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Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- May 2024 Pg.
MAY 2024
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Contents
Subject No. of Topics
1. Economics 09
2. Governance 03
3. Polity 05
4. International Relations 07
5. Security Issues 01
6. Enviro & Biodiversity 29
7. Science Tech 23
8. History and Art & Culture 09
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- May 2024 Pg. 3
Economics
1. Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC):
• R BI plans for a pilot program targeting the wholesale segment of Central Bank Digital Curren-
cy (CBDC) focusing on commercial papers (CPs) and certificates of deposits (CDs).
• CBDC is digital legal tender issued by the central bank, akin to physical rupee notes or coins.
• Announced in the Union Budget 2022-23, with subsequent amendments to the RBI Act, 1934.
• Like fiat currency, it can be exchanged between people, serving as a digital counterpart to physical rupees.
• Unlike fiat currency, which relies on bank storage, CBDC is a liability on the
RBI’s balance sheet, accessible without a bank account.
• [A] Commercial Papers (CPs): Unsecured promissory note, issued by Large corpora-
tions, primary dealers, financial institution; Maturity Period: 1 to 364 days
• Minimum Investment: 5 lakh or multiples thereof.
• Purpose: Short-term funding for corporations.
• Interest Rate: Typically higher than bonds, fluctuates with market conditions.
• Investment Eligibility: Individuals, banking companies, corporate bod-
ies (registered or incorporated in India), NRIs, FIIs, etc.
• Only scheduled banks act as Issuing and Paying Agent
• Actively traded in Over-the-Counter (OTC) market, reported on Fixed Income Mon-
ey Market and Derivatives Association of India (FIMMDA) reporting platform
• [B] Certificates of Deposits (CDs): Fixed-income financial instrument; Issu-
er: Scheduled Commercial Banks, All-India Financial Institutions
• 3 months to 1 year (for SCBs), 1 to 3 years (for financial institutions)
• Minimum Investment: 1 lakh or multiples thereof
• Typically issued by highly rated banks and financial institutions
• Purpose: Short to mid-term investment for individuals and institutions
• Typically fixed, higher than savings accounts, fluctuates with market conditions
• Individuals, banking companies, other corporate bodies, NRIs, FIIs, etc.
• C an be issued in dematerialized form through SEBI-approved depositories
RBI Notifications
2. India is now 3rd-Largest Producer of Solar Power:

• S urpassing Japan, India generated 113 billion units (BU) of solar power, showcasing its increasing prominence.
• China remains the top global producer, generating 584 BU in 2024, with
the United States, Japan, Germany, and India following.
• India ranks fifth globally in installed solar capacity, boasting 73 gigawatts (GW) of solar power.
• Solar generation surged globally, increasing 6x from 2015, with India ex-
periencing a seventeen-fold rise during the same period.
• D espite significant capacity, solar power constitutes only 6.66% of India’s total elec-
tricity production, underlining a disparity between capacity and output.
• G lobally, renewables, including solar and wind, contributed 30% to electric-
ity production in 2023, with China leading the charge.
Solar Energy – JNNSM, Solar Cities, Solar Pumps, etc.
3. International Meeting Exchange (IMEX), 2024:

• nion Ministry of Tourism promotes India as premier MICE destination at IMEX, Frankfurt.
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• MICE Tourism: ‘Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions’ specializes in planning logistics for corporate events.
• IMEX: International trade show for meetings, events, incentive travel industry.
• Held annually in Frankfurt since 2001.
• Provides platform for networking, business, and insights into event trends.
• Hosts IMEX in (1) Las Vegas, USA and (2) Frankfurt, Germany.
• Events facilitate industry connections, offer educational opportunities, showcase innovations.
Tourism Sector
4. Spices Board of India:

• Spices Board discussed with CODEX to address ethylene oxide (ETO) contamination
• F ollows recalls of certain branded spices in Hong Kong and Singapore due to ETO contamination.
• Concerns raised by the US, New Zealand, and Australia prompt evaluations of Indian spice imports.
• Spices Board: Formed in 1987 under the Spices Board Act 1986, merg-
ing Cardamom Board and Spices Export Promotion Council.
• International link between Indian exporters and importers abroad, under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
• Headquarters in Kochi with regional laboratories across India.
• Functions include promoting organic production, cardamom develop-
ment, and post-harvest improvement programs for 52 scheduled spices.
• C ODEX: Established in 1963 by FAO and WHO to protect consumer health and ensure fair food trade practices.
• C odex standards recognized as reference standards by WTO’s SPS Agreement.
• I ndia became a member in 1964.
• C ODEX Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH): Formed in 2013, host-
ed by India, with the Spices Board as the Secretariat.
• A ims to develop global standards for herbs and spices.
• I ndia advocates for establishment of ETO limits, submits proposal for standardizing testing protocols.
• I ntensifies efforts to prevent contamination, despite ETO’s carcinogenic nature.
• M ajor producing states include Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc.
• S pices production growing rapidly, with exports totaling $4.25 billion in 2023-24.
• C hili, cumin, turmeric, ginger, and coriander make up about 76% of total production.
• T op export destinations: China, USA, Bangladesh, UAE, etc.
Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.
5. Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs):

• R BI recommended that investments exceeding 50% of AIFs units by a person res-
ident outside India be treated as Indirect Foreign Investment.
• RBI has implemented stricter norms for Regulated Entities to prevent loan ever-
greening via investments in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs).
• AIFs are privately pooled investments in India, collecting funds from sophisticated investors for investing.
• Governed by the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012 . Can be set up as a company, LLP, trust, etc.
• Targets high rollers, including domestic and foreign investors in India, typically fa-
vored by institutions and high net worth individuals due to high investment amounts.
• Types: Category I: Invests in start-ups, early-stage ventures, SMEs, etc . Includes venture capital funds, angel funds, etc.
• C ategory III: Employs complex trading strategies, may use leverage . Includes hedge funds, PIPE Funds, etc.
• C ategory II: Includes funds not in Category I/III, like real estate funds, debt funds, etc.
• No leverage or borrowing except for operational needs.
• C ategory I and II AIFs must be close-ended with a minimum tenure of 3 years.
• C ategory III AIFs can be either open-ended or close-ended.
Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments
6. WEF Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI):

• I ndia rises to 39th place in the World Economic Forum’s 2024 TTDI, up from 54th in 2021.
• The United States leads the index, followed by Spain, Japan, France, and Australia, while Pakistan ranks 101st.
• TTDI 2024 is developed with collaboration from WEF and the University of Surrey.
• It is the second edition, evolving from the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) series initiated in 2007.
• Covering 119 countries, TTDI 2024 assesses various factors and policies in the travel and tourism sectors worldwide.
• World Economic Forum (WEF) was founded in 1971 by Swiss-German economist Klaus Schwab in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Aims to convene public and private sector leaders to address global political, social, and economic issues.
• Membership, introduced in 1975, includes the world’s top 1,000 companies.
• G20 concept, focused on global finance and comprising 20 countries, emerged from WEF discussions in 1998.
• Key reports published: Global Competitiveness Report, Global Risks Report, Global Gender Gap Report, Global Hu-
man Capital Report, Global Information Technology Report, Future of Jobs Report, and Global Enabling Trade Report.
Tourism Sector
7. Vijaipur Green Hydrogen Plant in Madhya Pradesh:

• AIL (India) Ltd commissions first green hydrogen plant at Vijaipur, Madhya Pradesh.
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• Aligns with National Green Hydrogen Mission’s goal of 5 million tons annual production by 2030.
• Features 10 MW proton exchange membrane electrolyser from Canada.
• Produces about 3 tonnes of green hydrogen daily with 99.999% purity.
• Production uses renewable electricity, like solar energy, for water splitting; Major Objective: Hydrogen Blending.
• onducting experimental blending with natural gas.

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• C urrent regulations allow up to 5% hydrogen blending.
• Green Hydrogen: Produced through electrolysis with renewable electricity.
• No direct CO2 or greenhouse gas emissions.
• Green Hydrogen Standard: Defines green hydrogen with emissions not exceeding 2 kg CO2 equivalent per kg.
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power, oversees green hydrogen projects.
Oil and Gas Sector – HELP, Open Acreage Policy, etc.
8. PRAVAAH Retail Direct mobile app:

• BI introduces three key initiatives: PRAVAAH portal, RBI Retail Direct mobile app, FinTech Repository.
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• Objectives: Streamline regulatory processes, empower retail investors, provide insights into fintech sector.
• PRAVAAH Portal: Centralized web-based platform for seeking RBI regulatory approvals.
• Features online application submission, status tracking, covers 60 application forms.
• RBI Retail Direct Mobile App: Provides retail investors with access to government securities trading.
• Available on Android, iOS, simplifies transactions in primary, secondary markets.
• FinTech Repository: Aims to provide comprehensive data on Indian fintech firms.
• F acilitates regulatory understanding, policy formulation in fintech landscape.
• E mTech Repository: Focuses on RBI-regulated entities’ adoption of emerging technologies.
• M anaged by Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH), fostering innovation, collaboration in financial sector.
RBI Notifications
9. Golden Rice:
• hilippines Court of Appeals revokes biosafety permits for GM Golden Rice, BT eggplant due to safety violations.
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• Golden Rice: Genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene, addressing vitamin A deficiency.
• Commercial production approved in Philippines in 2021, first biosafety permit issued in July 2021.
• Bt Eggplant: Developed by UPLB to resist pests, enhance farmer productivity.
• Research initiated by Rockefeller Foundation in 1982.
• Scientific details published in 2000 by Ingo Potrykus, Peter Beyer.
• Genetics: Incorporates genes from daffodils, soil bacterium to enhance beta-carotene production.
• Field trials conducted since 2004; approvals in Canada, US (2018), Philippines (2019).
• C ritics raise safety, environmental, efficacy concerns; Greenpeace, Vandana Shiva oppose.
• Golden Rice 2: Developed by Syngenta in 2005, produces higher levels of carotenoids compared to original.
Genetically Modified (GM) crops – cotton, mustards, etc.
Governance
1. National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA):
• ADA, India, concludes its #PlayTrue Campaign, aligned with WADA’s Play True Day.
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• Aims to boost awareness about clean sport and anti-doping practices nationwide.
• NADA established in November 2005 by the Government of India for dope-free sports.
• Operates as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860.
• Functions autonomously under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
• A dheres to the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) and the Prohibited List published annually by WADA.
• C onducts both in-competition and out-of-competition dope testing of athletes across various sports disciplines.
• E ducates athletes, coaches, and support personnel about doping’s perils and the significance of clean sports.
• I mplements a robust anti-doping policy framework aligned with international standards.
• I nvestigates and prosecutes anti-doping rule violations according to the WADA Code.
• C ollaborates with international anti-doping organizations to ensure global harmonization of efforts.
• P rovides support and guidance to NSFs, SSAs, and other stakeholders for effective anti-doping measures.
• U tilizes trained Doping Control Officers (DCOs) for sample collection.
• E nsures adherence to international standards and protocols during sample collection.
• A llowed Substances and Methods: Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) granted based on medical documentation.
• S pecified Substances permitted in specific dosages or routes of administration.
• P ROHIBITED: Includes anabolic agents, peptide hormones, beta-2 agonists, and others.
• W orld Anti-Doping Agency (WADA): Established in 1999, headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
• Governed by the World Anti-Doping Code, adopted by over 650 sports organizations globally.
2. National Council for Agriculture and

Rural Transformation (NCART):
• entre considers establishment of NCART to formulate agricultural policies and programs.
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• NCART: Proposed federal body to coordinate actions in Indian agriculture sector; Representation from Centre and States.
• Proposed by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare as part of 100-day action plan.
• Draws inspiration from Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council.
• Policy Formulation: Responsible for devising policies and programs for agricultural and rural development.
• Coordination: Ensures coordinated actions across stakeholders in agriculture sector.
• Consultative Body: Includes representation from Centre and States for consultative decision-making.
• Legal Status: Status yet to be finalized.
• espite Agriculture being a state subject, Centre increased budgetary allocations for Agriculture Ministry.
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• udgetary allocation surged from Rs. 27,662.67 crore in 2013-14 to Rs. 1,25,035.79 crore in 2023-24 BE.
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Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.
3. ICAI Rule on Tax Audit:

• S upreme Court upholds ICAI rule limiting CAs to 60 tax audit assignments per
year, found compliant with Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution.
• T ax audit mandated by Income Tax Act, 1961, Section 44AB since 1984 to ensure compliance and prevent tax evasion.
• I CAI introduced limit in 1988 to uphold quality and reduce miscon-
duct, part of 2008 guidelines replacing previous notifications.
• I nstitute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI): Established by Chartered Ac-
countants Act, 1949, statutory body under Parliament.
• Second largest professional body of CAs globally, only licensing authority in India.
• HQ in New Delhi with regional offices and branches nationwide.
• Regulates CA education, training, examinations, formulates accounting and auditing standards.
• Membership granted upon completion of prescribed education, training, and passing final exams.
• Powers of ICAI: Theoretical education, practical training under practicing CAs,
held at Foundation, Intermediate, and Final levels twice a year.
• Formulates Accounting Standards (AS), Auditing Standards (SA), and other guidance notes.
• Investigates complaints of professional misconduct, takes disciplinary actions.
• International Affiliations: Member of IFAC, CAPA, SAFA, and other international accounting bodies.
Tax Reforms
Polity
1. Financial Relief in Domestic Violence Cases:
• P etitioner contested Bombay High Court and trial court orders directing him to pay Rs 3
crore to wife under Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
• DV Act, 2005 aims to safeguard women’s rights by addressing violence within the family.
• Key features include definitions of violence encompassing physical, sexu-
al, emotional, verbal, psychological, and economic abuse.
• Any woman in a domestic relationship can benefit, and children can also file complaints.
• Respondents: Adult male members in domestic relationships and relatives of the husband or male partner.
• Women cannot be denied access to resources during legal proceedings.
• Access to police, shelter, medical aid, and legal assistance is ensured.
• Victims are entitled to medical facilities, counseling, and shelter, while re-
spondents may receive counseling as directed by the court.
• C ourts can order respondents to pay compensation for losses incurred by the victim, in-
cluding damages for injuries and trauma resulting from domestic violence.
• P rotection Officers are appointed in each district to assist with cases.
• A ll complaints must be heard and disposed of within 60 days to ensure timely justice.
Women Safety Issues – Marital Rape, Domestic Violence, Swadhar, Nirbhaya Fund, etc.
2. Article 361 Immunity to Governor:

• A harassment complaint has been filed against the West Bengal Governor, invoking Constitutional immunity.
• rticle 361 of the Constitution shields the Governor from prosecution during their term in office.
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• Police cannot identify or investigate the Governor as a suspect until they cease to hold office.
• This immunity extends to all acts performed in the exercise of official duties.
• In the Rameshwar Prasad v Union of India case (2016), the Supreme Court af-
firmed the Governor’s immunity even against allegations of personal malafides.
• Criminal proceedings against a Governor may be suspended UNTIL they complete their term in office.
• For instance, in the Babri Masjid demolition case, UP CM Kalyan Singh, then serving as Gov-
ernor of Rajasthan, was shielded from trial under Article 361 until he left office.
• T he Court of Sessions will proceed with charges once the Governor’s term concludes.
Women Safety Issues – Marital Rape, Domestic Violence, Swadhar, Nirbhaya Fund, etc.
3. Interim Bail:
• Supreme Court has granted interim bail to Delhi CM.
• I nterim Bail is temporary release from custody under Section 439 CrPC in India.
• Granted for urgent matters like medical emergencies, family crises.
• Not explicitly defined but derived from courts’ discretionary powers.
• Constitutional Provisions: Article 21 guarantees right to life, personal liberty, interpreted to include right to bail.
• Bail is the conditional release of a defendant with the promise to appear in court or a security deposit.
• Types of Bail: (1) Regular bail: Granted under section 437 and 439 of CrPC to those in police cus-
tody; (2) Interim bail: Short-term bail before regular or anticipatory bail hearing; (3) Anticipato-
ry bail: Granted under section 438 of CrPC to avoid potential arrest for non-bailable offenses.
• Section 436 allows bail if there’s doubt about the accused’s guilt, need for fur-
ther inquiry, and the offence isn’t punishable by severe penalties.
• ail for Non-Bailable Offences: Section 437 outlines conditions for bail, including consider-
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ations like the accused’s health, evidence, and delays in filing FIRs.
• Over 75% of India’s prison population consists of undertrials, revealing systemic issues with the bail system.
• C JI noted a trend of trial judges hesitating to grant bail, leading to a default of incarceration.
Police Reforms – SC directives, NPC, other committees reports
4. 7 Sub-Rights of Right to Property:

• S upreme Court’s ruling safeguards landowners from arbitrary govern-
ment acquisition, ensuring adherence to Article 300A.
• About Article 300A: Introduced to Constitution, ensuring no deprivation of property without lawful authority.
• Legal Framework: Government can acquire property through justified laws, providing fair compensation.
• Procedural Sub-Rights under Right to Property: (1) Right to Notice, (2) Right to Be Heard, (3)
Right to a Reasoned Decision, (4) Public Purpose Justification, (5) Right of Restitution or Fair Com-
pensation, (6) Right to An Efficient and Expeditious Process, (7) Right of Conclusion
• RTP initially fundamental right under Constitution, later reclassified as constitutional right under Article 300A.
• No longer directly enforceable through Supreme Court or High Court.
• C an challenge legality of deprivation under Article 300A in High Court.
• Right to legal recourse if acquisition unjustified or compensation inadequate.
Land ReformsSC Judgements
5. Publicizing the Voter Turnout Data:

• E CI clarifies Form 17C distribution to Supreme Court. ECI not legally bound to pub-
lish voter turnout data but provides Form 17C to candidates.
• A rticle 329(b): Bars court intervention in electoral disputes during active election phases.
• C onduct of Elections Rules, 1961, specifies data on electors and voters.
• F orm 17A: Compiled by Returning Officer, lists contesting candidates, voter info.
• Form 17C: Prepared by Presiding Officer post-polling, details votes recorded.
• Includes EVM IDs, elector/voter count, uncast votes, disallowed votes, total votes.
• Part-II crucial for result counting, legal challenges, and candidate verification.
Electoral Reforms In India
International Relations
1. Commission on Population and Development (CPD57):
• I ndia’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) participating in CPD57 at UN Headquarters, New York.
• Established by UN ECOSOC resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advice on population and development issues.
• Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and UN General Assembly.
• Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise.
• Holds annual sessions at UN Headquarters in New York, typically in April.
• Focuses each session on specific population and development themes like youth empowerment and gender equality.
• Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and UN General Assembly.
• Closely aligned with SDGs, particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17.
• Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze popula-
tion trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels.
Foreign Policy Watch: United NationsPrelims Only
2. Interpol Blue Corner Notice:

• B lue Corner notice issued against a Karnataka politician leading to his extradiction.
• Interpol, established in 1923 as the International Criminal Police Commis-
sion (ICPC), facilitates global police cooperation and crime control.
• O riginated from the first International Criminal Police Congress in 1914, attended by officials from 24 countries.
• R evived as the ICPO in 1946 after World War II, later adopting the name INTERPOL in 1956.
• H eadquartered in Lyon, France, with seven regional bureaus worldwide and Na-
tional Central Bureaus (NCBs) in all 194 member states.
• I ndia, a member since 1956, maintains an NCB facilitating cooperation between do-
mestic law enforcement and the international police community.
• General Assembly, the governing body, convenes annually to make deci-
sions, while the General Secretariat coordinates day-to-day activities.
• Each country’s NCB serves as the central point of contact for the General Secretariat and other NCBs.
• Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India’s designated NCB.
• Blue corner notices, or “enquiry notices,” aid in sharing critical crime-related informa-
tion and locating individuals, facilitating criminal records verification.
• Red Corner Notices, issued for the arrest of wanted criminals, allow ar-
rests in any member state, as exemplified by cases like Nirav Modi.
Police Reforms – SC directives, NPC, other committees reportsPrelims Only
3. Chabahar Port:
• I ndia and Iran sign 10-year agreement for Chabahar port operation, enhancing cooperation.
• Chabahar Port is located in southeastern Iran, in Sistan-Baluchistan province.
• Dubbed as the “Golden Gate” to Central Asian countries like Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
• Consists of Shahid Kalantari and Shahid Beheshti ports, serving as Iran’s only oceanic port.
• Located about 170 km west of Pakistan’s Gwadar port.
• D evelopment initiated by India with MoU in 2015, executed in 2016 during PM Modi’s Iran visit.
• S igned between Indian Ports Global Ltd. (IPGL) and Port and Maritime Organisation (PMO) of Iran.
• I nvolves substantial investment and development initiatives.
• I PGL to invest approximately $120 million in equipping Shahid- Behesti terminal, enhancing port’s efficiency, capacity.
• I ndia extended $250 million credit window for mutually identified projects improving Cha-
bahar-related infrastructure, showcasing commitment to regional development.
Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
4. India-Middle East-Europe Economic

Corridor (IMEC) Project:
• I ndian delegation visits UAE to discuss operational aspects of IMEC.

• IMEC Project: Part of PGII (Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment).
• MoU endorsed during 2023 G20 New Delhi summit.
• Signatories include India, US, UAE, Saudi Arabia, France, Germany, Italy, EU.
• Aim: Integrate Asia, Europe, Middle East for economic cooperation.
• Objectives: Improve transportation, lower costs, generate employment, reduce GHG emissions, facilitate trade.
• Corridor Configuration: East Corridor: India to Arabian Gulf; Northern Corridor: Gulf region to Europe.
• Key ports: India: Mundra, Kandla, Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust; Middle East: Fujairah, Jebel Ali, Abu
Dhabi, Dammam, Ras Al Khair; Israel: Haifa port; Europe: Piraeus, Messina, Marseille.
• Infrastructure components: Railway networks, ship-to-rail connections, road trans-
port routes, electricity cables, hydrogen pipelines, high-speed data cables.
The Crisis In The Middle East
5. BIMSTEC acquires ‘Legal Personality’ Status:

• istoric first charter of BIMSTEC comes into force, opening doors for new members and observers.
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• Grants BIMSTEC a ‘legal personality’ for structured diplomatic dialogues.
• Reaffirms India’s commitment to a prosperous, peaceful, and sustainable neighborhood.
• Reflects synthesis of India’s Neighbourhood First and Act East policies.
• B IMSTEC leaders adopted the charter virtually on March 30, 2022, under Sri Lanka’s chairmanship.
• T hailand assumed the chair of BIMSTEC after the 5th leaders summit.
• N epal’s parliament ratified the charter last month, paving the way for its enforcement.
• A bout BIMSTEC: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Econom-
ic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional multilateral organization.
• M ember countries include Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.
• F ormed in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration, initially with four members (BIST-EC).
• R enamed to BIMST-EC in 1997 after the inclusion of Myanmar, then to BIMSTEC after Nepal and Bhutan joined in 2004.
• G ained prominence due to the sluggish progress of SAARC, last meeting in Kathmandu in 2014.
• I ndia’s willingness to shift focus from SAARC to BIMSTEC aligns with its Act East policy.
• C onnects South and Southeast Asia, facilitating economic development and social progress.
• A ims to promote collaboration on common interests in the region.
Foreign Policy Watch: India-SAARC Nations
6. Arab League:
• The Arab League, has proposed the deployment of UN peacekeeping forc-
es in Palestinian territories during a summit in Manama, Bahrain.
he “Manama Declaration” issued by the league advocates for the presence of UN peacekeep-
• T
ing forces in occupied Palestinian territories until a two-state solution is realized.
bout Arab League: Founded in Cairo, Egypt, on March 22, 1945, following the adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944.
• A
• Comprises 22 Arab countries spanning the Middle East and North Africa, including Algeria, Bah-
rain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pales-
tine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
• Objective: Aims to enhance political, cultural, economic, and social cooperation among its members and mediate disputes.
• Signed agreements on joint defense and economic cooperation in 1950 to coordinate military defense measures.
• Some view its slogan of “one Arab nation with an eternal mission” as outdated.
• Instances of postponement or cancellation of significant events like the annual leaders’ summit have been observed.
• C riticisms include the league’s perceived lack of efficacy in enforcing decisions, resolving conflicts among its mem-
bers, and accusations of disunity, poor governance, and favoritism toward autocratic regimes over the Arab populace.
The Crisis In The Middle EastPrelims Only
7. Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)

• I ndia pledged $1M for Papua New Guinea flood relief.
• FIPIC: India’s cooperation platform with Pacific Island countries.
• Established in 2014 during Suva, Fiji summit.
• PM Narendra Modi initiated it as part of “Act East” policy.
• Aims to enhance engagement, support development.
• Members: Includes India and 14 Pacific Islands nations (Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States
of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu).
• First Summit: Suva, Fiji (Nov 2014): Followed Fiji’s democracy restoration.
• Second Summit: Jaipur, India (Aug 2015).
• Discussions: Covered cooperation in various sectors; Modi addressed climate change at COP 21.
• Third Summit: Papua New Guinea (May 2023); Emphasized ongoing India-Pacific Island cooperation.
Foreign Policy Watch: India-Pacific Island Nations
Security Issues
1. Exercise Shakti:
• 7 th edition of India-France Joint Military Exercise SHAKTI commences in Um-
roi, Meghalaya, enhancing bilateral military cooperation.
• Joint military exercise between armies of India and France.
• Biennial event conducted alternatively in India and France since 2011.
• Objectives: Bolster joint military capabilities for multi-domain operations under UN Mandate.
• Major Defence Exercises between India and France: Garuda: Joint air exer-
cise between Indian Air Force and French Air and Space Force.
• V aruna: Joint naval exercise between Indian Navy and French Navy.
• D esert Knight-21: Bilateral air exercise at Air Force Station Jodhpur involving Rafale aircraft.
• F RINJEX: Maiden joint military exercise at Pangode Military Station, Thiruvananthapuram.
Indian Army Updates
Enviro & Biodiversity

1. 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative
Meeting (ATCM 46):
• I ndia hosts the 46th ATCM in Kochi from May 20-30.
• Organized by the NCPOR, Goa, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
• Attended by 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty.
• ATCM: Primary forum for discussing and coordinating activities under the Antarctic Treaty System.
• Established in 1959 under the Antarctic Treaty to serve as an annual meeting of the Consultative Parties.
• Adopts legally binding agreements (ATMs) and non-binding recommendations; Decisions made by consensus.
• E stablishes the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) to advise on environmental matters.
• India’s Agenda at ATCM 46: Table plan for constructing Maitri II, requiring ATCM approval.
• Antarctic Treaty: Signed on December 1, 1959, in Washington DC; entered into force on June 23, 1961.
• Ensure peaceful use of Antarctica, free from international discord.
• Provisions include freedom of scientific investigation, environmental protec-
tion, and bans on territorial claims and mineral resource exploitation.
• I ndia in Antarctica: Consultative party since 1983, actively participates in decision-making.
• O perates research stations like Dakshin Gangotri, Maitri, and Bharati; plans for Maitri II.
• E nacted Antarctic Act in 2022 to reaffirm commitment to the treaty.
Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes
2. Hopen Island in the Svalbard Archipelago:
• esearchers reveal first walrus death due to Bird Flu (H5N1) on Norway’s Hopen Island in Svalbard Archipelago.
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• Hopen Island: Situated in southern part of Svalbard Archipelago, between Barents Sea and Greenland Sea.
• Covers about 47 sq km, characterized by low-lying tundra, rocky outcrops, coastal cliffs.
• Harsh Arctic climate with long, dark winters and short, cool summers.
• Important breeding ground for seabirds, polar bears, walruses, seals, Arctic foxes.
• Historically, of strategic importance due to location.
• H5N1 Bird Flu: Originated from virus outbreak on goose farm in China in 1996, evolved into highly pathogenic strain.
• Spread globally, affecting birds in over 80 countries, now infecting mammals.
• Subtype of influenza A virus causing severe respiratory disease in birds.
• Humans at risk typically have extensive contact with infected birds at poultry farms.
• First broke out in Maharashtra in 2006, leading to culling of millions of poultry to contain virus. Resurfaced periodically.
3. Garo Hills:
• eological Survey of India (GSI) explorers unearth ancient fossils in Tolegre, South Garo Hills of Meghalaya.
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• Speculated to be linked to genera Rhodocetus or Amulocetus, ancestors of modern whales.
• Garo Hills, part of Garo-Khasi range in Meghalaya, are rugged with dense forests and steep slopes.
• Located in western Meghalaya, bordering Bangladesh to south and west.
• Nokrek, highest peak at approximately 1,415 meters (4,642 feet) above sea level.
• Humid subtropical with heavy rainfall during June to September monsoon season.
• Rivers like Brahmaputra, Someshwari, and Jinjiram traverse the region.
• Picturesque waterfalls like Pelga Falls near Tura, largest town in Garo Hills.
• Nokrek National Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, hosts en-
dangered species like Asian elephant and red panda.
• I nhabited predominantly by Garo tribe, one of the major ethnic groups in Meghalaya.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts
4. Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower:

• E ta Aquariid meteor shower peaked on May 5 and 6, an annual event.
• Result of Earth intersecting with debris trail from Halley’s Comet.
• alley’s Comet is visible every 75–79 years, last seen in 1986.
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• Will return in 2061 on regular journey around Sun.
• Meteors are fragments of dust, rock, ice expelled from comets during orbits.
• Heat up in Earth’s atmosphere, leaving luminous gas streaks; NASA records over 30 meteor showers annually.
• Orbit Sun in elliptical paths, releasing gases and dust when heated.
• Earth traverses comet debris along orbital plane, causing meteor showers.
• Eta Aquariids is known for rapid speed, produce long, glowing tails.
• Originating from Aquarius constellation, hence ‘Eta Aquariid’ name.
• Southern Hemisphere observers may see 30-40 meteors per hour during peak.
• Northern Hemisphere may see around 10 meteors per hour.
Global Geological And Climatic Events
5. Geukensia demissa Shellfish for Water Remediation:
• S hellfish aquaculture using Geukensia demissa helps mitigate excess nutrients and contaminants in coastal waters.
• Geukensia demissa is commonly known as ribbed mussel or Atlantic ribbed mussel.
• Native to Atlantic coast of North America, from Nova Scotia to Gulf of Mexico.
• Inhabit intertidal and shallow subtidal areas like estuaries, salt marshes, tidal flats.
• Prefer muddy or sandy substrates for burrowing and anchoring.
• Filters large volumes, improving water quality by removing particles, nutrients.
• Provides habitat and food for various organisms.
• Filters bacteria, microalgae, and detritus laden with nutrients, contaminants.
• Raft stocked with local ribbed mussels deployed in NYC estuary to assess purification efficacy.
• Mussels exhibited robust health, accumulated nitrogen isotopes, indicating nitrogen removal.
• Fully stocked raft estimated to purify 11,356 m3 of water daily, remove 159 kg of particulate matter daily.
• Harvested mussels sequestered 62.6 kg of nitrogen in tissues and shells, enhancing water quality.
Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.
6. Mass Coral Bleaching in Lakshadweep:

• E xtreme heatwaves and marine heatwaves induce Mass Coral Bleaching in the Lakshadweep Sea.
• Researchers from ICAR-CMFRI conduct surveys, revealing Degree Heat-
ing Week (DHW) exceeding 4 °C-weeks, a NOAA indicator.
• E levated DHW levels pose severe coral bleaching risks. Surpassing 12 °C-weeks may trigger a biodiversity crisis.
• P rolonged marine heatwaves since October 2023 exacerbate coral stress, intensifying bleaching events.
• D egree Heating Week (DHW) indicator assesses coral thermal stress, expressed in °C-weeks.
• H eat stress prompts zooxanthellae to produce harmful reactive oxygen
• C orals expel algae, exposing white exoskeletons and leading to starvation.
• S evere bleaching and prolonged stress can result in coral death.
• C orals are genetically identical polyp organisms housing zooxanthellae algae.
• H ard corals build calcium carbonate exoskeletons, while soft corals attach to and grow on them.
• C onditions for coral flourishing include submarine platforms (not more than 90m below sea level), opti-
mal temperature (20-21 degree Celsius), clean water, salinity (27-30 ppt), and oceanic currents.
7. Orangutans:
• n orangutan demonstrated natural healing by treating a wound with medicine from a tropical plant.
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• Orangutans are distinguished by vivid red fur, largest arboreal mammals.
• Name translates to “man of the forest” in Malay.
• Possess long, powerful arms and grasping hands and feet for tree movement.
• Highly intelligent, sharing 4% genetic makeup with modern man.
• Primarily inhabit Borneo and Sumatra’s tropical rainforests.
• Conservation Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List).
• Population: Bornean (Approx. 104,700); Sumatran (Approx. 13,846); Tapanuli (Around 800).
• Solitary, lowland forest dwellers, feeding on wild fruits like lychees, man-
gosteens, figs, and collecting water in tree cavities.
• M ostly frugivorous, eating fruits, leaves, bark, insects, occasionally small animals.
• Construct nests in trees with vegetation for sleeping and resting.
• Exhibit intelligence by utilizing natural remedies for healing, such as medicinal plants.
Wildlife Conservation Effortsworld map
8. Glyptothorax punyabratai Catfish discovered:
• lyptothorax punyabratai, a new catfish species, found in Brahmaputra River drainage in Arunachal Pradesh.
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• Discovered by ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBFGR), Lucknow.
• Collected from Tung Stream, a Tissa River tributary.
• U nique rhomboidal-shaped thoracic adhesive apparatus for surface adhesion.
• S pecimens housed at National Fish Museum-cum-Repository of ICAR-NBFGR, Lucknow.
• H ighlights potential for fish biodiversity utilization and conservation in unexplored areas.
New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered
9. Sahyadri-Konkan Wildlife Corridor:

• M aharashtra plans to boost tiger population in Sahyadri-Konkan Wildlife Corridor by re-
locating tigers from Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR), Chandrapur.
• S ahyadri-Konkan corridor vital for tiger conservation in northern Western Ghats; Spans Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka.
• C onnected Protected Areas: (1) Maharashtra: Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (includes Koy-
na Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandoli National Park), Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary.
• ( 2) Karnataka: Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kali Tiger Reserve (includes Anshi National Park, Dandeli WLS).
• ( 3) Goa: Mollem National Park, Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary.
• F auna: Tiger, Indian leopard, dhole, sloth bear, etc.
• W estern Ghats, part of corridor, designated UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012 for biodiversity and endemic species.
Tiger Conservation Efforts – Project Tiger, etc.
10. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD):
• P ositive IOD developing to offset Indian Monsoon impact in 2023.

• Established in Pacific Ocean in 2023, while the IOD is in a neutral phase and may develop later.
• Positive IOD: Western side (near Somalia) becomes warmer than the east-
ern Indian Ocean, and negative when the western side is cooler.
• W eakens air circulation, sometimes reversing it, leading to warmer African coast and cooler Indonesian coastline.
• N egative IOD intensifies air circulation, pushing warmer waters from the Af-
rican coast towards Indonesia, reinforcing the cycle.
• S trong IOD event compensates for deficit rainfall during the monsoon season.
• I OD if strong compensates rainfall loss in El Nino.
11. Kerala bans Oleander Flowers:
• erala temple bans oleander flowers in offerings after woman poisoned by chewing leaves.
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• Nerium oleander, cultivated worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and temperate
• Drought-tolerant shrub used for ornamental and landscaping.
• In Kerala, called arali or kanaveeram, used for natural fencing.
• lassified as ‘Least Concern’ by IUCN Red List.
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• nown as “desert rose,” used historically for medicinal purposes.
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• A yurvedic Pharmacopoeia mentions oleander oil for treating skin diseases.

• Highly toxic due to cardiac glycosides present in all parts.
• C ardiac glycosides cause nausea, vomiting, irregular heartbeat, and death in severe cases.
New Species of Plants and Animals DiscoveredSpecies
12. United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF19):

• I ndia participates in 19th Session of United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) in New York.
• UNFF was established in 2000 by UN Economic and Social Council (UNECOSOC).
• Promotes forest management, conservation, and sustainable development.
• Annual meetings at UN Headquarters, focusing on technical and policy matters.
• Universal membership includes all UN Member States and specialized agencies; India is a founding member.
• Declaration of 19th session aims for high-level commitment to forest protection.
• India presented revised National Forest Policy, focusing on fire prevention and management.
• Global Fire Management Hub proposal to mitigate forest fires.
• C all for universally accepted standards like Model Forests Act for forest certification.
• Review of UN’s strategic plan for forests (2017-2030) and progress in global forest goals.
• Concerns about “Climatization” of forests, emphasizing carbon sequestration over ecological values.
• Indonesia’s Forest and Other Land Use Net Sink 2030 strategy, Malaysia’s tree cover commitment.
Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.
13. Aurora Borealis:
• are occurrence: Hanle village in Ladakh witnesses northern lights or aurora borealis.
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• Simultaneously, southern lights or aurora australis observed in New Zealand, Australia.
• Auroras are natural light displays seen near Poles, occasionally at lower latitudes.
• Display various colors due to solar particles interacting with Earth’s atmosphere.
• Known as aurora borealis in Northern Hemisphere, aurora australis in Southern Hemisphere.
• Interaction with Earth’s Magnetic Field: Solar wind interacts with Earth’s mag-
netic field, particles enter atmosphere near poles.
• Interaction with Gases: Particles interact with gases, producing colorful light.
• R easons for Ladakh Aurora: (1) Intense Solar Activity– Occurs during solar flares, coronal mass ejections
(CMEs). (2) Localized magnetic anomalies: Earth’s magnetic field variations influence aurora occurrence.
14. Himalayan Magpies:
• lue magpie species observed from Kashmir to Myanmar.

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• Himalayan Magpies belong to Corvidae family with crows, jays, ravens.
• Noisy, inquisitive birds often featured in folklore.
• Species Distribution and Habitat: Gold-billed Magpie: Thrives in Himalayan high altitudes (2,000-3,000m).
• Red-billed Magpie: Found at slightly lower altitudes.
• Blue Magpie: Occupies lower altitudes, near human settlements, nests in rhododendron trees.
• IUCN Status: ‘Least Concerned’.
• Region spans from tropical forests to Alpine
• Over 250 bird species documented, significant activity around 2,500m.
Wildlife Conservation EffortsSpecies
15. Mahi River:

• I nstances of drownings in the Mahi River are on the rise.
• Origin in the Vindhya Range of Madhya Pradesh near Dhar.
• Course: Flows northward through Madhya Pradesh, then westward upon enter-
ing Rajasthan, and southwest through Gujarat to the Arabian Sea.
• Length: Stretches approximately 580 kilometers.
• Soil Type: Basin comprises Deep Black soil in the south and Alluvial soil in the north.
• Major Tributaries: Include the Som, Anas, Panam, and Goma.
• Kadana and Mahi Bajaj Sagar (Banswara) Dams serve as significant hydroelectric and irrigation projects.
• Biodiversity: Sustains diverse flora and fauna, including endangered species like the Indian Skimmer and Gharial.
• Bordered by the Aravalli Hills to the north/northwest, Malwa Plateau to the
east, Vindhyas to the south, and Gulf of Khambhat to the west.
• Notably crosses the Tropic of Cancer twice, once in Madhya Pradesh and again near the Gujarat-Rajasthan border.
16. Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP):

• elhi’s AQI at 243, categorized as ‘Poor’ by CPCB.
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• Sub-Committee under CAQM meets to address air quality under GRAP.
• Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): Response to WHO’s 2014 study ranking Delhi most polluted city globally.
• Framework to combat air pollution in Delhi-NCR region.
• Approved by Supreme Court in C. Mehta vs. Union of India Case, 2016.
• First notified by Ministry of Environment in January 2017.
• CAQM responsible for GRAP implementation since 2021.
• Before 2021, EPCA instructed states on GRAP measures.
• C AQM recommendations based on AQI and meteorological predictions from IITM and IMD.
• AQI assesses air safety by measuring pollutant density at monitoring stations. Provided by Central Pol-
lution Control Board, is a widely-used 24-hour average. Measured in micrograms per cubic meter.
• Different pollutants have varying levels of harm, so AQI adjusts quantities to a common scale (0 to 500).
• Air pollutants covered: Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter (size less than 10 µm) or
PM 10, Particulate Matter (size less than 2. 5 µm) or PM2. 5, Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ammonia (NH3).
• Lesser-known pollutants: Lead (Pb), Benzene (C6H6), Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP), Arsenic (As), and Nickel (Ni).
• Revised GRAP Measures: Stage I (Poor – AQI 201-300): Enforce NGT/Su-
preme Court orders on over-aged diesel/petrol vehicles.
• Stage II (Very Poor – AQI 301-400): Implement rigorous actions at air pollution hotspots.
• Stage III (Severe – AQI 401-450): Impose strict restrictions on certain vehi-
cle types and suspend primary school classes in specific areas.
• Stage IV (Severe Plus – AQI >450): Prohibit entry of four-wheelers from outside Delhi, except for specific vehicles.
Air Pollution
17. Project CETI (Cetacean Translation Initiative):

• roject CETI aims to understand sperm whale communication off Dominica in the Eastern Caribbean.
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• Recent study reveals complex communication system resembling a “phonetic alphabet.”
• Sperm whales use diverse vocalizations including clicking noises or ‘codas’.
• Largest toothed whales with vertical creases and small dorsal fin.
• Use echolocation for navigation and prey location.
• Habitat: Deep oceanic waters
• Behavior: Exceptional diving capabilities, social animals found in pods.
• Conservation Status: Listed as ‘VULNERABLE’ by IUCN due to threats like ship collisions and entanglement.
Wildlife Conservation EffortsSpecies
18. Baobab Trees:

• ecent study uncovers origins and evolution of Baobabs in Madagascar, Africa, and Australia.
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• Deciduous trees belonging to genus Adansonia, comprising 8 species.
• otable for great heights, long lifespans, and unique trunk and branch structure.
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• lassified as ‘Threatened’ by IUCN due to various threats including development and livestock farming.
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• aobabs serve as keystone species, providing essential resources for animal guilds.
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• andu, Madhya Pradesh, home to abundant baobab trees; Plans for GI tag for Khorasani Imli
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• Baobab near Golconda Fort in Andhra Pradesh over 400 years old.
• Why Called “Mother of Forests”: Ability to store large amounts of water in trunks.
• Produces nutritious fruits even in dry years.
• Revered in local cultures for various uses including food, oil, and clothing.
Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.
19. National Endangered Species Day, 2024:

• nnual event to raise awareness about protecting endangered species and their habitats.
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• Celebrated on the 3rd Friday of May, co-founded by the Endangered Species Coalition and David Robinson in 2006.
• Theme for 2024: “Celebrate Saving Species”.
• Urgency: Over 500 land animal species face extinction in the next two decades, as per the IUCN Red List Analysis 2020.
• Flagship Endangered Species in India: (1) Asian Elephant (Endangered): Sym-
bol of heritage, threatened by habitat loss and poaching.
• Ganges River Dolphin (Endangered): Critical habitat in river systems threatened by pollution and human activities.
• Bengal Tiger (Endangered): Iconic predator facing threats like poaching and habitat loss.
• Red Panda (Endangered): Declining due to habitat loss and poaching, indicator species for Himalayan forest health.
• Asiatic Lion (Endangered): Exclusive to Gir National Park, threatened by poaching and human activities.
• Nilgiri Tahr (Endangered): Mountain inhabitant facing pressure from climate change and human interference.
• Lion-tailed Macaque (Endangered): Affected by habitat fragmentation and human interaction in the Western Ghats.
• Great Indian Bustard (Critically Endangered): Critically endangered due to habitat loss and human activities.
• Golden Langur (Endangered): Endangered species with a population of approximately 7,396 in India.
• Hangul (Kashmir Stag) (Critically Endangered): Exhibiting a robust breeding sea-
son, offering hope for population recovery in Dachigam National Park.
20. Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum:
• are hemi-parasitic terrestrial plant discovered in Phawngpui National Park, Mizoram.

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• Named after Lushai tribe, honoring their commitment to biodiversity conservation.
• Lushai Tribe: Part of Kuki-chin group, also known as Mizos.
• Reside mainly in Jampui Hills area of Tripura, with Jhum Cultivation and hunting as main occupation.
• Converted to Christianity; known for Cheraw Dance (Bamboo Dance).
• Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum: Lacks fully developed root system, taps into sap of host plants through haustoria.
• Contains chlorophyll, can produce food independently from host.
• Flowers from July to September, fruit production from August to October.
• Grows near popular trekking route in Phawngpui National Park, fac-
es threats from anthropogenic activities and natural factors.
New Species of Plants and Animals DiscoveredSpecies
21. Speculoos-3b Exoplanet:

• ew Earth-sized exoplanet, Speculoos-3b, found orbiting ultracool red dwarf star.
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• Red Dwarf Star: Most common star type in Milky Way galaxy, but low luminosity makes them hard to observe individually.
• Proxima Centauri, nearest star to Sun, is a red dwarf, as are fifty of sixty nearest stars.
• Estimated to make up three-quarters of fusing stars in Milky Way.
• Speculoos-3b was discovered by astronomers led by Michael Gillon from University of Liege.
• Located around 55 light-years away from Earth.
• Receives nearly ten times more energy per second than Earth from its star due to short orbital period.
• SPECULOOS Project: Aimed at exploring exoplanets around ultra-cool dwarf stars.
• Ultracool dwarf stars, like Speculoos-3b’s host, make up about 70% of all stars in galaxy, known for longevity.
International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries
22. Key Highlights of World Migration Report, 2024:

• I nternational Organization for Migration (IOM) launches World Migration Report 2024.
• IOM: Originated in 1951 as PICMME post-WWII.
• Agreed with UN in 2016, became related organization; HQ: Geneva, Switzerland.
• 175 Member States, 8 Observer states; India joined as Member State on June 18, 2008.
• Report Highlights: Global migration surge due to environmental impacts, climate change.
• Over 216 million people projected to migrate within countries by 2050.
• Climate change triggers severe weather changes, migration in North Africa.
• Countries like Libya, Algeria, Morocco affected by reduced rainfall, increased drought.
• Floods in Pakistan, Bangladesh cause substantial displacement.
• India sees significant internal migration due to climate impacts in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh.
• India tops global remittance recipients, receiving record $111.22 billion in 2022.
• Ahead of Mexico, China, Philippines, France.
• UAE, USA, Saudi Arabia major contributors to India’s remittances.
• India hosts largest number of international migrants, primarily in UAE, USA, Saudi Arabia.
• 13th destination country for immigrants, with 4.48 million.
44. Edit This
23. 10th World Water Forum:

• orld Bank releases “Water for Shared Prosperity” report at 10th World Water Forum in Bali, Indonesia.
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• 2 billion lack access to safely managed drinking water, 3.5 billion lack safe sanitation.
• 800+ million at high drought risk, double that in flood-prone areas.
• Low-income countries see regression in safe drinking water access, 197 million more lack access since 2000.
• Rural-urban access gaps in low-income nations stagnant over two decades.
• Water stress highest in Sahel, Southeastern Africa, South and Central Asia.
• DR Congo holds over half of Africa’s water
• World Water Forum: Large-scale international event addressing global water challenges, held every 3 years since 1997.
• Organized by World Water Council, brings stakeholders together to pro-
mote awareness, political commitment, and action on water issues.
• W orld Water Council (WWC): Founded in 1996, emerged from discussions in 1994-1996.
• F ocuses on SDG 6, among others, with diverse membership from 50 countries.
• A ims to raise awareness, influence policy, conduct research, and advocacy on water issues.
24. Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP):

• T he 26th Meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) is scheduled to convene in Kochi, Kerala.
• CEP is an entity established under the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS).
• It was created as part of the Environmental Protocol (Madrid Proto-
col, 1991) to the Antarctic Treaty, which became effective in 1998.
• A im: To advise and formulate recommendations on environmental protection measures in the Antarctic region.
• Composition: Comprising representatives from consultative parties to the Antarc-
tic Treaty, including countries engaged in Antarctic research and governance.
• O versees the EIA process for activities in Antarctica to ensure minimal environmental impact.
• C onducts inspections of Antarctic facilities and activities to verify compliance with environmental regulations.
• P romotes scientific research on Antarctic ecosystems and advises on biodiversity conservation measures.
• D evelops waste management guidelines to minimize human impact on the Antarctic environment.
• F ormulates policies and guidelines related to environmental protection in the Antarctic Treaty.
• M adrid Protocol, 1991: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Ant-
arctic Treaty adopted in 1991 and in force since 1998.
Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols
25. Ashtamudi Lake:

• R ecent study unveils high microplastic pollution levels in Ashtamudi Lake, a Ramsar wetland in Kollam district.
• Microplastics are plastic particles under 5 mm, originating from larger plas-
tic fragmentation and direct release in products and activities.
• Ashtamudi Lake: Located in Kollam district, Kerala, also known as “gateway to Kerala backwaters”.
• Historical significance dates to Roman and Phoenician times in 14th century.
• Brackish water lake spanning 61 square kilometers, with Kallada River as major inflow.
• Malayalam name “Ashtamudi” means “eight cornered”, referring to its eight prominent arms or channels.
• Surrounded by lush vegetation, including mangrove forests, coconut groves, and palm trees.
• Integral part of Kollam-Kottapuram Waterway connecting Kerala backwaters to Arabian Sea.
• Notable islands: Chavara, Munroe.
Waste Management – SWM Rules, EWM Rules, etc
26. Cyclone Remal:

• yclone “Remal” made landfall in Bay of Bengal.
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• Name ‘Remal’ given by Oman, marking the first cyclone of the 2024 pre-monsoon season.
• Arabic for ‘sand,’ Remal signifies a potential hazard with its brewing intensity.
• Tropical cyclones, originating over tropical oceans, bring destructive winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges to coastal areas.
• They feature closed circulation of air around a low-pressure center, with anti-clock-
wise winds in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern.
• M ature cyclones boast a calm “eye” at the center, with descending air, light winds, and clear skies.
• F avorable conditions for formation include warm sea surface (>27°C), Corio-
lis force, low-pressure systems, and vertical wind speed variations.
nown as cyclones in the Indian Ocean, hurricanes in the Atlantic, typhoons in the West-
• K
ern Pacific, South China Sea, and willy-willies in Western Australia.
27. Periyar River:

• ass fish kill hits Periyar River, Kerala’s ‘Lifeline’.
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• Believed caused by industrial pollution from Edayar Industrial Area.
• Periyar River Details: Length: Approx. 244 km.
• S ource: Sivagiri hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu.
• M outh: Empties into Arabian Sea at Aluva, near Kochi, Kerala.
• F low: Through Idukki, Ernakulam, Thrissur districts in Kerala.
• M ajor Tributaries: Muthirapuzha, Cheruthoni, Edamalayar.
• Key Hydroelectric Projects: Idukki Dam, Mullaperiyar Dam.
• C ultural Significance: Ancient port of Muziris believed near mouth.
• Environmental Challenges: Pollution from industrial discharge, ur-
ban waste; water management disputes, illegal sand mining.
• Greenpeace India describes lower Periyar as “cesspool of toxins“.
• Illegal sand mining exacerbates environmental issues.
28. Campi Flegrei Super Volcano:
• magnitude earthquake hits Campi Flegrei, Italy, with Pozzuoli as epicenter.

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• Felt as far as Naples; strongest tremor in 40 years.
• C ampi Flegrei prone to bradyseism: ground elevation changes due to subsurface pressure.
• Area, 50 km from Mt. Vesuvius, undergoing new bradyseism cycle.
• C ampi Flegrei, aka Phlegraean Fields, large volcanic area near Naples.
• One of the most active volcanic systems globally, active for 50,000+ years.
• Location: within Campanian volcanic arc, southern Italy, from Naples to Gulf of Pozzuoli.
• eological Formation: large caldera, collapsed volcanic crater, surrounded by vents, craters, lava domes.
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• ampi Flegrei a supervolcano, prone to large eruptions.
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• T
errain Features: craters, fumaroles, mud pots, hot springs.
29. Sharavathi River:
• GT directs mines and geology department to halt unlawful sand mining in Sharavathi River coastal zone.
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• Sharavathi River: Originates, flows within Karnataka, significant part in Western Ghats.
• Origin: Ambutheertha, Thirthahalli taluk; legend linked to Ramayana.
• Geography and Length: 128 km; joins Arabian Sea at Honnavar; Jog Falls formed by river.
• T ributaries and Basin: Major tributaries, basin divided between districts, dominated by Pre-Cambrian rocks.
• S oils and Agriculture: Predominantly lateritic soils, acidic, various soil
• L inganamakki Dam, Gerusoppa Dam for electricity generation.
• F lora and Fauna: Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary protects ecosystems, rich biodiversity in basin.
• N ational Green Tribunal (NGT): Established in 2010 under NGT Act.
• C omposition: Headquartered in Delhi, chaired by retired SC judge, includes Judicial Members and Expert Panel.
• ecide on various environmental laws, hear civil cases.
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• P
rincipal bench in Delhi; additional benches in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai.
• overning Principles: Governed by principles of natural justice, applies sus-
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tainable development, precautionary, polluter pays.
• R eview and Challenge: NGT orders can be reviewed; challengeable before SC within 90 days.
• J urisdiction: Over civil cases involving substantial environmental questions, decisions binding.
Science Tech
1. Moon occulting the Antares (Jyeshtha):
• I ndian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) captures moon passing in front of Antares, a bright red star.
• Moon occasionally occults bright stars like Antares and planets as it orbits Earth once a month.
• Antares (Jyeshtha) is a red supergiant star, also known as ‘Alpha Scorpii,’ located in the constellation of Scorpius.
• Visible in the southern sky during summer months in the northern hemisphere.
• ften referred to as the “heart of the scorpion” due to its location within Scorpius constellation and striking red color.
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• Massive star, with a diameter estimated to be around 700 times that of the Sun.
• Relatively low surface temperature compared to other stars, giving it its distinctive red color.
• Approximately 550 light-years away from Earth, making it one of the closest red supergiant stars to our solar system.
• Occultation is total or partial cut-off of light of a celestial body due to its passage behind another body.
• Finest example: solar eclipse, technically a lunar occultation of the sun.
ISRO Missions and Discoveries
2. World Pulmonary Hypertension Day:

• orld Pulmonary Hypertension Day celebrated annually on May 5.
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• Pulmonary Hypertension (PH): High blood pressure in pulmonary arteries, impacting heart’s blood-pumping efficiency.
• C auses: Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH): Unknown cause.
• Secondary PH: Develops due to genetic factors, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Sleep apnea etc.
• Symptoms: Shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, swelling, cyanosis.
• Diagnostic Tests: Echocardiogram, Right heart catheterization, Pulmo-
nary function tests, Chest X-ray, CT scan/MRI, Blood tests.
• M edications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, surgery/lung transplant are the possible treatment.
• I ndia Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI) launched in 2017.
• 7 5/25 initiative announced in 2023 by Union Health Ministry aims to put 75 million people with hy-
pertension and diabetes on Standard Care by 2025 through Primary Health Centres (PHCs).
Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.
3. Catatumbo Lightning:
• atatumbo lightning, a natural spectacle over Catatumbo River in Venezuela, features almost continuous lightning strikes.
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• Occurs at Catatumbo Delta, where river meets Lake Maracaibo.
• Among world’s largest lightning displays.
• Involves frequent, nearly continuous lightning strikes, illuminating night sky.
• Most prevalent during wet season, typically April to November.
• R egion dubbed “lightning capital of the world” due to abundant lightning activity.
• C lash of warm, moisture-laden air from Caribbean Sea with cooler air from Andes mountains.
• E lectrical Charge Generation: Strong winds, temperature differentials with-
in cumulonimbus clouds generate electrical charges.
• L ightning Discharge: Electrical potential discharges when critical level reached.
• O ccurs about 160 nights annually, with remarkable longevity.
• A t peak, generates average of 28 lightning strikes per minute.
4. West Nile Fever:

• erala government reveals re-emergence of West Nile fever cases in Thrissur, Malappuram, and Kozhikode districts.
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• C
aused by West Nile Virus (WNV), transmitted by infected Culex mosquitoes.
• NV is a mosquito-borne, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to Flaviviridae family.
W
• Transmitted by infected mosquitoes between humans and animals, including birds (reservoir host).
• Mosquitoes become infected by feeding on infected birds, then transmit virus through subsequent bites.
• C an also spread through blood transfusion, from infected mother to child, or laboratory exposure.
• Not known to spread by contact with infected humans or animals.
• Asymptomatic in 80% cases; Remaining 20% may develop fever or severe West Nile disease.
• Symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, nausea, rash, swollen glands.
Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

• P aul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield’s pioneering efforts led to MRI’s commer-
cialization, earning them the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2003.
• M RI is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure capturing detailed soft tissue images.
• V aluable for imaging intricate structures like the brain, cardiovascular system, and more.
• E ssential for diagnosing cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
• F unctional MRI (fMRI) evaluates brain activity via blood flow changes.
• U tilizes magnetic properties of hydrogen atoms abundant in water and fat molecules.
• M RI machine aligns hydrogen atoms using a powerful magnetic field.
• R adiofrequency pulses energize hydrogen atoms, emitting detectable signals for image creation.
• C omponents of an MRI Machine:
• S uperconducting Magnet: Produces a stable magnetic field; (2) Gradi-
ent Coils: Create varying magnetic fields for precise imaging.
• R adiofrequency Coils: Emit pulses to excite hydrogen atoms, matching the Larmor fre-
quency; (4) Detectors: Capture emitted signals for image data processing.
• Accurate tissue visualization aids in diagnosis; Structures viewed from various angles without repositioning.
• No ionizing radiation exposure, safe for repeated use; Contrast agents highlight specific tissues or abnormalities.
• Expensive machines lead to increased healthcare expenses.
• Motion can distort images, requiring patient immobility.
• Loud noises and strong magnetic fields may cause discomfort.
• Certain implants interfere with MRI scans, limiting their use.
6. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing heals Inherited Blindness

• RISPR-Cas9 gene editing treats people with rare inherited blindness, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA).
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• LCA causes severe vision loss by age 1.
• Symptoms include nystagmus, decreased visual acuity, photophobia, and hyperopia.
• Incidence: Affects about 1 in 40,000.
• C aused by gene mutation inhibiting CEP290 protein critical for sight.
• CRISPR-Cas9 Technology allows editing of genome by altering DNA sequence.
• Charpentier and Doudna’s work on CRISPR-Cas9 earned 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
• Components: Cas9 enzyme (molecular scissors) and guide RNA (gRNA).
• Design gRNA matching DNA sequence needing edit.
• Inside cell, Cas9-gRNA complex binds to target DNA sequence; Cas9 cuts DNA at location.
• Cell’s repair mechanisms add/remove genetic material or make specific changes to DNA.
7. Widal Test:
• F ever patients in India often undergo typhoid testing with the Widal test.
• Widal Test is widely used but has limitations affecting accuracy.
• Primarily diagnoses typhoid fever caused by Salmonella Typhi.
• Symptoms include high fever, stomach pain, weakness, gastrointestinal issues.
• Detects antibodies against O and H antigens of Salmonella Typhi.
• Detects antibodies through agglutination reaction; Involves serial dilution of patient’s serum.
• Highest dilution with agglutination indicates antibody titer, higher titer suggests active infection.
• Gold standard involves isolating bacteria from blood or bone marrow cultures.
• Widal test’s convenience is offset by complexities like multiple serum samples and cutoff value variations.
• I mpractical: Single positive test doesn’t confirm typhoid.

• Complicated interpretation: High background antibodies, cutoff value variations.
8. Artificial Rain through Cloud Seeding:
• ttarakhand government under Supreme Court scrutiny for forest fires.

U
• Justices criticize reliance on cloud-seeding or traditional methods.
• Cloud Seeding modifies weather to stimulate rainfall or snowfall.
• Involves dispersing substances like silver iodide, potassium iodide, etc.
• Techniques: Static seeding (promotes ice particle formation in supercooled clouds), Dynam-
ic seeding (enhances convective cloud development through the release of latent heat).
• Dispersion methods include aircraft, ground-based generators, drones, and lasers.
• Concerns: Potential accumulation in ecosystems; Chemical impact on environment and health.
• Cloud seeding trial in Maharashtra’s Solapur region saw 18% rainfall increase.
• Conducted by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.
• Targeted warm convective clouds with calcium chloride particles.
• Spanned from 2017 to 2019, analyzing 276 clouds.
• Glaciogenic seeding didn’t significantly impact rainfall at seeding location.
Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology
9. FLiRT Variants:
• OVID-19 cycle revives with FLiRT variants: 2 and KP1.1.
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• FLiRT variants: US-origin strains distant from Omicron.
• Variants: KP.2 and KP.1.1 descendants of 1 lineage.
• Potential immune evasion due to spike protein mutations.
• Waning immunity, vaccine uptake issues raise infection surge fears.
• Symptoms similar to other COVID-19
• Vaccines effective, but booster shots crucial for enhanced protection.
• INSACOG reports 238 KP.2 and 30 KP1.1 cases as of May 6.
• I ndia sees case resurgence since early April, with rising positivity rates.
Coronavirus – Disease, Medical Sciences Involved & Preventive Measures
10. Caenorhabditis Elegans Worm:
• . elegans worms pass learned avoidance of disease-causing bacteria to offspring for up to four generations.
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• C aenorhabditis elegans: Small, simple, structured nematode
• Grows from fertilized egg to adult within 3-5 days, offering insights into human biology.
• Used in research for neuronal and molecular biology
• First multicellular organism with fully sequenced genome and mapped neural wiring.
• Has two sexes: hermaphrodite and male.
• Hermaphrodite functions as female producing limited sperm.
• Reproduces via self-fertilization or cross-fertilization with male sperm.
• Self-fertilization enables single heterozygous worm to produce homozygous progeny.
11. 3D Printed PS4 Engine:

• I SRO tests 3D printing liquid rocket engine made with additive manufacturing technology.
• PS4 engine for PSLV fourth stage redesigned for 3D printing.
• PS4 Engine reduces from 14 parts to single piece.
• Eliminates 19 weld joints, saves 97% raw material.
• Reduces production time by 60%.
• 3D printing: Process creating 3D objects layer by layer from computer-designed models.
• Additive process using materials like plastic, composites, or bio-materials.
• Common materials: ABS, Carbon Fiber Filaments, Metal Filaments, etc.
• PC connected to 3D printer, design on CAD software, press ‘print’.
• Printer constructs object layer by layer, opposite of subtractive manufacturing.
12. GPT-4o:
• penAI launches GPT-4o, powering ChatGPT with enhanced emotional intelligence.
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• GPT-4o provides GPT-4 level intelligence with improved speed and efficiency.
• Integrates transcription, intelligence, and text-to-speech seamlessly, enhancing voice mode capabilities.
• Now available to all users, unlocking over a million GPTs from the GPT store.
• Supports over 50 languages and includes vision capabilities for real-time information access.
• Understands user emotions and provides emotive conversation styles in real-time.
• C apable of solving complex math problems, assisting with coding, analyzing facial expressions.
• Offers live real-time translation, 2x faster, 50% cheaper, with 5x higher rate limits compared to GPT-4 Turbo.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough
13. NISAR Satellite:

• I SRO Chief confirms NISAR Satellite to monitor Earth’s tectonic movements with ‘centimeter accuracy’.
• Launch may be delayed to October-November due to U.S. spacecraft issues.
• NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar): Joint mission between NASA and ISRO.
• Low Earth Orbit observatory enhancing understanding of Earth’s processes.
• L-band and S-band Radar Frequencies: NASA handles L-band, ISRO provides S-band radar.
• Dual-band capability for high-precision monitoring in all weather conditions.
• Large Deployable Antenna: 12-meter diameter antenna captures detailed radar images.
• 39-foot stationary antenna reflector focuses radar signals.
• Scans entire Earth every 12 days, crucial for observing temporal changes.
• Monitors ecosystems, forest biomass, ice dynamics, natural hazards.
• Penetrates vegetation, soil for 3D reconstructions.
14. Sangam Digital Twin Initiative:

• oT reveals participants for Stage I of ‘Sangam: Digital Twin with AI-Driven Insights Initiative’.
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• Department of Telecommunications (DoT) launches ‘Sangam: Digital Twin’ initiative.
• Proof of Concept (PoC) distributed in two stages.
• First stage: Exploratory for clarity and creative exploration.
• Second stage: Practical demonstration of specific use cases, generating future blueprint.
• Demonstrate practical implementation of innovative infrastructure planning solutions, de-
velop a model framework for faster collaboration, provide future roadmap.
• D igital Twin technology creates virtual replicas of physical assets for real-time monitoring, simulation, and analysis.
• I nitiative in backdrop of past decade’s tech breakthroughs, aiming for Vision 2047.
• Collaborative effort to reshape infrastructure planning, combining 5G, IoT, AI, AR/
VR, AI-native 6G, Digital Twin, and next-gen computational technologies.
• Aims to bridge gap between conceptualization and realization for groundbreaking infrastructure advancements.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough
15. Volcanism on Venus:

• ew study expands on Venusian volcanic activity findings.
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• Previous 2023 study noted volcanic vent changes on Maat Mons in Atla Region during Magellan mission.
• Magellan spacecraft radar images show large lava flows in Venusian northern hemisphere.
• Magellan mapped 98% of Venus
• Sif Mons volcano in Eistla Regio, Niobe Planitia volcanic plain sites show new rock formations.
• Lava flows estimated at 12 square miles (30 square km) with depths of 10-66 feet (3-20 meters).
• Linear, sinuous lava flow patterns observed on Sif Mons west flank.
• Flows from Niobe Planitia originate near small shield volcanoes, extend northeast.
• Magellan Spacecraft: Launched by NASA on May 4, 1989, aimed to map Venus surface using synthetic-aperture radar.
• About Venus: Second-brightest object in sky after moon; Thick cloud cover reflects, scatters light.
• Similar size to Earth, but fundamental differences.
• Thick atmosphere traps heat, making it hottest planet despite being sec-
ond to Mercury; Surface temperatures reach 471 degrees Celsius.
• Venus spins backwards on its axis, with longer day cyclel; No moon or rings.
16. Naegleria fowleri Brain-eating Amoeba:

• A five-year-old girl in Kozhikode, Kerala, succumbs to Primary Amoebic Me-
ningoencephalitis (PAM), caused by Naegleria fowleri.
• P AM is rare brain infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba found in warm freshwater and soil
• A moeba is a unicellular organism capable of altering its shape by extending and retracting pseudopods.
• T hrives in higher temperatures up to 115°F (46°C) and can survive briefly in warm environments.
• E nters body through the nose, often during activities like swimming, then trav-
els to the brain, causing severe damage; Non-communicable.
• Symptoms: Include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, and coma.
• According to US CDC, most PAM patients die within 1 to 18 days after symp-
tom onset, often leading to coma and death within 5 days.
• No established effective treatments for PAM.
edical interventions involve a combination of drugs like amphotericin B, azith-

• M
romycin, fluconazole, rifampin, miltefosine, and dexamethasone.
17. PM WANI Wi-Fi Scheme:

• M-WANI scheme sees rapid growth in public Wi-Fi hotspots, reaching nearly 1,99,896
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• Launched by PM Modi in December 2020 under Department of Telecommunications.
• Aims to democratize internet access, especially in remote areas.
• Utilizes Public Data Offices (PDOs) in public spaces like railway stations, banks.
• PM-WANI Ecosystem: (1) Public Data Office (PDO): Establishes Wi-Fi Hotspots, provides internet access.
• ( 2) Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA): Offers authorization, accounting services to PDOs.
• ( 3) App Provider: Shows available hotspots nearby; (4) Central Registry: Maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, PDOAs.
• Install Data PM WANI app on smartphone.
• Connect to nearby public Wi-Fi PDOs via app.
• Rural entrepreneurs establish PDOs in remote regions; Procure inter-
net bandwidth to offer Wi-Fi services at minimal charges.
• E nables internet access in areas with limited or no connectivity.
Digital India Initiatives
18. Copernicus Programme:

• E uropean Union activated Copernicus Emergency Management Service after Iranian President’s helicopter crash.
• Copernicus EMS: Launched in 1998 by EU for earth observation.
• Utilizes Sentinel satellites, ground systems for environmental data.
• Implemented by EU member states, supported by European Space Agency (ESA).
• GMES Utility: Rapid Response Mapping Service
• Copernicus EMS offers rapid mapping for emergencies.
• Rapid Mapping Process: Acquires, processes, analyzes satellite images and data.
• Provides timely information, including pre-event reference, post-event assessments.
19. Xenotransplantation:
• R ecent death of a person brings attention to xenotransplantation, a groundbreak-
ing medical procedure with potential to transform organ transplantation.
• X enotransplantation involves transplanting cells, tissues, or organs from non-
human animals into humans to address organ shortage.
• P ioneered in the 1980s, particularly promising for kidney transplantation.
• E xamples: Chimpanzee-to-Human attempts in the 1960s; Pig-to-Human heart transplant milestone achieved in 2022.
• I nvolves genetic modifications to animal organs for compatibility, such as CRISPR-Cas9 edits.
• W hy Pigs? Physiological similarities to humans facilitate integration.
• E xtensive pig farming provides cost-effective and readily available organs.
• O rgan rejection remains crucial challenge.
• C oncerns about potential infections from retroviruses and other pathogens.
• R isk of cross-species infections impacting recipients and wider populations.
20. CCRAS launches PRAGATI-2024:

• entral Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) hosts “PRAGATI-2024” at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi.
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• Promotes collaboration between CCRAS and Ayurveda drug industry.
• CCRAS is an autonomous body of Ministry of AYUSH, established in 1978.
• Aims to promote research in Ayurveda and Sowa-Rigpa.
• Objectives: Research, development, integration of Ayurveda with modern medicine.
• Functions: Conducts various research studies; Publishes scientific journals, papers: Fo-
cuses on medicinal plant development, public health initiatives.
• A chievements:
• D eveloped patented Ayurvedic formulations, technologies; Developed national Ayurveda morbidity codes.
• A YUSH Research Portal: Comprehensive database of Ayurvedic research.
• N otable Projects: Golden Triangle Partnership: Collaborative project with CSIR and ICMR.
AYUSH – Indian Medicine System
21. Zero Debris Charter:

• ero Debris Charter signed by 12 nations, ESA at ESA/EU Space Council.
Z
• Unveiled at ESA Space Summit, Seville, Spain, Nov 2023.
• Facilitated by ESA’s “Protection of Space Assets” Accelerator.
• Objectives: Achieve debris neutrality by 2030, ensure long-term sustainability in Earth orbit.
• Members: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, UK, ESA.
• Over 100 organizations expected to sign.
• Includes national space agencies, satellite manufacturers, startups, astronomical societies.
• E SA estimates over 1 million debris pieces (>1 cm) in Earth orbit.
• Risks: Threats to satellites, astronauts, unusable orbit regions, Kessler syndrome – cascading collisions.
22. NASA’s PREFIRE Mission:

• ASA launches PREFIRE mission, deploying CubeSats for Arctic and Antarctic heat emissions study.
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• C ubeSats: Miniature satellites, 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm, weighing ≤1.33 kg.
• Developed in 1999 by Cal Poly and Stanford University for education, now used for research and commercial purposes.
• PREFIRE: Jointly developed by NASA and University of Wisconsin-Madison.
• Aims to study heat emissions from Earth’s Polar Regions.
• Components: Shoebox-sized CubeSats equipped with advanced instrumentation.
• Near-polar orbit, altitude around 525 km.
• Thermal Infrared Spectrometers (TIRS): Measures far-infrared radiation.
• Objectives: Investigate heat radiated from Polar Regions, measure far-infrared en-
ergy, understand greenhouse effect’s impact on climate change.
• Importance: Large amount of heat emitted as far-infrared radiation; cur-
rently unmeasurable, affecting planet’s energy budget.
• S ignificance of PREFIRE: Enhances climate predictions, updates mod-
els, and improves understanding of atmospheric dynamics.
23. Role of SASS6 Gene in Microcephaly:

• R ecent China study (Mar 19, 2024): Confirms SASS6 gene’s role in microcephaly.
• Study on consanguine couple reveals microcephaly, foetal growth issues.
• Microcephaly: Condition of abnormally small head, associated with brain, mo-
tor skill, speech, facial feature abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities.
• D evelopmental roots: Start during peak brain development in embryo.
• D iagnosis: Possible before birth via foetal ultrasound, MRI.
• E xpert insight: Over 70% microcephaly cases from consanguineous mar-
riages, increasing risk of inheriting mutated genes.
• Genetic causes: Mutations in 30 genes, 10 related to centriole proteins crucial for cell division.
• Ile62Thr Mutation: SASS6 gene discovered in C. elegans, showing conserved function.
• Gene suppression in C. elegans halts centriole assembly, stopping development.
• 2014 study on Pakistani family finds microcephaly due to Ile62Thr mutation.
• Mutation alone doesn’t significantly impair centriole function but deadly when combined with another mutation.
• In humans, mutation causes microcephaly by affecting centriole function.
History and Art & Culture

1. Patachitra Scroll Paintings:
• P aintings of women from Paschim Medinipur’s Pingla block in West Bengal have gained international recognition.
• Patachitra, or Pattachitra, is a traditional scroll painting originating from the eastern In-
dian states of Odisha and West Bengal, as well as parts of Bangladesh.
• The term “Patachitra” comes from Sanskrit, where “pata” means “cloth” and “chitra” means “picture.”
• C rafted on cloth canvas, palm leaves, or paper, and the artists associated with Patachitra are known as Patuas.
• Bengal Patachitra is believed to have its roots in rural Bengal, with historical ref-
erences indicating its presence even during the Pre-Pala period.
• T he themes of Bengal Patachitra are wide-ranging, covering religious and myth-

ological narratives, as well as secular subjects.
• Stories from Hindu epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, alongside folklore such as Manasha and Chandi.
• Secular themes encompass significant news events, accidents, scandals, and social issues.
• Each Patachitra is accompanied by a traditional song called Patua San-
geet, sung by the artists while unveiling the scroll.
• C
halchitra: Background paintings associated with religious idols, like Durga Pratima.
• D
urga Pot: Special Patachitras revered during Durga Puja, often featuring images of gods and goddesses.
rtists in Bengal Patua artists, also known as Chitrakars, are concentrated in villages like Naya in the Medinipur district.
• A
engal Patachitra typically employs natural colors sourced from materials such as chalk dust (for white),
• B
pauri (for yellow), cultivated indigo (for blue), bhushakali (for black), and mete sindur (for red).
Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News
2. Hicky’s Bengal Gazette:

• W orld Press Freedom Day, observed annually on May 3, highlights journal-
ism’s societal importance, rooted in historical moments.
• The ‘Bengal Gazette’, founded by James Augustus Hicky in 1780, marked India’s jour-
nalistic inception, fostering social discourse and political critique.
• J ames Augustus Hicky was born in Ireland in the 1730s, sought opportunities in India.
• D espite setbacks, including imprisonment for debts, set up printing press within jail.
• H icky’s Bengal Gazette was first newspaper in India (and Asia), inaugural edition on January 29, 1780.
• F ounder-editor aimed to cater to Calcutta’s European community.
• I nitially focused on local issues like road repairs; Later addressed broader concerns including government corruption.
• D espite gossip reputation, advocated for infrastructure and sanitation.
• P ublished weekly on Saturdays, sold for Rs 1, with estimated circulation of 400 copies.
• F aced libel lawsuits from figures like Governor General Warren Hastings.
• H icky’s critiques of Hastings’ policies led to imprisonment and financial ruin.
• G azette ceased publication on March 30, 1782.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities
3. UNESCO’s ‘Memory of the World (MOW) Atlas:

• R amcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sahrdayaloka-Locana included in UN-
ESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific regional register.
• UNESCO’s ‘Memory of the World (MOW) Asia-Pacific regional register’ was initiated in 1992 by UNESCO.
• Asia-Pacific Regional Committee (MOWCAP) established in 1998.
• Overseen by UNESCO to safeguard, preserve, and increase awareness of documentary heritage in Asia-Pacific.
• Examples of Inscribed Items: “Sugihara’s Visas for Life” (Japan), “Mabo Case Man-
uscripts” (Australia), “Ba Chuc Massacre Archives” (Vietnam).
• Supports preservation, digitization, accessibility of documents; pro-
vides grants and organizes workshops, meetings, and exhibitions.
• R amcharitmanas: Epic poem by Tulsidas in 16th century Awadhi dialect, retelling Ramayana. Narrates life
of Lord Rama, virtues, ideals of Dharma, Ram Rajya; Hanuman Chalisa: Combination of 40 verses from the epic.
• Panchatantra: Collection of ancient Indian animal fables by Vishnu Sharma, dates back to 3rd cen-
tury Crafted as simple yet vibrant narratives to impart practical life lessons.
• Sahrdayaloka-Locana: Sanskrit treatise on poetics by Jagannatha Paṇḍitaraja in 17th century. Important work
of Sanskrit literary criticism, discusses concept of “Sahrdaya” – sensitive or discerning reader or critic.
Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News
4. Legacy of Rabindranath Tagore:

• I GNCA’s Conservation and Cultural Archives Division in New Delhi hosts exhibi-
tion, lecture celebrating Rabindranath Tagore’s birth anniversary.
• Tagore born on May 7, 1861, in Calcutta, India.
• Published first poems at 16 under pen-name ‘Bhanusimha’; key works in-
clude “Gitanjali”, “Ghare-Baire”, “Gora”, and “Manasi”.
• Composed over 2,000 songs (Rabindra Sangeet), created 2,000+ paintings influenced by European expressionism.
• Founded Visva-Bharati University in 1921, blending Eastern and Western philosophies.
• P olitical Views: Renowned for giving title of ‘Mahatma’ to Gandhi Ji; re-
nounced ‘Knighthood’ in 1919 post Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
• C ultural Influence: Wrote national anthems of India (“Jana Gana Mana”) and Ban-
gladesh (“Amar Sonar Bangla”); inspired Sri Lanka’s national anthem.
• A wards and Recognition: Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for “Gitanja-

li”; renounced knighthood by British King George V in 1915.
• Philosophical Contributions: Advocated fusion of Western and Indian culture for anti-colonialism.
• Passed away on August 7, 1941, in Calcutta; revered as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kab-
iguru’, ‘Biswakabi’, reshaped Bengali literature, music.
• A dvocated for ‘Unity in Diversity’, ‘National Integration’; spoke at World Parlia-
ment of Religions, Chicago in 1929 and 1937; modernized Bengali prose, poetry.
5. Battle of Udagai- Cholas vs. Cheras:

• S outhern India ruled by Chera, Chola, and Pandya kings, known for literature, art, and culture.
• Fierce battles led by Raja Raja I, the greatest of Chola kings, notably the Battle of Udagai in 1003 CE.
• Fought between Cholas and Cheras at Udagai (now Udayagiri), marked by Chola plunder and conquest.
• Chola army led by Raja Raja’s son Rajendra, leading to termination of Chola-Chera relationship.
• End of Chola-Chera alliance during Rajendra Chola’s reign.
• Raja Raja celebrated grand birthday in Chera kingdom, returning with riches to Thanjavur.
• Reign of Raja Raja I marked golden era for Chola Empire with military conquests and cultural patronage.
• Full Name: Arulmozhivarman, later known as Raja Raja Chola I.
• Reign: 985 AD to 1014 AD, succeeded by Rajendra I.
• Expanded Chola Empire into Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.
• Conquered Mahodayapuram, northern Sri Lanka, and invaded Srivijaya (Sumatra) and Kadaram (Malaysia).
• Streamlined administrative structure with efficient revenue collection.
• Organized provincial administration with local governance.
• Constructed Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur.
• Revived Hinduism, promoted Shaivism, and supported temple construction and priests.
• Enhanced trade and diplomatic ties with Southeast Asian kingdoms.
• Chola navy safeguarded trade routes, facilitated trade missions to China.
Historical and Archaeological Findings in News
6. Schoningen Prehistoric Wooden Artefacts:

• S tone Age proposed to be termed as the “Wood Age” based on advanced wooden tools found in Schoningen, Germany.
• Excavated from a coal mine between 1994 and 2008, these artefacts showcase sophisticated wood-working
• Dated around 300,000-400,000 years old, these tools require skill and pre-
cision, challenging the perception of early technology.
• D emonstrated wood-working techniques include splitting, scrap-
ing, and abrasion, suggesting a high level of craftsmanship.
• P rehistory refers to the period before written records, studied through archaeology and ethnography.
• S tone Age Classification: Introduced by Danish archaeologist Christian Jorgensen Thom-
sen, the Stone Age is part of a broader classification of human prehistory.
• S tone Age Timeline: Beginning: Initiated with the use of stone tools around 4 mil-
lion years ago in Ethiopia, lasting until 6,000-4,000 Before Present.
• D ivisions: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods mark different stag-
es of human technological and cultural development.
• S tone Tools Insight: Stone tools provide valuable insights into early human ca-
pabilities, indicating mental sophistication and dexterity.
• L imited Evidence: While evidence of bone, antler, and clay usage ex-
ists, wood’s perishable nature limits archaeological findings.
• O nly a few Lower Palaeolithic sites contain wood remains, with wooden dwellings dating much later than stone tools.
7. Breakthrough Study on Neanderthals:

• T races of modern viruses found in Neanderthal DNA offer insights into their extinction.
• Researchers discovered remnants of adenovirus (common colds), herpesvirus (cold sores), and pap-
illomavirus (genital warts) in Neanderthal bones from Russia’s Chagyrskaya cave.
• N eanderthals, a distinct hominin species, lived in Europe and parts of Asia during the Mid-
dle to Late Pleistocene Epochs, approximately 400,000 to 40,000 years ago.
• P hysically robust, with muscular frames adapted to cold climates, Neanderthals pos-
sessed large brains indicative of advanced cognitive abilities.
• N otable features included prominent brow ridges, large noses, and receding chins.
• S killed hunters and gatherers, Neanderthals utilized tools for hunting, cooking, and protection.
• D emonstrated complex social structures and symbolic behaviors such as burial rituals.
• Inhabiting various environments from grasslands to tundra, Neanderthals ranged from Western Eu-
rope to Central Asia, with evidence of populations in regions like Spain, France, and the Middle East.
• Coexisted and interbred with early modern humans, with genetic stud-
ies suggesting modern humans carry 1-2% Neanderthal DNA.
8. Hampi’s Virupaksha Temple:

• aalu Mantap of historic Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, Karnataka collapses after torrential rains.
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• Virupaksha Temple: Traced back to 7th century AD, built by early Chalukya dynasty rulers.
• Expanded significantly during Vijayanagara Empire, notably by King Krishnadevaraya.
• Dedicated to Lord Shiva, declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.
• Architectural Features: Gopurams: Main tower, smaller elaborate entrances.
• Mandapas: Ranga Mandapa, Open Pillar Hall, Kalyana Mandapa.
• Sanctum Sanctorum: Main shrine with Linga of Lord Virupaksha, surrounded by smaller shrines.
• Pillars and Sculptures: Renowned for detailed carvings depicting Hindu mythology.
• Water Structures: Sacred tank for religious rituals.
• Vijayanagara Empire: Established in 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I.
• Dynastic Rule: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Aravidu.
• C
apital: Hampi, UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• G
eographical Span: Covered parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala.
• K
rishnadevaraya: Greatest ruler, known for administrative genius, arts patronage.
• ecline: Defeated in Battle of Talikota (1565), leading to significant power decline.
D
9. Kanyakumari’s Vivekananda Rock:

• M visited, meditate at Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.
P
• Vivekananda Rock: Located in Kanyakumari’s Vavathurai beach.
• Situated on rock island at India’s southernmost tip, where Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean meet.
• Consists of Vivekananda Mandapam, Shripada Mandapam.
• Swami Vivekananda meditated on rock for two days in Dec 1892.
• Memorial proposed by Eknath Ranade, foundation stone laid on Sep 1, 1964, inaugurated on Sep 2, 1970.
• About Swami Vivekananda (1862-1902): Spread Ramakrishna’s message, advocated neo-Hinduism.
• Based on Ramakrishna’s experiences, Upanishads, Gita, Buddha, Jesus.
• Subscribed to ‘Vedanta Philosophy’.
• Emphasized social action, criticized religion’s approval of oppression.
• Advocated for balance, blend of Western materialism + Eastern spiritualism.
• Ramakrishna Mission founded in 1897 for humanitarian relief, social work.
• A
cquired land at Belur in 1898, shifted Ramakrishna Math there.

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Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily IAS- May 2024 Pg.

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1. Short, comprehensive notes 30-40 pages, 100-110 news

2. India is now 3rd-Largest Producer of Solar Power:

Solar Energy – JNNSM, Solar Cities, Solar Pumps, etc.

3. International Meeting Exchange (IMEX), 2024:

4. Spices Board of India:

5. Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs):

Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

6. WEF Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI):

7. Vijaipur Green Hydrogen Plant in Madhya Pradesh:

•  onducting experimental blending with natural gas.

8. PRAVAAH Retail Direct mobile app:

2. National Council for Agriculture and

3. ICAI Rule on Tax Audit:

2. Article 361 Immunity to Governor:

4. 7 Sub-Rights of Right to Property:

5. Publicizing the Voter Turnout Data:

2. Interpol Blue Corner Notice:

4. India-Middle East-Europe Economic

• I ndian delegation visits UAE to discuss operational aspects of IMEC.

5. BIMSTEC acquires ‘Legal Personality’ Status:

7. Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)

Enviro & Biodiversity

2. Hopen Island in the Svalbard Archipelago:

4. Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower:

5. Geukensia demissa Shellfish for Water Remediation:

6. Mass Coral Bleaching in Lakshadweep:

8. Glyptothorax punyabratai Catfish discovered:

9. Sahyadri-Konkan Wildlife Corridor:

10. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD):

• P ositive IOD developing to offset Indian Monsoon impact in 2023.

11. Kerala bans Oleander Flowers:

• A yurvedic Pharmacopoeia mentions oleander oil for treating skin diseases.

12. United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF19):

13. Aurora Borealis:

14. Himalayan Magpies:

•  lue magpie species observed from Kashmir to Myanmar.

15. Mahi River:

16. Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP):

17. Project CETI (Cetacean Translation Initiative):

18. Baobab Trees:

19. National Endangered Species Day, 2024:

20. Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum:

•  are hemi-parasitic terrestrial plant discovered in Phawngpui National Park, Mizoram.

21. Speculoos-3b Exoplanet:

22. Key Highlights of World Migration Report, 2024:

44. Edit This

23. 10th World Water Forum:

24. Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP):

25. Ashtamudi Lake:

26. Cyclone Remal:

27. Periyar River:

28. Campi Flegrei Super Volcano:

•  magnitude earthquake hits Campi Flegrei, Italy, with Pozzuoli as epicenter.

29. Sharavathi River:

2. World Pulmonary Hypertension Day:

4. West Nile Fever:

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

6. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing heals Inherited Blindness

• I mpractical: Single positive test doesn’t confirm typhoid.

8. Artificial Rain through Cloud Seeding:

•  ttarakhand government under Supreme Court scrutiny for forest fires.

10. Caenorhabditis Elegans Worm:

• onducting experimental blending with natural gas.

• I ndian delegation visits UAE to discuss operational aspects of IMEC.

• P ositive IOD developing to offset Indian Monsoon impact in 2023.

• A yurvedic Pharmacopoeia mentions oleander oil for treating skin diseases.

• lue magpie species observed from Kashmir to Myanmar.

• are hemi-parasitic terrestrial plant discovered in Phawngpui National Park, Mizoram.

• magnitude earthquake hits Campi Flegrei, Italy, with Pozzuoli as epicenter.

• I mpractical: Single positive test doesn’t confirm typhoid.

• ttarakhand government under Supreme Court scrutiny for forest fires.

edical interventions involve a combination of drugs like amphotericin B, azith-

• T he themes of Bengal Patachitra are wide-ranging, covering religious and myth-

• A wards and Recognition: Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for “Gitanja-