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12th Physics Unit 1 - Important Questions & Solutions
12th Physics Unit 1 - Important Questions & Solutions
12th Physics Unit 1 - Important Questions & Solutions
in
12 TH
STUDY MATERIALS
PHYSICS UNI1: IMPORTANT
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 40
3 MARK QUESTIONS
1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11
5 MARK QUESTIONS
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Extra questions
Microwave oven:
Microwave oven works on the principle of torque acting on an electric dipole. The food we
consume has water molecules which are permanent electric dipoles. Oven produces microwaves
that are oscillating electromagnetic fields and produce torque on the water molecules. Due to this
torque on each water molecule, the molecules rotate very fast and produce thermal energy. Thus,
heat generated is used to heat the food
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PART - II 2 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Thus The ratio of permittivity of the medium to 14. Define surface charge density.
1. What is Electrostatics? the permittivity of free space is called relative Charge per unit area is called surface charge
𝜺 𝑞
The branch of electricity which deals with permittivity or dielectric constant. [𝜺𝒓 = ] . density. [𝜎 = ]
𝐴
𝜺𝟎
stationary charges is called electrostatics. Its S.I unit is 𝑪 𝒎−𝟐
2. What is called triboelectric charging? It has no unit and for air 𝜀𝑟 = 1 and for other
dielectric medium 𝜀𝑟 > 1 15. Define volume charge density.
Charging the objects through rubbing is called Charge per unit volume is called volume charge
triboelectric charging. 9. Give the vector form of Coulomb’s law. 𝑞
The force on the point charge 𝒒𝟐 exerted by density. [𝜌 = ]
3. Like charges repels. Unlike charges attracts. Prove. 𝑉
A negatively charged rubber rod is repeled by another point charge 𝒒𝟏 is Its S.I unit is 𝑪 𝒎−𝟑
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 16. Define electric field lines.
another negatively charged rubber rod. ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝒓̂𝟏𝟐
But a negatively charged rubber rod is attracted 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓 𝟐 A set of continuous lines which are the visual
by a positively charged glass rod. Simillarly the force on the point charge 𝒒𝟏 exerted representation of the electric field in some region
This proves like charges repels and unlike charges by another point charge 𝒒𝟐 is of space is calle electric field lines.
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 17. Two electric field lines never intersect each other.
attracts. ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝒓̂𝟐𝟏
4. State conservation of electric charges. 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓 𝟐 Why?
The total electric charge in the universe is constant Here, 𝒓̂𝟏𝟐 → unit vector directed from 𝒒𝟏 to 𝒒𝟐 If two lines cross at a point, then there will be two
and charge can neither be created nor be destroyed 𝒓̂𝟐𝟏 → unit vector directed from 𝒒𝟐 to 𝒒𝟏 different electric field vectors at the same point.
In any physical process, the net change in charge 10. Distinguish between Coulomb force and If some charge is placed at the intersection point,
will be zero. This is called conservation of charges. Gravitational force. then it has to move in two different directions at
5. State quantisation of electric charge. Coulomb force Gravitational force the same time, which is physically impossible.
The charge ‘q’ of any object is equal to an integral It acts between two charges It acts between two masses Hence electric field lines do not intersect.
(i.e) 𝒒 = 𝒏 𝒆
where, n integer and 𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪
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multiple of this fundamental unit of charge ‘e’ It can be attractive or It is always attractive
repulsive
It is always greater in It is always lesser in
18. What is called electric dipole. Give an example.
Two equal and opposite charges separated by a
small distance constitute an electric dipole.
6. State Coulomb’s law in electrostatics. magnitude magnitude (e.g) CO, HCl, NH4, H2O
According to Coulomb law, the force on the point It depends on the nature of It is independent of the 19. Define electric dipole moment. Give its unit.
charge 𝒒𝟐 exerted by another point charge 𝒒𝟏 is the medium medium The magnitude of the electric dipole moment (𝒑)
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 If charges are in motion, Gravitional force is the is equal to the product of the magnitude of one of
⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝒌 𝒓̂𝟏𝟐
𝒓 𝟐 another force called Lorentz same whether two masses the charges (q) and the distance (2a) between
where, k → constant force come in to play in are at rest or in motion them. (i.e) |𝒑⃗ | = 𝒒. 𝟐𝒂
𝒓̂𝟏𝟐 → unit vector directed from 𝒒𝟏 to 𝒒𝟐 addition to Coulomb force Its unit is C m
7. Define one coulomb (1 C) 11. Define superposition principle. 20. Define potential difference. Give its unit.
The S.I unit of charge is coulomb (C) According to Superposition principle, the total The electric potential difference is defined as the
One Coulomb is that charge which when placed in force acting on a given charge is equal to the workdone by an external force to bring unit
free space or air at a distance 1 m from an equal vector sum of forces exerted on it by all the other positive charge from one point to another point
and similar charge repels with a force of 9 X 109 N charges. against the electric field.
8. Define relative permittivity. 12. Define electric field. Its unit is volt (V)
From Coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force is The electric field at a point ‘P’ at a distance ‘r’ from 21. Define electrostatic potential. Give its unit.
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 the point charge ‘q’ is the force experienced by a The electric potential at a point is equal to the
⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝒓̂𝟏𝟐 = 𝒓̂𝟏𝟐
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺 𝒓𝟐 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝜺𝒓 𝒓 𝟐 unit charge. Its S.I unit is N C-1 work done by an external force to bring a unit
Here 𝜀 = 𝜺𝒐 𝜺𝒓 is called permittivity of any 13. Define linear charge density. positive charge with constant velocity from
medium The charge per unit length is called linear charge infinity to the point in the region of the external
𝑞
𝜺𝟎 is called permittivity of free space or vacuum density. [𝜆 = ] electric field.
and 𝜺𝒓 is called relative permittivity. 𝑙 Its unit is volt (V)
Its S.I unit is 𝑪 𝒎−𝟏
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
22. Obtain the relation between electric field and A sensitive electrical instrument which is to be 35. Define dielectric breakdown.
electric potential. protected from external electrical disturnance is When the external electric field applied to
The work done in moving a unit charge through a kept inside this cavity. This is called electrostatic dielectric is very large, it tears the atoms apart so
distance ‘dx’ in an electric field ‘E’ is 𝑑𝑊 = − 𝐸 𝑑𝑥 shielding. (e.g) Faraday cage that the nound charges become free charges. Then
Here negative sign indicates work done is against 28. During lightning, it is safer to sit inside bus than in an the dielectric starts to conduct electricity. This is
the electric field. open ground or under tree. Why? called dielectric breakdown.
This work done is equal to the potential difference The metal body of the bus provides electrostatic 36. Define dielectric strength.
and hence, shielding, where the electric field is zero. The maximum electric field the dielectric can
𝒅𝑽 During lightning the electric discharge passes withstand before it breakdowns is called dielectric
𝑑𝑉 = − 𝐸 𝑑𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑬= −
𝒅𝒙 through the body of the bus. strength.
Thus the electric field is the negative gradient of 29. Define electrostatic induction. The dielectric strength of air is 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑽 𝒎−𝟏
electric potential. The phenomenom of charging without actual If the applied electric field is increases beyond
23. Define equi potential surface. contact of charged body is called electrostatic this, a spark is produced in the air (i.e) it becomes
An equipotential surface is a surface on which all induction. a conductor
the points are at the same potential. 30. Define dielectrics or insulators. 37. What is called a capacitor?
1) For a point charge the equipotential surfaces A dielectric is a non- conducting material and has Capacitor is a device used to store electric charge
are concentric spherical surfaces. no free electrons. The electrons in a dielectric are and electric energy.
2) For a uniform electric field, the equipotential bound within the atoms. It consists of two conducting plates or sheets
surfaces form a set of planes normal to the (e.g) Ebonite. glass and mica separated by some distance.
electric field. 31. What are called non-polar molecules. Give Capacitors are widely used in many electronic
24. Define electrostatic potential energy. examples. circuits and in many area of science and
The electric potential energy of two point charges
is equal to the amount of workdone to assemble
the charges or workdone in bringing a charge
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A non-polar molecule is one in which centres of
positive and negative charges coincide.
It has no permanent dipole moment.
technology.
38. Define capacitance of a capacitor.
The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the
from infinite distance. (i.e) U = W = q V (e.g) H2, O2, CO2 ratio of the magnitude of charge (Q) on either of
25. Define electric flux. 32. What are called polar molecules. Give examples. the conductor plates to the potential difference
The number of electric field lines crossing a given A polar molecule is one in which the positive and (V) existing between the conductors. (i.e) C = Q/V
area kept normal to the electric field lines is called negative charges are separated even in the Its unit is farad (F) or C V-1
electric flux (𝐸 ). absence of an external electric field. 39. Define energy density of a capacitor.
Its S.I unit is 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 𝑪−𝟏 . It is a scalar quantity. They have a permanent dipole moment. The energy stored per unit volume of space is
26. State Gauss law. (e.g) H2O, N2O, HCl, NH4 defined as energy density and it is derived as,
Gauss law states that if a charge ‘Q’ is enclosed by 33. Define dielectric polarization. 𝑼 𝟏
𝒖𝑬 = = 𝜺𝒐 𝑬𝟐
an arbitrary closed surface, then the total electric In the presence of external electric field, dipole 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝟐
1
flux through the closed surface is equal to times moment is induced in the dielectric along the 40. Define action of point or corona discharge.
𝜀𝑂
direction of the field. Smaller the radius of curvature, larger the charge
the net charge enclosed by the surface.
𝑸 Polarisation (𝑝 ) is defined as the total dipole density. Hence charges are accumulated at the
⃗⃗ = 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝑬 = ∮ ⃗𝑬 . 𝒅𝑨 moment per unit volume of the dielectric. sharp points.
𝜺𝟎 34. Define electric susceptibility. Due to this, the electric field near this sharp edge
27. Define electrostatic shielding .
For dielectrics, the polarization is directly is very high and it ionized the surrounding air.
By Gauss law, we conclude that the electric field proportional to the strength of the external The positive ions are repelled and negative ions
inside the charged spherical shell is zero.
electric field. (i.e) ⃗𝑷
⃗ = 𝝌𝒆 ⃗𝑬𝒆𝒙𝒕 are attracted towards the sharp edge.
If a conductor has cavity, then whatever the This reduces the total charge of the conductor
where 𝝌𝒆 is a constant called the electric
charges at the surfaces or whatever the electrical near the sharp edge. This is called action of points
susceptibility which is defined as polarization per
diesturbances outside, the electric field inside the or corona discharge
unit electric field.
cavity is zero. 𝟐 −𝟏
Its unit is 𝑪 𝑵 𝒎
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
3. Explain Electric field at a point dueto system of 5. Derive an expression for torque experienced by an
PART - III 3 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS charges (or) Superposition of electric fields. electric dipole placed in the uniform electric field.
1. Discuss the basic properties of electric charge. Superposition of electric field : Torque experienced by the dipole in electric field :
(i) Electric charge : The electric field at an arbitrary point due to
Like mass, the electric charge is also an system of point charges is simply equal to the
intrinsic and fundamental property of vector sum of the electric fields created by the
particles. individual point charges. This is called
The unit of electric charge is coulomb superposition of electric fields.
(ii) Conservation of electric charge : Explanation :
The total electric charge in the universe is Consider a system of ‘n’ charges 𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … , 𝑞𝑛
constant and charge can neither be created The electric field at ‘P’ due to ‘n’ charges
nor be destroyed. 1 𝑞1
⃗⃗⃗𝐸1 =
In any physical process, the nte change in 2 𝑟̂1𝑃
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟1𝑃
charge will be zero. This is called conservation 1 𝑞2
⃗⃗⃗𝐸2 =
of charges 2 𝑟̂2𝑃
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟2𝑃 Let a dipole of moment ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 is placed in an uniform
(iii) Quanisation of charge : 1 𝑞𝑛 electric field ⃗⃗⃗𝑬
The chage ‘q’ of any object is equal to an finally, ⃗⃗⃗𝐸𝑛 = 2 𝑟̂𝑛𝑃 The force on ‘+q’ = +𝒒⃗⃗⃗𝑬
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟𝑛𝑃
integral multiple of this fundamental unit of The total electric field at ‘P’ due to all these ‘n’ The force on ‘-q’ = − 𝒒⃗⃗⃗𝑬
charge ‘e’ (i.e) 𝒒 = 𝒏 𝒆 charges will be, Then the total force acts on the dipole is zero.
where n integer and 𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐸1 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐸2 + … … + ⃗⃗⃗𝐸𝑛 But these two forces constitute a couple and the
2. Define superposition principle. Explain how
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝒏 dipole experience a torque which tend to rotate
superposition principle explans the interaction
between multiple charges.
Superposition principle :
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⃗⃗⃗𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕 =
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟏𝑷
[ 𝟐 𝒓̂𝟏𝑷 + 𝟐 𝒓̂𝟐𝑷 + ⋯ + 𝟐 𝒓̂𝒏𝑷 ]
𝒓𝟐𝑷
4. List the properties of electric field lines.
𝒓𝒏𝑷
the dipole along the field.
The total torque on the dipole about the point ‘O’
⃗⃗𝜏 = 𝑂𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 (− 𝒒⃗⃗⃗𝑬) + 𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 (+𝒒⃗⃗⃗𝑬)
According to Superposition principle, the total Electric field lines :
A set of continuous lines which are the visual ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|⃗⃗𝜏| = |𝑂𝐴| |− 𝒒⃗⃗⃗𝑬| sin 𝜃 + |𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | |𝒒⃗⃗⃗𝑬| sin 𝜃
force acting on a given charge is equal to the
vector sum of forces exerted on it by all the other representation of the electric field in some region 𝜏 = (𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵)𝑞 𝐸 sin 𝜃
charges. of space. 𝜏 = 2 𝑎 𝑞 𝐸 sin 𝜃 ∵ [𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑎]
Explanation : Properties of electric field lines : 𝝉 = 𝒑 𝑬 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
Consider a system of ‘n’ charges 𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … , 𝑞𝑛 1) They starts from positive charge and end at where, 2 𝑎 𝑞 = 𝑝 → dipole moment
By Coulomb’s law, force on 𝑞1 by 𝑞2 , … , 𝑞𝑛 are negative charge or at infinity. In vector notation, ⃗⃗𝝉 = ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑬
𝑞1 𝑞2 2) The electric field vector at a point in space is The torque is maximum, when 𝜃 = 90
⃗⃗⃗𝐹12 = 𝑘 𝑟̂21
2 tangential to the electric field line at that point.
𝑟21 6. Obtain an expression electric potential at a point
𝑞 𝑞 3) The electric field lines are denser in a region due to a point charge.
⃗⃗⃗𝐹13 = 𝑘 1 2 𝑟̂31 where the electric field has larger magnitude and
2
𝑟31 Potential due to a point charge :
𝑞1 𝑞2 less dense in region where the electric field is of
finally. ⃗⃗⃗𝐹1𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑟̂𝑛1 smaller magnitude. (i.e) the number of lines
2
𝑟𝑛1
passing through a given surface area
Then total force action on 𝑞1 due to all charges,
perpendicular to the line is proportional to the
⃗⃗⃗𝐹1𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹12 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐹13 + … … + ⃗⃗⃗𝐹1𝑛 Consider a point charge +𝒒 at origin.
magnitude of the electric field.
𝒒 𝟏 𝒒 𝟐 𝒒 𝟏 𝒒𝟑 𝒒 𝟏 𝒒 𝒏 ‘P’ be a point at a distance ‘r’ from origin.
⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒕𝒐𝒕
𝟏 = 𝒌[ 𝟐 𝒓̂𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐 𝒓̂𝟑𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝟐 𝒓̂𝒏𝟏 ] 4) No two electric field lines intersect each other
𝒓𝟐𝟏 𝒓𝟑𝟏 𝒓𝒏𝟏 5) The number of electric field lines that emanate By definition, the electric field at ‘P’ is
1 𝑞
from the positive charge or end at a negative ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 = 𝑟̂
charge is directly proportional to the magnitude of 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 2
the charges.
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Hence electric potential at ‘P’ is The potential at ‘C’ due to charges 𝒒𝟏 & 𝒒𝟐 9. Explain the process of electrostatic induction.
𝑟 𝑟 1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2
1 𝑞 Electrostatic induction:
𝑉1𝐶 = & 𝑉2𝐶 =
𝑉 = − ∫ ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = − ∫ 𝑟̂ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟13 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟23
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 2
∞ ∞ To bring third charge 𝒒𝟑 to ‘C’ , work has to be
𝑟
1 𝑞 done against the electric field due to 𝒒𝟏 & 𝒒𝟐 .
𝑉= − ∫ 2
𝑟̂ . 𝑑𝑟 𝑟̂ [∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑟̂ ] Thus work done on charge 𝒒𝟑 is,
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟
∞ 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑟 𝑊 = 𝑞3 (𝑉1𝐶 + 𝑉2𝐶 ) = 𝑞3 [ + ]
𝑞 1 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟13 𝑟23
𝑉= − ∫ 𝑑𝑟 [∵ 𝑟̂ . 𝑟̂ = 1] 𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑼 =
∞ [ + ] − − − −(𝟐)
𝑞 1𝑟 𝑞 1 1 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟏𝟑 𝒓𝟐𝟑
𝑉= − [− ] = [ − ] Hence the the total electrostatic potential energy of
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 ∞ 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 ∞
system of three point charges is
𝟏 𝒒
𝑽= 𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓 𝑼 = [ + + ] − − − (𝟑)
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟏𝟐 𝒓𝟏𝟑 𝒓𝟐𝟑
If the source charge is negative (−𝑞) , then the 8. Obtain an expression for electrostatic potential The type of charging without actual contact of
potential also negative and it is given by energy of a dipole in a uniform electric field. charged body is called electrostatic induction.
𝟏 𝒒
𝑽=− Potential energy of dipole in uniform electric field: Let a negatively charged rubber rod is brought
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓 near to spherical conductor, the electrons in the
7. Obtain an expression for potential energy due to a conductor are repelled to farther side and hence
collection of three point charges which are positive charges are induced near the region of the
separated by finite distances. rod. So the distribution of charges are not uniform,
Potential energy of system of three charges :
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If the conducting sphere is connected to ground,
the electrons are flows to the ground, but the
positive charges will not flow to the ground,
Let a dipole of moment ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 is placed in a uniform because they are attracted by the negative charges
electric field ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 of the rod.
Here the dipole experience a torque, which rotate When the grounding wire is removed from the
Electrostatic potential energy of a system of the dipole along the field. sphere, the positive charges remain near the rod.
charges is defined as the work done to assemble To rotate the dipole from 𝜃 to 𝜃 against this If the charged rod is taken away, the positive
the charges torque, work has to be done by an external torque charges are distributed uniformly on the surface
consider a point charge 𝒒𝟏 at ‘A’ (𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 ) and it is given by, of the sphere.
Electric potential at ‘B’ due to 𝒒𝟏 is, Thus the neutral conducting sphere becomes
1 𝑞1
𝑉1𝐵 = 𝑊 = ∫ 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑 = ∫ 𝑝 𝐸 sin 𝜃 𝑑 positively charged without any contact.
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟12 10. Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel
To bring second charge 𝒒𝟐 to ‘B’, work has to be 𝑊 = 𝑝 𝐸 [− cos 𝜃] = −𝑝 𝐸 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ] plate capacitor.
done against the electric field created by 𝒒𝟏 𝑊 = 𝑝 𝐸 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃] Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor :
The work done on the charge 𝒒𝟐 is, This work done is stored as electrostatic potential
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑊 = 𝑞2 𝑉1𝐵 = energy of the dipole.
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟12 Let the initial angle be 𝜃 = 90 , then
This work done is stored as electrostatic potential 𝑈 = 𝑊 = 𝑝 𝐸 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]
energy of system of two charges 𝒒𝟏 and 𝒒𝟐 𝑼 = − 𝒑 𝑬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = − ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑬
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑼= − − − −(𝟏) If 𝜃 = 180 , then potential energy is maximum
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟏𝟐
If 𝜃 = 0 , then potential energy is mimimum
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Consider a capacitor consists of two parallel plates The energy stored per unit volume of space is Principle of lightning conductor (Action of point) :
each of area ‘A’ separated by a distance ‘d’ defined as energy density ((𝒖𝑬 ). Action of point is the principle behind the
Let ‘𝝈′ be the surface charge density of the plates. 𝑼𝑬 𝟏 lightning conductor.
𝒖𝑬 = = 𝜺𝑶 𝑬𝟐 We know that smaller the radius of curvature, the
The electric field between the plates, 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝟐
𝝈 𝑸 12. Explain in detail how charges are distributed in a larger is the charge density.
𝑬= = − − − − − − − (1)
𝜺𝑶 𝑨 𝜺𝑶 conductor and the principle behind the lightning If the conductor has sharp end which has larger
Since the field is uniform, the potential difference conductor. curvature (smaller radius), it has a large charge
between the plates, Distribution of charges in a conductor : accumulation.
𝑸 As a result, the electric field near this edge is very
𝑽=𝑬𝒅= [ ]𝒅 − − − − − (2)
𝑨 𝜺𝑶 high and it ionizes the surrounding air.
Then the capacitance of the capacitor, The positive ions are repelled at the sharp edge
𝑄 𝑄 and negative ions are attracted towards the
𝐶= =
𝑉 𝑄 sharper edge.
[ ]𝑑 This reduces the total charge of the conductor
𝐴 𝜀𝑂
𝜺𝑶 𝑨 Consider two conducting spheres ‘A’ and ‘B’ of near the sharp edge. This is called action of points
𝑪= − − − − − − − (𝟑) radii 𝒓𝟏 and 𝒓𝟐 . Let 𝒓𝟏 > 𝒓𝟐
𝒅 or corona discharge.
Thus capacitance is, Let the two spheres are connected by a thin 13. Explain the principle, construction and action of
(i) directly proportional to the Area (A) and conducting wire. lightning conductor.
(ii) inversely proportional to the separation (d) If a charge ‘Q’ is given to either A or B, this charge Lightning conductor :
11. Derive an expression for energy stored in capacitor is redistributed in both the spheres until their This is a device used to
Energy stored in capacitor: potential becomes same. protect tall building from
Now they are uniformly charged and attain
Capacitor is a device used to store charges and
energy.
When a battery is connected to the capacitor,
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electrostatic equilibrium.
At this stage, let the surface charge densities of
lightning strikes;
It woks on the principle of
acion of points or corona
electrons of total charge ‘-Q’ are transferred from A and B are 𝜎1 and 𝜎2 respectively, then discharge.
one plate to other plate. For this work is done by Charge residing on suface of A = 𝑞1 = 𝜎1 4 𝜋 𝑟12 It consists of a long thick copper rod passing from
the battery. Charge residing on suface of B = 𝑞2 = 𝜎2 4 𝜋 𝑟22 top of the building to the ground.
This work done is strored as electrostatic energy Then the total charge ; Q = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 The upper end of the rod has a sharp spike or a
in capacitor. There is no net charge inside the conductors. sharp needle. The lower end of the rod is
To transfer ′𝑑𝑄′ for a potential difference ‘V’, the Electrostic potential on the surface of A and B is connected to the copper plate which is buried
work done is 1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2 deep in to the ground.
𝑉𝐴 = & 𝑉𝐵 =
𝑄 𝑄 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟1 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟2 When a negatively charged cloud is passing above
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑄 [∵ 𝑉 = ] Under elecrostic equilibrium. 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵
𝐶 𝐶 the building, it induces a positive charge on the
The total work done to charge a capacitor, 1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2 spike.
𝑄
∴ =
𝑄
𝑄 1 𝑄2 𝑄2 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟1 4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟2 Since the charge density is large at the spike,
𝑊= ∫ 𝑑𝑄 = [ ] = 𝑞1 𝑞2 action of point takes place.
0 𝐶 𝐶 2 0 2𝐶 =
𝑟1 𝑟2 This positive charge ionizes the surrounding air
This work done is stored as electrostatic energy of 𝜎1 4 𝜋 𝑟12 𝜎2 4 𝜋 𝑟22
= which in turn neutralizes the negative charge in
the capacitor, (i.e) 𝑟 𝑟
1 2 the cloud.
𝑸𝟐 𝟏
𝑼𝑬 = = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 [∵ 𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑉] 𝜎1 𝑟1 = 𝜎2 𝑟2 The negative charge pushed to the spikes passes
𝟐𝑪 𝟐
𝜀 𝐴 (𝑜𝑟) 𝝈 𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 through the copper rod and is safely diverted to
We know that, 𝑉 = 𝐸 𝑑 & 𝐶= 𝑂 the Earth.
𝑑 Thus the surface charge density is inversely
1 𝜀𝑂 𝐴 2
1 2 Thus the lighting arrester does not stop the
∴ 𝑈𝐸 = (𝐸 𝑑) = 𝜀𝑂 (𝐴 𝑑) 𝐸 proportional to the radius of the sphere.
2 𝑑 2 Hence for smaller radius , the charge density will
lightning, but it diverts the lightning to the ground
where, (𝐴 𝑑) → 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 safely
be larger and
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, vice versa
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
14. Give the applications and disadvantage of Due to this torque on each water molecule, the
capacitors molecules rotate very fast and produce thermal
PART - IV 5 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Applications of capacitor: energy. 1. Explain in detail Coulomb’s law and its various aspects.
Flash capacitors are used in digital camera to take Thus, heat generated is used to heat the food. Coulomb’s law :
photographs
During cardiac arrest, a device called heart
defibrillator is used to give a sudden surge of a
large amount of electrical energy to the patient’s
chest to retrieve the normal heart function. This Consider two point charges 𝒒𝟏 and 𝒒𝟐 separated
defibrillator uses a capacitor of 175 µF charged to by a distance ′𝒓′
a high voltage of around 2000 V According to Coulomb law, the force on the point
Capacitors are used in the ignition system of charge 𝒒𝟐 exerted by 𝒒𝟏 is
𝒒 𝒒
automobile engines to eliminate sparking. ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝒌 𝟏 𝟐 𝒓̂𝟏𝟐
Capacitors are used to reduce power fluctuations 𝒓𝟐
where, k → constant
in power supplies and to increase the efficiency of
𝒓̂𝟏𝟐 → unit vector directed from 𝒒𝟏 to 𝒒𝟐
power transmission.
Important aspects :
Disadvantages :
Coulomb law states that the electrostatic force is
Even after the battery or power supply is
1) directly proportional to the product of the
removed, the capacitor stores charges and energy
magnitude of two point charges
for some time. It caused unwanted shock.
2) inversely proportional to the square of the
15. Define equipotential surface. Give its properties.
distance between them
Equipotential surface:
An equipotential surface is a surface on which all
the points are at the same potential.
www.kalvikadal.in The force always lie along the line joining the two
charges.
𝟏
1) For a point charge the equipotential surfaces In S.I units, 𝒌 = = 𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 𝑪−𝟐
𝟒 𝝅𝜺𝟎
are concentric spherical surfaces. Here is the permittivity of free space or vacuum
2) For a uniform electric field, the equipotential and its value is
surfaces form a set of planes normal to the 𝟏
electric field. 𝜺𝟎 = = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝑵−𝟏 𝒎−𝟐
𝟒 𝝅𝒌
Properties : The magnitude of electrostatic force between two
The wor kdone to move a charge ‘q’ between any charges each of 1 C separated by a distance of 1 m
two points A and B is 𝑊 = 𝑞 (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ). If A and B is 𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵
lie on the same equipotential surface then 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 The Coulomb law in vacuum and in medium are,
Hence work done is zero (𝑊 = 0) 𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝒓̂𝟏𝟐
The electric field is always normal to an 𝟒 𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐
equipotential surface. 𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
& ⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝒓̂𝟏𝟐
16. Write a note on microwave oven. 𝟒 𝝅𝜺 𝒓𝟐
Microwave oven : where, 𝜀 = 𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 −→ permittivity of the medium
It works on the principle of torque acting on an - Thus the relative permittivity of the given medium
𝜀
electric dipole. is defined as , 𝜀𝑟 = . For air or vacuum, 𝜀𝑟 = 1
𝜀𝑜
The food we consume has water molecules which and for all other media 𝜀𝑟 > 1
are permanent electric dipoles. Oven produce
Coulomb’s law has same structure as Newton’s law
microwaves that are oscillating electromagnetic
of gravitation. (i.e)
fields and produce torque on the water molecules. 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 𝑘 2 & 𝐹𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝐺
𝑟 𝑟2
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Here 𝑘 = 9 𝑋 109 𝑁 𝑚2 𝐶 −2 and 3. How do we determine the electric field due to a Then the electric field due to surface of total
𝐺 = 6.626 𝑋 10−11 𝑁 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 continuous charge distribution? Explain. charge Q is
Since ‘k’ is much more greater than ‘G’, the Continuos distribution of charges 𝟏 𝝈 𝒅𝑨 𝝈 𝒅𝑨
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒓̂ = ∫ 𝟐 𝒓̂
electrostatic force is always greater than Consider a charged object of 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓
gravitational force for smaller size objects irregularshape which is divided c) Volume charge distribution :
Electrostatic force between two point charges into a large number of charge If the charge ‘Q’ is uniformly distributed in a
depends on the nature of the medium in which elements ∆𝑞1 , ∆𝑞2 , ∆𝑞3 , … ∆𝑞𝑛 volume ‘V’, then charge per unit volume (i.e)
two charges are kept at rest. The electric field at ‘P’ due to volume charge density ; 𝜌 =
𝑄
𝑉
Depending upon the nature of the charges, it may this charged object is equal to
sum of all the charged Hence, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑉
either be attractive or repulsive
Then the electric field due to volume of total
If the charges are in motion, another force called elements. (i.e)
1 ∆𝑞1 ∆𝑞2 ∆𝑞𝑛 charge Q is
Lorentz force come in to play in addition with ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 = [ 2 𝑟̂1𝑃 + 𝑟̂
2𝑃 + ⋯ + 𝑟̂𝑛𝑃 ] 𝟏 𝒅𝑽 𝒅𝑽
Coulomb force. 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟1𝑃 𝑟2𝑃2 2
𝑟𝑛𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒓̂ = ∫ 𝟐 𝒓̂
Electrostatic force obeys Newton’s third law. (i.e) 𝒏 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺 𝒐 𝒓 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺 𝒐 𝒓
𝟏 ∆𝒒𝒊 4. Calculate the electric field due to a dipole on its
⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 = − ⃗𝑭𝟏𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = ∑ 𝟐 𝒓̂𝒊𝑷
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺 𝒐 𝒓 axial line.
2. Define electric field. Explain its various aspects. 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊𝑷
Electric field due to dipole on its axial line :
Electric field : For continuous distribution of charge, we have
The electric field at the point ‘P’ at a distance ‘r’ ∆𝑞 → 0 (= 𝑑𝑞). Hence
from the point charge ‘q’ is the force experienced 𝟏 𝒅𝒒
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒓̂ − − − − − − − (𝟏)
by a unit charge and is given by 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓
⃗⃗⃗𝑭 𝟏 𝒒
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 =
Important aspects :
𝒒𝒐
=
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓 𝟐
𝒓̂
www.kalvikadal.in Consider a dipole AB along X - axis. Its diplole
moment be 𝒑 = 𝟐𝒒𝒂 and its direction be along
If ‘q’ is positive, the electric field points away and − 𝒒 to + 𝒒 .
if ‘q’ is negative the electric field points towards Let ‘C’ be the point at a distance ‘r’ from the mid
the source charge. point ‘O’ on its axial line.
Electric field at C due to +𝒒
𝟏 𝒒
⃗+=
𝑬 ̂
𝒑
The force experienced by the test charge 𝒒𝒐 placed 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 (𝒓 − 𝒂)𝟐
Electric field at C due to −𝒒
in electric field ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 is , ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = 𝒒𝒐 ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 a) Linear charge distribution :
𝟏 𝒒
The electric field is independent of test charge 𝒒𝒐 If the charge ‘Q’ is uniformly distributed along ⃗−= −
𝑬 ̂
𝒑
the wire of length ‘L’, then charge per unit 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺 𝒐 (𝒓 + 𝒂)𝟐
and it depends only on souce charge 𝒒
length (i.e) linear charge density ; 𝜆 =
𝑄 Since +𝒒 is located closer to pont ‘C’ than −𝒒 ,
Electric field is a vector quantity. So it has unique 𝐿 ⃗𝑬+ > 𝑬 ⃗−
direction and magnitude at every point. Hence, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑙
Since electric field is inversely proportional to the By superposition principle, the total electric field
Then the electric field due to line of total
distance, as distance increases the field decreases. at ‘C’ due to dipole is,
charge Q is
The test charge is made sufficiently small such 𝟏 𝝀 𝒅𝒍 𝝀 𝒅𝒍 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝐸⃗+ + 𝐸⃗−
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = ∫ ̂
𝒓 = ∫ ̂
𝒓 1 𝑞 1 𝑞
that it will not modify the electric field of the 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓𝟐 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓 𝟐 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑝̂ − 𝑝̂
source charge. 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 (𝑟 − 𝑎) 2 4 𝜋 𝜀 𝑜 (𝑟 + 𝑎)2
b) Surface charge distribution :
For continuous and finite size charge 1 1 1
If the charge ‘Q’ is uniformly distributed on 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑞 [ − ] 𝑝̂
distributions, integration techniques must bt used the surface of area ‘A’, then charge per unit 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 (𝑟 − 𝑎) 2 (𝑟 + 𝑎)2
2
(𝑟 + 𝑎) − (𝑟 − 𝑎) 2
There are two kinds of electric field. They are 𝑄 1
area (i.e) surface charge density ; 𝜎 = 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑞 [ ] 𝑝̂
(1) Uniform or constant field 𝐴 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 (𝑟 − 𝑎)2 (𝑟 + 𝑎)2
(2) Non uniform field Hence, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎 𝑑𝐴
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1 𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 + 2 𝑟 𝑎 − 𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 + 2 𝑟 𝑎 But the horizontal components | ⃗𝑬+ | 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 and Apply cosine law in BOP
𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑞 [ ] 𝑝̂ r12 = r 2 + a2 − 2 r a cos θ
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 〈(𝑟 − 𝑎)(𝑟 + 𝑎)〉2 ⃗ − | 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 are equal and in same direction (−𝒑
| 𝑬 ̂)
1 4𝑟𝑎 a2 2 a
𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑞 [ 2 ] 𝑝̂ will added up to give total electric field. Hence r12 = r 2 [1 + 2 − cos θ]
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 〈𝑟 − 𝑎 2 〉2 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = | 𝐸⃗+ | 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (−𝑝̂ ) + | 𝐸⃗− | 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (−𝑝̂ ) r r
Here the direction of total electric field is the 𝑎2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − 2 | 𝐸⃗+ | 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑝̂ If 𝑎 ≪ 𝑟 then neglecting 2
𝑟
dipole moment ⃗⃗⃗𝒑. 1 𝑞 2a
If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎 , then neglecting 𝑎2 . We get 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − 2 [ ] cos 𝜃 𝑝̂ 2 2
r1 = r [1 − cos θ]
1 4𝑟𝑎 1 4𝑎 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 ) r
1
𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑞 [ 4 ] 𝑝̂ = 𝑞 [ 3 ] 𝑝̂ 1 2𝑞 𝑎 2d
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − [ ] 1 𝑝̂ r1 = r [1 − cos θ]
2
𝟏 𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 ) (𝑟 2 r
+ 𝑎 2 )2
⃗𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕 = [ 𝑞 2𝑎 𝑝̂ = ⃗⃗⃗𝑝 ] 1 2𝑞𝑎 −
1
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓 𝟑 𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − 1 1 2a 2
3 𝑝̂ = [1 − cos θ]
5. Calculate the electric field due to a dipole on its 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 (𝑟 2 r1 r r
+ 𝑎 2 )2
equatorial line. 1 𝑝 𝑝̂ 1 ⃗⃗⃗𝑝 1 1 a
𝐸⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − = [1 + cos θ] – − − − (2)
Electric field due to dipole on its equatorial line : 3 = − 3 r1 r r
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 (𝑟 2 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
+ 𝑎 2 )2
Apply cosine law in AOP
If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎 then neglecting 𝑎2 r22 = r 2 + a2 + 2 r a cos (180 − θ)
𝟏 ⃗⃗⃗𝒑
⃗ 𝒕𝒐𝒕 = −
𝑬 [ 𝑞 2𝑎 𝑝̂ = 𝑝 𝑝̂ = ⃗⃗⃗𝑝 ] a2 2 a
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓 𝟑 r22 = r 2 [1 + 2 + cos θ]
r r
6. Derive an expression for electro static potential 𝑎2
due to electric dipole.
If 𝑎 ≪ 𝑟 then neglecting 2
𝑟
2a
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Electrostatic potential due to dipole : 2
r2 = r [1 + 2
2a
r
cos θ]
1
2
r2 = r [1 + cos θ]
r
1
−
1 1 2a 2
= [1 + cos θ]
Consider a dipole AB along X - axis. Its diplole r2 r r
moment be 𝒑 = 𝟐𝒒𝒂 and its direction be along 1 1 a
− 𝒒 to + 𝒒 . = [1 + cos θ] – − − − (3)
r2 r r
Let ‘C’ be the point at a distance ‘r’ from the mid Consider a dipole AB along X - axis. Its diplole Put equation (2) and (3) in (1)
point ‘O’ on its equatorial plane. moment be 𝒑 = 𝟐𝒒𝒂 and its direction be along 1 1 𝑎 1 𝑎
Electric field at C due to +𝒒 (along BC) 𝑉 = 𝑞 { [1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃] − [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]}
− 𝒒 to + 𝒒 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝟏 𝒒 Let ‘P’ be the point at a distance ‘r’ from the mid 1 𝑞 𝑎 𝑎
| 𝑬⃗ +| =
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 (𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 ) point ‘O’ 𝑉 = [1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Electric field at C due to −𝒒 (along CA) Let ∠𝑃𝑂𝐴 = 𝜃, 𝐵𝑃 = 𝑟1 and 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑟2 1 𝑞 2𝑎 1 2𝑞𝑎
𝟏 𝒒 Electric potential at P due to +𝒒 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
| 𝑬⃗ −| = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 (𝒓 + 𝒂 )
𝟐 𝟐 1 q 𝟏 𝒑
⃗ ⃗ V1 = 𝑽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 [𝑝 = 2𝑞𝑎]
Here | 𝑬+ | = | 𝑬− | 4 πε0 r1 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟐
Resolve 𝑬⃗ + and 𝑬 ⃗ − in to two components. Electric potential at P due to −𝒒 𝟏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒑 . 𝒓̂
⃗ 1 q (𝒐𝒓) 𝑽 = [𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝 . 𝑟̂ ]
Here the perpendicular components | 𝑬+ | 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 V2 = − 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟐
4 πε0 r2 Here 𝑟̂ is the unit vector along OP
and | ⃗𝑬− | 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 are equal and opposite will cancel
Then total potential at ‘P’ due to dipole is
each other 1 1 1
V = V1 + 𝑉2 = q [ − ] − − − (1)
4 πε0 r1 r2
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
case -1 : If = 0° ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 1 then, By Gauss law, The electric flux through the curved surface,
𝟏 𝒑 𝑄𝑖𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝐸 𝑑𝐴 cos 90 = 0
𝑽 = Φ𝐸 = Φ𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 . 𝑑𝐴
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐 𝜀𝑜
Case -2 : If = 180° ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = −1 then, 𝜆𝐿 The total electric flux through through the
𝐸 (2 𝜋 𝑟 𝐿) =
𝟏 𝒑 𝜀𝑜 Gaussian surface,
𝑽 =− 𝝀 Φ𝐸 = Φ𝑃 + 𝚽𝑷 + Φ𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐 𝑬 =
Case -3 : If = 90°; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0 then, 𝟐 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓 𝚽𝑬 = ∫ 𝐸 𝑑𝐴 + ∫ 𝐸 𝑑𝐴 + 0 = 2 𝐸 ∫ 𝑑𝐴
𝑽 = 𝟎 In Vector notation,
7. Obtain an expression for electric field due to an 𝝀 𝚽𝑬 = 𝟐 𝑬 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑬 𝒓̂ By Gauss law,
infinitely long charged wire. 𝟐 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝒓 𝑄𝑖𝑛
Electric field due to infinitely long charged wire : Here ̂𝒓 → unit vector perpendicular to the curved Φ𝐸 =
𝜀𝑜
surface outwards.
𝜎𝐴
If 𝜆 > 0 , then ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 points perpendicular outward 2EA=
𝜀𝑜
(𝑟̂ ) from the wire and if 𝜆 < 0 , then ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 points 𝝈
perpendicular inward (− 𝑟̂ ) 𝐄 =
𝟐 𝜺𝒐
8. Obtain an expression for electric field due to an In vector notation,
charged infinite plane sheet. 𝝈
⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑬 𝒏
̂
Electric field due to charged infinite plane sheet : 𝟐 𝜺𝒐
Here ̂𝒏 → unit vector perpendicular to the plane
sheet outwards.
∴ 𝑪 =
𝜺 𝑨
𝒅
𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎 𝑨
=
𝜺 𝑨
no potential difference between any two points on 𝒅 𝒅
charges. Where, 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎 = 𝜺 → permitivity of the dielectric medium
the surface. They are not free to move like free electrons in The energy stored in the capacitor without
Since the electric field is zero inside the conductor, conductor. dielectric,
the potential is the same as the surface of the 13. Explain in detail the effect of dielectric placed in a
1 𝑄𝑜2
conductor. parallel plate capacitor when the capacitor is 𝑈𝑜 =
Thus at electro static equilibrium, the conductor is 2 𝐶𝑜
disconnected from the battery.
always at equipotential. After the dielectric is inserted,
Effect of dielectrics when the capacitor is
12. Explain dielectrics in detail and how an electric 𝟏 𝑸𝒐𝟐 𝟏 𝑸𝒐𝟐 𝑼𝒐
disconnected from the battery : 𝑼= = =
field is induced inside a dielectric. 𝟐 𝑪 𝟐 𝜺𝒓 𝑪𝒐 𝜺𝒓
Electric field induced inside a dielectric : Since 𝜀𝑟 > 1, we have 𝑈 < 𝑈𝑜
There is a decrease in energy because, when the
dielectric is inserted, the capacitor spend some
energy to pulling the dielectric slab inside.
Consider a parallel plate capacitor.
Area of each plates =A
Distance between the plates =𝑑
Voltage of battery = 𝑉𝑜
Total charge on the capacitor = 𝑄𝑜
So the capacitance of capacitor without dielectric,
𝑄𝑜
𝐶𝑜 =
𝑉𝑜
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
14. Explain in detail the effect of dielectric placed in a Since 𝜀𝑟 > 1, we have 𝑈 > 𝑈𝑜 Capacitors in parallel :
parallel plate capacitor when the battery remains So there is increase in energy when the dielectric
connected to the capacitor. is inserted
Effect of dielectrics when the battery remains 15. Derive the expression for resultant capacitance,
connected to the capacitor: when capacitors are connected in series and in
parallel.
Capacitors in series :
∴ 𝑸 = 𝜺𝒓 𝑸𝒐 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑪𝑷 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐
Since 𝜀𝑟 > 1, we have 𝑄 < 𝑄𝑜 𝑉= + + [∵ 𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑉]
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 Thus the equivalent capacitance of capacitors
Here the potential difference between the plates
1 1 1 connected in parallel is equal to the sum of the
remains constant. But the charges increases and 𝑉= 𝑄 [ + + ] − − − − − (1) individual capacitances.
the new capacitance will be 𝐶1 𝐶 2 𝐶 3
𝑄 𝜀𝑟 𝑄𝑜 The equivalent capacitance 𝑪𝑷 in a parallel
Let 𝐶𝑆 be the equivalent capacitance of capacitor
𝐶= = = 𝜀𝑟 𝐶𝑜 connection is always greater than the largest
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 in series connection, then
individual capacitance.
Since 𝜀𝑟 > 1, we have 𝐶 > 𝐶𝑜 𝑄
𝑉= − − − − − (2)
Hence capacitance increases with the insertion of 𝐶𝑆
dielectric slab. From (1) and (2) , we have
𝜺𝟎 𝑨 𝑄 1 1 1
We know that, 𝑪𝒐 = = 𝑄 [ + + ]
𝒅
𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎 𝑨 𝜺 𝑨 𝐶𝑆 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
∴ 𝑪 = = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅 𝒅 = + +
Where, 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎 = 𝜺 → permitivity of the dielectric medium 𝑪𝑺 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑
The energy stored in the capacitor without Thus the inverse of the equivalent capacitance of
dielectric, capacitors connected in series is equal to the sum
1 of the inverses of each capacitance.
𝑈𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜 𝑉𝑜 2 𝑪𝑺 is always less than
2 This equivalent capacitance
After the dielectric is inserted, the smallest individual capacitance in the series
𝟏 𝟏
𝑼= 𝑪 𝑽𝒐𝟐 = 𝜺𝒓 𝑪𝒐 𝑽𝒐𝟐 = 𝜺𝒓 𝑼𝒐
𝟐 𝟐
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 (VOLUME I) 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
16. Explain in detail the construction and working of The positive charges are pushed towards the belt
Van de Graff generator. and negative charges are attracted towards the
Van de Gralff generator : comb ‘D’
The positive charges stick to the belt and move up.
When the positive charges reach the comb ‘E’ a
large amount of negative and positive charges are
induced on either side of comb ‘E’ due to
electrostatic induction.
As a result. the positive charges are pushed away
from the comb ‘E’ and they reach the outer surface
of the sphere.
These positive charges are distributed uniformly
on the outer surface of the hollow sphere.
At the same time, the negative charges neutralize
the positive charges in the belt due to corona
discharge before it passes over the pulley.
When the belt descends, it has almost no net
charge.
This process continues until the outer surface
produces the potential difference of the order of
107 𝑉 which is the limiting value.
It is designed by Robert Van de Graff.
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It produce large electro static potential difference
of about 107 𝑉
Beyond this, the charges starts leaking to the
surroundings due to ionization of air.
It is prevented by enclosing the machine in a gas
Principle : filled steel chamber at very high pressure.
Electro static induction Applications :
Action of points The high voltage produced in this Van de Graff
Construction : generator is used to accelerate positive ions
It consists of large hollow spherical conductor ‘A’ (protons and deuterons) for nuclear
fixed on the insulating stand. disintegrations and other applications.
Pulley ‘B’ is mounted at the centre of the sphere
and another pulley ‘C’ is fixed at the bottom.
A belt made up of insulating material like silk or
rubber runs over the pulleys.
The pulley ‘C’ is driven continuously by the
electric motor.
Two comb shaped metallic conductor D and E are
fixed near the pulleys.
The comb ‘D’ is maintained at a positive potential
of 104 𝑉 by a power supply.
The upper comb ‘E’ is connected to the inner side
of the hollow metal sphere.
Working :
Due to the high electgric field near comb ‘D’, air
between the belt and comb ‘D’ gets ionized.
VETREE TUITION CENTRE, K PUDUR, MADURAI - 92445 39449, 92450 41486
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929