LIGHTING 2023

LIGHTING
• Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It is
similar in nature and behavior to radio waves at
one end of the frequency spectrum and X-rays at
the other.
• Light is reflected from a polished (specular)
surface at the same angle that strikes it.
• A matt surface reflects in a number of directions
and a semi-matt surface responds somewhere
between a polished and a matt surface.
Definitions and units of measurement:
• . Luminous flux φ , a measurement of the visible light energy
emitted. This expresses the total quantity of light per 1second by a
light source. Its units are Lumen (lm)
Example
• 75w of incandescent lamp: 900 lm
• 39W florescent lamp :3500 lm
• 250W high pressure sodium lamp : 30000 lm
• Luminous intensity I describes the quantity of light that is radiated
in a particular direction. The luminous intensity is measured in
candela (cd).
• Example
• 5W bicycle lamp with out reflector : 2.5 cd
• 5W bicycle lamp with reflector : 250 cd
• 120W incandescent Lamp : 10 000 cd
• Illuminance this is the quantity of light falling on a unit area of a
surface the units of measurement are Lumens per square meter
(lm/m2 ) or lux (lx)
• Example
• On a sunny day under a clear sky : 100,000 lux
• Artificial light in a well lit office : 800 lux
• On a Full moon under a clear sky : 0.25 lux

• ILLUMINATION OF A SURFACE
• Illumination E of a surface A is defined as the luminous flux per
unit area this is what we call lumen per square meters which is
renamed as a lux .
So we can say an illumination of one lux occurs when a flux of one
lumen falls on an area of one square meter.
 FACTORS REQUIRED FOR A LIGHT SCHEME
• ILLUMINATION LEVEL
This is the most required factor in determining the number and wattage of
the luminaries so that we are able to see and recognize objects.
This level is also dependent on the color of the body, degree of illumination
the object distance from the viewer and contrast of the object to be seen
and its surrounding.
Recommendations of illumination levels
• Utilization factor, UF: the ratio of the luminous flux received at the working
plane to the installed flux. Ie the flux reaching the surface will never be equal to
the flux emitted by the lamp due to absorption by the reflector surfaces, ceiling
and walls.
Utilization factor = lumens reaching the working surface/total lumen emitted
It ranges between 0.5 to 0.8
The value is read from tables created by the photo metric measurement of each
luminari by first determining the room index (k)
Given as :
Maintenance factor, MF: an allowance for reduced light emission due to the
build-up of dust on a lamp or within a luminaire. Normally 0.8 but 0.9 if the lamps
are cleaned regularly or if a ventilated luminaire is used. Light loss factor is
preferred. This can sometimes be called depression factor
• The lumen method of lighting design is used to determine a lighting layout that will
provide a design-maintained illuminance. It is valid if the luminaires are mounted
above the working plane in a regular pattern. method uses the formula:

• The utilization factor (U) is the ratio of the lumens received on the working plane to
the total flux output of lamps in the scheme. The maintenance factor (M) is a ratio
which takes into account the light lost due to an average expectation of dirtiness of
light fittings and surfaces. Spacing-to-height ratio (SHR) is the center-to-center (S)
distance between adjacent luminaires to their mounting height (H) above the
working plane. Manufacturers‡ catalogues can be consulted to determine