataset
covering various economic concepts. What field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is most relevant to Arti’s project? 1
(A) Machine Learning (B) Computer Vision
(C) Natural Language Processing (NLP) (D) Robotics
(ii) In a scenario where your model is classifying emails as spam or not spam, and it’s crucial to identify spam
messages accurately, what evaluation parameter would be more informative than just accuracy? 1
(iii) The number of pixels in a digital image is often expressed in ______. A higher number of pixels generally indicates
a sharper and more detailed image. 1
(A) Megapixels (B) Micropixels
(C) Units per Image (D) Color Depth
(iv) What aspect of a language determines the order of words and phrases to create grammatically correct sentences?
1
(A) Semantics (B) Morphology
(C) Syntax (D) Pragmatics
(v) Which of the following algorithms creates a vocabulary of unique words and their corresponding frequencies
within a text corpus? 1
(A) Sentence segmentation (B) Tokenisation
(C) Bag-of-Words (BoW) (D) Text normalisation
(vi) Which scenario results in a high false positive cost for a spam filter? 1
(A) Viral outbreak (B) Forest fire
(C) Flood (D) Spam filter (itself)
SECTION B: SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills (2 x 3 = 6 marks)
Answer each question in 20 – 30 words.
Q. 6. List two best practices for effective communication. 2
Q. 7. How do goals increase motivation? 2
Q. 8. Unlike viruses that can spread on their own, Trojans require user action. How do attackers typically trick users
into installing Trojans? 2
Q. 9. How does societal acceptance of new ideas help entrepreneurs? 2
Q. 10. How does industrial waste disposal contribute to environmental degradation? 2
Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 4 = 8 marks)
Q. 11. All of us use smartphones. When we install a new app, it asks us for several permissions to access our phone’s
data in different ways. Why do social media apps collect information about your contacts? 2
Q. 12. Shagun and Divya are satisfied with their clustering model and the groups it formed. Now, they want to
understand the characteristics that define each group. What technique can they use to analyse these groups and
gain insights? 2
Q. 13. Ajay identifies a relevant dataset on a research institution’s website. However, it requires registration and
acceptance of usage terms. What two considerations should Ajay address before accessing this data? 2
Q. 14. You’re looking to buy a new phone. Why might a higher resolution screen be important? 2
Q. 15. In the sentence “Get help and support whether you’re shopping now or need help with a past purchase. Contact
us at abc@pwershel.com or on our website www.pwershel.com [invalid URL removed]”, why should the stop
word “or” not be removed during text processing? 2
Q. 16. Draw the confusion matrix for the following data
• the number of true positive = 100
• the number of true negative 47
• the number of false positive = 62
• the number of false negative = 290 2
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each (4 x 3 = 12 marks)
Q. 17. How do machines become artificially intelligent? 4
Q. 18. Akhil wants to learn how to scope the problem for an AI Project. Explain him the following: 4
(a) 4W Problem Canvas
(b) Problem Statement Template
Akhil is on the right track! Having a clear understanding of the problem is crucial for a successful AI project. Here’s
how the 4W Problem Canvas and Problem Statement Template can help him scope the problem effectively:
Q. 19. You are working on a spam filter for emails. You have a large dataset of emails labelled as spam or not spam. What
type of learning-based approach would be most suitable for this task? Explain your answer. 4
Q. 20. Human languages are constantly evolving with new slang, expressions, and references. How can this make it
difficult for computers to keep up? 4
Q. 21. An AI model made the following sales prediction for a new mobile phone which they have recently launched: 4
(i) Identify the total number of wrong predictions made by the model.
(ii) Calculate precision, recall and F1 Score.

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
For elaborated
Solutions
PRACTICE PAPER 2

1 Please read the instructions carefully.
2. This Question Paper consists of 21 questions in two sections: Section A & Section B.
3. Section A has Objective type questions whereas Section B contains Subjective type questions.
4.
Out of the given (5 + 16 =) 21 questions, a candidate has to answer (5 + 10 =) 15 questions in the allotted (maximum)
time of 2 hours.
5. All questions of a particular section must be attempted in the correct order.
6. SECTION A - OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (24 MARKS):
ii. Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.
iii. There is no negative marking.
iv. Do as per the instructions given.
7.SECTION B – SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (26 MARKS):
ii. A candidate has to do 10 questions.
iii. Do as per the instructions given.
iv. Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.
SECTION A: OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 4 = 4 marks)
(i) Rahul struggles to wake up early for school. His parents have to wake him up every morning and sometimes
even remind him to do his homework. Rahul often feels he needs external pressure to get things done.
Question: Which type of motivation is showing in Rahul’s behaviour?
(ii) Which of the following can be a significant source of stress?
(A) Spending a relaxing day at the spa
(B) Dealing with financial difficulties
(C) Having a close and supportive network of friends
(D) Going for a light jog in nature
(iii) Assertion: Double-clicking the left mouse button is a faster way to open a file than right-clicking and selecting
“Open.”
Reason: Right-clicking requires more clicks, while double-clicking only needs two quick presses.
(B) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(iv) Why is it important to keep your laptop cool while using it?
(A) To prevent data loss (B) To improve battery life
(C) To avoid overheating and potential damage (D) To make the screen brighter
(v) Rahul noticed a lack of fresh vegetables in his village. He decided to start a small vegetable garden and found it
successful. Soon, he convinced a few friends to plant their own gardens as well. How did Rahul contribute to his
village’s well-being?
(A) By providing entertainment through gardening
(B) By encouraging a sense of community through shared gardening
(C) By increasing the availability of fresh produce in the village
(D) By teaching his friends new skills .
(vi) Lisa runs a bakery. She meets with her head chef every week to discuss new recipe ideas and customer feedback.
What is Lisa most likely doing in these meetings?
(A) Creates a new product (B) Divides income
(C) Manages the business (D) Takes risks

(i) Assertion (A): Google Maps and Waze are effective navigation tools due to their real-time traffic updates.
Reason (R): AI helps these apps analyze vast amounts of user data to predict traffic conditions.
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not a correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true, but R is false.
(D) A is false, but R is true.
(ii) “This type of intelligence allows you to think logically and solve problems strategically. It involves analyzing
information, identifying patterns, and coming up with effective solutions. “What type of intelligence is this?
(A) Linguistic Intelligence (B) Logical-mathematical intelligence
(C) Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (D) None of the above.
(iii) Statement 1: Machine learning models can only learn from labeled data.
Statement 2: Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model learns patterns from unlabeled
data.
(iv) Social media platforms can analyze the content of your posts and photos to suggest relevant hashtags or even
automatically generate captions. This ability to understand the meaning behind text and images is a field of
artificial intelligence known as………………………..
(v) When installing a smartphone app, it requests access to features like the gallery and contacts. After granting
permission, users often accept the user agreement without fully understanding the implications. What’s the
primary concern here?
(A) Data Transfer Information (B) Data Privacy
(C) Data Accessing (D) None of the above
(vi) Which of the following translates digital visual data into descriptions and then turns into a computer-readable
language to aid the decision-making?
(A) Computer Vision (B) PoxelLab
(C) Pixel It (D) Pixar
(i) Which of the following helps us capture the core elements of a problem in a structured way, facilitating future
reference and understanding?
(A) Flowchart (B) Code Snippet
(C) Problem Statement Template (D) User Manual
(ii) Diya was learning neural networks. She understood that there were three layers in a neural network. Help her to
identify the layer that does most of the processing in the neural network.
………………………. layer in a neural network is the most processing layer.
(iii) Smita is working on a project that involves over a lakh of records. Which of the following should she use to make
the best project?
(A) Traditional programming (B) Manual processing
(C) IoT (D) Neural networks
(iv) In which of the following images, the shades range start with 0 and ends with 255?
(A) Grayscale Images (B) RGB Images
(C) Black and White Images (D) High - resolution Images
(v) The SDGs aim to achieve a balance between what three key aspects of sustainability?
(vi) Identify the algorithm based on the given graph
(A) Dimensionality reduction (B) Classification

(C) Clustering (D) Regression
Practice Paper-2 199
(i) A machine learning model is trained on a dataset of movie reviews with labels like “positive,” “negative,” or
“neutral.” The goal is to automatically predict the sentiment of new, unseen movie reviews.
What type of machine learning technique is likely being used?
(ii) Statement 1: A pie chart is divided into segments to represent values of Different sizes.
Statement 2: Pie Chart is very effective when we have so many data series
(iii) ______ is one of the way of Data Acquisition.
(A) Surveys (B) Coding
(C) Cloud Computing (D) None of these
(iv) A technique that breaks down text into smaller meaningful units for analysis. What is it called?
(v) A corpus contains 12 documents. How many document vectors will be there for that corpus?
(A) 12 (B) 1
(C) 24 (D) 1/12
(vi) These chatbots combine elements of rule-based systems and machine learning to offer a balance between
structure and adaptability. What type of chatbot is this?
(i) Problem scoping helps in
(A) Setting the goal (B) Identifying the problem
(C) A deeper understanding of the problem (D) All of these
(ii) What is an example of an evaluation metric used with a classification model?
(iii) Which of the following is an example of image classification in CV?
(A) Price Prediction (B) Photos albums in smartphones
(C) Trend setting (D) Face lock in smartphones
(iv) Which of these forms of feedback is the most effective for boosting student learning? [CBSE, 2021]
(C) Spoken (D) Non-Verbal
(v) Which of the following conveys personal warmth and friendliness between the sender and the receiver?
(A) Visual communication (B) Oral communication
(C) Written communication (D) Gestures communication
(vi) What is the main difference between image recognition and object detection?
(A) Image recognition identifies the entire image, while object detection finds specific objects within the image.
(B) Object detection requires a deeper understanding of the image content compared to image recognition.
(C) Image recognition involves labelling the entire image, while object detection assigns labels to individual
objects.
(D) Object detection utilizes more complex algorithms compared to image recognition.
SECTION B: SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills (2 x 3 = 6 marks)
Answer each question in 20 – 30 words.
Q. 6. What is the difference between a specific goal and a measurable goal in the SMART framework? Explain with an
example. 2
Q. 7. John struggles to complete his assignments on time. He often feels overwhelmed and unsure where to start.
What steps could John take to improve his time management?
Q. 8. You’re shopping online and entering your payment information on a website. What are two security indicators
you should look for to ensure the website is protecting your data?
Q. 9. What are two challenges that entrepreneurs might face when launching a new business?
Q. 10. Lila has a brilliant idea for a new app. She has conducted thorough market research, created a business plan, and
secured funding from investors. What stage of the entrepreneur’s career process is Lila in? Explain.
Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 4 = 8 marks)

Q. 11. A website allows users to search for products. When you type in a keyword, the site suggests relevant searches
and autocompletes your query. Is this likely AI-powered? Why or why not?
Q. 12. A social media platform recommends mostly content from friends you already interact with. What type of bias
might this represent? Why is it a concern?
Q. 13. A team is developing an AI model to predict customer churn (cancellations) for a telecommunications company.
They have identified the problem and gathered relevant customer data. What stage of the AI project cycle are
they in?
Q. 14. What are the results of stemming and lemmatization for the word “running”? Explain the difference in the results.
Q. 15. What are some potential improvements over the bag-of-words model that could capture more semantic
information from text?
Q. 16. A medical AI model is designed to detect cancerous tumors in X-ray images. What evaluation parameter (precision,
recall, or F1 score) is most crucial for this model’s performance, and why?
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each (4 x 3 = 12 marks)
Q. 17. How can the concept of multiple intelligences be used in educational settings to create a more well-rounded
learning experience for students?
Q. 18. AI is often depicted in movies as robots taking over the world. How realistic is this portrayal? Discuss the potential
benefits and risks of AI.
Q. 19. Deep learning is a subfield of AI that leverages powerful neural networks. Explain the key differences between a
shallow neural network and a deep neural network, and discuss the advantages of deep learning.
Q. 20. You’re working with historical text data from the 18th century. How might text normalization differ for this data
compared to modern text? Explain the challenges and considerations.
Q. 21. Automated trade industry has developed an AI model which predicts the selling and purchasing of automobiles.
During testing, the AI model came up with the following predictions.
Confusion Matrix Reality
Yes No
Predicted Yes 60 25
No 05 10

How many total tests have been performed in the above scenario? (ii) Calculate precision, recall and F1 Score.

OR
SCAN THE CODE SCAN
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PART-A : UNIT I UNIT II

UNIT III UNIT V

PART-B : UNIT I (As per Latest Board Sample Question Paper)

1. Introduction To Artificial u Practice Paper-1 193 - 196

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Prescribed by For Focused Chapter Summary

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Answering Tips & Commonly Made Errors x

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CBSE/ACADEMIC/JS(SG)/2024/ 3rd April, 2024

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The changes for classes IX-XII year-end Board Examinations (2024-25)

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S. No. Units Duration in Hours

Chatbots Explore the various applications of NLP in Activity: Introduction to Chatbots

Important Links  https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/Curriculum21/publication/secondary/

Part-D: Project Work / Field Visit / Student Portfolio

Sample Projects 1. Student Marks Prediction Model

Field Work Students’ participation in the following-

Student Portfolio (to be con-  Maintaining a record of all AI activities

2 Graphic Card: Integrated graphics

4 RAM: 8GB DDR4 – 2400MHz or above

5 Storage: 500 GB HDD – 7200 rpm

6 Display: 18.5” LED Monitor with HDMI, in-built-speaker,

7 Keyboard: Keyboard with numerical keypad (recommended)

8 Mouse: Optical Mouse

9 Webcam: Full HD Camera

10 Headphones with Mic

11 Dual Band Wireless Connectivity Min 800 Mbps

12 Bluetooth V4.2 or Higher

1 Operating System: Any

3 Internet Browser: Google Chrome

4 Productivity Suite: Any (Google+ Suite recommended)

5 Anaconda Navigator Distribution (https://bit.ly/AI-installation-guide)

6 Conceptual installations (https://bit.ly/AI-installation-guide)

7 Intel Open VINO tools

(Dr. Joseph Emmanuel)

(Dr. Joseph Emmanuel)

(Dr. Joseph Emmanuel)

TOPIC-1 M ethods of Communication

TOPIC-2 P rovide Descriptive and Specific Feedback

TOPIC-3 M easures to Overcome Barriers to Communication

TOPIC-4 P rinciples of Communication

TOPIC-5 B asic Writing Skills

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 7 MARKS

Finished Solving the Paper ?

TOPIC-1 M eaning and Importance of Stress Management

TOPIC-2 S tress Management Techniques

TOPIC-3 A bility to Work Independently.