Microprocessors and Microsystems 80 (2021) 103607

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Microprocessors and Microsystems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/micpro

An Internet of Things assisted Unmanned Aerial Vehicle based artificial

intelligence model for rice pest detection
Sourav Kumar Bhoi a , Kalyan Kumar Jena a , Sanjaya Kumar Panda b , Hoang Viet Long c,d ,∗,
Raghvendra Kumar e , P. Subbulakshmi f , Haifa Bin Jebreen g
a
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College (Govt.), Berhampur 761003, India
b Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India
c Division of Computational Mathematics and Engineering, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
d
Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
e
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology University, Gunupur 765022, India
f
School of Computing, Scope, VIT University, Chennai Campus, Tamilnadu, India
g
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Rice is a very essential food for the survival of human society. Most of the people focus on production of rice
Internet of Things for their financial gain as well as their survival in the society. Rice production means a lot, not only for the
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle farmers, but also for the entire human society However, it is very difficult to protect the rice during and after
Rice pest detection
the production due to several reasons, such as natural calamities, heavy rain fall, flood, earthquakes, damage
Imagga cloud
of rice due to pests, etc. Damage of rice can occur during production and after the production due to several
Artificial intelligence
Confidence value
pests. So, it is very much essential to identify the pests in the rice so that preventive measures can be taken
for its protection. In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT) assisted Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based
rice pest detection model using Imagga cloud is proposed to identify the pests in the rice during its production
in the field. The IoT assisted UAV focuses on artificial intelligence (AI) mechanism and Python programming
paradigm for sending the rice pest images to the Imagga cloud and providing the pest information. The Imagga
cloud detects the pest by finding the confidence values with the tags. The tag represents the object in that
image. The tag with maximum confidence value and beyond threshold is selected as the target tag to identify
the pest. If pest is detected then the information is sent to the owner for further actions. The proposed method
can able to identify any kind of the pest that affects the rice during production. Alternatively, this paper
attempts to minimize the wastage of rice during its production by monitoring the pests at regular intervals.

1. Introduction
Most of the people depend on rice as food for their survival in
the planet. Rice acts as a source for quick energy, vitamins, minerals,
fibers, etc. Several categories of rice, such as white rice, brown rice,
jasmine rice, basmati rice, arborio rice, sticky rice, parboiled rice,
short grain, medium grain and large grain rice, wild rice, forbidden
rice, polished rice, etc., are available in the market. However, it is a
very difficult task to protect rice during production as well as after
production due to several factors in current scenario. But, damage of
rice due to pests during production and after production is an important
concern. Several methods can be used to monitor the pests regularly
during and after the rice production in order to prevent damage of
rice. The monitoring device such as IoT assisted UAV [1–32] can be
used for such purpose. IoT refers to the system of smart devices which
receive and transfer data over wireless network without any human
intervention [33–38]. The UAV can be considered as an aircraft without
any human pilot on board and it is type of unmanned vehicle. UAV is
also considered as flying IoT. AI is considered as an essential concern
for the identification of pests in the rice field. AI can be referred to the
simulation of human intelligence in the machines like UAVs, which are
programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions for detecting
the pests in the rice field. Cloud computing [39–52] mechanism plays
an important role for the surveillance as well as identification of
pest during rice production by the help of high definition UAVs. It
refers to the availability of system resources on-demand specifically for
computing and data storage without any active management directly by

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: souravbhoi@gmail.com (S.K. Bhoi), kalyankumarjena@gmail.com (K.K. Jena), sanjayauce@gmail.com (S.K. Panda),
hoangvietlong@tdtu.edu.vn (H.V. Long), raghvendra@giet.edu (R. Kumar), subbu.psk@gmail.com (P. Subbulakshmi), hjebreen@ksu.edu.sa (H.B. Jebreen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103607
Received 18 September 2020; Received in revised form 29 November 2020; Accepted 30 November 2020
Available online 7 December 2020
0141-9331/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S.K. Bhoi et al.
the user. It is mainly used to illustrate data centers which are available
to several users through the Internet. As the IoT assisted UAVs will
monitor the rice field in regular intervals by capturing the images,
so there is requirement of adequate amount of memory for storing
as well as processing of several images. Hence, cloud computing can
be considered as a solution for this problem by utilizing its several
layers, such as application layer and cloud infrastructure layer, and
the cloud platform. It is specifically used to store the images captured
by IoT assisted UAV for further processing. In this work, we have
mainly focused on IoT assisted UAV based pest detection model that
uses AI mechanism, Imagga cloud [53] and Python language [54] for
the processing of several pest images. The main contributions of this
work can be stated as follows.
– An IoT assisted UAV based rice pest detection model focusing on
AI mechanism is proposed to identify the pest in the rice during
the production in the field.
– Imagga cloud [53] is used to provide information related to type
of pest that affects the rice. The rice pest images are sent to
Imagga cloud by the help of IoT assisted UAV that focuses on
Python programming paradigm for providing the pest informa-
tion. The cloud provides tags to the objects in the image with a
confidence value.
– The tag with the maximum confidence value and beyond thresh-
old is selected as the target tag to identify the pest.
– If the rice is affected by any kind of pests then such information
will be send to the field owner immediately in order to take the
preventive actions.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Sections 2–5 de-
scribe the related works, proposed model, results and discussion, and
conclusion of the work, respectively.
2. Related work
Several works have carried out by the researchers for the rice
pest detection [1–19,39–43,55–94]. Some of the works are described
as follows. Zhou et al. [1] proposed an enhanced area based fully
convolutional networks panicle identification and counting system in
order to detect and count the rice in the field and this system can
be used to automate the rice phenotype measurements. In this work,
the images are collected by the help of high definition RGB camera
based UAV. Here, the irregular edge of the rice panicle is focused.
Liu et al. [6] proposed a UAV based computer vision system to iden-
tify the agricultural airboat position information which is used in
autonomous fertilizing as well as herbicide applications. The presented
system can inspect the paddy field by the help of UAV. The UAV can
be used to identify the airboat location using white color as well as
central symmetrical contour features of the airboat and then sends
the information of location to airboat by the help of Bluetooth for
the navigation of airboat. Barrero et al. [10] proposed a method to
fuse high resolution RGB and low resolution multispectral images for
identifying the Gramineae weed in case of rice fields dealing with plants
by considering fifty days after emergence. Fixed wing UAV is used to
capture the images with altitude 60 and 70 m. M/MGT index and MP
index are used as performance metrics.
Li et al. [11] focus on Capsnet to track rice images. UAV is used
to capture the rice images. Histogram equalization and superpixel
algorithm are used to preprocess the images. The Capsnet is used to
train classification and the output vector is predicted by focusing on
routing by agreement protocol. Kitpo et al. [57] proposed an IoT based
drone implementation system for the detection and classification of
rice diseases. In this work, image processing technique is used for the
acquisition as well as analysis of data. This system can identify the
location of infected rice plants and it takes the help of GPS sensor. Qin
et al. [16] focus on the impact of spraying parameters such as operation
velocity and height of UAV on the droplet deposition in case of rice
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Microprocessors and Microsystems 80 (2021) 103607
canopy as well as the protection efficiency against the hoppers (plant).
In this work, the spraying parameters are optimized by preventing the
plant hoppers. Here, the droplets coverage rates on the rice canopy as
well as the lower layer are analyzed. The summary of related work with
their pros and cons is shown in Table 1.
3. Proposed model
This section describes about the proposed rice pest detection model.
In this model, there are four phases such as data acquisition phase, UAV
to cloud server provider (CSP) phase, computing phase or pest detection
phase, CSP to field owner communication phase. Fig. 1 describes about
the whole system model where the four phases are completely shown.
Fig. 2 also shows the CSP communication between the UAV node and
field owner.
3.1. Methodology
The monitoring mechanisms of pests in the rice field during the
rice production are presented in Figs. 1 and 2. According to these
figures, the UAV node monitors a rice field periodically by a rice field
owner for pest detection during the production of rice. Here, a UAV
continuously takes images of the whole field and transfers the data to
the CSP by requesting to process the images, using Internet connection
(4G communications). The CSP stores the images that are sent by the
UAVs at regular intervals and then process the images to check whether
there is any pest or not in the rice field. The processing is carried
out by using several layers of CSP such as cloud infrastructure layer,
application layer as well as cloud platform. The computation unit of
cloud infrastructure layer is mainly used for identification of pests by
processing several images. Here, the imagga API is used to generate
the tags with their confidence values (in %) after processing several
images that are taken from rice field. If any pest is detected then it can
be identified by using the tag which is having highest confidence value.
In our work, we have considered the minimum confidence value to be
75% which can be referred to as minimum threshold value. Algorithm 1
describes the pest identification mechanism by taking <tag, confidence
value> as the input. If the pest is identified then its information is
immediately sent to rice field owner by using python language. The
GET request authentication as well as POST request mechanisms are
used for communicating this information to the field owner to take
immediate preventative action so that the damage of rice during pro-
duction can be avoided. Generally, the UAV communication device has
several hardware components, such as fuselage, plane wings, tail rotor,
canopy, multi-rotor frame, arms, batteries, sensors and actuators, to
carry out its operation. The UAV should integrate with 50 megapixel
high resolution camera to track the pests in a better way. For this work,
we have focused on Lemmas 1–4 with their proof which are mentioned
below.
Lemma 1. UAV sends an image I of size 𝑏 bits to the CSP. The total delay
to transfer data to CSP is 𝑡𝑏 .
Proof. Let a UAV sends an image of size 𝑏 bits to CSP as mentioned
in Fig. 3. Let the internet delay to 𝑏 bits message to CSP is 𝑡𝑏 . 𝑡𝑏 can be
computed using Eq. (1).
𝑏 𝑑
𝑡𝑏 = + + (𝑡𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑢𝑒 + 𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ) (1)
𝑟 𝑐
where, 𝑟 is the data rate, 𝑐 is speed of light, 𝑑 is the distance through
which the data packets forwarded (routing path), 𝑡𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑢𝑒 is the packets
queuing time and 𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 is the CPU processing time for the process.
We have only considered transmission delay and communication delay.
Lemma 2. The CSP provides proper service to n users by using the M/M/1
queuing model.
S.K. Bhoi et al. Microprocessors and Microsystems 80 (2021) 103607

Table 1
A summary of related work.
Method Main focus
Zhou et al. [1] Enhanced area based fully
convolutional networks panicle
identification and counting system to
detect and count the rice in the field
Liu et al. [6] UAV based computer vision system
to identify the agricultural airboat
position information used in
autonomous fertilizing and herbicide
applications
Barrero et al. [10] Method to fuse high resolution RGB
and low resolution multispectral
images to identify the Gramineae
weed in the rice fields
Li et al. [11] UAV and Capsnet mechanism to
track rice images
Qin et al. [16] Impact of spraying parameters, such
as operation velocity and height of
UAV on the droplet deposition in
rice canopy and the protection
efficiency against the plant hoppers
Kitpo et al. [57] IoT based drone implementation
system for the detection and
classification of rice diseases
Pros
To track and count the rice in the
field using deep learning model
To track the agricultural airboat
position information using UAV
To track the Gramineae weed in the
rice fields using UAV
To track rice images using UAV
based capsule network
Controlling of plant hoppers using
UAV based mechanism
Rice disease detection and position
mapping system using drone and IoT
Architecture
Cons
Training process needs to be improved
Improved paddy field recognition
method and airboat detection the
algorithm needs to be proposed to
recognize the irregular shape of paddy
field without markers and to separate
the airboat body and the white wake
More experimental analysis is required
to produce more accurate results
The sample size needs to be increased
under different external conditions to
gain better results and automatic
identification of crop diseases and pests
needs to be initiated
The improved technique needs to be
developed for better performance
Improved algorithm and system need to
be developed to capture on-demand
imagery from flying and scanning the
rice field using the drone.

Fig. 1. Proposed methodology.

Proof. Let 𝑛 users send 𝑛 rice pest images of size 𝑏 bits to CSP which is
denoted by set 𝐵 {𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , …, 𝑏𝑛 } for pest detection. M/M/1 model
uses first come first serve (FCFS) policy for processing the images at
CSP. Therefore, the average time a data of size 𝑏 bits exists in the system
is calculated using Eq. (2).
𝜆 1
𝑡𝑒 = + (2)
(𝜇 × (𝜇 − 𝜆)) 𝜇
where, 𝜆 denotes data arrival rate per unit time and 𝜇 is the data service
rate per unit time and 𝜆 < 𝜇.
Lemma 3. If 𝑛 users are there, then CSP takes total 𝑇𝑒 time for processing
and queuing.
Proof. Let 𝑛 UAVs are there, such as 𝑈1 , 𝑈2 , …, 𝑈𝑛 . From Eq. (2),
each user takes 𝑡𝑒1 , 𝑡𝑒2 , …, 𝑡𝑒𝑛 time, respectively. Therefore, 𝑇𝑒 can be
computed using Eq. (3).
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑡𝑒1 + 𝑡𝑒2 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑒𝑛 (3)
According to Fig. 2, the CSP deals with application layer, cloud
platform and cloud infrastructure layer. The application layer is used
for providing the rice pest identification service by using computing
as a service (CaaS). This layer provides several applications of cloud
without any installation on the system which can be directly used by
the user. These applications can be saved and edited on the cloud.
The cloud platform focuses on cloud application platform especially
for the developers. The infrastructure layer consists of storage unit and

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S.K. Bhoi et al. Microprocessors and Microsystems 80 (2021) 103607

Fig. 2. CSP communication mechanism.

computation unit. The storage unit stores the rice pest images received
from 𝑛 users. The computation unit uses the <Imagga API> to identify
the pests in the images. Imagga API [53] is an application to provide
services to users (UAV) by classifying objects on the basis of <tags>.
UAV sends data (image) by requesting using python language. The
following code is used to process the image at CSP [53] (GET and Fig. 3. Message sending mechanism.
POST).

3.1.1. GET request authentication

response = requests.post(
’https://api.imagga.com/v2/tags’,
import requests auth=(api_key, api_secret),
files={’image’: open(image_path, ’rb’)})
api_key = ’<api-key>’ print(response.json())
api_secret = ’<api-secret>’
image_url = ’https://imagga.com/static/images/
tagging/image.jpg’ The API.autotags after authentication posting the necessary request.
Get request authentication deals with api_key, api_secret, image-url,
response = requests.get( response and print using response.json() mechanism. Post request deals
’https://api.imagga.com/v2/tags?image_url=%s’ with api-key, api-secret, image_path, response as well as print using
% image_url, response.json() mechanism. Get request authentication and Post re-
auth=(api_key, api_secret)) quest mechanisms are mentioned above. The result consists of autotags
and confidence value or accuracy to the tag that is given between
print(response.json()) 0%–100%. After processing the image using imagga API at CSP, CSP
analyzes the result by finding the tags with higher confidence value
3.1.2. POST request and its threshold value is 75%. The tags like pest <insert, arthropod,
leafhopper, grasshopper, etc.> are considered as pest. If it is defected
the pest information is set to user. Then, the owner takes necessary
import requests action to save the rice plants. The GET and POST request mechanisms
are mainly useful for communication of UAVs with the CSP as well as
api_key = ’<api-key>’ the CSP with the field owner.
api_secret = ’<api-secret>’
image_path = ’/path/to/the/image.jpg’ Lemma 4. The total delay a user (𝑈1 ) takes to get the service is 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 .

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S.K. Bhoi et al. Microprocessors and Microsystems 80 (2021) 103607

Table 2
Tags with confidence value for pest image-1.
Tags Confidence value (in %)
Leafhopper 100
Insect 100
Arthropod 85.22
Invertebrate 52.59
Close 34.79
Bug 30.22
Garden 29.33
Plant 29.09
Leaf 26.45
Fly 26.20

Proof. Let a UAV 𝑈1 sends data to CSP it takes to delay (according to

Eq. (1)). The average time a message of size 𝑏 bits exists in the system
is 𝑡𝑒 . Let the total processing time used by imagga API to generate tags
and confidence value is 𝑡𝑝 .
Let the delay to identify the pests by using the tags and confidence
value (Algorithm 1) is 𝑡𝑑 . Hence, total delay to send data to the field
owner is represented by 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 as mentioned in Eq. (4). Fig. 4. Pest image-1 with size 683 × 1024 [95].

𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑡𝑏 + 𝑡𝑒 + 𝑡𝑝 + 𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑖 (4)

where, 𝑡𝑖 is the Internet delay to send pest information to the field

owner.
As per the analysis of Lemma 1, when the UAV wants to send an
image of size of 𝑏 bits to CSP, then the total delay is 𝑡𝑏 . As per the
analysis of Lemma 2, 𝑛 users can get proper service by the CSP by the
help of M/M/1 queuing model. As per the analysis of Lemma 3, the
CSP can take 𝑇𝑒 time for processing and queuing 𝑛 users. As per the
analysis of Lemma 4, the user requires 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 time to get the service.
Lemmas 1–4 play an important role to monitor the rice pest in the field
by the UAVs, which in turn helps the field owner to track the status of
the rice field at regular time intervals.

Algorithm 1 Pest detection using tags, confidence value and threshold Fig. 5. Pest identification from pest image-1 according to tags and confidence value.
Input: Tags, Confidence (%), threshold (𝑡ℎ)
Output: Pest Detection (1/0)

1: for 𝑖 = 1 to 𝑛 tags do
2: if (tag, confidence value) > th (%) then
3: 𝐵[] = tag; ⊳ 𝐵 = Buffer
4: end if
5: end for
6: for 𝑖 = 1 to sizeof(𝐵) do
7: if 𝐵(𝑖) == Pest then
8: Pest Detected
9: Send (1) to Field Owner ⊳ 1 = pest detected
10: end if
11: end for

4. Results and discussion

The performance is evaluated in a machine of 64-bit operating
system with 4 GB RAM, and 3.3 GHz frequency. The language used
for sending request to the cloud to provide computing as a service
(CaaS) is Python. The CaaS is provided using the imagga API [53]
by the cloud service provider. The pest images are taken from the
source [95] for identifying the pests in the rice pest images. Here,
several pest images are considered for showing the performance of rice
pest detection model as mentioned in Figs. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14. The
results are mentioned in Figs. 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and Tables 2 to 7.
After processing of different pest images, the tags and the confi-
dence values (in %) are generated for each image. In our work, we
have mainly focused on the tags having highest confidence values for
Fig. 6. Pest image-2 with size 1024 × 679 [95].
the identification of pests as the pest belongs to such tag which is
having highest confidence value and the threshold value for confidence
value is 75% in our work. The processing result of Fig. 4 is mentioned
in Fig. 5 and Table 2. From Fig. 5 and Table 2, it is observed that
after processing of pest image mentioned in Fig. 4, possible tags with
the confidence values are generated as leafhopper-100, insect-100,
arthropod-85.22, invertebrate-52.59, close-34.79, bug-30.22, garden-
29.33, plant-29.09, leaf-26.45, fly-26.20. From the tags and confidence

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S.K. Bhoi et al. Microprocessors and Microsystems 80 (2021) 103607

Table 3
Tags with confidence value for pest image-2.
Tags Confidence value (in %)
Leafhopper 100
Insect 100
Arthropod 79.07
Invertebrate 43.02
Plant 42.66
Garden 37.72
Grass 36.37
Leaf 33.46
Bug 30.23
Spring 29.04

Table 4
Fig. 7. Pest identification from pest image-2 according to tags and confidence value. Tags with confidence value for pest image-3.
Tags Confidence value (in %)
Leafhopper 76.68
Insect 73.28
Plant 59.13
Horsetail 49.54
Fern Ally 38.85
Grass 38.73
Arthropod 37.68
Garden 32.69
Vascular Plant 29.46
Leaf 28.01

Fig. 8. Pest image-3 with size 197 × 282 [95].

Fig. 10. Pest image-4 with size 598 × 761 [95].

values, it is observed that the processed pest is a leafhopper and it is

Fig. 9. Pest identification from pest image-3 according to tags and confidence value.
an insect as the confidence value is 100% in this case.
The processing result of Fig. 6 is mentioned in Fig. 7 and Ta-
ble 3. From Fig. 7 and Table 3, it is observed that after processing
of pest image mentioned in Fig. 6, possible tags with the confidence
values are generated as leafhopper-100, insect-100, arthropod-79.07,
invertebrate-43.02, plant-42.66, garden-37.72, leaf-33.46, bug-30.23,

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S.K. Bhoi et al. Microprocessors and Microsystems 80 (2021) 103607

Table 5
Tags with confidence value for pest image-4.
Tags Confidence value (in %)
Walking Stick 100
Insect 100
Arthropod 82.62
Mantis 64.52
Invertebrate 51.54
Cricket 36.61
Close 34.24
Wildlife 33.87
Leaf 32.67
Grasshopper 28.15

Table 6
Tags with confidence value for pest image-5. Fig. 13. Pest identification from pest image-5 according to tags and confidence value.
Tags Confidence value (in %)
Leafhopper 100
Insect 100
Arthropod 55.95
Plant 40.08
Invertebrate 35.05
Animal 31.13
Garden 30.99
Grass 29.22
Leaf 27.99
Close 27.94

Fig. 11. Pest identification from pest image-4 according to tags and confidence value.

Fig. 14. Pest image-6 with size 448 × 663 [95].

The processing result of Fig. 8 is mentioned in Fig. 9 and Ta-

Fig. 12. Pest image-5 with size 500 × 375 [95].
spring-29.04. From the tags and confidence values, it is observed that
the processed pest is also a leafhopper and it is an insect as the
confidence value is 100% in this case.
ble 4. From Fig. 9 and Table 4, it is observed that after processing
of pest image mentioned in Fig. 8, possible tags with the confidence
values are generated as leafhopper-76.68, insect-73.28, plant-59.13,
horsetail-49.54, fern ally-38.85, grass-38.73, arthropod-37.68, garden-
32.69, vascular plant-29.46, leaf-28.01. From the tags and confidence
values, it is observed that the processed pest is a leafhopper as the
confidence value for leafhopper is 76.68 in this case.
The processing result of Fig. 10 is mentioned in Fig. 11 and Ta-
ble 5. From Fig. 11 and Fig. 4, it is observed that after processing
of pest image mentioned in Fig. 10, possible tags with the confidence
values are generated as walking stick-100, insect-100, arthropod-82.62,

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S.K. Bhoi et al.
Table 7
Tags with confidence value for pest image-6.
Tags Confidence value (in %)
Leafhopper 100
Insect 100
Arthropod 79.55
Invertebrate 47.19
Plant 32.07
Garden 31.83
Leaf 25.66
Wildlife 24.95
Close 24.53
Grass 24.49
Fig. 15. Pest identification from pest image-6 according to tags and confidence value.
mantis-64.52, invertebrate-51.54, cricket-36.61, close-34.24, wildlife-
33.87, leaf-32.67, grasshopper-28.15. From the tags and confidence
values, it is observed that the processed pest is a walking stick and it
is also an insect as the confidence value is 100% in this case.
The processing result of Fig. 12 is mentioned in Fig. 13 and Table 6.
From Fig. 13 and Table 6, it is observed that after processing of pest
image mentioned in Fig. 12, possible tags with the confidence values
are generated as leafhopper-100, insect-100, arthropod-55.95, plant-
40.08, invertebrate-35.05, animal-31.13, garden-30.99, grass-29.22,
leaf-27.99, close-27.95. From the tags and confidence values, it is
observed that the processed pest is a leafhopper and it is an insect as
the confidence value is 100% in this case.
The processing result of Fig. 14 is mentioned in Fig. 15 and Table 7.
From Fig. 15 and Table 7, it is observed that after processing of
pest image mentioned in Fig. 14, possible tags with the confidence
values are generated as leafhopper-100, insect-100, arthropod-79.55,
invertebrate-47.19, plant-32.07, garden-31.83, leaf-25.66, wildlife-
24.96, close-24.53, grass-24.49. From the tags and confidence values,
it is observed that the processed pest is also a leafhopper and it is
an insect as the confidence value is 100% in this case. Fig. 16 shows
the processing time Imagga cloud take to give the results. However,
we have not considered the total processing time. From the results, it
is observed that after processing of several pest images as mentioned
above, the identified pest is a leafhopper in Figs. 4, 6, 8, 12 and 14 and
it is a walking stick in Fig. 10. From the above analysis of results, it is
concluded that the proposed method is able to track different types
of pests during the production of rice, which can help the rice field
owner to take preventive actions immediately in order to minimize
the wastage of rice. The different preventive actions can be taken as
per the identification of types of rice pests, such as Leafhopper, Insect,
Arthropod and Cricket, by the UAVs.
5. Conclusion
This paper proposed an IoT assisted UAV based pest detection model
to identify the pests in the rice during its production in the field.
8
Microprocessors and Microsystems 80 (2021) 103607
Fig. 16. Processing time to get service from imagga cloud.
This model focuses on AI mechanism to carry out the pest detection
process in the rice field. This work mainly uses Imagga cloud for the
identification of pests. The pest can be identified by taking the tag with
highest confidence value and its threshold value is considered as 75%.
The IoT assisted UAV is used for sending pest images to the Imagga
cloud. It monitors the rice field at regular time intervals by capturing
the rice pest images. The Imagga cloud is used to find out different
kinds of pests by the help of tags and confidence values. The Python
programming paradigm is used for communicating information related
to presence of pests in the rice field. From the results, it is observed
that the proposed approach identifies the types of pests that affect
the rice in the field by processing several pest images. The proposed
work can able to identify any kind of pest that affect the rice during
production in a better way and it can help the farmers to protect
their rice during production. This work can be extended to develop an
improved method to monitor the post production of rice in a better way
by using advance techniques [96–103]. In this paper, an attempt has
been made to monitor the pests during the production of rice, so that
the wastage of rice can be minimized. This work can also be extended
to develop an automated integrated system to monitor the rice during
its production as well as its post-production activities in a better way.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by Researchers Supporting Project num-
ber (RSP-2020/210), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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[103] Arindam Dey, Aayush Agarwal, Pranav Dixit, Hoang Viet Long, Frank Werner, Dr. Hoang Viet Long is currently working as the researcher
Tandra Pal, Le Hoang Son, A genetic algorithm for total graph coloring, J. of Institute for Computational Science at Ton Duc Thang
Intell. Fuzzy Systems 37 (2019) 7831–7838. University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He has been pro-
moted to Associate Professor in Information Technology
since 2017. Recently, he has been concerning in Cybersecu-
rity, Machine Learning and published more than 50 papers
Dr. Sourav Kumar Bhoi is working as an Assistant Profes- in ISI-covered journal.
sor in the Department of CSE at PMEC, Berhampur, India.
His research interests include Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks,
Internet of Things and Security. Dr. Bhoi received the IET
Premium Award 2016 from IET Networks, UK. Dr. Bhoi is
a member of IEEE. Dr. Bhoi has published more than 60
papers in reputed international journals and conferences, Dr. Raghvendra Kumar is working as Associate Professor
and acted as reviewers in many international journals, in Computer Science and Engineering Department at GIET
including IEEE, Elsevier Science, Springer, Wiley, Hindawi University, India. He has published number of research
and many more. papers in international journal (SCI/SCIE/ESCI/Scopus) and
conferences including IEEE and Springer as well as serve as
organizing chair (RICE-2019, 2020), volume Editor (RICE-
Dr. Kalyan Kumar Jena is working as an Assistant Pro-
2018), Keynote speaker, session chair, Co-chair, publicity
fessor in the Department of CSE at PMEC, Berhampur,
chair, publication chair, advisory board, Technical program
India. His research interests include image processing and
Committee members in many international and national
internet of things. He received the BPUT gold medal for his
conferences and serve as guest editors in many special issues
outstanding performance in M. Tech. (CSE) and published
from reputed journals (Indexed By: Scopus, ESCI, SCI).
more than 30 papers in reputed journals and conferences,
and acted as reviewers in many international journals and
conferences. Dr. Subbulakshmi Pasupathi is working as Assistant pro-
fessor (Senior Grade), School of Computer Science and
Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu, India. She has around 10 years of teaching ex-
perience. Her modest areas of interest include Cognitive
Dr. Sanjaya Kumar Panda is working as an Assistant
Radio Networks, Computer networks, Cryptography, Wire-
Professor in the Department of CSE at NIT Warangal,
less Networks & security, Big data analytics, Game theory
Telangana, India. He worked as an Assistant Professor and
and Machine Learning. She has mentored various MHRD
Head of the Department, CSE at IIITDM Kurnool, Andhra
certifications and institutional expert member in Outcome
Pradesh, India and also worked as an Assistant Professor in
Based Education-NBA.
the Department of IT at VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India. He
has published more than 80 papers in reputed journals and
conferences.

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