As music modernizes, many traditional musical styles fade and are forgotten; however, modern artists often look for ways to revive traditional music. Samulnori, a popular Korean folk percussion music, seeks to reinterpret the past and transform it for the contemporary stage. Samulnori means "four instruments” each of which represents an element of the weather. The kkwaenggwari, representative of lightning, is a small gong made mainly of brass, which is hand-held and played with a bamboo mallet. The jing, on the other hand, is a large gong that is either hung on a frame or hand-held. Representative of the wind, the jing is played by hitting it with a padded stick. The janggu, an hourglass drum, has two sides with different types of leather on it. One side produces a high-pitched sound that is associated with rain. Finally, the buk, a barrel drum, is made of hollowed out wood and leather skin. Played with a single stick, the buk creates the bass sounds of a samulnori group and represents the clouds. In addition to representing elements of the weather, samulnori instruments also reflect the idea of yin and yang. The buk and janggu are made of leather, which represents the sounds of the earth, while the jing and the kkwaenggwari, composed of metal, represent the sounds of the heavens. Altogether, the instruments create strong rhythms and energetic sounds that express the harmony of the earth and the heavens.The SamulNori musical ensemble is credited with bringing samulnori music to the modern stage. Formed by Kim Duk Soo, the SamulNori ensemble successfully fused traditional Korean music with Westem styles by collaborating with many international artists, such as the Red Sun jazz group in 1987, SamulNor’'s influence has reached across the globe, with samulnori bands and camps forming worldwide Samulnori began as an attempt to revive the dying traditions of Korean folk music, but has gained vast popularity. By depicting the agricultural themes of traditional Korean culture and fusing them with modem performance styles, samulnori musicians have brought back the unique sounds of the past and reinvented them for modern audiences.Cy UUM Rta CaS 01 What is the main topic of the passage? 2, Modern folk music instruments b. Ancient Korean musicians c. The rising popularity of samulnori d. The development of samulnori 02 What is true about the aim of samulnori? a. It inspires music students to develop their own instruments. b, It revives dead languages and the musical styles of the past. ©. It'seeks to reinterpret the past and transform it for the modern stage. d, It encourages folk musicians to resist the trends of modern music. 03 What is a kkwaenggwari described as? a. Alarge hand-held gong made of bamboo b. An hourglass drum made of wood ‘Asmall gong made of brass. A barrel drum made of leather 04 What is mentioned about the buk? 05 a. It is commonly played by two musicians. b. It is composed of hollowed out wood and leather. ©. It is constructed from brass and bamboo. d. It is representative of lightning and clouds. What is the SamulNori ensemble credited wit a. Transforming modem singing styles with modern equipment b. Reviving traditional Korean dance and costumes ©. Bringing samulnori to the contemporary stage d, Incorporating classical piano into samulnori folk musicrT RY C1 06 What is true about samulnori instruments? 2, Altogether, they sound relaxing and passive. b. Each represents an element of the weather. Altogether, they sound chaotic and confusing Each represents a period in Korean history. 07 What is true about the jin; a samulnori group? a. It creates the bass sounds of the group. b. Itis played the least out of all the instruments. c. Itmakes a high-pitched sound associated with rain Itis played by hitting it with a padded stick. 08 What do the buk and janggu have in common? They both represent the sounds of the heavens. They are the oldest samulnori instruments. They both represent the sounds of the earth. They can be played simultaneously by one musician. 09 What is true about the SamulNori ensemble’s influence? thas caused samulnori camps and bands to form worldwide. b. It lost popularity after fusing with Wester jazz music. , Itaffected primarily Asian and European countries. It increased the international popularity of Korean traditional music. 10 What can be inferred from the passage? 2, Because of SamulNori, percussion instruments are not enjoyed. b. Kim Duk Soo founded numerous jazz ensembles. The buk is the least popular of the samulnori instruments, Prior to SamulNori, Korean folk music was losing popularity.0 Language Skills Vocabulary Definition 1 Ifaneventis __, it happens again and again at regular intervals. a.reinterpreting _. reinventing ©. recurring i. reevaluating 2 An object that is__can be used in multiple circumstances effectively. a. versatile b, modem c. fused d. representative 3 The word describes the lifestyle of cultivating the land and raising, livestock. 2. agriculture b. plethora ©. element . percussion 4 Theword __ describes having an empty space inside. 2. formed b. hollow . solid . popular Language Form and Meaning 1 Do you want to on the final project for our drama class next semester, or would you prefer to work alone this time? a. reinterpret b. represent ©. credit 4. collaborate 2 The new music store has a____of both exotic and classical instruments, many of which have been imported from other countries. 2. plethora b. globe c. modern d. compression 3. The author's newest work __ the Ancient Greeks as thoughtful and passive. 2. depict b. depicts ©. depicting d. depiction 4 The painter the Impressionist style and blended it with his own contemporary techniques. a. revive b. revived ©. reviving revivalGraphic Organizer & Summary Organize the information with the words from the box. ‘The SamulNori Ensemble +A popular Korean folk with ~ Kkwaenggwari: representative music 7 bringing samulnori music = Seeks to to the modem stage + Jing: representative of ‘the past + Formed by Kim Duk Soo + Means “four instruments” 5 i + Janggu: associated with rain __* Fused traditional Korean each of which represents music with Westem an ofthe «Buk: represents the clouds weather element wind _—styles_ instruments percussion credited _—_ reinterpret _lightning Complete the summary with the words from the box. Samulnori is a popular Korean ____________ percussion music that seeks to reinterpret the ____________ and __________ iit for the modern stage. Samulnori means four instruments" each of which represents an element of the Samulnori instruments also reflect the idea of yin and yang. The buk and the janggu represent the sounds of the ________, while the jing and the kkwaengwari represent the sounds of the Altogether, they express the _____ of the earth and the heavens. The SamulNori musical is credited with bringing samulnori music to the stage. Formed by Kim Duk Soo, SamulNori’s _____ has reached across the globe. weather heavens ensemble _— transform —_ folk earth = modern —_ influence ~~ past. harmony "2 CCT ECE ite me eer Cy Traditional African drums: The Jembe The rich and vibrant sounds of traditional African music would not be complete without the plethora of drums used by African musicians. The jembe is one of the most-recognized African drums in the world and has made a lasting impression on various musical traditions. The jembe, native to West Africa, is a skin-covered drum played with the hands. Composed of hardwood and untreated goatskin, jembes are about 30- 38 cm in diameter and 58-63 cm in height. Jembes can produce loud sounds depending on the tension of the goatskin and the striking method. The bass sound, for example, can be rendered when striking the drum near the center. The tone and slap sounds, however, are created by striking the drum closer to the edge and varying finger placement. Traditionally, the purpose of a jembe was to gather people peacefully together. Jembes were part of drumming ensembles, which played recurring rhythms, also known as accompaniment patterns. Prior to the 1950s, jembes were only known in West Africa, but a dance company in Guinea introduced jembes to the world in 1952. By the 1960s, jembes had reached the United States where they gained popularity, eventually being featured in art and musical performances, such as Cirque du Soleil. Currently, the jembe is the most well-known African drum worldwide. The versatile nature of the jembe has made ita favorite choice among traditional drums used by recording artists, dance companies, and music academies around the world.Cy UUM Rats 4 What is the main topic of the passage? a. Facts about a traditional African drum b. A popular African dance company Methods of learning how to play the drums d. The history of percussion instruments 2 Ajembe desc ed as a. a leather drum played with a stick b. a type of untreated goatskin used to make drums c. a skin-covered drum played with the hands d. a national dance company located in Africa 3 What was the traditional purpose of a jembe? a. To accompany a group of tribal dancers ©. To gather people peacefully together c. To entertain guests at traditional African weddings d. To perform in drumming competitions 4 According to the passage, what happened in 19522 a. Jembes gained vast popularity in the United States b. Cirque du Soleil traveled Europe and Africa with jembe players c. Adance company in Guinea introduced jembes to the world. d. Jembes were limited to performances in West Africa. 8(Charles Darwin: Charies Darwin oe hermetic who first posited the theory of Pte te uae eas aimee cd cena os ‘Social Darwinism: Social Darwinism une tnt eee eesretet Ee tee a) ee eet Loca pee 4 \ ed ero ree Perrone eer Pee reat et) pee eed eabic1. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who posited the theory of evolution. (T/F) Pas Me oni eau eC Ur Rl a Cree RU Re Ole RR ee Lee tele acne)Many theories to explain human existence have been postulated over the years, but evolution remains the most widely-accepted and scientifically tested of them all. The theory of evolution seeks to explain how living things change and have changed over time. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the first to postulate the theory of evolution. In his On the Origin of the Species, Darwin proposed natural selection as the way evolution took place. According to Darwin, there is a struggle for existence, which is the basic mechanism through which a population changes. Animals and plants that are better suited to their environment will survive better than those that are not. Furthermore, animals that exhibit favorable traits will survive and pass down those traits more often than those that do not possess favorable traits. Early evolutionary theories were widely rejected, but overwhelming evidentiary support has been gathered since. The most obvious evidentiary support for evolution is found in fossils. Fossil evidence shows that animals and plants were different in the past from how they are now. The older the fossils are, the more different they are, which points to the fact that a gradual change has occurred over time. In addition to fossil evidence, newer DNA evidence has been discovered. By comparing the DNA sequences of organisms, biologists have found that many have a common ancestry, which is proof that they evolved from one species.In addition to the impact the theory of evolution has had on the scientific community, the theory has been used by individuals to support their ideas about society, often with devastating consequences. For example, some groups have: used evolution as support for the racist idea that certain groups are’inferior to others. This, of course, is scientifically false, as all humans have adapted to their own environments. Some individuals have also claimed that evolution could be applied to economic policies. This idea finds a home with many capitalist beliefs and has led to worldwide economic inequality. The theory of evolution remains the best explanation of how humans, animals, and plants have changed over time, Biologists caution against applying evolution to social structures, asit may have negative consequences. = ee > NS ait ~ & oo 2 Oa — Cat co Ee AN me le 78 Pe meted ESS 01 02 03 04 05 What is the main topic of the passage? a. Charles Darwin's life and work b. The impact of the theory of evolution c. How to compare DNA sequences d. How biologists use fossil evidence What does the theory of evolution seek to expl ‘a. How living things grow and die b. How animals migrate and resettle c. How living things change over time , How planets rotate and revolve According to Darwin, how does evolution take place? a. Through planned mutations b. Through religious intervention c. Through capitalist practices d. Through natural selection What is mentioned about animals that possess favorable traits? a. They will attempt to remove the traits before procreating. b. They will suffer from hardships and die young. c. They will pass down the traits to the next generation d. They will go extinct within the next three generations. What is true about evidentiary support for evolution? a, The oceans are full of unexamined support. b. The most obvious support comes from fossils. c. Plant DNA is considered inconclusive support d, Animal DNA provides less reliable support.Cr RY C1 06 What is true of animals and plants that are suited to their environments? a, They will struggle more to survive in harsh weather. b. They will survive better than less well-suited species. . They will not pass down any traits to their children. 4. They will not be able to find food as easily 07 What does DNA evidence show? 2, Many organisms have a common ancestry. b. Organisms have always been the same throughout history. ©. Itis easy to alter an organism's genetic structure 4, Evolution could not have taken place through natural selection. 08 What is a negative effect of the theory of evolution? a, Ithas been used to enact laws that oppress the wealthy. b. Ithas been used ti prison innocent people for life. ©, Ithas been used to harm the environment beyond repair. d. Ithas been used to support racist ideas in societies. 09 What have some individuals claimed about evolutionary theories? 2, Charles Darwin's ideas are too out of date for modern science. . Only plants evolve through natural selection. c. Evolution can be applied to economics and social structures. d. DNA evidence is inaccurate due to technological limitations. 10 What can be inferred from the passage? a. Most humans do not pass down traits to their children. b. The theory of evolution does not have adequate social applications. c. Itis impossible to gather DNA from most plant species. <. Animal fossils have remained the same throughout history.Language Skills ele Te a) To ___ is to claim or assume the truth about something, such as with a scientific theory. a. proof b. postulate c. caution d. evolve A______is the result or the effect of an action, often a negative effect. 2. support b, selection c.consequence —_d, competition The word __refers to systematic hatred, fear, and oppression of people of minority races. a. evidence b. ancestry c. policy d. racism, The word __ refers to the condition of being unequal. a. equality b. postulate ©. inequality i. caution Language Form and Meaning 1 The flood had such___effects on the region’s forests and farmland that, the government declared a state of national emergency. 2. following b. supporting c. existing d. devastating Tracing your family’s is a good way to learn about the past and where you come from. a. policy b. ancestry cc. struggle d, theory The theory led him ___ the phrase “only the strong survive.” a. to coin b. coins c. coined d. coining Humans ___ from single-celled organisms over thousands of years. a. evolve b. are evolved c. have evolved d. have evolvingCTT Em eT La Organize the information with the words from the box. Evolution and Society “The first to_____ the theory of evolution Charles + Proposed_____as the way evolution took piace Darwin + Claimed the struggle for _______is the basic mechanism ‘through which a population changes + Fossils: The most obvious evidentiary | Which shows ddenee that plants and animals were different in the past «DNA: Many organisms have a common ___, which is that they evolved from one species. Social + Some groups have used evolution to support ______ideas. Impact + Some individuals have also applied evolution to economic . ancestry racist support postulate existence proof policies natural selection Complete the summary with the words from the box. The theory of evolution seeks to ______ how living things change and have changed over time. Charles Darwin was the first to postulate the theory of evolution. He ______ natural selection as the way evolution took place. These theories were originally but ______ evidentiary support has been gathered, ___ evidence shows that plents and animals were differentin the past._____ evidence shows that many organisms have a ancestry. The theory of evolution has also been used by individuals to support their ideas about___. However, biologists _____ against applying evolution to social structures as it may have negative overwhelming explain. DNA society _rejected proposed common fossil caution consequences.CCT ECE ite me eer Cy Survival of the Fittest Charles Darwin's theory of evolution changed the scientific community's understanding of biology in countless ways. However, some people have also tried to use Darwin's theory to dictate the way societies function economically and politically. Herbert Spencer's “survival of the fittest” is one of the most important ideas to follow Darwin. This idea has had many social and economic consequences. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was a British biologist and sociologist. He was @ great supporter of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. After reading Darwin's work, Spencer coined the phrase “survival of the fittest” in his Principles of Biology (1864). To Spencer, this phrase described the underlying compatition in nature to survive and reproduce. Darwin called it “the struggle for existence” in nature, but Spencer believed that this theory could be extended into social realms. Herbert Spencer's views inspired other sociologists. They also believed that "survival of the fittest” could be applied to aspects of society. This eventually led to social Darwinism, a political view that suggests that only the strong should see their wealth and power increased. This idea is often mentioned as support for economic competition, social inequality, and racism, all of which have had negative consequences for society as a whole. Social Darwinism no longer has a single definition. Economists and political scientists have different views about what it means today. However, most biologists believe that we cannot and should not apply “survival of the fittest” to modern societies.Ce uC metre What is the main topic of the passage? a. A sociological theory b. Herbert Spencer's lectures cc. The book Principles of Biology d. Charles Darwin's students According to Herbert Spencer, what does “survival of the fittest” describe? a. The competition for financial gain b. The fe 198 of loneliness in public ©. The feelings of anger towards social injustice d. The competition to survive 3 What is true about the work of Herbert Spencer? a. It is prized more highly than Charles Darwin's work. b, It inspired later sociologists and economists. c. Ithas been published in a series of books. d. Itis references as support for equality. What does social Darwinism believe? a. Only the weak can be compassionate and kind. b. Only the strong should see their wealth and power increased c. Only the rich should make decisions for everyone. d. Only the elderly should own property and vehicles.Unit 3 Bieler Biel Cece) eee hr rarer ay valuable theorios about investing and Penn ea eee ins ‘Speculation: Speculation isthe practice ee ees Cee eat ones market price. Speculation is high risk, Peteeeenese nr es Ce eee) Cea ete ae Pe earn a! coer eatWith the rapid increase in globalization, the international currency trade market has become exceptionally volatile. An estimated 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars in various currencies are traded every day; however, in this rush to buy and sell currencies, some nations are left at a disadvantage. Various taxing systems have been proposed to help slow the market and benefit poorer countries. In 1971, James Tobin proposed a new tax system that included a foreign-exchange transaction tax. Tobin later received the Nobel Prize in Economics, but the Tobin Tax is still a hypothetical situation. Very few nations have made strides to adopt their own versions of the Tobin Tax. The Tobin Tax could have a vast effect on currency exchange markets if many countries were to adopt it. Currently, there are two main kinds of investments: long-term investments and speculation trading. Long-term investments generally contribute to economies by generating employment, goods, and services. Speculation trading, however, is buying currency when it is cheap and selling it when it is expensive, which does not contribute much to economies. The Tobin Tax would slow down the instance of speculation trading by taxing each currency exchange while leaving long-term investments intact.Economists believe applying the Tobin Tax would have many benefits. By reducing speculation trading, the market would become more stable, and dramatic fluctuations in exchange rates would be reduced. Additionally, the Tobin Tax would generate a large amount of revenue to support environmental projects and help the developing world. Despite its benefits, the Tobin Tax has not yet been implemented. Some countries, such as Belgium and Venezuela, have expressed an interest in establishing this tax worldwide. Several economists have suggested using an international organization, such as the United Nations, to introduce the tax. That way, the revenue generated could be used to directly benefit developing nations. Regardless of the method of implementation, many nations agree that the Tobin Tax could promote more stable economies and create a more equal distribution of wealth.Pe meted CaS 01 02 03 04 05 What is the main topic of the passage? 2, How to invest in businesses b. The disadvantages of taxes ©. James Tobin's life and work d. The benefits of the Tobin Tax What is mentioned about various currencies? a. Exchange rates generally remain the same. b. An estimated 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars is traded every day. ©. Some countries utilize more than one currency. i. Trading currencies can be done from the comfort of one’s home. What did James Tobin do in 1971? Invented a new international currency Forced countries to adopt the Tobin Tax Proposed a foreign-exchange transaction tax Gave a presentation in front of the US. president a b, 2 Which form of investing contributes to economies? 2. Speculation trading b. Long-term investing ©. The Tobin Tax d. Currency exchange By reducing speculation trading, the market would —__. a. become more volatile b. destroy itself c. become more stable fluctuate rapidlyCTT RY C1 06 07 08 oo 10 What is true about the rush to buy and sell currencies? 2, Itleaves some nations at a disadvantage. ». It is fair to all nations worldwide. ©. Itis a cause of stress to investors. 6. Itremoves the need for expensive taxes. ‘What is true about James Tobin? a. His theories were widely disliked and eventually disproved. b. His work led him to receive the Nobel Prize in Economics. cc. He went on to found the United Nations later in his life. Gd. He spent his entire life trying to abolish international taxes, What is true about the Tobin Tax? 2, It would destroy long-term investing strategies. b. It would inrease the economic disparity between nations. ©, It would improve the governments of developed countries. <. It would slow down the instance of speculation trading. Speculation trading is buying ___ when it is cheap and selling it when it is expensive. a. property b. currency ©. commodities . petroleum What can be inferred from the passage? a, James Tobin's work is considered out of date. b. Many countries have adopted their own versions of the Tobin Tax. ©. The Tobin Tax would promote charity among nations, . The United Nations does not approve of the Tobin Tax.Language Skills le TT le my 1 If something is___, it has the potential to be explosive and possibly dangerous. a. beneficial b. hypothetical ——_c. currency d. volatile The word __refers to the state of having very little money or possessions. 2. poverty b.employment —_. investment implement The word _ describes the state of being commanding or chief among all others. directive b, stable ©. dominant d. surviving The word __refers to an amount of money acquired through income, taxation, or collection. 2. receive . revenue ©. fluctuation . speculation Eee Deer Led 1 The riches in the tomb were found perfectly _ despite their age, which allowed archaeologists to learn much about the ancient culture. 2. invest b. imply c. insure d. intact Itis just a___ situation, so do not take it too seriously, or you may cause yourself unnecessary stress. a. hypothetical . inventing ©. economics d. developing My school recently __ the practice of wearing school uniforms. a. adopt b. adopts ©. adopted d. adopting This year, the company wi a new vacation schedule for all employees. a. implement b. implements c. implemented d. implementingCTT Em ea Organize the information with the words from the box. + Proposed a new________ system in 1971 His system would include a foreign-exchange tax. + Later received the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work James Tobin Two main kinds of investing +________ investments: contribute to economies by Investing employment, goods, and services +_________ trading: buying currency when it is cheap and selling it when it is expensive - Would slow down speculation trading by taxing ___________ exchange. The - Would make the market more stable and reduce dramatic Tobin Tax in exchange rates - Would generate __ to help the developing world long-term transaction speculation revenue fluctuations currency generating tax Complete the summary with the words from the box. In the rush to buy and sell currencies, some nations are left at a Various taxing systems have been to help slow the market and benefit poorer countries. In 1971, James Tobin proposed a new tax system that included a —_____ transaction tax. The Tobin Tax could have a effect on currency exchange markets. By reducing speculation trading, the market would become more ____ and dramatic fluctuations in would be reduced. Additionally, the Tobin Tax would generate a large amount of revenue to__________ environmental projects and help the __________ world. Despite its __, the Tobin Tax has not yet been exchange rates proposed support _foreign-exchange _vast disadvantage implemented developing benefits stable EtCCT ECE ite me eer Cy Jean Baptiste Colbert Between the sixteen and eighteenth centuries, countries in Europe sought to improve their economies by competing with each other through industry. To do this, many nations adopted mercantilism, a theory and practice that promoted government regulation of a nation’s economy. Many nations had their own versions of mercantilism, but perhaps the most successful case occurred in France. Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), a French politician and Minister of Finance, is credited with bringing mercantilism to France. Colbert's goal was to improve France's manufacturing industry and bring the nation back from poverty. As a result, the government became more involved in the country's industries. Policies were made to limit imports and promote exports. Industries ‘were organized into groups and production was regulated by the state through the use of directives. These directives instructed manufacturers about how different products should be made. Furthermore, trade within the country was improved by lowering tariffs and building roads. Colbert's policies brought significant change to France's economy. They were so successful that France became a dorninant European power. However, mercantilism had certain limits. International trade could not be improved, leaving Britain and the Netherlands at the top. Additionally, even with the improved economy, France was still suffering financially as a result of funding so many wars, Regardless of the limits, Colbert’s mercantilism greatly impacted the French economy. Many European nations followed this example and adopted similar policies 32Ce uC metre What is the main topic of the passage? a, Jean Baptiste Colbert's upbringing b Major seventeenth-century European powers c. The effects of mereantilism in France G. Strategies for improving international trade What is Jean Baptiste Colbert credited with doing? a. Bringing mercantilism to France b. Leading France into a war c. Improving relations with Britain G., Developing the first factory According to the passage, mercantilism is defined as a. the practice of buying and selling foreign currencies b. a theory that promoted government regulation of an economy c. the famous philosopher who first discussed ethics G1. @ series of books outlining how to run an economy What was the effect of mercantilism in France? a, France went to war with the Netherlands. b. Britain lost its status as a dominant European power. . International trade vastly improved in Europe d. France became a dominant European power.Th ae! Sel -Tala)Rn SRG Su AC ee eek (TIF) Pe eR ee SRC (TF) 3. Thermodynamics is a branch of chemistry that is concerned with the elements. (1 / F)‘The universe is made up of matter and energy. Energy is defined as the ability to do work, and though it cannot be created or destroyed, it can change from one form to another. This is called energy transformation. It is present in many natural processes and is also used in our daily lives to provide us with services, such as heating, refrigeration, light, and the operation of machines. Energy transformations are constantly occurring in the natural world. All energy on Earth originates from the Sun, the formation of Earth, and Earth's continuous nuclear decay. The Sun is the most important source of radiant energy on Earth. Radiant energy is created through electromagnetic waves and affects countless processes in nature. Photosynthesis, for example, is the transformation of the Sun's radiant energy into chemical energy, which is stored in plants. Like radiant energy, thermal energy_is.also_very- importants in=natural processes on Earth. Thermal energy is the movement of energy fron One object to another through conduction, convection, and radiation. Thermal energy from Earth's mantle moves through Earth's plates through convection. This powers plate tectonics, which is responsible for the creation of mountains and volcanoes, La as well as earthquakes. YlEnergy transformations are constantly present in our daily lives and can be used to our advantage in many ways. Chemical energy, the energy released during @ chemical reaction, is extremely useful in our bodies and the world around us. When we eat, our bodies convert chemical energy into mechanical energy that lets us move. Furthermore, burning fuels can power generators, which in turn produce electrical energy that is used to power the appliances in our homes. A toaster, for example, converts electrical energy into thermal energy that heats bread, Many other modern conveniences also use chemical and electrical energy. Harnessing energy transformation has furthered the development of technology and improved our daily lives. Without the knowledge of these natural processes and how to apply them, we could not enjoy the comfort level of modem life.Pe meted CaS 01 02 03 04 05 What is the main topic of the passage? a, The most important energy source b. How to harness chemical energy c. A theory that explains changes in matter d. How energy transformations take place What is energy defined as? a. The ability to do work . The creation of matter c. The destruction of a star d. The removal of chemicals According to the passage, what is an energy transformation? a. When energy is permanently destroyed b. When energy changes from one form to another c. When matter is converted into useful energy d. When energy changes into solid and liquid matter What energy transfer occurs during photosynthesis? 2, Mechanical energy to radiant eneray ©. Chemical energy to thermal energy ©. Radiant eneray to chemical eneray d. Thermal energy to mechanical energy What is mentioned about plate tectonics? 2. Itis responsible for the creation of mountains and volcanoes. b. It increases the salinity and temperature of the oceans. c. Itis powered by the Moon's gravitational pull on Earth. d, Itis a useful source of electrical energy that can be harnessed.10 Cr RY C1 06 What is true about energy transformation in our daily lives? Itis responsible for much of the technology used in the manufacturing industry. It can be used to our advantage in many modern conveniences. Itis mostly harnessed to make weapons for warfare. Itis able to generate more revenue than matter transformations. 07 Where does all energy on Earth originate from? 2, Itoriginates from mechanical energy created by man-made generators. b. Itoriginates from energy left over from the Big Bang and the universe's expansion . Itoriginates from the collapse and reformation of stars in the universe, 4, Itoriginates from the Sun, the formation of Earth, and Earth’s nuclear decay. 08 Thermal energy is defined as a, the transfer of energy between two distant planets in the galaxy b. the change of chemical energy into harnessed mechanical energy ©. the movement of energy through conduction, convection, and radiation <. the energy created by conduction and convection in the atmosphere 09 What energy transformation happens when we eat? 2, Our bodies convert chemical eneray into mechanical eneray. . Our bodies expel thermal energy as waste material. c, Our mouths create radiant energy that moves to our cells. . Our brains use thermal energy to process information, What can be inferred from the passage? Most of Earth's energy gets lost in space through the atmosphere. Much of our technology depends on energy transformations. Radiant energy is capable of causing great harm to human populations. Energy transformations have contributed to modern politics.Language Skills ele TT Te my 1 The word _refers to the transfer of heat from a moving liquid or a gas. a. consorting b. convection c. comparison d. condition 2 The word ___refers to the process in which energy is emitted in particles or waves. 2. chemical b. mechanical c. tectonics d. radiation 3. If something is always present or unchanging. a. constant b. converted c. countless d. conduction 4 Theterm __ refers to the process through which an atom loses energy by emitting radiation. 2. chemical reaction . radiant energy —_c. nuclear decay _d, absolute zero Eee Deer eed 1 ______ ofall perishable goods is a necessary safety precaution if you want to avoid food poisoning. a, Refraction b. Generation c. Refrigeration 4d, Transformation 2 ; which they use to convert radiant energy into sugars. a. radiation b. photosynthesis ©. tectonics d, photography 3. Please make sure to___the payment into my bank account in the morning. a. transfer b. transfers ©. transferred . transferring 4. This device __ solar energy to electrical energy. a. convert b. converts ©. converting d. conversionCTT Em eT La Organize the information with the words from the box. Gr aed + Created through electromagnetic ntEnergy Affects countless ______in nature Photosynthesis changes _______ energy into chemical energy. ~The _______of energy from one object to another + Uses conduction, —_______, and radiation Thermal Energy - ; , Powers plate tectonics, which is responsible for creating mountains and + Energy released during a chemical reaction : + Our bodies convert chemical energy into ______ energy Chemical Energy |. Burning fuel can power that produce electrical energy. mechanical waves — radiant. ©—_convection volcanoes generators. = movement _—processes Complete the summary with the words from the box. Energy is defined as the ________ to do work, and though it cannot be created or _______, it can change from one form to another. This is called energy transformation. Energy transformations are occurring in the natural world, _____ for example, is the transformation of the Sun‘s radiant energy into__ energy. Similerly, thermal energy from Earth's moves through convection to power plate tectonics. Energy transformations are also _—__________ in our daily lives and can be used to our advantage. Chemical energy is extremely _________ to our bodies. Many modern also use chemical energy. Without energy transformations, we could not enjoy the level of modem life. chemical appliances ability _— present —_useful photosynthesis constantly mantle ~— destroyed comfort aa CCT ECE ite me eer Cy The Laws of Thermodynamics Eneray is a driving force for the universe and is constantly being transferred from one system to another. In a closed system, energy cannot go in or out; however, energy can flow freely into an open system. Earth is an example of an open system in that it receives energy from the Sun every day. Scientists have postulated the laws of thermodynamics to explain how energy is transferred in these systems. The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of energy. According to this law, the total amount of energy in the universe is constant, which means that all energy has to end up somewhere. As a result, an increase in the energy of one system is the same amount as the energy lost by another. The second law of thermodynamics measures the disorder in the universe. As the disorder in the universe increases, energy is transformed into less useable forms. For example, when two systems with different temperatures touch, heat will flow from the hotter system into the colder system until the energy levels become equal. The third law of thermodynamics states that all molecular movement stops, at absolute zero, or 0 Kelvin. When a system has a temperature of absolute zero, the ability to do work is also at zero. This is because the atoms of that system will stop moving at that temperature. By applying the laws of thermodynamics, scientists can explain how energy transfers happen. This gives them a greater understanding of various processes on Earth and in space.Ce uC metre 1 What is the main topic of the passage? a. The scientist who discovered thermodynamics b. The second law of thermodynamics c. The destruction of energy in the universe 4d. The laws of thermodynamics 2 The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of a. destruction of energy b. conservation of energy c. destruction of matter d. conservation of matter 3 What is the function of the second law of thermodynamics? a. It measures the disorder in the universe. b. It estimates the size of the universe. c. It determines how molecular movement stops. d. It studies the existence of life on other planets, What is mentioned about absolute zero? a. Molecules start to move faster at this temperature. b. This temperature is impossible to reach. c. Molecular movement stops at this temperature. d. This temperature is exactly zero degrees FahrenheitFrom prehistoric caves to high-ise apartments, human homes have undergone a vast transformation in order to improve comfort levels, energy efficiency, and safety. The traditional Korean house, also known as the hanok, is a beautiful and practical dwelling that promotes harmony with nature through an environmentally friendly design Hanoks are recognized by their intricate tiled roofs, but beneath those roofs lays a unique architectural style that is both beautiful and functional. Two important features make hanoks especially unique: their heating and cooling systems. In order to heat a hanok, a fire was lit in the kitchen; the heat would travel through the floor and then rise to warm each room. This affected Korean culture by ensuring that full use of the floor was made for dining, socializing, and sleeping. Additionally, a hanok owed its ability to stay cool in summer to its front porch, which sheltered rooms from sunlight and allowed for air circulation.Hanoks are cited for their environmentally-friendly designs. Hanoks were usually composed of all-natural building materials, such as soil, stone, wood, and paper. To construct a hanok, wooden beams and stone blocks were used to make the foundation. Wood was also used to construct rafters, doors, windows, and flooring. To decorate the interior, paper made of natural wood pulp was glued to sliding doors and the floor and then covered with bean oil to make it waterproof. In addition to using natural materials, the heating and cooling systems of hanoks provided an intelligent way to maintain comfortable temperatures inside. The tiled roofs provided effective coverage from harsh weather and could be adjusted to control.the amount of sunlight that entered the house. The beauty and unique structures of hanoks can still be witnessed in many traditional Korean villages. Tourists visit these villages to experience the: rich culture of Korea's traditional dwellings. Furthermore, the environmentally- friendly design of hanoks continues to inspire architects to design buildings with similar heating and cooling systems in order to conserve energy.Cy UUM Rta CaS 01 What is the main topic of the passage? a. The features of Korean palaces ©. Modern apartment styles c. Energyefficient heating 4d. Traditional Korean architecture 02 What did hanoks promote? 03 04 05 . Protection from warring tribes and invaders b. Harmony with nature through an environmentally-friendly design ©. High social class and good standing in communities d. Dominance over the surrounding natural world What features make hanoks unique? The large garages and underground storage The heating and cooling systems The tiled roofs and decorative chimneys The interior wallpaper and tiled flooring How did a hanok stay cool a summer? Its location in the shade of the mountain allowed for lower temperatures. b. Its central air conditioning system pumped cool air inside. ©. Its porch protected it from sunlight and allowed for air circulation. d, Its heating system warmed the floor and kept the temperatures even, What materials are used to build a hanok’s foundation? ‘a. Stone beams and wooden blocks b. Metal beams and stone blocks ©. Stone blocks and metal tiles d. Wooden beams and stone blocks10 rT RY C1 06 How did the heating system of a hanok work? 2. A fire was lit on the roof and heat would flow down. b. Hot stone blocks were placed on floors beneath beds. . A fire was lit in the kitchen and heat would travel through the floor. d. River water was heated beneath the foundation and the heat would rise. 07 How was Korean culture affected by the floor heating system of a hanok? 2, Full use of the floor was made for sleeping and socializing b. Homes were kept free of pests in the warmer months. ©. Flooring was easily replaced when it got damaged. . Allergens were removed from the air through a filtration system. 08 What is mentioned about the interior decorations of hanoks? 2. Dried flowers and tree bark were used to create art on doors and windows. b. Paper made of natural wood pulp was used to make the interior waterproof. ©. Scenes of everyday life were painted on ceilings «. Carved stone animal figures were added to porches and gardens. 09 Whats true about hanoks in modern times? 2, They are mostly used as museums and art galleries. . They are no longer costefficient to heat and cool . They are built in various other countries as dwellings d. They continue to inspire the designs of architects. ‘What can be inferred from the passage? 2, Most contemporary Koreans still ive in hanoks b. Hanoks were more efficient but less beautiful than modem apartments. c. The cooling system of a hanok was generally thought to be inefficient. Many tourists are curious about traditional Korean architecture.Language Skills Vocabulary Definition 1 Aperson’s _____ is the place he or she lives, such as a house or an apartment. a. material b. dwelling . circulation d. harmony If something is __, it is complex and detailed, often including many components. a. promoted b. interior c. sheltered di. intricate The word __ relates to the time or period before written history. a. prehistoric b. practical c. historic «i. inspirational To is to see something happen, especially an accident or crime. 2. adjust b. witness ©. conserve d. esteem Eee Deer Lee D 1 My new raincoat and rain boots are completely ___, so will not get wet on rainy days. a. sheltered b. waterproof c. circulated d. environmental Our____ needed to be repaired after the hurricane winds uprooted nearby trees and threw them on our house. @. promotion b. landscaper ©. porch d. designs Before going on a long bike ride, ___ your seat for your height. 8. adjust b. adjusts © adjusted d. adjusting You can ___ your learning potential by always being well-rested and focused. a. maximize b. maximizes ©. maximized d. maximizingGraphic Organizer & Summary Organize the information with the words from the box. Pee at eee aed The Hanok Unique Features Design - Abeautiful and ______ Heating system: Heat rises traditional Korean from the ________- Environmentally-friendly to warm each room. . of +Promotes_________ Cooling system: The front__| all-natural materials with nature through an porch ; environmentally-friendly rooms and allowed for air. || _stone, wood, and paper design sheltered floor composed practical harmony soil__— circulation —_—_dwelling Complete the summary with the words from the box. Hanoks are beautiful and practical dwellings that harmony with nature through environmentally-friendly designs. Two important — make hanok unique: their heating and systems. Heat would through the floor and then rise to warm each room. Additionally, a hanok owed its ability to stay _______ to its front porch. Hanok were usually composed of building materials. Wooden beams and stone blocks were used to make the __________. To decorate the ________, paper made of natural wood ______ was used. These environmentally-friendly design choices continue to_______ architects. travel foundation interior cooling __ promote all-natural inspire cool_— pulp _ features 352 CCT ECE ite me eer Cy Korean Gardens Gardens can be found in nearly every region of the world. Some are created for the purpose of sculpting and controlling nature, and others are created to maximize harmony with the natural world. Traditional Korean gardens tend to be the latter, as harmony with nature was held in high regard by Korean landscapers. Influenced by Chinese gardening traditions, the history of Korean gardens dates back more than 2,000 years. In prehistoric times, Koreans tended to worship the natural world around them and held rocks in the highest esteem. Asa result, gardens were arranged with careful attention to where rocks were placed. During the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC - 668 AD), grand palace gardens were erected using stones. Since the early Koryo Dynasty, these stone gardens evolved into terraced gardens, pavilions, and stone ponds. Today, Korea's gardens appear unforced, in harmony with nature, and often asymmetrical as to allow the landscape to flow naturally One of the most famous Korean gardens is Huwon, located at Changdeokgung Palace. This 78-acre garden was traditionally used by the royal family for ceremonies, military exercises, feasts, games, and fireworks. Itincludes lotus ponds, pavilions, landscaped lawns, evergreen and pear trees, and numerous flowers. Upon witnessing this garden, visitors see how the garden creates a sense of harmony with nature by integrating the palace buildings with the surrounding natural world. Korean gardens have evolved immensely since their beginnings as prehistoric rock gardens. Regardless of what changes occurred, one thing remains the same—Korean gardens create harmony with nature, rather than harness itCy UUM Rats 4 What is the main topic of the passage? a. The Three Kingdoms Period . The history of Korean gardens Three ancient Korean kings d. The location of a Korean palace What is mentioned about some gardens? 2. They are created as a means to control and harness nature. b. They include a limited number of plant species. ©. They give people a sense of peace and tranquility. d, They contain pests that can be harmful to some farm crops. What is true about Koreans in prehistoric times? a. They worked to harness nature in their gardens. b. They built pavilions inside large cities and palaces. ©. They worshiped mainly lakes and rivers instead of deities. d. They held rocks in the highest esteem. 4 What was Huwon traditionally used for? a. It was used as a gathering place for elected officials. b. It was used to celebrate the birthdays of previous kings. c. It was used for military exercises, feasts, and games d., It was used a safe haven for peasants during attacks. 33Tay NEPel Meteo Na a Rann ene nL eC ere aca fauna) PN re Cu ae RO a oc (aeaal 3. Galileo Galilei made vast contributions to the study of chemical elements. acne)! UU ‘of the Univarse Our modern understanding of the universe has come a long way since the first theories were posited about the movement of celestial bodies. Two main theories held prestige in the scientific world regarding the location of Earth and the movement of the planets: the geocentric model and the heliocentric model. The geocentric model of the cosmos placed Earth at the center of the universe, a belief commonly held in ancient Greece. According to Aristotle and Ptolemy, the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars all orbit Earth ina perfectly circular motion. A set of fifty-five spheres were thought to hold these celestial bodies.These spheres revolved around Earth, which accounted for the rising and setting of the Sun, the Moon, and the stars. Ptolemy modified this model to explain why planets sometimes seem to reverse course. He also changed the center of the universe from Earth to a point very close to Earth. This view of the universe was considered the foundation of astronomy for over a millennium.It wasn't until Copernicus that the geocentric model was questioned Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, named after the Greek word for ‘sun, helios. According to the heliocentric model, the Sun is the center of the universe. All celestial objects—the planets and the stars—revolve around the Sun in a perfectly circular motion. Copernicus’s model was not immediately accepted for two reasons. The first reason was the model's disagreement with religious scripture, which described Earth as the center of the universe. The second was the fact that Copernicus could not provide any observational data to prove his theory. Scientists did not want to accept the heliocentric model, because it would reject the commonly accepted scientific paradigm of the time The heliocentric model was not widely accepted until the seventeenth century when observational data was more readily available. At that time, Galileo had discovered that Jupiter's moons did not orbit Earth. This alone disproved the long-upheld geocentric model and instigated a shift in scientific thinking towards the heliocentric model. The heliocentric model has since undergone a vast transformation as scientists discover more about the universe.Pe meted ESS 01 02 03 04 05 What is the main topic of the passage? a. The life and work of Ptolemy b. The motion of Jupiter's moons c. Ancient Greek astronomy d. Two theories about the solar system According to the geocentric model, what is true about Earth? 2. It orbits the Sun in an elliptical path. ». Its located at the center of the universe. c. It revolves around the solar system. d, Itis a completely flat expanse of land, According to the geocentric model, what accounted for the setting of the Sun? a, The movement of Earth on its axis b. The rotation of the Sun around Earth c. The movement of fifty-five spheres d, The expansion of the universe What is mentioned about Copernicus? a. He worked closely with Galileo to study the planets. b. He was the first to propose the heliocentric model. c. He was Ptolemy's most successful student. d. He came up with the framework for the geocentric model. Copernicus’s model disagreed a. Galileo's discoveries ©. religious scripture cc. the heliocentric model d, telescope evidenceCr RY C1 06 What is true about theories of the movement of celestial bodies? 2, Two main theories held prestige in the scientific world. b. Copernicus’ theory was instantly accepted by his peers. . Galileo did not believe in either theory and invented his own. 4d. Scientists have believed the same theory for centuries, 07 What did Ptolemy do to the geocentric model? 2, Rejected the entire model and formed a new one b. Disproved the model with observational data c. Altered the orbital paths to a more rounded shape 4d. Changed the center of the universe to a point close to Earth 08 What is the foundational claim of the heliocentric model? a, The Sun and the Earth have fixed positions in space. b. Earth orbits the Moon in a perfectly circular path. ©. All celestial bodies revolve around the Sun. d. The Stars orbit both the Sun and Earth. 09 Whats true about the heliocentric model? 2, It was originally proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy. b. It was not accepted until the seventeenth century. ©. Itagreed with the religious views of Copernicus’ time. 4. It provided information about the size of the universe. 10 What can be inferred from the passage? 2, Galileo was the most famous Greek astronomer. b. Galileo could not actually see any of Jupiter's moon, c. Copernicus’ original model has been disproved, 4d. All planets in the solar system have a perfectly circular orbit.Language Skills ele Te a) 1 A_______is a rounded mass in the shape of a ball. a. sphere b. celestial ©. cosmos d. model Ain) ___ is a scientist who observes celestial bodies. a. astronomy b, biologist ¢. astronomer d. chemist If something undergoes a , it experiences a change in place, position, or direction. a. model b, foundation ©. sphere d. shift To____ something is to provide evidence that itis false. a. orbit b. disprove ©. revolve d. prove Ae Deer Lend 1 My new glasses help me see across great distances with greater a. scripture b. movement c. prestige d. clarity We need to _____ our route in order to account for the stopover we have to make in Fl 2. modify b. propose c. revolve d. discover He always _fights with other students whenever we try to work together. a. instigate b. instigates c. instigated d. instigating Earth __ the Sun on an elliptical path while spinning on its axi 2. orbit b. orbits ©. orbited d. orbitingCTT Em eT La Organize the information with the words from the box. - Developed by Aristotle and Ptolemy Placed Earth at the center of the +A set of fifty-five ___________ held the Sun, the Moon, and the stars. These spheres orbit Earth in a perfectly ______ motion. ~ The foundation of _______ for over a millenium The Geocentric ren +____ by Copernicus The ~ Put the Sun at the center of the universe ‘lech | -Allcelestial bodies _ around the Sun. TSE) - Disagreed with religious ______and the geocentric model “Not widely __ until the seventeenth cantury circular proposed spheres accepted scripture universe revolve —_astronomy Complete the summary with the words from the box. ‘Two main theories held ______in the scientific world regarding the location of Earth and the movement of the ________: the geocentric model and the heliocentric model. The geocentric model of the cosmos placed ___ at. the center of the __________. According to Aristotle and Ptolemy, the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars all _________ Earth. This view of the universe was the foundation of astronomy until Copernicus proposed the model. According to this model, the ____is at the center of the universe and all ________ bodies revolve around it. The heliocentric model was not accepted until Galileo ___________ Jupiter's moons. This _______a shift in scientific thinking towards the heliocentric model. heliocentric instigated universe — orbit '_ prestige planets discovered Sun _ celestial ~— Earth “12 CCT ECE ite me eer Cy The Galilean Moons In the early 1600s, famous astronomer Galileo Galilei improved his telescope designs to such a degree that he could observe planets and stars with a clarity that had never previously been achieved. One of his first and most important discoveries was the existence of Jupiter's moons, lo, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Upon first observing Jupiter, Galileo saw three celestial bodies. He initially thought these bodies were stars with fixed points in the sky. However, they did not seem to twinkle like other stars. Galileo continued to observe Jupiter for two additional months. He was able to determine that there were four objects, not three, and that they were moving. On account of the fact that he could see two objects sometimes and four objects at other times, Galileo determined that these objects were actually orbiting Jupiter. At the time of this discovery, the scientific community stil held the geocentric model in high regard. Copernicus had proposed the heliocentric model 70 years before, but had not been able to provide any evidence that the planets were orbiting the Sun. With the discovery of the moons orbiting Jupiter, Galileo proved that not everything revolved around Earth. This was the first major blow to the geocentric model. It led Galileo and other scientists to look for more evidence to support the heliocentric model. Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons was one of the most important discoveries in astronomy. It led to a shift from one scientific paradigm to another X and ultimately changed the way we understand the universe.Ce uC metre What is the main topic of the passage? a. The discovery of Jupiter's moon b. Determining a planet's orbital path ©. Galileo's early education d. The heliocentric model of the universe What is true about Galileo’s telescope design? a. It was too expensive to repair and upgrade. b. It did not operate as well as Copernicus’ telescopes. . Itallowed him to observe planets and stars with clarity. d, It created blurry images that were difficult to study. 3 What did Galileo see upon first observing Jupiter? a. Ablack hole with an intense gravitational pull b. Three celestial bodies with fixed points in the sky ©. Four moons orbiting Jupiter d. The Sun's fixed place in the sky What was the effect of the discovery of Jupiter’s moons? a. It disproved Copernicus’ views about the movement of the planets. b. It proved that not everything in the universe orbits Earth. c. It made scientists banish Galileo from their academic research groups d. Itinspired more scientists to develop their own theories about the planets.The borders of the world’s nations have undergone a long history of expansion, reduction, and sometimes disappearance. When countries disagree about ancient borders, and by extension, ancient culture, diplomatic disputes can arise. The Northeast Project conducted in China has led to one such dispute. The Northeast Project was a research project conducted between 2002 and 2007, which aimed to establish China as a multi-ethnic state. Launched by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), the project's main objective was to confirm that the ancient cultures that once resided in northeastern China had always been under the control of the Chinese empire. Specifically, CASS claimed that the ancient Korean kingdom of Koguryo was a part of China and that the Korean people do not share any cultural heritage with Koguryo. As Koguryo plays a major role in Korea’s national identity, the Northeast Project elicited an outcry for a number of reasons. Firstly, since ancient borders often overlapped, the notion that some ancient Korean cities would be located in the borders of modern-day China is explainable. According to credible historians, the Koguryo capital was once further north, but that does not make it part of Chinese history. This is because ancient China was filled with a number of different cultures with distinct ethnic identities. The Koguryo capital was later moved to the Korean peninsula, establishing a long history of Korean culture.Many Koreans felt that China was not making but to claim territory over North Korea. ’ erik ‘The Northeast Project sought to claim part of Kor .ge and reassign : / it as Chinese heritage. However, due to ou Id even the dissenting o opinions of Chinese scholars, the project has lost most of its support. ~~ ~*~ or sn = AU A ate a crente™Pe meted CaS 01 02 03 04 05 What is the main topic of the passage? 2. The discovery of an ancient city b. Migration routes of early Koreans c. A dispute over cultural heritage d. How China expanded over time What result of a disagreement about ancient culture is mentioned in the passage? 2. Diplomatic disputes can arise between nations. b. Disagreements are settled by friendly competitions. c. An outbreak of violence and war can occur. d. Nations can lose intermational popularity. What is true about the Northeast Project? a, It was a political plan for modernizing China b, Itwas a research project launched by CASS. ©. It was an archaeological fund for preserving artifacts. , It was a development in site excavation techniques. What is mentioned about the Koguryo capital’s location? 2. Itwas later moved to the Korean peninsula. b. It remained in China until the fall of the kingdom. ©. It moved north into modern-day Russia. dl. It was originally built on an island What did Koguryo establish in Korea? 2, Friendly political relationships with China b. A unique Korean fine art system . Agricultural development and herding systems Along history of Korean culture10 CTT RY C1 06 What was the aim of the Northeast Project? 2, To give China control over Taiwan and Japan b. To create good diplomatic relationships with other Asian countries ©, To establish China as a multi-ethnic state . To reenact and remember an important historical war 07 What did CASS claim about Koguryo? 2, The culture is part of Chine’s heritage and cultural identity. . The culture is part of Korea's heritage and cultural identity. ©. The Koguryo people spoke an ancient version of Chinese. 6. The Koguryo kingdom was a mythical place that did not exist. 08 Why was the Northeast Project met with outrage? The Chinese scholars working on the project were not qualified. All archaeological evidence was destroyed several hundred years ago. The Koguryo capital was never located within the borders of China. Koguryo plays a major role in Korea's national identity. b 09 What did some historians think about China’s claim? 2, It was supported by extensive anthropological evidence. b. Itwas a pretext for expanding China's borders ©, It was a good way to foster friendship with nearby nations. ¢. Itwas supported by numerous renowned archaeologists What can be inferred from the passage? 2. China has good relations with every Asian country. b. The Northeast Project caused China to lose favor with Koreans. The archaeological evidence collected from Koguryo needs to be studied more G. The borders between countries rarely change throughout history.Language Skills le TT le my 1 The word ____ refers to something that comes before an individual, such as a cultural practice or a tradition. a. harmony b. heritage ©. horrendous i historian If someone is__, they favor drastic political and social reforms. 9. established b. confirmed ©. residential «i radical A_____is a boundary that separates states, provinces, and nations. 2. control b. border . territory d. confirmation A(n)____ isa strong or violent disturbance in a society. 2. uptown b establishment —_c. upheaval d. historian Pee Dicer Loud 1 The archaeologist collected as many ics as he could find at the dig site. 2. anthropological b. outrageous ©. heritage d. culture My neighborhood is considered __, because there are people from many countries living here. 2. multi-ethnic b. multimillionaire c. multi-talented . multiplying In an effort to be healthier, my family _all of the sugar from our cupboards last year, 8. purge b. purges c. purged d. purging Why don’t you try ____ the colored paper in order to create a more abstract picture? 2 overlap ». overlaps overlapped d. overlappingCTT Em eT La Organize the information with the words from the box. Tented : between 2002 and 2007 by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences - Aimed to establish China as a______ state + Aimed to confirm that the ancient cultures that once ______in China had always been a part of Chinese culture + Claimed that the ancient Korean kingdom of ___ was a part of China + Claimed that the Korean people do not share any ______ with Koguryo + Elicited public____and lost most of its Credible claimed that Koguryo was not part of Chinese history outrage heritage support Koguryo conducted historians multi-ethnic resided Complete the summary with the words from the box. Between 2002 and 2007, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences conducted the Northeast Project. The project aimed to _________ China as @ multi-ethnic state by ________ that the _______ cultures that once resided in northeast China had always been under the ________of the Chinese empire. CASS ____ that Koguryo was a part of China and that Korean people do not share any_______ heritage with Koguryo. The Northeast Project __________ an outery. According to __________ historians, the Koguryo capital was not part of Chinese history. Furthermore, many Koreans felt that China was merely trying to claim ___________ over North Korea. As a result, the project lost most of its support. credible ancient ~— confirming —_— territory —_ cultural establish specifically claimed ~—_ control elictedn CCT ECE ite me eer Cy Confucianism Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who lived between 551 and 479 BC. Confucius's philosophy, which supported morality, justice, family loyalty, and ancestor worship later became known as Confucianism. This philosophy had a large impact on Chinese culture and politics. Since its beginning, Confucianism has undergone periods of rejection and reinvention. Confucianism had an important place in Chinese society up until 1966. At that time, revolutionary politician Mao Zedong claimed that Confucianism was leading the Chinese government down the wrong path. In response, he gathered a group of radicals and started the Cultural Revolution. During this time, the radicals blamed Confucius for China's problems. They destroyed temples and the graves of Confucius’s descendants. By the end of the revolution, years of violence had passed, the government had been overthrown, and Confucianism had been purged from China In recent years, China's leaders have made strides to reintroduce Confucianism into Chinese society. School curriculum is being revised to include more of the philosophy of Confucius. Political leaders are asked to attend lectures on Confucianism, and Confucius's birthday has become a national celebration. By establishing China as a superpower with its own core Confucian belief system, the Chinese government hopes to prevent the influence of Western ideas on Chinese society. The philosophy of Confucius has changed vastly since his lifetime so long ago. Despite periods of rejection and political upheaval, Confucianism remains a popular philosophy that has become a major part of the Chinese national identity.Ce uC metre What is the main topic of the passage? a. The death of Confucius b. The Chinese Cultural Revolution c. The life of Mao Zedong d. The history of Confucianism What is mentioned about the effect of Confuci m? a. Ithad a large impact on Chinese culture and politics. b. It led to the creation of international treaties and trade agreements. ©. It pushed Chinese society into a period of intense modernization. d. It inspired Chinese education institutions to adopt traditional beliefs. ‘What did Mao Zedong’s radicals do during the Cultural Revolution? a. Held political buildings hostage for months at a time b. Exiled Confucius and his followers from China ©. Corrupted the Chinese national election system d, Destroyed temples and graves dedicated to Confucius Why did the Chinese government reintroduce Confucianism? a. To make China appear stronger on an international level b. To increase the price of Chinese exports and decreased local taxes ©. To prevent the influence of Western ideas on Chinese society d, To save Chinese forests and lakes from dangerous development projectsTh a3 Ba Tale) ee Core reteNr 1. Gastric acid is produced by the cells lining the stomach. (arna} 2. Antibiotic resistance often happens as a result of bacteria mutation. (ara) Pe ee ce enn ees)In 1982, Australian scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren discovered Helicobacter Pylori, also known as H. pylori, in the stomach of a person who was suffering from chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. This was a surprising find given that the stomach is a harsh, acidic environment, but it is estimated that over 50% of the world's population has H. pylori in their gastrointestinal tract, with a higher incidence seen in developing countries. Over 80% of those infected may never develop symptoms, but H. pylori have been linked to the development of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer. Prior to the discovery of H. pylori, it was believed that bacteria could not survive in the stomach's acidic environment. H. pylori, however, have adapted to the stomach by developing the ability to sense less acidic regions. To avoid ‘stomach acid, H. pylorus uses its flagella to burrow into the mucus lining of the ‘stomach where the pH level is less acidic. Once in the mucus lining, H. pylorus then adheres to cells and remains there, protected by the mucus lining. More than 80% of people infected with H. pylori never experience any symptoms, but those who do develop symptor ‘suffer from gastritis, nausea, stomach pain, and vomiting. Someti ion can develop into a chronic, long-term inflammation. rson’s stomach for decades, and those infected have ‘stomach cancer, and colorectal calTreatment for H. pylori infections usually involves an intense antibiotic therapy. However, with H. pylori becoming more antibiotic resistant, alternative methods are needed. Scientists are working to develop vaccines that would protect people from H. pylori infections and related diseases, but none have reached the market yet. As a result, individuals can undertake a few preventative measures, such as frequent handwashing, eating properly prepared food, and drinking from clean water sources, to protect themselves from infection. As most people do not exhibit symptoms of H. pylori, it is important to practice preventative measures to avoid infection. Exposure to these unusual bacteria could increase the risks of more serious diseases.B Pe meted CaS 01 02 03 04 05 What is the main topic of the passage? 2, Stomach acid disorders b. When to get vaccinated . A.unique bacteria d. An Australian scientist What is true about H. pylori infections? a. The use of vaccines has curbed infection rates. . Over fifty percent of the world’s population may be infected. ©. The incidence of infection is rising stea d. Over eighty percent of people in the world have confirmed infections. What have H. pylori been linked to? a, Reduced intelligence in a carrier's children b. Birth defects if a mother is infected c. Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer d. An increase in diabetes and obesity Why does H. pylorus use its flagella? a. To disguise itself from the body's immune system. b. To spread the infection to the liver and kidneys c. To.use the cells of other bacteria to reproduce d. To burrow into the mucus lining of the stomach What are common symptoms of H. pylori infections? a. Headaches and blurred vision ». Gastritis, nausea, and stomach pain ©. Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer d. Thinning of the mucus lining10 Cr RY C1 06 What is true about the human stomach? Itis a harsh acidic environment. Itis rarely affected by H. pylori It contains useful viruses and bacteria. It removes toxins from the blood. 07 What is true about 80% of those infected with H. pylori? 2, They are at high risk for poisoning and blood cancers. b. They may never develop symptoms of infection. ©. They are able to digest more efficiently than non-infected individuals. 4d. They all develop serious symptoms and require hospitalization 08 How have H. pylori adapted to the stomach? By growing a hard outer shell to protect it from acid By learning to be invisible to the human immune system By reproducing faster than stomach acid can kill a b By developing the ability to sense less acidic regions 09 How can people protect themselves from H. pylo infections? 2, They can undergo a series of surgeries to remove bacteria from their stomachs. b. They can maintain a daily practice of ingesting probiotics. c. They can practice frequent hand washing and consume safe foods. d. They can receive a course of vaccine shots to repel the bacteria. What can be inferred from the passage? 2, Developing countries are better protected against infections. b. Vaccines against H. pylori can be purchased at hospitals. ©. Stomach cancer can be cured by an iotic therapy. d. Good hygiene can reduce the chances of H. pylori infection.Language Skills ele TT Te my 1 The word ___refers to the pain, swelling, and tenderness of an affected body part. a. gastritis b. inflammation _«. infections d. uloers 2 The word __refers to the poisonous fluid some animals and insects secrete. 2. decade b, source . chronic d. venom 3 A(n)___is a substance that has a pH that is greater than 7. a. base b. acid c. cancer d. symptom 4 The word __ refers to the gradual wearing away of something. a. solution b, erosion c. heartburn d. treatment ae Dicer eeu it get a stomachache if you drink too much tomato j , because tomatoes 2. acidic b. chronic c. intensive d. adapted 2. My younger brother suffers from __asthma and allergies, which make very hard for him to play sports outdoors. a. linked b. erosion c. chronic d. preventative 3 ____ tothe agreed upon plan is always a good way to avoid confusion. a. Adhere b, Adheres c. Adhered <. Adhering 4 Snakes ____ the ground and build their homes there to keep warm in the winter months. a. burrow into b. burrows into ©. burrowed into . burrowing intoCTT Em ea Organize the information with the words from the box. iid + Over 50% of the world’s population has H. pylori in their gastrointestinal + Symptoms: ______, nausea, stomach pain, and vomiting Can develop into a long-term, _______ inflammation + Can stay in a person's stomach for + Linked to peptic ______and stomach cancer Infection + Aone-week _______ antibiotic therapy + Scientists are working to develop vaccines to protect people from Treatment H. pylori . +_______ measures: frequent handwashing, eating properly prepared foods, and drinking from clean water sources infections tract chronic ulcers lense decades gastritis preventative Complete the summary with the words from the box. ved that bacteria could not Prior to the survive in the stomach's ___________ environment. However, H. pylori have to the stomach by developing the ability to ______less acidic regions. More than 80% of people infected with H. pylori never experience Those who do develop symptorns may suffer from gastritis, , stomach pain, and vomiting. Those infected also have a higher chance of developing peptic ulcers, stomach ___, and colorectal cancer. ‘Treatment for H. pylori infections usually involves an antibiotic __, but scientists are workingtodevelop__. Itisimportantto. preventative measures to avoid H. pylori infection. therapy discovery —acidic_—vaccines_practice cancer adapted nausea sense symptoms aCCT ECE ite me eer Cy Neutralization Chemicals are often classified as acids or bases. An acid is a substance ‘that has a pH that is less than 7, and a base is a substance that has a pH that is greater than 7. When mixing a strong acid with a strong base, the substances will often react with each other to form a solution with a pH of 7, which is neutral. This process is called neutralization, and it has many practical applications that affect our daily lives. Neutralization can be used in many home remedies. For example, when someone gets stung by a bee, they experience pain and swelling as a result of the bee's acidic venom. To neutralize this and give the sutferer relief, baking soda, which is a basic substance, can be applied. Wasp stings, on the other hand, are basic in pH level, which means that an acidic substance, like vinegar, can be used to treat it. The principles of neutralization can also be seen in many overthe-counter products we use each day. Antacids, for example, can be eaten to neutralize gastric acid that causes painful heartburn. Similarly, sugars on our teeth raise the acidity levels of our mouths, which leads to the erosion of tooth enamel. Toothpaste is a base that can prevent tooth decay by neutralizing the acids in our mouths. Neutralization affects our daily lives in countless ways. Its applications to improve our health, safety, and environment are limitless. O-Nt OK oT ° OK on Hac AwCe uC metre What is the main topic of the passage? a. Alist of acidic substances. b. The benefits of toothpaste and vinegar How to treat a bug bite at home 2 Daily uses for neutralization According to the passage, what is a base defined as? 2. Asubstance with a pH that is less than 7 . A substance with a pH that is greater than 7 c. A solution with a pH of exactly 7 d. A solution with a pH of 0 or less What is mentioned about the treatments of wasp stings? a. There are no effective home remedies for them. b. They can be neutralized with acidic substances. c. There are overthe-counter anti-allergy medications to treat them. d, They can be effectively treated with basic substances. How does toothpaste prevent tooth decay? a. By neutralizing the bases in our mouths b. By coating the teeth in a protective film c. By neutralizing the acids in our mouths dd, By improving the efficiency of our saliva