TRIGONOMETRY

Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions

Right triangle definitions, where 0 <  < 兾2. y

opp hyp
se sin   csc   (− 12 , 23 ) π (0, 1) ( 12 , 23 )
Opposite
e nu hyp opp
pot 90°
Hy
θ cos  
adj
hyp
sec  
hyp
adj
(− 22 , 22 ) 3π 23π 2 π3 π ( 22 , 22 )
120° 60°
Adjacent
tan  
opp
cot  
adj (− 23 , 12) 56π 4150°135° 45°
4 π
30°
6 ( 23 , 21)
adj opp
0° 0
Circular function definitions, where  is any angle. (− 1, 0) π 180° 360° 2π (1, 0)
x
y y r
sin   csc   210° 330°
(x, y)
r = x2 + y2 r
x
y
r
(− 23 , − 12) 76π 5π 225°240° 300°315°7π 116π ( 23 , − 21)
cos   sec  
y
r
θ
x
r x (− 22 , − 22 ) 4 43π 270° 32π 53π 4 ( 22 , − 22 )
y x
x
tan  
x
cot  
y
(− 12 , − 23 ) (0, − 1) ( 2 , − 2 )
1 3

Reciprocal Identities Double -Angle Formulas

1 1 1 sin 2u  2 sin u cos u
sin x  sec x  tan x 
csc x cos x cot x cos 2u  cos2 u  sin2 u  2 cos2 u  1  1  2 sin2 u
1 1 1 2 tan u
csc x  cos x  cot x  tan 2u 
sin x sec x tan x 1  tan2 u
Tangent and Cotangent Identities Power-Reducing Formulas
sin x cos x 1  cos 2u
tan x  cot x  sin2 u 
cos x sin x 2
1  cos 2u
Pythagorean Identities cos u 
2
2
sin2 x  cos2 x  1 1  cos 2u
tan2 u 
1  tan2 x  sec2 x 1  cot2 x  csc2 x 1  cos 2u
Cofunction Identities Sum-to-Product Formulas
sin冢2  x冣  cos x cos冢2  x冣  sin x sin u  sin v  2 sin冢u 2 v冣 cos冢u 2 v冣
uv uv
sin u  sin v  2 cos冢
2 冣 冢 2 冣
 
csc冢  x冣  sec x tan冢  x冣  cot x sin
2 2
uv uv
cos u  cos v  2 cos冢
2 冣
cos冢
2 冣
 
sec冢  x冣  csc x cot冢  x冣  tan x
2 2
uv uv
cos u  cos v  2 sin冢
2 冣 冢 2 冣
Reduction Formulas sin
sin共x兲  sin x cos共x兲  cos x Product-to-Sum Formulas
csc共x兲  csc x tan共x兲  tan x 1
sec共x兲  sec x cot共x兲  cot x sin u sin v  关cos共u  v兲  cos共u  v兲兴
2
Sum and Difference Formulas 1
cos u cos v  关cos共u  v兲  cos共u  v兲兴
sin共u ± v兲  sin u cos v ± cos u sin v 2
1
cos共u ± v兲  cos u cos v sin u sin v sin u cos v  关sin共u  v兲  sin共u  v兲兴
2
tan u ± tan v
tan共u ± v兲  1
1 tan u tan v cos u sin v  关sin共u  v兲  sin共u  v兲兴
2

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