Mental_health

Mental health
Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition,
perception, and behavior. According to World Health Organization (WHO), it is a "state of well-being in
which the individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and can contribute to his or her community".[1] It likewise determines how an
individual handles stress, interpersonal relationships, and decision-making.[2] Mental health includes
subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and
self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others.[3] From the perspectives of
positive psychology or holism, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and to create a
balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.[4] Cultural differences,
personal philosophy, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines
"mental health".[5] Some early signs related to mental health difficulties are sleep irritation, lack of energy,
lack of appetite, thinking of harming oneself or others, self-isolating (though introversion and isolation aren't
necessarily unhealthy), and frequently zoning out.[6]
Mental disorders
Mental health, as defined by the Public Health Agency of Canada,[7] is an individual's capacity to feel,
think, and act in ways to achieve a better quality of life while respecting personal, social, and cultural
boundaries.[8] Impairment of any of these are risk factor for mental disorders, or mental illnesses,[9] which
are a component of mental health. In 2019, about 970 million people worldwide suffered from a mental
disorder, with anxiety and depression being the most common. The number of people suffering from mental
disorders has risen significantly throughout the years.[10] Mental disorders are defined as health conditions
that affect and alter cognitive functioning, emotional responses, and behavior associated with distress and/or
impaired functioning.[11][12] The ICD-11 is the global standard used to diagnose, treat, research, and report
various mental disorders.[13][14] In the United States, the DSM-5 is used as the classification system of
mental disorders.[15]
Mental health is associated with a number of lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, stress, drug abuse, social
connections and interactions.[15][16] Psychiatrists, psychologists, licensed professional clinical counselors,
social workers, nurse practitioners, and family physicians can help manage mental illness with treatments
such as therapy, counseling, and medication.[17]
History
Early history
In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term mental hygiene, which can be seen
as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health.[18][19] Isaac
Ray, the fourth president[20] of the American Psychiatric Association and one of its founders, further
defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the mind against all
incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities, impair
its energies, or derange its movements".[19]
In American history, mentally ill patients were thought to be

religiously punished. This response persisted through the 1700s,
along with the inhumane confinement and stigmatization of such
individuals.[21] Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) was an important figure
in the development of the "mental hygiene" movement. Dix was a
school teacher who endeavored to help people with mental
disorders and to expose the sub-standard conditions into which they
were put.[22] This became known as the "mental hygiene
movement".[22] Before this movement, it was not uncommon that
people affected by mental illness would be considerably neglected,
often left alone in deplorable conditions without sufficient
clothing.[22] From 1840 to 1880, she won the support of the federal Highly stylized poster for the
government to set up over 30 state psychiatric hospitals; however, Hygiene Congress in Hamburg, 1912
they were understaffed, under-resourced, and were accused of
violating human rights.[21]
Emil Kraepelin in 1896 developed the taxonomy of mental disorders which has dominated the field for
nearly 80 years. Later, the proposed disease model of abnormality was subjected to analysis and considered
normality to be relative to the physical, geographical and cultural aspects of the defining group.[23]
At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Beers founded "Mental Health America – National
Committee for Mental Hygiene", after publication of his accounts as a patient in several lunatic asylums, A
Mind That Found Itself, in 1908[24][25][26] and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United
States.[25]
The mental hygiene movement, similar to the social hygiene movement, had at times been associated with
advocating eugenics and sterilization of those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into
productive work and contented family life.[27][28] In the post-WWII years, references to mental hygiene
were gradually replaced by the term 'mental health' due to its positive aspect that evolves from the treatment
of illness to preventive and promotive areas of healthcare.[26]
Deinstitutionalization and transinstitutionalization

When US government-run hospitals were accused of violating human rights, advocates pushed for
deinstitutionalization: the replacement of federal mental hospitals for community mental health services. The
closure of state-provisioned psychiatric hospitals was enforced by the Community Mental Health Centers
Act in 1963 that laid out terms in which only patients who posed an imminent danger to others or
themselves could be admitted into state facilities.[29] This was seen as an improvement from previous
conditions. However, there remains a debate on the conditions of these community resources.
It has been proven that this transition was beneficial for many patients: there was an increase in overall
satisfaction, a better quality of life, and more friendships between patients all at an affordable cost. This
proved to be true only in the circumstance that treatment facilities that had enough funding for staff and
equipment as well as proper management.[30] However, this idea is a polarizing issue. Critics of
deinstitutionalization argue that poor living conditions prevailed, patients were lonely, and they did not
acquire proper medical care in these treatment homes.[31] Additionally, patients that were moved from state
psychiatric care to nursing and residential homes had deficits in crucial aspects of their treatment. Some
cases result in the shift of care from health workers to patients' families, where they do not have the proper
funding or medical expertise to give proper care.[31] On the other hand, patients that are treated in
community mental health centers lack sufficient cancer testing, vaccinations, or otherwise regular medical
check-ups.[31]
Other critics of state deinstitutionalization argue that this was simply a transition to
"transinstitutionalization", or the idea that prisons and state-provisioned hospitals are interdependent. In
other words, patients become inmates. This draws on the Penrose Hypothesis of 1939, which theorized that
there was an inverse relationship between prisons' population size and the number of psychiatric hospital
beds.[32] This means that populations that require psychiatric mental care will transition between
institutions, which in this case, includes state psychiatric hospitals and criminal justice systems. Thus, a
decrease in available psychiatric hospital beds occurred at the same time as an increase in inmates.[32]
Although some are skeptical that this is due to other external factors, others will reason this conclusion to a
lack of empathy for the mentally ill. There is no argument in the social stigmatization of those with mental
illnesses, they have been widely marginalized and discriminated against in society.[21] In this source,
researchers analyze how most compensation prisoners (detainees who are unable or unwilling to pay a fine
for petty crimes) are unemployed, homeless, and with an extraordinarily high degree of mental illnesses and
substance use disorders.[32] Compensation prisoners then lose prospective job opportunities, face social
marginalization, and lack access to resocialization programs, which ultimately facilitate reoffending.[32] The
research sheds light on how the mentally ill—and in this case, the poor—are further punished for certain
circumstances that are beyond their control, and that this is a vicious cycle that repeats itself. Thus, prisons
embody another state-provisioned mental hospital.
Families of patients, advocates, and mental health professionals still call for the increase in more well-
structured community facilities and treatment programs with a higher quality of long-term inpatient
resources and care. With this more structured environment, the United States will continue with more access
to mental health care and an increase in the overall treatment of the mentally ill.
However, there is still a lack of studies for mental health conditions (MHCs) to raise awareness, knowledge
development, and attitude of seeking medical treatment for MHCs in Bangladesh. People in rural areas
often seek treatment from the traditional healers and MHCs are sometimes considered a spiritual matter.[33]
Epidemiology
Mental illnesses are more common than cancer, diabetes, or heart disease. As of 2021, over 22 percent of all
Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for having a mental illness.[34] Evidence suggests that 970
million people worldwide have a mental disorder.[35] Major depression ranks third among the top 10
leading causes of disease worldwide. By 2030, it is predicted to become the leading cause of disease
worldwide.[36] Over 700 000 thousand people commit suicide every year and around 14 million attempt
it.[37] A World Health Organization (WHO) report estimates the global cost of mental illness at nearly $2.5
trillion (two-thirds in indirect costs) in 2010, with a projected increase to over $6 trillion by 2030.[38]
Evidence from the WHO suggests that nearly half of the world's population is affected by mental illness
with an impact on their self-esteem, relationships and ability to function in everyday life.[39] An individual's
emotional health can impact their physical health. Poor mental health can lead to problems such as the
inability to make adequate decisions and substance use disorders.[40]
Good mental health can improve life quality whereas poor mental health can worsen it. According to
Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke, "There is growing evidence that is showing emotional abilities are
associated with pro-social behaviors such as stress management and physical health."[40] Their research
also concluded that people who lack emotional expression are inclined to anti-social behaviors (e.g.,
substance use disorder and alcohol use disorder, physical fights, vandalism), which reflects one's mental
health and suppressed emotions.[40] Adults and children who face mental illness may experience social
stigma, which can exacerbate the issues.[41]
Global prevalence
Mental health can be seen as a continuum, where an individual's
mental health may have many different possible values.[42] Mental
wellness is viewed as a positive attribute; this definition of mental
health highlights emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full
and creative life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable
challenges. Some discussions are formulated in terms of
contentment or happiness.[43] Many therapeutic systems and self-
help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and
techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the mental
wellness. Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in mental
health.
The Two Continua Model of Mental
A holistic model of mental health generally includes concepts based Health and Mental Illness
upon anthropological, educational, psychological, religious, and
sociological perspectives. There are also models as theoretical
perspectives from personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology.[44][45]
The tripartite model of mental well-being[42][46] views mental well-being as encompassing three
components of emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being. Emotional well-
being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions, whereas social and psychological well-being are
defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning
in daily life. The model has received empirical support across cultures.[46][47][48] The Mental Health
Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) is the most widely used scale to measure the tripartite model of mental
well-being.[49][50][51]
Demographics
Children and young adults

As of 2019, about one in seven of the world's 10–19 year olds experienced a mental health disorder; about
165 million young people in total.[52][53] A person's teenage years are a unique period where much crucial
psychological development occurs, and is also a time of increased vulnerability to the development of
adverse mental health conditions. More than half of mental health conditions start before a child reaches 20
years of age, with onset occurring in adolescence much more frequently than it does in early childhood or
adulthood. Many such cases go undetected and untreated.[54][52][55][56]
In the United States alone, in 2021, at least roughly 17.5% of the population (ages 18 and older) were
recorded as having a mental illness. The comparison between reports and statistics of mental health issues in
newer generations (18–25 years old to 26–49 years old) and the older generation (50 years or older)
signifies an increase in mental health issues as only 15% of the older generation reported a mental health
issue whereas the newer generations reported 33.7% (18-25) and 28.1% (26-49).[57] The role of caregivers
for youth with mental health needs is valuable, and caregivers benefit most when they have sufficient
psychoeducation and peer support.[58] Depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability
among adolescents.[52] Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in 15-19-year-olds.[52] Exposure to
childhood trauma can cause mental health disorders and poor academic achievement.[59] Ignoring mental
health conditions in adolescents can impact adulthood.[60] 50% of preschool children show a natural
reduction in behavioral problems. The remaining experience long-term consequences.[60] It impairs
physical and mental health and limits opportunities to live fulfilling lives.[60] A result of depression during
adolescence and adulthood may be substance abuse.[60][61] The average age of onset is between 11 and 14
years for depressive disorders.[61] Only approximately 25% of children with behavioral problems refer to
medical services.[60] The majority of children go untreated.[60]
Homeless population
Mental illness is thought to be highly prevalent among homeless populations, though access to proper
diagnoses is limited. An article written by Lisa Goodman and her colleagues summarized Smith's research
into PTSD in homeless single women and mothers in St. Louis, Missouri, which found that 53% of the
respondents met diagnostic criteria, and which describes homelessness as a risk factor for mental illness.[62]
At least two commonly reported symptoms of psychological trauma, social disaffiliation and learned
helplessness are highly prevalent among homeless individuals and families.[63]
While mental illness is prevalent, people infrequently receive appropriate care.[62] Case management linked
to other services is an effective care approach for improving symptoms in people experiencing
homelessness.[63] Case management reduced admission to hospitals, and it reduced substance use by those
with substance abuse problems more than typical care.[63]
Immigrants and refugees

States that produce refugees are sites of social upheaval, civil war, even genocide.[64] Most refugees
experience trauma. It can be in the form of torture, sexual assault, family fragmentation, and death of loved
ones.[64][65]
Refugees and immigrants experience psychosocial stressors after resettlement.[66] These include
discrimination, lack of economic stability, and social isolation causing emotional distress. For example, Not
far into the 1900s, campaigns targeting Japanese immigrants were being formed that inhibited their ability to
participate in U.S life, painting them as a threat to the American working-class. They were subject to
prejudice and slandered by American media as well as anti-Japanese legislation being
implemented.[67][64][65] For refugees family reunification can be one of the primary needs to improve
quality of life.[64] Post-migration trauma is a cause of depressive disorders and psychological distress for
immigrants.[64][65][66]
Cultural and religious considerations

Mental health is a socially constructed concept; different societies, groups, cultures (both ethnic and
national/regional), institutions, and professions have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and
causes, determining what is mentally healthy, and deciding what interventions, if any, are appropriate.[68]
Thus, different professionals will have different cultural, class, political and religious backgrounds, which
will impact the methodology applied during treatment. In the context of deaf mental health care, it is
necessary for professionals to have cultural competency of deaf and hard of hearing people and to
understand how to properly rely on trained, qualified, and certified interpreters when working with
culturally Deaf clients.
Research has shown that there is stigma attached to mental illness.[69] Due to such stigma, individuals may
resist labeling and may be driven to respond to mental health diagnoses with denialism.[70] Family
caregivers of individuals with mental disorders may also suffer discrimination or face stigma.[71]
Addressing and eliminating the social stigma and perceived stigma attached to mental illness has been
recognized as crucial to education and awareness surrounding mental health issues. In the United Kingdom,
the Royal College of Psychiatrists organized the campaign Changing Minds (1998–2003) to help reduce
stigma,[72] while in the United States, efforts by entities such as the Born This Way Foundation and The
Manic Monologues specifically focus on removing the stigma surrounding mental illness.[73][74] The
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) is a U.S. institution founded in 1979 to represent and advocate
for those struggling with mental health issues. NAMI helps to educate about mental illnesses and health
issues, while also working to eliminate stigma[75] attached to these disorders.
Many mental health professionals are beginning to, or already understand, the importance of competency in
religious diversity and spirituality, or the lack thereof. They are also partaking in cultural training to better
understand which interventions work best for these different groups of people. The American Psychological
Association explicitly states that religion must be respected. Education in spiritual and religious matters is
also required by the American Psychiatric Association,[76] however, far less attention is paid to the damage
that more rigid, fundamentalist faiths commonly practiced in the United States can cause.[77] This theme has
been widely politicized in 2018 such as with the creation of the Religious Liberty Task Force in July of that
year.[78] Also, many providers and practitioners in the United States are only beginning to realize that the
institution of mental healthcare lacks knowledge and competence of many non-Western cultures, leaving
providers in the United States ill-equipped to treat patients from different cultures.[79]
Occupations
Occupational therapy
Occupational therapy practitioners aim to improve and enable a client or group's participation in
meaningful, everyday occupations.[80] In this sense, occupation is defined as any activity that "occupies
one's time". Examples of those activities include daily tasks (dressing, bathing, eating, house chores,
driving, etc.), sleep and rest, education, work, play, leisure (hobbies), and social interactions. The OT
profession offers a vast range of services for all stages of life in a myriad of practice settings, though the
foundations of OT come from mental health. Community support for mental health through expert-
moderated support groups can aid those who want to recover from mental illness or otherwise improve their
emotional well-being.[81]
OT services focused on mental health can be provided to persons, groups, and populations [80] across the
lifespan and experiencing varying levels of mental health performance. For example, occupational therapy
practitioners provide mental health services in school systems, military environments, hospitals, outpatient
clinics, and inpatient mental health rehabilitation settings. Interventions or support can be provided directly
through specific treatment interventions or indirectly by providing consultation to businesses, schools, or
other larger groups to incorporate mental health strategies on a programmatic level. Even people who are
mentally healthy can benefit from the health promotion and additional prevention strategies to reduce the
impact of difficult situations.
The interventions focus on positive functioning, sensory strategies, managing emotions, interpersonal
relationships, sleep, community engagement, and other cognitive skills (i.e. visual-perceptual skills,
attention, memory, arousal/energy management, etc.).
Mental health in social work

Social work in mental health, also called psychiatric social work, is a process where an individual in a
setting is helped to attain freedom from overlapping internal and external problems (social and economic
situations, family and other relationships, the physical and organizational environment, psychiatric
symptoms, etc.). It aims for harmony, quality of life, self-actualization and personal adaptation across all
systems. Psychiatric social workers are mental health professionals that can assist patients and their family
members in coping with both mental health issues and various economic or social problems caused by
mental illness or psychiatric dysfunctions and to attain improved mental health and well-being. They are
vital members of the treatment teams in Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in hospitals.
They are employed in both outpatient and inpatient settings of a hospital, nursing homes, state and local
governments, substance use clinics, correctional facilities, health care services, private practice, etc.[82]
In the United States, social workers provide most of the mental health services. According to government
sources, 60 percent of mental health professionals are clinically trained social workers, 10 percent are
psychiatrists, 23 percent are psychologists, and 5 percent are psychiatric nurses.[83]
Mental health social workers in Japan have professional knowledge of health and welfare and skills
essential for person's well-being. Their social work training enables them as a professional to carry out
Consultation assistance for mental disabilities and their social reintegration; Consultation regarding the
rehabilitation of the victims; Advice and guidance for post-discharge residence and re-employment after
hospitalized care, for major life events in regular life, money and self-management and other relevant
matters to equip them to adapt in daily life. Social workers provide individual home visits for mentally ill
and do welfare services available, with specialized training a range of procedural services are coordinated
for home, workplace and school. In an administrative relationship, Psychiatric social workers provides
consultation, leadership, conflict management and work direction. Psychiatric social workers who provides
assessment and psychosocial interventions function as a clinician, counselor and municipal staff of the
health centers.[84]
Risk factors and causes of mental health problems

There are many things that can contribute to mental health problems, including biological factors, genetic
factors, life experiences (such as psychological trauma or abuse), and a family history of mental health
problems.[85]
Biological factors
According to the National Institute of Health Curriculum Supplement Series book, most scientists believe
that changes in neurotransmitters can cause mental illnesses. In the section "The Biology of Mental
Illnesses" the issue is explained in detail, "...there may be disruptions in the neurotransmitters dopamine,
glutamate, and norepinephrine in individuals who have schizophrenia". [86]
Demographic factors
Gender, age, ethnicity, life expectancy, longevity, population density, and community diversity are all
demographic characteristics that can increase the risk and severity of mental disorders.[87] Existing evidence
demonstrates that the female gender is connected with an elevated risk of depression at differerent phases of
life, commencing in adolescence in different contexts.[88][89] Females, for example, have a higher risk of
anxiety[90] and eating disorders,[91] whereas males have a higher chance of substance abuse and
behavioural and developmental issues.[92] This does not imply that women are less likely to suffer from
developmental disorders such autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette
syndrome, or early-onset schizophrenia. Ethnicity and ethnic heterogeneity have also been identified as risk
factors for the prevalence of mental disorders, with minority groups being at a higher risk due to
discrimination and exclusion.[87]
Unemployment has been shown to hurt an individual's emotional well-being, self-esteem, and more broadly
their mental health. Increasing unemployment has been shown to have a significant impact on mental
health, predominantly depressive disorders.[93] This is an important consideration when reviewing the
triggers for mental health disorders in any population survey.[94] According to a 2009 meta-analysis by Paul
and Moser, countries with high income inequality and poor unemployment protections experience worse
mental health outcomes among the unemployed.[95]
Emotional mental disorders are a leading cause of

disabilities worldwide. Investigating the degree and
severity of untreated emotional mental disorders
throughout the world is a top priority of the World Mental
Health (WMH) survey initiative,[96] which was created in
1998 by the World Health Organization (WHO).[97]
"Neuropsychiatric disorders are the leading causes of
disability worldwide, accounting for 37% of all healthy life
years lost through disease. These disorders are most
destructive to low and middle-income countries due to their
inability to provide their citizens with proper aid. Despite The prevalence of mental illness is higher in
modern treatment and rehabilitation for emotional mental more economically unequal countries.
health disorders, "even economically advantaged societies

have competing priorities and budgetary constraints".
Unhappily married couples suffer 3–25 times the risk of developing clinical depression.[98][99][100]
The World Mental Health survey initiative has suggested a plan for countries to redesign their mental health
care systems to best allocate resources. "A first step is documentation of services being used and the extent
and nature of unmet treatment needs. A second step could be to do a cross-national comparison of service
use and unmet needs in countries with different mental health care systems. Such comparisons can help to
uncover optimum financing, national policies, and delivery systems for mental health care."
Knowledge of how to provide effective emotional mental health care has become imperative worldwide.
Unfortunately, most countries have insufficient data to guide decisions, absent or competing visions for
resources, and near-constant pressures to cut insurance and entitlements. WMH surveys were done in Africa
(Nigeria, South Africa), the Americas (Colombia, Mexico, United States), Asia and the Pacific (Japan, New
Zealand, Beijing and Shanghai in the People's Republic of China), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany,
Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine), and the Middle East (Israel, Lebanon). Countries were classified with
World Bank criteria as low-income (Nigeria), lower-middle-income (China, Colombia, South Africa,
Ukraine), higher middle-income (Lebanon, Mexico), and high-income.
The coordinated surveys on emotional mental health disorders, their severity, and treatments were
implemented in the aforementioned countries. These surveys assessed the frequency, types, and adequacy
of mental health service use in 17 countries in which WMH surveys are complete. The WMH also
examined unmet needs for treatment in strata defined by the seriousness of mental disorders. Their research
showed that "the number of respondents using any 12-month mental health service was generally lower in
developing than in developed countries, and the proportion receiving services tended to correspond to
countries' percentages of gross domestic product spent on health care". "High levels of unmet need
worldwide are not surprising, since WHO Project ATLAS' findings of much lower mental health
expenditures than was suggested by the magnitude of burdens from mental illnesses. Generally, unmet
needs in low-income and middle-income countries might be attributable to these nations spending reduced
amounts (usually <1%) of already diminished health budgets on mental health care, and they rely heavily on
out-of-pocket spending by citizens who are ill-equipped for it".
Stress
The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health discuss how a certain
amount of stress is a normal part of daily life. Small doses of stress
help people meet deadlines, be prepared for presentations, be
productive and arrive on time for important events. However, long-
term stress can become harmful. When stress becomes
overwhelming and prolonged, the risks for mental health problems
and medical problems increase."[101] Also on that note, some
studies have found language to deteriorate mental health and even
harm humans.[102]
Poverty Dementia Friends training

A psychological study has been conducted by four scientists during
inaugural Convention of Psychological Science. The results find
that people who thrive with financial stability or fall under low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to perform
worse cognitively due to external pressure imposed upon them. The research found that stressors such as
low income, inadequate health care, discrimination, and exposure to criminal activities all contribute to
mental disorders. This study also found that children exposed
to poverty-stricken environments have slower cognitive
thinking.[103] It is seen that children perform better under the
care of their parents and that children tend to adopt speaking
language at a younger age. Since being in poverty from
childhood is more harmful than it is for an adult, it is seen that
children in poor households tend to fall behind in certain
cognitive abilities compared to other average families.[104] A Venezuelan eating from garbage during
the crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela
For a child to grow up emotionally healthy, the children under
three need "A strong, reliable primary caregiver who provides
consistent and unconditional love, guidance, and support. Safe, predictable, stable environments. Ten to 20
hours each week of harmonious, reciprocal interactions. This process, known as attunement, is most crucial
during the first 6–24 months of infants' lives and helps them develop a wider range of healthy emotions,
including gratitude, forgiveness, and empathy. Enrichment through personalized, increasingly complex
activities". In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged inner cities said they had witnessed a serious
assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide.[105] 51% of fifth graders from New Orleans (median
income for a household: $27,133) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in
Washington, DC (mean income for a household: $40,127).[106] Studies have shown that poverty changes
the personalities of children who live in it. The Great Smoky Mountains Study was a ten-year study that
was able to demonstrate this. During the study, about one-quarter of the families saw a dramatic and
unexpected increase in income. The study showed that among these children, instances of behavioral and
emotional disorders decreased, and conscientiousness and agreeableness increased.[107]
Environmental factors
The effects of climate change on mental health and wellbeing are
being documented as the consequences of climate change become
more tangible and impactful. This is especially the case for
vulnerable populations and those with pre-existing serious mental
illness.[108] There are three broad pathways by which these effects
can take place: directly, indirectly or via awareness.[109] The direct
pathway includes stress-related conditions caused by exposure to
extreme weather events. These include post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). Scientific studies have linked mental health to Smoke in Sydney (Australia) from
several climate-related exposures. These include heat, humidity, large bushfires in 2019 affected
rainfall, drought, wildfires and floods.[110] The indirect pathway some people's mental health in a
can be disruption to economic and social activities. An example is direct way. The likelihood of wildfires
when an area of farmland is less able to produce food. [110] The is increased by climate change.
third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change
threat, even by individuals who are not otherwise affected by
it.[109] This especially manifests in the form of anxiety over the quality of life for future generations. [111]
An additional aspect to consider is the detrimental impact climate change can have on green or blue natural
spaces, which have been proven to have beneficial impact on mental health.[112][113] Impacts of
anthropogenic climate change, such as freshwater pollution or deforestation, degrade these landscapes and
reduce public access to them.[114] Even when the green and blue spaces are intact, their accessibility is not
equal across society, which is an issue of environmental justice and economic inequality.[115]
Mental health outcomes have been measured by several different indicators. These include psychiatric
hospital admissions, mortality, self-harm and suicide rates. People with pre-existing mental illness,
Indigenous peoples, migrants and refugees, and children and adolescents are especially vulnerable. The
emotional responses to the threat of climate change can include eco-anxiety, ecological grief and eco-
anger.[116][117] Such emotions can be rational responses to the degradation of the natural world and may
lead to adaptive action.[118]
Assessing the exact mental health effects of climate change is difficult; increases in heat extremes pose risks
to mental health which can manifest themselves in increased mental health-related hospital admissions and
suicidality.[119]: 9
Prevention and promotion

"The terms mental health promotion and prevention have often been confused. Promotion is defined as
intervening to optimize positive mental health by addressing determinants of positive mental health (i.e.
protective factors) before a specific mental health problem has been identified, with the ultimate goal of
improving the positive mental health of the population. Mental health prevention is defined as intervening to
minimize mental health problems (i.e. risk factors) by addressing determinants of mental health problems
before a specific mental health problem has been identified in the individual, group, or population of focus
with the ultimate goal of reducing the number of future mental health problems in the population."[120][121]
In order to improve mental health, the root of the issue has to be resolved. "Prevention emphasizes the
avoidance of risk factors; promotion aims to enhance an individual's ability to achieve a positive sense of
self-esteem, mastery, well-being, and social inclusion."[122] Mental health promotion attempts to increase
protective factors and healthy behaviors that can help prevent the onset of a diagnosable mental disorder
and reduce risk factors that can lead to the development of a mental disorder.[120] Yoga is an example of an
activity that calms one's entire body and nerves.[123] According to a study on well-being by Richards,
Campania, and Muse-Burke, "mindfulness is considered to be a purposeful state, it may be that those who
practice it belief in its importance and value being mindful, so that valuing of self-care activities may
influence the intentional component of mindfulness."[40] Akin to surgery, sometimes the body must be
further damaged, before it can properly heal [124]
Mental health is conventionally defined as a hybrid of the absence of a mental disorder and the presence of
well-being. Focus is increasing on preventing mental disorders. Prevention is beginning to appear in mental
health strategies, including the 2004 WHO report "Prevention of Mental Disorders", the 2008 EU "Pact for
Mental Health" and the 2011 US National Prevention Strategy.[125][126] Some commentators have argued
that a pragmatic and practical approach to mental disorder prevention at work would be to treat it the same
way as physical injury prevention.[127]
Prevention of a disorder at a young age may significantly decrease the chances that a child will have a
disorder later in life, and shall be the most efficient and effective measure from a public health
perspective.[128] Prevention may require the regular consultation of a physician for at least twice a year to
detect any signs that reveal any mental health concerns.
Additionally, social media is becoming a resource for prevention. In 2004, the Mental Health Services
Act[129] began to fund marketing initiatives to educate the public on mental health. This California-based
project is working to combat the negative perception with mental health and reduce the stigma associated
with it. While social media can benefit mental health, it can also lead to deterioration if not managed
properly.[130] Limiting social media intake is beneficial.[131]
Studies report that patients in mental health care who can access and read their Electronic Health Records
(EHR) or Open Notes online experience increased understanding of their mental health, feeling in control
of their care, and enhanced trust in their clinicians. Patients' also reported feelings of greater validation,
engagement, remembering their care plan, and acquiring a better awareness of potential side effects of their
medications, when reading their mental health notes. Other common experiences were that shared mental
health notes enhance patient empowerment and augment patient autonomy.[132][133][134][135][136][137]
Furthermore, recent studies have shown that social media is an effective way to draw attention to mental
health issues. By collecting data from Twitter, researchers found that social media presence is heightened
after an event relating to behavioral health occurs.[138] Researchers continue to find effective ways to use
social media to bring more awareness to mental health issues through online campaigns in other sites such
as Facebook and Instagram.[139]
Care navigation
Mental health care navigation helps to guide patients and families through the fragmented, often confusing
mental health industries. Care navigators work closely with patients and families through discussion and
collaboration to provide information on best therapies as well as referrals to practitioners and facilities
specializing in particular forms of emotional improvement. The difference between therapy and care
navigation is that the care navigation process provides information and directs patients to therapy rather than
providing therapy. Still, care navigators may offer diagnosis and treatment planning. Though many care
navigators are also trained therapists and doctors. Care navigation is the link between the patient and the
below therapies. A clear recognition that mental health requires medical intervention was demonstrated in a
study by Kessler et al. of the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders from 1990 to 2003 in the United
States. Despite the prevalence of mental health disorders remaining unchanged during this period, the
number of patients seeking treatment for mental disorders increased threefold.[140]
Methods
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy is a therapy that uses pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmacotherapy is used in the treatment of
mental illness through the use of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and the use of elements such as lithium.
It can only be prescribed by a medical professional trained in the field of Psychiatry.
Physical activity
Physical exercise can improve mental and physical health. Playing sports, walking, cycling, or doing any
form of physical activity trigger the production of various hormones, sometimes including endorphins,
which can elevate a person's mood.[141]
Studies have shown that in some cases, physical activity can have the same impact as antidepressants when
treating depression and anxiety.[142]
Moreover, cessation of physical exercise may have adverse effects on some mental health conditions, such
as depression and anxiety. This could lead to different negative outcomes such as obesity, skewed body
image and many health risks associated with mental illnesses.[143] Exercise can improve mental health but it
should not be used as an alternative to therapy.[144]
Activity therapies
Activity therapies also called recreation therapy and occupational therapy, promote healing through active
engagement. An example of occupational therapy would be promoting an activity that improves daily life,
such as self-care or improving hobbies.[145]
Each of these therapies have proven to improve mental health and have resulted in healthier, happier
individuals. In recent years, for example, coloring has been recognized as an activity that has been proven
to significantly lower the levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety in many studies.[146]
Expressive therapies
Expressive therapies or creative arts therapies are a form of psychotherapy that involves the arts or art-
making. These therapies include art therapy, music therapy, drama therapy, dance therapy, and poetry
therapy. It has been proven that music therapy is an effective way of helping people with a mental health
disorder.[147] Drama therapy is approved by NICE for the treatment of psychosis.[148]
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is the general term for the scientific based treatment of mental health issues based on modern
medicine. It includes a number of schools, such as gestalt therapy, psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral
therapy, psychedelic therapy, transpersonal psychology/psychotherapy, and dialectical behavioral therapy.
Group therapy involves any type of therapy that takes place in a setting involving multiple people. It can
include psychodynamic groups, expressive therapy groups, support groups (including the Twelve-step
program), problem-solving and psychoeducation groups.
Self-compassion
According to Neff, self-compassion consists of three main positive components and their negative
counterparts: Self-Kindness versus Self-Judgment, Common Humanity versus Isolation and Mindfulness
versus Over-Identification.[149] Furthermore, there is evidence from a study by Shin & Lin suggesting
specific components of self-compassion can predict specific dimensions of positive mental health
(emotional, social, and psychological well-being).[150]
Social-emotional learning
The Collaborative for academic, social, emotional learning (CASEL) addresses five broad and interrelated
areas of competence and highlights examples for each: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness,
relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.[151] A meta-analysis was done by Alexendru Boncu,
Iuliana Costeau, & Mihaela Minulescu (2017) looking at social-emotional learning (SEL) studies and the
effects on emotional and behavior outcomes. They found a small but significant effect size (across the
studies looked into) for externalized problems and social-emotional skills.[152]
Meditation
The practice of mindfulness meditation has several potential mental health benefits, such as bringing about
reductions in depression, anxiety and stress.[153][154][155][156] Mindfulness meditation may also be
effective in treating substance use disorders.[157]
Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming has been found to be associated with greater mental well-being. It also was not associated
with poorer sleep quality nor with cognitive dissociation.[158] There is also some evidence lucid dreaming
therapy can help with nightmare reduction.[159]
Mental fitness
Mental fitness is a mental health movement that encourages people to intentionally regulate and maintain
their emotional wellbeing through friendship, regular human contact, and activities that include meditation,
calming exercises, aerobic exercise, mindfulness, having a routine and maintaining adequate sleep. Mental
fitness is intended to build resilience against every-day mental and potentially physical health challenges to
prevent an escalation of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation.[160] This can help people, including
older adults with health challenges, to more effectively cope with the escalation of those feelings if they
occur.[161]
Spiritual counseling
Spiritual counsellors meet with people in need to offer comfort and support and to help them gain a better
understanding of their issues and develop a problem-solving relation with spirituality. These types of
counselors deliver care based on spiritual, psychological and theological principles.[162]
Laws and public health policies

There are many factors that influence mental health including:
Mental illness, disability, and suicide are ultimately the result of a combination of biology,
environment, and access to and utilization of mental health treatment.
Public health policies can influence access and utilization, which subsequently may improve
mental health and help to progress the negative consequences of depression and its
associated disability.
United States
Emotional mental illnesses should be a particular concern in the United States since the U.S. has the highest
annual prevalence rates (26 percent) for mental illnesses among a comparison of 14 developing and
developed countries.[163] While approximately 80 percent of all people in the United States with a mental
disorder eventually receive some form of treatment, on average persons do not access care until nearly a
decade following the development of their illness, and less than one-third of people who seek help receive
minimally adequate care.[164] The government offers everyone programs and services, but veterans receive
the most help, there is certain eligibility criteria that has to be met.[165]
Policies
Mental health policies in the United States have experienced four major reforms: the American asylum
movement led by Dorothea Dix in 1843; the mental hygiene movement inspired by Clifford Beers in 1908;
the deinstitutionalization started by Action for Mental Health in 1961; and the community support
movement called for by The CMCH Act Amendments of 1975.[166]
In 1843, Dorothea Dix submitted a Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts, describing the abusive
treatment and horrible conditions received by the mentally ill patients in jails, cages, and almshouses. She
revealed in her Memorial: "I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane
persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten
with rods, and lashed into obedience...."[167] Many asylums were built in that period, with high fences or
walls separating the patients from other community members and strict rules regarding the entrance and exit.
In 1866, a recommendation came to the New York State Legislature to establish a separate asylum for
chronic mentally ill patients. Some hospitals placed the chronic patients into separate wings or wards, or
different buildings.[168]
In A Mind That Found Itself (1908) Clifford Whittingham Beers described the humiliating treatment he
received and the deplorable conditions in the mental hospital.[169] One year later, the National Committee
for Mental Hygiene (NCMH) was founded by a small group of reform-minded scholars and scientists—
including Beers himself—which marked the beginning of the "mental hygiene" movement. The movement
emphasized the importance of childhood prevention. World War I catalyzed this idea with an additional
emphasis on the impact of maladjustment, which convinced the hygienists that prevention was the only
practical approach to handle mental health issues.[170] However, prevention was not successful, especially
for chronic illness; the condemnable conditions in the hospitals were even more prevalent, especially under
the pressure of the increasing number of chronically ill and the influence of the depression.[166]
In 1961, the Joint Commission on Mental Health published a report called Action for Mental Health, whose
goal was for community clinic care to take on the burden of prevention and early intervention of the mental
illness, therefore to leave space in the hospitals for severe and chronic patients. The court started to rule in
favor of the patients' will on whether they should be forced to treatment. By 1977, 650 community mental
health centers were built to cover 43 percent of the population and serve 1.9 million individuals a year, and
the lengths of treatment decreased from 6 months to only 23 days.[171] However, issues still existed. Due to
inflation, especially in the 1970s, the community nursing homes received less money to support the care and
treatment provided. Fewer than half of the planned centers were created, and new methods did not fully
replace the old approaches to carry out its full capacity of treating power.[171] Besides, the community
helping system was not fully established to support the patients' housing, vocational opportunities, income
supports, and other benefits.[166] Many patients returned to welfare and criminal justice institutions, and
more became homeless. The movement of deinstitutionalization was facing great challenges.[172]
After realizing that simply changing the location of mental health care from the state hospitals to nursing
houses was insufficient to implement the idea of deinstitutionalization, the National Institute of Mental
Health (NIMH) in 1975 created the Community Support Program (CSP) to provide funds for communities
to set up a comprehensive mental health service and supports to help the mentally ill patients integrate
successfully in the society. The program stressed the importance of other supports in addition to medical
care, including housing, living expenses, employment, transportation, and education; and set up new
national priority for people with serious mental disorders. In addition, the Congress enacted the Mental
Health Systems Act of 1980 to prioritize the service to the mentally ill and emphasize the expansion of
services beyond just clinical care alone.[173] Later in the 1980s, under the influence from the Congress and
the Supreme Court, many programs started to help the patients regain their benefits. A new Medicaid
service was also established to serve people who were diagnosed with a "chronic mental illness". People
who were temporally hospitalized were also provided aid and care and a pre-release program was created to
enable people to apply for reinstatement prior to discharge.[171] Not until 1990, around 35 years after the
start of the deinstitutionalization, did the first state hospital begin to close. The number of hospitals dropped
from around 300 by over 40 in the 1990s, and finally a Report on Mental Health showed the efficacy of
mental health treatment, giving a range of treatments available for patients to choose.[173]
However, several critics maintain that deinstitutionalization has, from a mental health point of view, been a
thoroughgoing failure. The seriously mentally ill are either homeless, or in prison; in either case (especially
the latter), they are getting little or no mental health care. This failure is attributed to a number of reasons
over which there is some degree of contention, although there is general agreement that community support
programs have been ineffective at best, due to a lack of funding.[172]
The 2011 National Prevention Strategy included mental and emotional well-being, with recommendations
including better parenting and early intervention programs, which increase the likelihood of prevention
programs being included in future US mental health policies.[125] The NIMH is researching only suicide
and HIV/AIDS prevention, but the National Prevention Strategy could lead to it focusing more broadly on
longitudinal prevention studies.[174]
In 2013, United States Representative Tim Murphy introduced the Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis
Act, HR2646. The bipartisan bill went through substantial revision and was reintroduced in 2015 by
Murphy and Congresswoman Eddie Bernice Johnson. In November 2015, it passed the Health
Subcommittee by an 18–12 vote.[175]
See also
Psychology portal
988 (telephone number)

Abnormal psychology
Emotional resilience
Ethnopsychopharmacology
Mental environment
Mental health day
Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Mental health first aid
Mental health in education
Mental health in the workplace
Mental health of Asian Americans
Self-help groups for mental health
Social determinants of mental health
Social stigma
Suicide awareness
Telemental health
World Mental Health Day
Well-being
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e.org/web/20050525223230/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/specia
l/excerpt.html). Frontline. WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from the original (https://
www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/special/excerpt.html) on 25 May 2005.
Excerpts from Torrey EF (1997). Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness
Crisis (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780471161615). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 978-0-471-16161-5.
173. Koyanagi C (August 2007), Learning From History: Deinstitutionalization of People with
Mental Illness As Precursor to Long-Term Care Reform (https://web.archive.org/web/201811
29132652/https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7684.pdf) (PDF),
Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, pp. 1–22, archived from the original (https://kaise
rfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7684.pdf) (PDF) on 2018-11-29, retrieved
2016-01-24
174. "Prevention of Mental Disorders" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150705041918/https://www.
nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/prevention-of-mental-disorders/index.shtml). National Institute of
Mental Health. Archived from the original (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/prevention-o
f-mental-disorders/index.shtml) on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
175. Murphy T (2016-07-14). "Actions - H.R.2646 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): Helping
Families in Mental Health Crisis Act of 2016" (https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/
house-bill/2646/all-actions). www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
Further reading
Online Books by William Sweetser (http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookup
name?key=Sweetser%2C%20William%2C%201797-1875)
External links
Quotations related to Mental health at Wikiquote
Media related to Mental health at Wikimedia Commons
Mental Health by WHO (https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health)
The Public Health Agency of Canada (https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html)
"Mental health and substance abuse" (http://www.emro.who.int/entity/mental-health/). WHO
Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.
National Institute of Mental Health (United States) (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/)
Health-EU Portal (https://ec.europa.eu/health/non_communicable_diseases/mental_health_
en) Mental Health in the EU
Mental Health Department of Health (United Kingdom) (http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandgu
idance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Mentalhealth/index.htm)
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Mental health

In American history, mentally ill patients were thought to be

Deinstitutionalization and transinstitutionalization

Children and young adults

Immigrants and refugees

Cultural and religious considerations

Mental health in social work

Risk factors and causes of mental health problems

Emotional mental disorders are a leading cause of

health disorders, "even economically advantaged societies

Poverty Dementia Friends training

Prevention and promotion

Laws and public health policies

988 (telephone number)

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