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PSC Capsule by Kerala PSC
PSC Capsule by Kerala PSC
Poh]cnWmaw
eLp-hmb cq]hpw LS-\b - p-ap≈ Pohn-If - n¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-amb LS-\-
bp-≈ Pohn-Iƒ {Iam-\p-KX- a
- mbn hnI-kn-®p-hc
- p∂ {]{In-bb
- mWv Poh-]c
- n-Wm-aw.
{]IrXn \n¿≤m-cW kn≤m¥w Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv Nmƒkv Um¿hn-≥.
emam¿°mWv "kzbm¿÷nX kz`m-h-ß-fpsS ]mc-º-cy -t{]jW kn≤m¥w' Bhn-
jvI-cn-®-Xv.
D¬∏cn-h¿Ø\ kn≤m¥w Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv Un{hokv BWv
C‘\-߃ (Fuels)
teml- k¶c߃ (Alloys)
• Pze-\^
- e- a
- mbn Xmt]m¿÷w {]Zm\w sNøp∂ ]Zm¿∞-ßf - mWv C‘-\ß
- ƒ F∂p
• ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam teml-߃ tN¿∂ an{in-Xa- mWv teml-k¶ - cw (alloy). ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
• teml-k-¶-c-߃, aqe-I-ß-fpsS an{in-X-am-bn-cn-°pw, F√m teml-k-¶-c-ß-fnepw • {]Ir-Xym-ep≈ C‘-\-amWv s]t{Sm-fnbw. Ir{Xna C‘-\-ß-fmWv tIm°v, Icn,
G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv Hcp teml-sa-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. s{]mUyq-k¿ Kym-kv, hm´¿Kymkv.
DZm : Ão¬ (A-b¨ + Im¿_¨), kz¿Æm`cWw (kz¿Æw + tIm∏¿), tdmƒUv • _tbm-Kym-knepw {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I-Ønepw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂
tKmƒUv (A-ep-an-\nbw + tIm∏¿) LSIw aotY≥ BWv.
• an{in-X-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX teml-ß-fpw, Atem-l-ß-fpw, kwbp-‡-ßfpw AS- • lcn-X -C-‘\sa∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv ssl{U-P≥ (LHG)
ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu LS-I-߃°v Hcp \n›nX A\p-]m-X-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°n-√. DZm: • C¥y≥ tdm°-‰p-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ C‘\w : {ZmhI ssl{U-P≥
aÆv, s]t{Sm-fnbw, hmbp, Huj-[-߃, ]pI, c‡w, ]m¬
Bkn-Up-Iƒ
Abn-cp-Ifpw [mXp-°fpw (Ores and Minerals) • F√mØcw BknUpIfnepw ASßnbncn°p∂ {][m\ aqeIw ssl{UP\mWv.
• `qh¬°-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ teml-kw-bp-‡-ß-fmWv [mXp-°ƒ. • BknUpIsf c≠mbn Xncn®ncn°p∂p ˛ GI t_knI BknUv F∂pw _lp
t_knI BknUv F∂pw.
• hymh-km-bn-Ia
- mbn temlw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X
- n-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂ teml[mXphmWv
• GI t_knI BknUpIfn¬ Hcp AknUnIv ssl{UP≥ B‰w am{Xw
Abncv. ASßnbncn°∂p. ct≠m AXne[nItam ssl{UP≥ B‰ßƒ _lp t_knI
• G‰hpw kpe-`-amb [mXp-hmWv s^¬kv]m¿ (A{`w) BknUn¬ ASßnbncn°p∂p.
ap¥ncnß ......................................................................................................... Sm¿SmdnIv BknUv ck-X-{¥-⁄¿
amß, ^mj≥ {^q´v ........................................................................................ kn{SnIv BknUv
Nph∂ s\√n° .................................................................................... •ntbmhnenIv BknUv • HmIvkn-P≥ F∂ aqe-I-Øn\v B t]cp-\¬Inb imkv{X-⁄≥ ˛ emthm-knb.
ssl{UP≥ aqeIØn\v B t]cp \¬InbXv Bt‚mbn≥ emthmknbbmWv.
X°mfn ........................................................................................................ HmIvkmenIv BknUv HmIvkn-P≥ Pze-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Hcp ck-X-{¥-{]-h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬
tXbne .................................................................................................................... Sm\nIv BknUv {Zhyw ]pXp-Xmbn D≠m-Ip-Itbm \in-∏n-°s- ∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp-∂n√ (Conservation of mass
B∏nƒ ..................................................................................................................... amenIv BknUv or matter) F∂pw I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv emthm-kn-b-bmWv. {^©p hnπ-h-Im-eØv h[-
]gh¿K߃ ...................................................................................... AkvtIm¿_nIv BknUv in-£bv°v hn[n-°-s∏´ Ct±lw Xs∂-bmWv ck-X-{¥-Øn¬ Afhp k{º-Zmbw
sIm≠p-h-∂-Xpw.
Im¿_¨ • Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv I≠p]nSn®Xv tPmk^v ªm°v.
• Aepan\nbw th¿Xncns®SpØXv lm≥kv Hm¿ÃUv
• {]]©Ønse Pohs‚ {][m\s∏´ aqeIamWv Im¿_¨. • CeIv{t{Sm¨ sP.sP. tXmwkWpw \yqt{Sm¨ sPbnwkv NmUvhn°pw.
• Im¿_-Wns‚ At‰m-anIv \º¿ (AWp-kwJy) 6 BWv. Bh¿Ø\∏´nIbnse • \yq¢nbkv & t{]mt´m¨ I≠p]nSn®Xv GWÃv dqY¿t^m¿Uv
14˛mw {Kq∏v aqeIamWv. • ssS‰m\nbw I≠p]nSn®Xv hneyw s{KK¿
• km[mcW Dujv a mhn¬ Im¿_¨ JcmhÿbnemWv ImWs∏Sp∂Xv . • ss\{SP≥ I≠p]nSn®Xv Um\nb¬ dqY¿t^m¿Uv
km[mcWbmbn c≠v cq]ØnemWv ImWp∂Xv ˛ {Kmss^‰v, Uba≠v F∂nh. • knen°¨ I≠p]nSnNXv tPm¨kv _¿tkenbkv
• t¢mdn\pw amwK\okpw I≠p]nSn®Xv Imƒ hn¬slw jose
{]-{In-b-Iƒ • t{_man≥ I≠p]nSn®Xv B‚¨ sPtdmw _em¿Uv
• tkmUnbw, Aepan\nbw, s]m´mkyw F∂nh I≠p]nSn®Xv lw{^n tUhn
• t{Imam-t‰m-{Km^n : an{in-X-ß-sf hnhn[ LS-I-ßfmbn th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Hcp coXn-
• πm‰n\w I≠p]nSn®Xv Pqenbkv kvImenK¿
bmWv t{Imam-t‰m-{Km^n
• bptd-\nbw I≠p-]n-Sn® imkv{X-⁄≥ ˛ E.M. s]en-tKm´v
• DXv]-X\w : JchkvXp-°ƒ t\cn´v hmX-I-am-Ip∂ {]{In-b-bmWv DXv]-X\w. DZm: • tdUnbw I≠p-]n-Sn-®-h¿ ˛ ]nb-dn-Iyqdn, tacn-Iyqdn
I¿∏qcw, \m^vØ-eo≥, Ab-Un≥, Atam-Wn-bw t¢mssd-Uv. • Aep-an-\nbw BZy-ambn th¿Xn-cn® imkv{X-⁄≥ ˛ lm≥kv CugvÃUv
• sÃdn-sse-tk-j≥ : Pe-Øn-eqsS t¢mdn≥ hmXIw IS-Øn-hn´v AXnse _mIvSo- • Im¿_¨ssU-Hm-IvsskUv I≠p-]n-Sn® imkv{X-⁄≥ ˛ tPmk^v ªm°v
cn-b-Isf \in-∏n-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWnXv. • Pew ssl{U-P-s‚bpw HmIvkn-P-s‚bpw kwbp-‡-am-sW∂v BZy-ambn sXfn-
• tkzZ\w:˛ Hcp {ZmhIw Xnf-®p-≠m-Ip∂ _mjv]w km{μo-I-cn-∏n®v tiJ-cn-°p∂ bn-®Xv Imh≥Unjv BWv.
coXn-bmWv tkzZ\w (distillation) • hmbp-hns‚ 20% HmIvkn-P-\m-sW∂v Is≠-Ønb imkv{X-⁄≥ ˛ sl≥dn
Imh≥Unjv.
• \yq{S-sse-tk-j≥:˛ Hcm-knUv B¬°-en-bp-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ eh-Whpw
• kna‚ v BZy-ambn \n¿Ωn-®-Xv tPmk^v Bkv]n-Un≥
Pehpw e`n-°p-∂p.
• pH kvsIbn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn® imkv{X⁄≥ skmdm≥k¨
• s^¿sa-t‚-j≥: HmIvkn-Ps‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ •qt°m-kns\ hnL-Sn-∏n-°p∂
• B‰-Øns‚ LS-\-sb-°p-dn®v BZy-ambn \n¿Δ-Nn® {Ko°v imkv{X-⁄≥ ˛
{]{Inb sUtamt-{I-‰nkv
• s_≥ko≥ I≠p-]n-Sn® imkv{X-⁄≥ ˛ ssa°¬ ^mctU
Nncn-∏n-°p∂ hmXIw ........................................................................ ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv • Hcp {]mhiyw `uXn-I-Øn\pw as‰m-cn-°¬ ck-X-{¥-Øn\pw t\m_¬k-Ωm\w
{]amW embIw ......................................................................................................... Pew t\Snb h\nX ˛ amUwIyqdn
km¿ΔnI embIw ...................................................................................................... Pew • sÃbv≥sekv Ão¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xmcv? lmcn _b¿en
kn¶v ]pjv]ß - ƒ .................................................................................... kn¶v HmIvsskUv • HmIvkn-P≥ I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xmcv? {]oÃven
• ssl{U-P≥ I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xmcv? Imh≥Unjv
hnUvVn-If- psS kz¿Æw ....................................................................... Ab¨ ss]ssd‰vkv • t_mbn¬kv em ˛ tdm_¿´v t_mbn¬
cmk-kq-cy≥ .......................................................................................................... a·ojyw • Nmƒkv em ˛ PmIzkv Nmƒkv
jpK¿ Hm^v seUv ..................................................................................... seUv Ask-t‰‰v • Umƒ´≥kv em ˛ tPm¨ Umƒ´≥
Hmbn¬ Hm^v hn‚¿{Ko≥ .............................................................. aossY¬ kmen-ssk-te‰v.
• AhKmt{Um em ˛ AtatUm AhKmt{Um
• slkv em ˛ sP¿a≥ slkv
Hmbn¬ Hm^v hn{Sn-tbmƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]Zm¿∞w ............................ kƒ^yq-dnIv BknUv • tamkveokv em ˛ sl≥dn Kphm≥ sP{^n tamkven
"^ntem-kt- ^gvkv hqƒ' F∂-dn-bs- ∏-Sp∂ ]Zm¿∞w ...................................kn¶v HmIvsskUv • {_uWnb≥ tamj≥ ˛ B¬_¿´v sF≥Ão≥
• t\m_nƒ Kymkv I≠p]nSn®Xv hneyw dmwsk
• bptd\nbØnsebpw tXmdnbØnsebpw \yq¢nb¿ ^yqj≥ I≠p]nSn®Xv Hmt´m
lm≥
• CeIvt{Sm amKv\‰nkw & CeIvt{Sm sIankv{Sn ˛ ssa°nƒ ^mcsU
• tdUntbm BIvSnhn‰n ˛ sl≥dn s_Izd¬, tacn Iyqdn, ]nbdn Iyqdn
• Izm≠w Xnbdn ˛ amIvkv πm¶v
• Im¬hn≥ ssk°nƒ ˛ sa¬hn≥ Im¬hn≥
• Xmenbw aqeIw I≠p]nSn®Xv hneyw {Iq°vkv
• \n°¬ I≠p]nSn®Xv BIvk¬ s{^UdnIv t{Im¨sÃUv
• tdmƒ ^new & CuÃvam≥ sImUm°v Iº\n ˛ tPm¿Pv CuÃvam≥
• ssU\man‰v I≠p]nSn®Xv B¬{^Uv t\m_¬.
• `mc-Xob Zm¿i-\n-I-\mb IWm-Z-\mWv ]Zm¿∞-߃ IW-ß-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-am-
sW∂v BZyw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv.
• t^mkv^dkv ˛ sl∂nMv {_m≥Uv
cmk-am-‰hpw `uXn-I-am-‰hpw
(Chemical Change & Physical Change)
cmk-am‰w:- am‰-Øns‚ ^e-ambn ]pXnb ]Zm¿∞-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw ÿnc-hp-
amb am‰-ßf - mWv cmk-am-‰w.
`uXn-I-am‰w :-˛ hkvXp-hns‚ `uXn-IKp-W-ß-fn¬ am{Xw D≠m-Ip∂ Xm¬°m-
en-I-amb am‰-amWv `uXn-I-am-‰w. CXn¬ ]pXnb hkvXp-°ƒ D≠m-Ip-∂n-√.
cmk-am-‰Ø - n\v DZm-lc- W
- ß - ƒ
(a) hndIv IØn Nmc-am-Ip-∂Xv, (b) ]©-kmc NqSm-Ip-∂Xv, (c) Blmcw Zln-
°p-∂Xv, (d) sagpIpXncn IØp-∂Xv, (e) amß ]gp-°p-∂Xv, (f) \ne-hn-f°v
IØp-∂Xv
`uXn-Ia - m-‰Ø
- n\v DZm-lc- W
- ß- ƒ
(a) Pew XWpØv sFkm-Ip-∂Xv,
(b) Pew \ocm-hn-bm-Ip-∂Xv,
(c) sagpIv Dcp-Ip-∂Xv, (d) •mkv s]m´p-∂Xv,
(e) ]©-kmc sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°p-∂Xv.
cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS cmPmhv
cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS cmPm-hmb kƒ^yq-dnIv BknUv i‡n-tb-dnb Hcp [mXp Aæ-
am-Wv. CXns‚ cmk-k-a-hmIyw H 2SO4 F∂m-Wv. cmk-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-
[nIw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ]Zm¿∞-am-Wn-Xv. Abn¿ ip≤o-I-c-Ww, cmk-h-f-\n¿Ωm-
Ww, FÆ- i p- ≤ o- I - c - W w, ]mgv P eip≤o- I - c Ww XpS- ß n- b - h bv ° v kƒ^yq- d nIv
BknUv D]- t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ p. kƒ^¿, HmIv k n- P ≥, Pew F∂nh D]- t bm- K n®v
tIm¨SmIv S v {]{Inb aptJ- \ - b mWv kƒ^yq- d nIv BknUv \n¿Ωn- ° p- ∂ - X v .
1831-˛¬ {_n´ojv hn∂m-Kncn hym]m-cn-bmb s]cn-{Kn≥ ^nen]vkv BWv tIm¨SmIvSv
{]{Inb Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xv.
`uXnIimkv{Xw
{][m-\- I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃
h¿jw I≠p-]n-SnØw imkv{X-⁄≥
240 BC B¿°n-an-Uokv XØzw B¿°n-an-Uokv
1600 Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm∏v hneyw Kn¬_¿´v
1672 {]Im-iØ - ns‚ IWnIm kn≤m¥w sFk-Iv\yq-´≥
1678 {]Im-iØ - ns‚ XcwK kn≤m¥w {InÃy≥ sslP≥kv
1687 Ne-\-\n-b-a-߃, Kpcp-Xzm-I¿jW \nbaw sFk-Iv\yq-´≥
1709 sa¿°pdn, sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ K{_n-tb¬ Um\n-b¬ ^mc≥lo‰v
1800 Ce-Iv{SnIv _m‰dn Ae-km≥t{Sm thmƒ´
1803 ]camWp-kn-≤m¥w tPm¨Umƒ´≥
1820 sshZyp-XI - m-¥nI {]`mhw lm≥kv {InÃy≥Cu¿ÃvUv
1827 Hmwkv \nbaw tPm¿Pv Hmw
1831 sshZyp-XI - m-¥nI t{]cWw ssa°¬ ^mcsU
1842 tUm]vf¿ {]`mhw {InÃy≥ tUm∏-f¿
1896 tdUntbm BIvSn-hn‰n sl≥dn s_Iz-d¬
1898 tdUnbw tacn-Iyqdn
1899 B¬^, _o‰-IW - ß- ƒ GWÃv dpY¿t^m¿Uv
1900 Kma-In-cW - ß - ƒ t]mƒ bp. hn√m¿Uv
1900 Izm≠w Xnbdn amIvkvπm¶v
1905 Bt]-£nI kn≤m¥w B¬_¿´v sF≥Ão≥
1911 AXn-Nm-eI - X Ima¿enMv H¨kv
1912 tImkvanIv hnIn-cW - ß- ƒ hnIvS¿ sl v
1928 cma≥{]-`mhw kn.hn. cma≥
1942 \yq¢n-b¿ dnbm-IvS¿ C. s^¿an
1960 LASER ‰n.F-®v. sabvam≥
1964 Izm¿°v IW-߃ aptd sP¬am≥
`uXn-I-imkv{X im-J-Iƒ {][m\ `uXn-I-imkv{X \nb-a-߃
A-°uÃnIvkv (Acoustics)
i_vZ-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w.
B¿°n-an-Uokv XØzw (Archemedes Principle)
At‰m-anIv ^nknIvkv (Atomic Physics) `mKn-I-amtbm ]q¿Æ-amtbm Hcp {Zmh-I-Øn¬ apßn-°n-S-°p∂ hkvXp-hn\v `mcw
B‰-Øns‚ kz`mhw, LS\ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. Ipd-™-Xmbn tXm∂pw. Cu anYym-`m-c- \jvSw hkvXp BtZiw sNøp∂ {Zmh-I-Øns‚
ssU\m-anIvkv (Dynamics) `mc-Øn\v Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXm-bXv {Zmh-I-Øn¬ Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ `mc \jvShpw
Ne-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w. AXv BtZiw sNøp∂ {Zmh-I-Øns‚ `mchpw Xpey-am-Wv.
Akvt{Sm-^n-knIvkv (Astro Physics) ]mkvI¬ \nbaw
hm\-im-kv{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\w.
_tbm ^nknIvkv (Bio Physics) Hcp {Zmh-I-Øns‚ Hcp `mKØv {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ a¿±w as‰√m `mKØpw Xpey-
Poh¬ {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse Du¿÷-X{¥ km∂n-≤y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{Itbm-P-\nIvkv (Cryogenics) Du¿÷-kw-c-£W \nbaw
Xmgv∂ Dujvam-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. Du¿Pw \n¿Ωn-°mt\m \in-∏n-°mt\m km[y-a-√. Du¿P-em-`tam \jvStam IqSmsX
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv (Electronics) Hcp cq]-Øn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp cq]-Øn-te°v am‰m≥ am{Xta Ign-bq. Du¿P kwc-£W
Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw, \nb-{¥-Ww, kz`mhw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w. \nbaw Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv B¬_¿´v sF≥Ão-\m-Wv.
CeIvt{Sm ssU-\m-anIvkv (Electro Dynamics)
sshZypX Im¥nI _e-߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w.
t_mbn¬ \nbaw
^vfqbnUv ^nknIvkv (Fluid Physics) ÿnc-amb Dujvam-hn¬ Hcp \n›nX {Zhy-am\w hmX-I-Øns‚ hym]vXw, AXn-t∑-
{Zmh-I-ß-fp-tSbpw hmX-I-ß-fp-tSbpw kz`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. ep≈ a¿Z-Øns‚ hn]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ amdp-∂p. tdm_¿´v t_mbn-emWv t_mbn¬
t^mt´m-WnIvkv (Photonics) \nb-a-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv
t^mt´m¨ F∂ {]Im-i-In-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS km[y-X-I-sf-°pdn-®pap≈ Nmƒkv \nbaw
]T-\w. Hcp \n›n-X-amkv hmX-I-Øns‚ hym]vXw ÿnc-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ B hmX-I-Øns‚
Pntbm ^nknIvkv (Geo Physics) aF =
m a¿±w A_vskm-eyq´v Dujvam-hn\v t\¿ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-°pw.
`qan, A¥co-£w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw Chsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ `uXn-I-im-kv{X- LS-
I-ß-sf-°p-dn®pap≈ ]T-\w.
sl¬Øv ^nknIvkv (Health Physics) - ƒ
- ß
tdUntbm BIvSohv hnIn-c-Wßfp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cpsS Btcm-Ky-kw-c- \yq´s‚ Ne\ - n-ba
- \
ion) ot
£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\w. (Newton’s Laws of m y-_-ew {]h¿Øn-°
m-
tamfn-Iyp-em¿ ^nknIvkv (Molecular Physics)
- \ n- b aw : Hc p A k-¥p-en-X-amb _ml -ÿ-bntem t\¿tc-J-
e-\ m-h
X∑m-{X-I-fpsS LS-\, kz`m-hw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. \yq´s‚ H∂mw N Hmtcm hkvXphpw AXns‚ \n›-e
AWp-tI{μ `uXoIw (Nuclear Physics) w
Øn-S-tØmfw Ime -N-e-\-Øntem XpS-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. - Ø - ns‚
AWp-tI{μ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS km[y-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]T-\w. bn-eq-sS-bp≈ kam
-\ ° hyXymk
Hm]vd-dnIvkv (Optics) aw : Hc p h k X
v p-hn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ B v t\¿ A\p-]m-X-
\ \nb -e-Øn\
{]Im-i-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. \yq´s‚ c≠mw-N-e tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ak-¥p-en-X-_ -bnepw Bbn-cn-°pw.
v A Xn - t ∑ ¬ {] _ e- Ø ns‚ Zni
\nc° Xv
]m¿´n-°nƒ ^nknIvkv (Particle Physics) ymkw kw`-hn-°p-∂
aqe-I-ß-fnse ASn-ÿm\ IWn-I-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. Ønepw B° hyX k a- h mI yw
p-∂-Xn-\p≈
πmkvam ^nknIvkv (Plasma Physics) _ew Af-° _ew, = ]nWvUw
F = m× a = ka-Xz-cWw, mb
{Zhy-Øns‚ \mem-asØ Ah-ÿ-bmb πmkva-sb°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. ahpw hn]-co-X-hp-a
Izm≠w ^nknIvkv (Quantum Physics) -\ n-b aw : Hm tc m {] h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw k
e-\
Izm≠w kn≤m-¥sØ ASnÿm-\-am°nbp≈ `uXn-I-imkv{X ]T-\w. \yq´s‚ aq∂mw N v.
{] Xn -{]- h ¿Ø \w D≠
tkmfnUv tÉv ^nknIvkv (Solid State Physics) I¿jn-
¿j-W-\n-baw kvXp-hn-s\bpw B ns‚
Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ ]Zm¿∞-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ ]T-\w. \yq´s‚ Kpcp-Xzm-I k vX phpw at‰-sXmcp h vU -Ø
sX¿tam ssU\m-anIvkv (Thermo Dynamics) Hm tc m h -fpsS ]nW
{]]-©-Øn-ep≈ -_ew B hkvXp-° ¿§-
Xmt]m¿÷-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. p-∂ p. A t∏ m-g p-≠ m-Ip∂ BI¿j-W pw Ah XΩn-ep≈ AI-e-Øns‚ h
° A \p -] m-X -Ø ne
amØ-am-‰n-°n¬ ^nknIvkv (Mathematical Physics) t\¿
KpW-\-^-e-Øn\v n-cn-°pw.
KWnX kao-I-c-W-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v `uXnI imkv{X-Ønse Kl-\o-b-amb
n\ v h n] - co- X m- \ p- ]m-X-Ønepw Bb
]Z-ßfpw \nb-a-ßfpw {]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw eLq-I-cn-°p∂ imkv{X-im-J. Ø
Xm]-K-Xn-I-Øns‚ H∂mw \nbaw (First law of Thermodynamics)
bm{¥n-tIm¿÷w Xmt]m¿÷-ambn amdp-tºmgpw Xmt]m¿÷w bm{¥n-tIm¿÷-
sF≥ssÃ≥
ambn amdp-tºmgpw Cu c≠p-Xcw Du¿÷-߃ XΩnepw Hcp \n›nX A\p-]m-X-ap-≠v. 1905˛¬ sF≥ssÃ≥ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® hnin-jvSm-t]-£n-IXm kn≤m¥w imkv{X-K-
Xnsb Xncn®p hn´p. kzX-{¥-ambn Nen-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ F√m \nco-£-I-
scbpw kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ah-cpsS thKX F{X Xs∂-bm-bmepw `uXn-I-im-
Xm]-KXn-I-Øns‚ c≠mw \nbaw (Second law of Thermodynamics) kv{X-\n-ba߃ H∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv. F√m \nco-£-I¿°pw Ah¿ F{X Xs∂
Hcp Imc-Is‚ (external agency) {]hr-Øn-Iq-SmsX Ipd™ Xm]-\n-e-bn-ep≈ Hcp thK-X-bn¬ k©-cn-®mepw {]Im-i-th-KX H∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ch hnin-jvSm-t]-
hkvXp-hn¬ \n∂v Xm]w IqSp-X-ep≈ Hcp hkvXp-hn-tebv°v Xm]w am‰m≥ Akm-[y-am- £n-IXm kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ auenI XXz-ß-fm-Wv. Cu
Wv. CXmWv sI¬hn≥ \n¿h-Nn® c≠mw \nb-aw. auenI XXz-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ ÿehpw
Xm]-KXn-I-Øns‚ aq∂mw \nbaw (Third law of Thermodynamics) Imehpw \oco-£-Is‚ Ne-\sØ B{i-bn-®n-cn-
°p∂psh∂v hcp-∂p. Cu Bi-b-߃ `uXn-I-Øn¬
tIh-e-]q-Py-Øns‚ Xm]-\n-e-tb°mƒ (-273.150 C) Xmgv∂ Xm]-\n-e-bn-te°v Hcp
hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-߃ D≠m-°n. Cu Bi-b-Øn¬
hkvXp-hns‚ Xm]-\ne XmgvØpI Akm-≤y-am-Wv.
\n∂p cq]w sIm≠-XmWv sF≥ssÃ-s‚ {]kn-≤-amb
^mc-sU-bpsS sshZyp-X-Im-¥n-I-t{]-cW XXzw (E= MC2) F∂ kao-I-cWw sF≥ssÃ≥ hnin-jvS-t]-
Hcp Nme-I-Øn¬ t{]cn-X-am-hp∂ hnZyp-XvNm-e-I-_ew (emf) B Nme-I-hp-ambn £nXm kn≤m¥w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]p hsc
_‘-s∏´ Im¥n-I-^vf-Ivkns‚ hyXn-bm\ \nc-°n\v t\¿ A\p-]m-X-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. {Zhy-sØbpw Du¿÷-sØbpw hyXy-kvXhpw hyXn-cn-
CXmWv ^mc-sU-bpsS sshZypX Im¥n-I-t{]-c-W-\n-b-aw. ‡-hp-am-bn-´mWv I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. {ZhysØ Du¿P-ambpw
Du¿PsØ {Zhy-ambpw am‰m-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v
cma≥ {]`mhw (Raman Effect) sF≥ssÃ≥ sXfn-bn-®p.
BZna P\-hn-`m-K-߃
`mc-X-Øn¬ C∂v ImW-s∏-Sp∂ P\-hn-`m- Øn\v XpS-°-an-´p. a[y C¥y-bnse
K-ß-fpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ s\{Kn-t‰m, t{]mt´m-˛- \¿ΩZm \Zo-X-S-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n®
B-kv{S-tem-bvUv, awKtfmbvUv, saUn-‰- tlmtam Fd-IvS-kns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃
td-\n-b≥, t\m¿UnIv AYhm C≥tUm e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
Bcy-∑m¿ F∂o h¿K-ß-fn¬ s]´-h-cm- B[p-\nI a\p-jy¿ 12,000 h¿j-߃°v
bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. apºv D]-`q-J-WvU-Øn¬ hmk-ap-d-∏n-®-
Ch-bn¬ s\{Knt‰m h¿Kw B≥U-am≥ Xmbn A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.
Zzo]p-I-fn¬ am{Xta C∂p-≈p. C¥y-
bn¬ \ho-\-in-em-bpKw Bcw-`n-®Xv Nm¬t°m-en-ØnIv bpKw
t{]mt´m-˛-B-kv{S-tembvUv h¿K-°m-cpsS tPm¿hn Iƒ®¿ (]-›na alm-cm-jv{S), _mW-
hc-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏- kw- k v I mcw (cm- P - ÿ m≥), ImbØ
Sp-∂p. awKtfm-bn-Up-Iƒ apJyambpw kwkvImcw (a-[y-`m-c-Xw), amƒh kwkvImcw
hS-°p-In-g-°≥ `mK-ß-fn-emWv ImW-s∏- F∂n-h-bmWv Nm¬t°m-en-ØnIv (Xm-{a-]m-
Sp-∂-Xv. jm-W) bpK-Ønse kwkvIm-c-߃.
saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ h¿K-°m-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-
I-fmWv Xan-gv, sXep-¶v, I∂-S, ae-bmfw
XpS-ßnb {ZmhnU `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn- ta¿LUv kwkv I mcw
°p∂ sXt° C¥y-°m¿. {Zmhn-U-sc∂v \ho\ inem-bpK L´-Ønse G‰hpw
Chsc ]d-bp-∂p. {][m-\-s∏´ kwkvIm-c-amWv ta¿LUv
Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hn-\p-apºv {Zmhn-U¿ kwkvIm-cw (_n.-kn. 7000-˛\pw
DØ-tc¥y apgp-h≥ hym]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh- 3200˛\pw CS-bv°v). C∂sØ ]mIn-
∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv _eqNnÿm\n¬ ÿm-\nse _eq-Nn-ÿm-\n¬ I®v ka-X-e-
Ct∏mgpw kwkm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ {ZmhnU Øn-emWv Cu kwkvImcw hym]n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
tKm{X-Øn¬s∏´ {_mlpbn `mj.
sX°≥ Gjy-bn¬ _m¿en, tKmXºv XpS-
C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in® t\m¿UnIv hwi-P- ßnb Irjn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®Xpw I∂p-Im-en-
cmWv Bcy-∑m¿. Ah¿ Ime-{I-taW
Isf hf¿Øm≥ Bcw-`n-®Xn\pap≈
Chn-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂ h¿K-°m-cp-ambn CS-I-
sXfn-hp-Iƒ imkv{X-⁄¿°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
e¿∂v ChnsS Hcp k¶-c-kw-kvIm-c-
kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw (Indus Valley Civilization)
Ncn{X Ime-L-´-߃
kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw ................................................................ 3000-˛1500 _n.kn
thZ Ime-L´w ......................................................................................... 1500-˛500 _n.kn
alm-P-\-]-Z-߃ ........................................................................................ 700-˛300 _n.kn
aucy km{amPyw ......................................................................................... 321˛185 _n.kn
iX-hm-l\ km{amPyw ............................................................. 230 _n.kn˛199 F.- U n.
Ipim\ km{amPyw ..................................................................................... 60-˛240 ,,
Kp]vX km{amPyw ...................................................................................... 240-˛550 ,,
]me km{amPyw ......................................................................................... 750-˛1174 ,,
tNmf km{amPyw ..................................................................................... 848˛1279 ,,
Z¬ln kp¬Øm-≥am¿ ....................................................................... 1206-˛1526 ,,
sU°m≥ kp¬Øm-≥am¿ ................................................................. 1490-˛1596 ,,
slmbvkme km{amPyw ....................................................................... 1040-˛1346 ,,
ImIXob km{amPyw ............................................................................ 1083˛1323 ,,
hnP-b-\-Kc km{amPyw ......................................................................... 1336-˛1565 ,,
apKƒ km{amPyw .................................................................................... 1526-˛1707 ,,
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `cWw ....................................................................... 1757˛1947 ,,
C¥y kzmX-{¥y-tijw ................................................................................. 1947 ,,
n
-
° d
p- ®
n- p≈ ] T \w ˛ Ct¥m-fP j, cmjv{S-
C¥y-sb pw Iem-]-c-hp-amb
]mc-º-cyw, aXw, `m Ct¥m-f-
w W
w, kmwkvIm-cn-Ih ®p≈ ]T-\-K-th-j m-[n-Im-c-Øn-
C¥y-bpsS Ncn-{X yw, imkv{X-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn- pw cm j v { So - b
kmln-X -Nm-c-W-Øn\
X-{¥w, XXz-Nn-¥, s∏-Sp-∂p. I®-h-S-Øn\pw aX-{] m-cnI ]mc-ºcyw sXm´-dn-™-t∏mƒ
n¬ vI
Pn-bpsS ] cn - [ n- b Aaq-ey-amb k mw k Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v
mb n h ∂ ] m› m-Xy¿ C¥y-bpsS B cw - ` n- ® - X mW v Ct¥m-f-Pn-bpsS n, imIp-¥fw
\p- a -°m≥ var-X
mkv{Xo-b-ambn ]Tn 46-˛1794) a\p-k
Ah-sb-°p-dn®v i o-jp-Im-c-\mb hneyw tPm¨kv (17 -\mb amIvkv ap≈¿ (1823-˛1900)
w• n-X
CS-bm-°n-b-Xv. C X¿÷a sNbvXp. P¿Ω≥ ]WvU q-Xw, EtKzZw F∂nh hnh¿Ø\w
ƒ -Z
XpS-ßnb IrXn-I w cNn-°p-Ibpw KotXm-]-tZ-iw, taL
rX h ymI - c W mhn-µhpw ]cn-`m-
kwkvI
bn. KoXbpw KoXm tK
sNøp-I-bp-ap-≠m- mb FUvhn≥ B¿t\mƒUv `K-hZv y' F∂ t]cn¬ Imhyw cNn-°p-I-
Cw•o-jp-Im-c-\ j
n®v "sse‰v Hm^v G XpS-ßnb anj-\-
- s ∏ - S p- Ø p- I b pw {io_p-≤-s\-°p-d dh.-tdm-_¿´v IƒUv sh¬, In‰n¬ v.
j ≥ Kp≠¿´v, tUm. m-f-Pn-bpsS `mK-amW
bp-ap-≠m-bn. sl¿Ω v°v \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Ifpw Ct¥
jb
dn-am¿ {ZmhnU `m
thZ-Im-ew- ˛- B-cy-∑m¿
thZ Ime-L´w \ne-\n-∂Xv _n.-kn. aq-l-ß-fm-bmWv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. EtKzZ
1500 apX¬ _n.-kn. 500 hsc-bm-Wv. {Zmhn- Ime-ØmWv NmXp¿h¿Wyw C¥y-bn¬
Usc Iog-S°n B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® Bcw-`n-®-Xv. C°m-eØv kv{XoIƒ°v
Bcy-∑m-cpsS hchv C¥ym Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øn¬ D∂-X-amb ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-
Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. cp-∂p.
at≤y-jy-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏´v Ir-jn°v {]map-Jy-ap≈ Ime-L-´-am-
_mIv{Sn-b, Cdm≥ F∂o {]tZ-i-߃ IS- bn-cp∂p CXv.
∂mWv Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ FØn-b- tKm{X kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-
sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. amb cmP-hm-gvN-bm-bn-cp∂p Bcy-∑m-
thZ Ime-L-´-Øns‚ BZy 500 cpsS `c-W-co-Xn. sslµh XXz-im-kv{X-
h¿j-߃ C¥y-bpsS sh¶-e-bp-Khpw Øns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ thZ-Im-e-Øn\v
ASpØ 500 h¿j-߃ (_n.-kn. 1000-˛- kp{]-[m\ ÿm\-ap-≠v.
_n.-kn. 500) Ccpºp-bp-KhpamWv. `mjm-im-kv{Xw, hymI-c-Ww,
]©m-_n-emWv Ah¿ BZyw hmk-ap- \nL≠p \n¿ΩmWw F∂n-h-bnse
d-∏n-®-Xv. _n.-kn. 1500-˛-Hm-sS-bmWv Ah¿ BZy-Ime `mc-Xob ]cn-{i-a-߃ C°m-e-
C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®-Xv. Øm-Wv. sshZy-im-kv{Xw anI® ]ptcm-
BZy-Ime thZ-k-aq-l-߃ CSbk- KXn t\Sn.
ssP\ a- X
- w
4 ]pcm-X\ `mc-X-Øn¬ DS-se-SpØ aX-
amWv ssP\-a-Xw.
4 tPXmhv F∂¿∞-ap≈ Pn\≥ F∂
]Z- Ø n¬ \n∂mWv ssP\≥ F∂
t]cp-≠m-b-Xv. taml-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-
®-h-\mWv Pn\≥.
4 BZn Xo¿∞-¶-c-\mb Ej` tZh-\mWv
ssP\-a-X-°m-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn.
4 ssP\-aX hnizm-k-{]-Imcw 24 Xo¿∞-
¶- c - ∑ m- c m- W p- ≈ - X v . Ch- c n¬ BZy-
tØXv Ej-`\pw 23-˛m-aXv ]m¿iz-\m-Y- 4 kXyw, Alnw-k, {_“-N-cyw,
\pam-Wv. AkvtX- b w, A]cn{Klw F∂n-
4 24˛mw Xo¿∞-¶-c-\m-bn-cp∂ h¿≤-am\ ßs\ ]©alm-{h-X-߃ CXn-ep-≠v.
alm- h o- c - \ mWv ssP\- a - X - Ø ns‚ 4 c≠v hn`mKw ssP\∑mcp≠v ˛ ZnKw-
ÿm]- I -≥. _-c≥am-cpw, tizXw-_-c≥am-cpw.
4 _n.- k n. 540- ˛ ¬ sshim- e n- b n- e mWv 4 ZnKw-_-c≥am¿ hkv{Xta [cn-°m-Ø-
£{Xn-b-\mb alm-ho-c≥ P\n-®-Xv. h-cm-Wv. tizXw-_-c≥am¿ shfpØ
4 _n.- k n. 467- ˛ ¬ cmP- K r- l - Ø n- \ - S p- hkv{Xw [cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.
Øp≈ ]mh-]p-cn-bn¬ h®v alm-ho- 4 alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dm-Ønse IØn-b-
c≥ ssIheyw {]m]n-®p. hm¿, cmP-ÿm≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fmWv
4 icn- b mb hnizm- k w, icn- b mb ssP\--cpsS {][m-\-tI-{µ-ß-ƒ.
⁄m\w, icn-bmb {]hrØn Chsb 4 ssP\-cpsS {][m\ Xo¿∞m-S\ tI{µ-
ssP\ aX-°m¿ {Xnc-Xv\-߃ F∂v amWv Bc-h√n ae-\n-c-I-fnse au≠v
hnfn-°p-∂p. A_p.
_p≤ a- X
- w
4 _n.-kn. 563-˛¬ t\∏m-fn-ep≈ I]n-eh - k- vXp-hnse I-fm-Wv. lo\-bm\ _p≤-aX - a- mWv hnI-kn-®X - v.
epw_n\n-bn¬ (t\-∏mƒ) P\n® imIy-hw-iP - \
- mb 4 KuX-a_- p-≤s‚ injy≥ B\-µ\ - m-Wv.
KuX-a_ - p-≤\ - mWv _p≤-aX ÿm]-I≥. 4 h{P-bm-\, tX¿hmZ F∂o c≠v kc-Wn-I-fmWv
4 t_m[n-hr-£sa∂v Adn-bs- ∏-´n-cp∂ ]n∏-ea- c- ® - p- _p≤-aX - Ø - n-\p-≈X - v.
h-´n¬ sh®v t_mt[m-Zbw e`n® kn≤m¿∞ cmP- 4 lnµp-°-sf-t∏mse _p≤-aX hnizm-kn-Ifpw
Ip-am-c≥ ]n∂oSv {io_p-≤≥ F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn- ]p\¿P-∑Ø - n¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
b-s∏-´X - v. 4 _p≤≥ Xs‚ BZy-{]-`m-jWw \S-Øn-bXv kmc-
4 _olm-dnse t_m[-K-b-bn¬ sh®mWv t_mt[m- \m-Ynse (DØ¿{]tZiv) Uo¿]m¿°n-em-Wv.
Zbw e`n-®X - v. 4 "Gjy-bpsS {]Imiw' F∂mWv {io_p-≤s\
4 aK[ km{am-Py-Øn¬ tN¿°-s∏´ I]neh-kvXp- FUzn≥ A¿t\mƒUv hnti-jn-∏n-®X - v.
hnse ipt≤m-Z\ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p kn≤m¿∞s‚ 4 km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bmb ]men-bmWv
]nXm-hv. _p≤-aX - °m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
4 ⁄mt\m-Zbw e`n-®b - mƒ F∂mWv "_p≤≥' F∂ 4 \memw _p≤-aX ktΩ-f\ - Ø- n¬ alm-bm\, lo\-
]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w. bm-\ F∂n-ßs\ _p≤-aXw c≠mbn ]ncn-™p.
4 _p≤≥ sFln-I-Po-hnXw Dt]-£n®v k\ymkw 4 alm-bm-\° - m¿ _p≤s\ ssZh-ambn Bcm-[n-®p.
kzoI-cn®n-cp-∂p. AjvSmw-Ka- m¿K-߃ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ih - gn hy‡n-
4 KuXa _p≤≥ _n.-kn. 483-˛¬ Ipin-\K - c- Ø- n¬ KX kmbqPyw e`n°pw F∂ Bi-b-Øn-\mWv
h®v "\n¿hmWw' {]m]n®p. lo\-bm-\° - m¿ Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cp-∂X - v.
4 C¥y-bn¬ DS-se-SpØ _p≤-aXw \nc-h[n cmPy- 4 _p≤-aX - Ø - ns‚ {Xnc-Xv\ß - ƒ ˛ _p≤w, [¿Ωw,
ß-fn-te°v hym]n-®p. sl√-\n-Iv, at[y-jy, Ing-°- kwLw (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha)
t\-jy, sX°p-In-g° - t\jy≥ cmPy-߃ F∂n-hnS- 4 BZysØ _p≤ k\ym-kn\n KuX-an-bm-Wv.
ß-fnse kwkvIm-cß - s- fbpw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. 4 ]tKm-U-bmWv (Pagoda) _p≤- a - X Bcm- [ -
4 _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Gjy-bn-emWv G‰hpw \mÿew.
IqSp-Xe - p-≈X - v. 4 _p≤-a-X-°m-cpsS {K\vYw {Xn]o-SnI (Tripitika)
4 F.-Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Iivao-cnse Ipµf h\- BWv.
Øn¬ I\n-jvI≥ \S-Ønb _p≤-aX ktΩ-f-\- 4 _p≤-aX k\ym-kn-am¿ "kwLw' F∂-dn-b-s∏-
Øn¬ h®v _p≤-aXw alm-bm-\s- a∂pw lo\-bm- Sp∂p.
\-sa∂pw c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p. 4 _p≤-aX - ° - m-cpsS k\ym-kn- aTw hnlmcw (Vihara)
4 Atim-Is‚ Ime-tØm sS (273-˛232 _n.-kn) C¥y- F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
bpsS AXn¿Øn IS∂v Hcp temIaX-ambn _p≤- 4 kn≤m¿∞≥ euInI kpJ-߃ Dt]£n®v
aXw amdn. {ItaW C¥y-bn¬ _p≤-aXw £bn-®p- k\ymkw kzoI-cn® kw`hw alm-`n-\n-jv{I-aWw
h-∂p. F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
4 _p≤-a-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ c≠v Bbp¿thZ 4 hn\-b] - o-SnI, kpØ-]o-SnI F∂o c≠v {KŸ-ß-
{KŸ-ß-fmWv hmKv`-Ss‚ AjvSmw-K-lr-Z-bhpw fn-emWv _p≤-aX kwln-XI - ƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°s- ∏-´n-
AjvSmwK kw{K-l-hpw. cn-°p-∂Xv.
4 _p≤-aX - Ø
- n\v \√ thtcm-´a- p≈ cmPy-amWv {ioe- 4 imIy-cm-P-Ip-am-cn-bmb btim[c {io_p-≤s‚
¶. `qcn-]£ - a- p≈ knwl-f¿ _p≤-aX hnizm-kn- `mcy-bmWv. cmlp-e\ - mWv ]p{X≥.
_p≤-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\-߃
h¿jw cmPmhv ÿew A≤y-£≥
1. BC483 APm-Xi - {Xp cmP-Krlw BNm-cy-alm Imiy]
2. BC 383 Ime-tim-I≥ sshimen k`-Iman
3. BC250 AtimI≥ ]mS-en-]p{Xw saKm-en-]p-´X
- ok
4. AD H∂mw \q‰m≠v I\n-jvI≥ Imivao¿ hkp-an-{X≥
NmXp¿h¿Wyw
{]mNo\ `mc-X-Ønse Bcy-∑m-cpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≠ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.
\mev kmaqly hn`m-K-߃ AYhm h¿W-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂p
NmXp¿h¿Wyw. Bcy-∑m-cpsS Pohn-X-{Iaw sslµh kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®-t∏mƒ
NmXp¿h¿Wyw lnµp-a-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn. kmaq-ly-amb I¿Øhy hn`-P-\-Øn¬ \n∂v cq]w-
sIm≠ hyh-ÿ-bmWv NmXp¿h¿Wyw. {_m“-W¿ (th-Zm-[ymb-\-Øn\pw ]qPmZn I¿Ω-߃°pw
hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h¿), £{Xn-b¿ (k-aq-l-c-£bv°v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ tbm≤m-°ƒ),
sshiy¿ (I-®-h-Sw, hmWn-Pyw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-h¿), iq{Z¿ (Zm-k∏-Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-h¿) F∂n-
h-bmWv NmXp¿h¿Wy-߃. Bcw-`-Øn¬ F¥v sXmgnepw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Bfp-Iƒ°v kzmX{¥yw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]n∂oSv ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn sNøp∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ Hcp ÿnc hyh-ÿ-
bmbn Xocp-Ibpw h¿Æ-߃°n-S-bn¬ D®-\o-NXzw DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
t]¿jy≥˛{Ko°v B{I-a-W-߃
_n.-kn. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]¿jy- bpsS hS- ° p- ] - S n- ™ m- d ≥ `mK- ß - f mb
bn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ A°-ao-\n-b≥ ]©m_pw kn‘pw Zmcn-bqkv B{I-an®p
cmP-hwiw C¥y-bp-ambn kmº-Øn-I˛ Iog-S-°n. 326 _n.-kn-bn¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠-
kmwkvIm- c nI cwK- ß - f n¬ ASpØ dpsS B{I- a Ww hsc Cu `mK- ß ƒ
_‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ime-{I- t]¿jy≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-If - psS Iogn-em-bn-
taW cmjv {Sob kwL-´-\-Øn\v hgn-sX- cp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ B{I-a-W-Øns‚ Zqc-
fn-®p. t]¿jy-bnse A°n-ao-\n-b≥ cmP- hym-]-I-^-e-am-bn-´mWv Ae-Ivkm-≠-dpsS
hw-i-Ønse alm-\mb sskdkv cmPmhv C¥ym B{I-aWw Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. _n.-
saIvdm\n-eqsS C¥y-bn-te°v IS-°m≥ kn. 326-˛¬ Im_qƒ ]nSn-®-S°n C¥y-
{ian-s®-¶nepw ]cm-Pn-X-\m-bn. C¥ysb bn¬ {]th-in® Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]©m_v
B{I-an® BZy t]¿jy≥ cmPmhv Zmcn- {]tZiw apgp-h≥ {Ko°v A[o-i-Xz-Øn≥
bqkv Bbn-cp-∂p. 516 _n.-kn.-bn¬ C¥y- Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p.
Ae-Ivkm-≠sddkv
t]m
hnkvabn-∏n® th-i-hp-ambn
m-\p≈ B
temIw IogS° \ ns ∂ - Ø nb al m-
n- b - b n¬
am k n- t U m- W m- ≠ - ¿ N {I - h ¿Ø n ap º n¬
\ mb A e - I v k Hmtcm-∂mbn sh´n-∏n-Sn®v
ƒ
I≠ cmPy-ß -cp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv kn‘p
X pS
ssP{X-b m{ X v. ]©m-_ns\
- I S∂ v ] © m-_nseØn-b-X n.-kn. 326-˛¬
\Zn pw _
n-em-°n-sb-¶ne cmPm-hmb t]md-
Xs‚ hcp-Xn-b cm P ys Ø
ch p∂
C¥ybnse ]u lUm-kv]kv bp≤w Xo]m-d
kp-am-bp≈ ss e-Ivkm-≠-dn\v kΩm-\n-®-Xv. mcp-
Ae-Ivkm-≠dpw t]mdkpw A\p-`-h-amWv A -ambn s]
vkm-≠-tdmSv [oc
G‰p-ap-´p∂ Zriyw \mW-b- t]mdkv, Ae-I Ukv]kv bp≤w ˛ Battle of
sl ns‚
Xn-sb-¶nepw (s n¬ ]cm-Pn-X-\m-bn. t]md-k ncn-
Øn¬ sImØn-h-®n-cn-°p∂p
HS p- h ns \ X
Hydaspes) cmPyw t]md-k
A ¤ p- X - s ∏ ´ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿
≠v
bp≤-iucyw I
t® ¬ ∏ n® p.
ƒ
jUvZ¿i-\-ß v "jUv Z¿i-\-߃
'
B dp Z¿ i - \ -ßsf tN¿ØmW , thZm¥w F∂n-
n-cp∂ k
-Øn¬ {]_-e-am-b tbmK, ]q¿∆-ao-amw
4 {]mNo\ `mc-X -Xv. \ymbw, sshti-jn-Iw, kmwJyw,
F∂p hnfn-°p-∂
h-bm-W-h. D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. v IWm-Z-≥.
X - a ≥ B W v \ymb-hm-Z-Øns‚ h ti - j n- I - Ø ns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmh
4 Ku -dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ss v I]n-e-\m-Wv.
C ¥ y≥ I W n- Im-kn-≤m¥w F∂ b k mw J y- Z ¿i \ w Bhn-jvI-cn-®X
4 {]mNo-\am
-fn¬ h®v G‰hpw
4 jUv Z¿i-\-ß -RvP-en-bm-Wv. -⁄m-Xmhv
tb mK - Z ¿i \ w Bhn-jvI-cn-®X v ] X
\ ¬ I p∂ ] q¿ ∆-ao-amw-k-bpsS D]
4 v Du∂¬
¿Ω ImWvT-߃°
4 thZ-ß-fnse I - \ - m-Wv.
ssPan-\n-bm-Wv. v _mZc- m-bW
-
s ∏-
S p∂ th Zm - ns‚ I¿Ømh
- Ø
¥ v .
F∂dnb n-®-X
4 DØc- a- o-amwk pc {]Nm-c-Øn-se-Ø
m- c y- c mW v th Zm ¥ Z¿i-\-ßsf {]N
4 i¶-cm-N
aK-[ km{amPyw
C¥y-bnse alm-P-\-]-Zß-fn¬s∏´- APm-X-i-{Xp-hns\ XpS¿∂v DZ-b\≥
XmWv aK[ cmPyw. C∂sØ _olm-dnse (460-˛444 _n.-kn) A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn.
]mSv\, Kb, jlm-_mZv, _wKm-fnse Nne 4 aK-[b - psS Xe-ÿm\w ]mS-eo-]p-{X-Øn-
{]tZ-i-߃ F∂nh tNcp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p te°v am‰p- ∂ - X v DZ- b \s‚ Ime-
aK[. ØmWv.
4 cmP-Krl Bbn-cp∂p aK-[-bpsS Xe- 4 Kp]v X km{am- P yhpw aucy km{am
ÿm-\w. ]n∂oSv Xe-ÿm\w ]mS-eo-]p- Pyhpw DS-se-Sp-ØXv aK-[-bn¬ \n∂m-
{X-Øn-te°v am‰p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bn-cp∂p.
tImk-ew, h’w, Ah-¥n, AwKw, 4 DZ-b-\s\-Øp-S¿∂v inip-\m-K-hwiw
Imin, tNZn, h÷n, Ipcp, ]m©mew XpS- aK-[-bpsS `cWw Gs‰-Sp-Øp.
ßnb cmPy-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-s∂- 4 aK- [ - b psS Xe- ÿ m\w C°m- e Øv
¶nepw BXy-¥n-I-ambn B[n-]Xyw t\Sn- sshim- e n- b n- t e°v am‰n. Ah¥n
sb-Sp-ØXv aK-[-bm-Wv. cmPysØ tXm¬∏n- ° m≥ Ign- ™ -
XmWv inip-\m-K-hw-i-Øns‚ G‰hpw
4 _nw_n-km-c≥, At±-lØ - ns‚ ]p{X≥ {][m\ t\´w.
APm-X-i{Xp F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p aK[
_p≤-˛-ssP\ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ aK-[-sb-
`cn-®n-cp∂ {]_-e-cmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. imkv{Xw, KWn-Xw,
Iƒ.
tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, XXz-Nn¥ F∂n-h-bn¬
lcym¶ hwi-Ønse _nw_n-km-c≥ aK-[-bpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \nkvXp-e-am-Wv.
(544 _n.-kn-˛492 _n.-kn.) A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-
inip\mK-∑msc XpS¿∂v A[n-Im-cØ - n-
Øn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv aK[ {]m[m\yw t\Sn-
te-dnb \µ-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Ime aK-[-
Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv. _nw_n-km-c≥ _p≤s‚
bnse G‰hpw {]_-e-amb cmP-hw-iw.
ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
alm-]fl \µ-\m-bn-cp∂p \µ hwi-Ønse
_nw_n- k m- c s\ XpS¿∂v ]p{X≥ {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn. \µ hwi-Øns‚
APmXi{Xp (492-˛460 _n.-kn.) A[n-Im-c- Ime-ØmWv Ae-Ivkm-≠d- psS B{I-aW - w.
Øn-te-dn. lcym¶ hwi-Ønse G‰hpw hn]p-e-am-bn-cp∂ \µ-tk-\sb `b-∂mWv
anI® t]mcm- f n- I - f n- s em- c mfm- b n- c p∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]n≥hm-ßn-b-sX∂v ]d-b-
APmXi{Xp. s∏-Sp-∂p.
aucy-km-{amPyw
_n.- k n. 322- ˛ ¬ N{µ- K p]v X
aucy≥ IuSn-eys‚ (Nm-W-Iy≥)
klm- b - t ØmsS \µ- h w- i sØ
Iog-S°n aucy-hwiw ÿm]n-®p.
N{µ- K p- ] v X \pw AtimI N{I-
h¿Ønbpw `cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-b-fhv
aucy km{am-Py-Øns‚ kph¿W
Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ D]-
`q-J-WvU-Ønse G‰hpw i‡n-
bp- ≈ Xpw hnkvXr- X - h p- a mb
`cWambn-cp∂p aucy km{am-Py-
Øn-t‚-Xv. H≥]Xv Xe-ap-d-bn-ep≈
cmPm-°≥am¿ `cn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-
km- \ sØ cmPm- h mb _rl- { Z-
Ys\ kpwK hwi-Ønse ]pjyan-
{X≥ h[n-®-tXmsS HutZym-Kn-I-
ambn km{am-Py-`-cWw amdn.
` ‡ n- { ] - ÿ m\ w ¿§-
n (B c - ) F∂o aq∂v am
- m-[\
I¿Ωw ({]h - r-Øn), `‡ - \ `mc-Xo-bc - psS hn
⁄m\w (Ad- n-hv), m£ w t\ Sm sa ∂ m-bn-cp∂p ]pcmX j
p- y\ pw Cuiz-
pw ta - m-Wv. a\
ßfn¬ GXv hgn° ibw D¤h - n-® Xv thZ-ßf - n¬\n∂
p-tN-cepw C vS-tZ-h j -
B
izm-kw. `‡n F∂ -VXeØn-ep≈ (mystical union) HØ^e -
a mb n h nI -
k n® p.
c\pw XΩn-ep≈ \n pw _p≤a
Kq - psS -
b
-
[ -
\ b - X- Ø - n-\p-≠mb XI¿® b - p≈ \q‰m≠ - n-emWv hnI-
∑ c
m- ps S B cm w 7 ap X¬ 12 hsc - n¬
- n-¥y-bn¬ `‡ {
n- ]- ÿ m\ Xv mw \q‰m≠
14- ˛
sXt°b
n¬ C u {] ÿm-\Ø - n\v hnØp-]m-In-b≠ - n¬ Po h n-®n-cp∂
- v. hS-t°b - ¥
n- y-b \q ‰m
kn-®X a-tZ-h\pw, 15-˛mw p∂p I_o¿.
m-jv{S-°m-c\mb \m am\ - s‚ injy-\m-bn-c
Pohn-®n-cp-∂ alm-c p (DØ - ¿ {] tZ -
i v) . cm - µ i
- ß
- sf hna¿in®
- µ - p-am-bn-c
- \ ∂
p- -ÿn-Xn-bpsS Zq j yh
cmam\ k ma q-l y-h y-h ap ow ssa{Xn°v
…
\ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ p I_odpw \m\m° - pw. Ch¿ lnµp ]-Nm-cnI aXm-\p-
c≠v {]ik - vXc - m-bn-cp∂
m-cm-[\ - , Xo¿∞m-S\ - w XpS-ßnb Hu -lw Du∂¬
≠
m- p. h n{K -
l z-Øn\v Ct±
th≠n \n e- s I
o¿ A ]- e - ] n- ® p. Cuiz-cs‚ GI-X o hyXykvX t]cpI - n¬
- f
jvTm-\-ßsf I_ tKmhn-µ≥, A≈, kmln_v F∂ h -
≠ b
n- n¬ P\ n®
X¬
\¬In. cma≥, lcn, `n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp. ]©m-_nse n\v AXpey kw`m-h-
A Ø
-
ssZhsØ I_o¿ mb Kpcp \m\m°pw `‡n-{]-ÿm-\
-\
kn°p-a-X-ÿm-]-I
\- I ƒ \¬ I n.
Kp]vX km{amPyw
]pcm-X\ C¥y-bn¬ cmjv{So-b-ambpw Xn¬ Kp]vX cmPm-°-∑m¿ hln® ]¶v
ssk\n-I-ambpw G‰hpw i‡n-bm¿Pn® \nkvXp-e-am-Wv.
km{am-Py-am-bn-cp∂p Kp]vX km{am-Pyw. Kp]vX-Im-eØv C¥y kµ¿in®
{]mNo\ C¥y≥ Ncn-{X-Ønse ssN\okv k-©m-cn-bmWv ^mln-bm≥.
"kph¿W Ime-L´'sa∂v (F.-Un. 335- Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Kp]vX km{am-
˛455) hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Kp]vX `c-W- Py-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v shfn®w hoip-∂p-≠v.
Im-e-w F.-Un. 4˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ a≤y- lnµp-aXw G‰-hp-a-[nIw Db¿® {]m]n®
tØm-sS-bmWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ imkv{Xw, tPymXn- Ipjm\ cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-
im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-im-kv{Xw, kmwkvIm-cn- IfmbmWv Kp]vX≥am¿ Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv.
Iw, kmlnXyw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬
{ioKp-]vX-\mWv Kp]vX-km-{amPy ÿm]-
hnkva-b-I-c-amb hf¿®-bmWv D≠m-b-Xv.
]pcm-X\ Ime-L-´-Ønse \mW-b-߃, I≥. Kp]vX cmP-hw-i-Ønse {][m\
Nph-sc-gp-Øp-Iƒ, kvamc-I-߃, IrXn- cmPmhv F.-Un. 320-˛¬ `c-W-ta-s‰-SpØ
Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \ns∂ms° hnh-c- N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ ˛ I Bbn-cp-∂p.
߃ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v e`n-®n-´p≠v. N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ I A[n-Imcw ÿm]n-®-
lqW-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-WsØ sNdpØv Xns‚ Xns‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°mWv F.-Un.
cmjv{S-Øn\v ÿncX ssIh-cn-°p-∂- 320˛¬ "Kp]vX-h¿jw' Bcw-`n-®-Xv.
\h-c-Xv\-߃
[\z-¥-cn, £]-W-I≥, Aa-c-knw-
l≥, i¶p, thXm-f-`-´≥,
LSI¿∏≥, Imfn-Zm-k≥, hcm-
l-an-ln-c≥, hc-cpNn hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-t‚-sX∂v Icp-Xp∂ Nn{Xw ˛
AP-¥-bnse Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
4 Kp]vX-cm-P-hwiw Bcw-`n-®Xv {ioKp- 4 lqW-∑m-cpsS XpS¿®-bmb B{I-a-W-
]vXs‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. ߃ Kp]vX-km-{amPyw XI-cm≥ CS-
4 Kp]vX-∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p bmbn.
{]bmKv (Ae-l-_m-Zv). 4 Ipamc Kp]vXs‚ `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv
4 F.Un. 415˛¬ U¬ln-bn¬ IpØ-_van- lqW-∑m¿ C¥y B{I-an-®Xv. N{µ-Kp-
\m- d n- \ - S p- Ø p≈ samduen kv X w`w ]vX≥ c≠m-as‚ aI-\mWv Ipam-c -
ÿm]n-®Xv Kp]vX-∑m-cmWv. Kp]vX≥.
4 N{µ- K p]v X hn{I- a m- Z n- X ys‚ Xe- 4 Kp]vX-km-{am-Py-Ønse -Ahkm-\-cm-
ÿm\w D÷-bn\nbmWv. Pmhv kvIµ-Kp-]vX≥ BWv.
4 hn{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ imImcn F∂ t]cnepw 4 hmKv ` - S ≥ Kp]v X - I m- e - L - ´ - Ø nse
Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂p. {][m\ `nj-Kz-c-\m-Wv.
4 Kp]vX-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-
4 Kp]v X - ∑ m- c psS HutZym- K n- I - ` mj
߃ ASn-®n-d-°n-bn-cp-∂p.
kwkvIr-X-am-bn-cp∂p.
4 "C¥y≥ s\t∏m-fn-b≥' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- 4 Km‘m-c-I-e-Isf Kp]vX-∑m¿ t{]m’m-
∂ `c-Wm-[n-ImcnbmWv kap-{Z-Kp-]vX≥ ln-∏n-®n-cp∂p. CXp-Iq-SmsX a[p-c- I-
e- I - s fbpw B{‘m- I - e - I - s fbpw
4 hn≥k‚ v kvanØv BWv kap-{Z-Kp- t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
]vXs\ C¥y≥ s\t∏m- f n- b ≥
4 N{µ-Kp-]vX-k-Z-nse `h-`q-Xn-bpsS cN-
F∂phnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.
\-I-fm-Wv˛ DØ-c-cm-a-N-cn-Xhpw ame-Xo-
4 kap- { Z- K p- ] vXs‚ sIm´m- c - I - h n- am-[-h-hpw.
bmbncp∂p lcn- t k- \ ≥. kap- { Z- K p- 4 \h- c - X v \ - ß ƒ°v ]pdta hnim- J - Z -
]vX≥ "Ihn-cmP' F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p. Ø≥, iq{Z-I≥ apX-emb \mS-II - r-Øp-
4 Kp]vX- I-eb - psS DØ-tam-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv- °fpw Kp]vX-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-
A-P¥mKpl- b nse Nph¿Nn- { X- ß ƒ Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]©-X{¥ IY-
(Fresco Paintings). Iƒ C°m-eØv Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
4 Kp]vX Ime-L-´-Ønse {][m\ k¿∆- 4 "Aa-c-tImiw' \nL-≠p-hns‚ cN-bn-
I-em-im-e-Iƒ ˛ \f-µ, X£-in-e. Xm-hmb Aa-c-knw-l\pw Kp]vX-Ime-
4 Kp]vX∑ - m-cpsS HutZym-KnI Nn”w Kcp- ØmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-
U≥ BWv. Sp∂p.
4 KWn- X - i m- k v { Xw, tPymXn- i m- k v { Xw,
sshZy-imkv{Xw F∂o cwK-ß-fnepw
ImfnZm-k≥ Kp]v X - I mew anI® kw`m- h - \ - I ƒ
s∏´ Imfn-Zm- \¬In.
\h-c-Xv\-ß-fn¬ Dƒ I v k v ] n- b ¿' 4 Bcy-`-S≥ Xs‚ hnin-jvS-Ir-Xn-bmb
k ≥ " C ¥ y≥ tj
p. "Bcy-`S- obw' cNn®v C¥y-bn¬ tPymXn-
F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂
p- ] v X ≥ c≠ ma s‚ kZ-n- im- k v { X- s Øbpw KWn- X - i m- k v { X-
N{µ-K F ∂ ]fin- sØbpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®p.
emWv \h-cvX - \ - ß ƒ
p-∂ v. Imfn-Zm-
- X 4 hcm-la - n-ln-c≥, {_“-Kp-]vX≥, `mkvI-
X-hrµw D≠m-bn-c m-hy-ß-fmWv cm-Nm-cy≥ XpS-ßnb {]K¤ KWnX
al m- I
k≥ cNn®
pa m- c - k w- ` h pw . ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ Kp]vX-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-
cL p- h w- i h pw I
{] [m \ \mS-I-߃ cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Imfn-Zm-ks‚
n-Im-·n-an-{Xw, 4 kp{]- k n≤ sshZy- { K- Ÿ - a mb
imIp-¥-fw, amf-h ∂n-h-bm-Wv. "Ajv S mwK lrZbw' Kp]v X - I m- e -
ob w F
hn{I-tam¿h-i
psS cmP-Ip-am- Øns‚ Hcp DXvIrjvS kw`m-h\ - b - m-Wv.
" C¥y≥ Ihn-I-f hpw Imfn-Zm-
nti - j - W 4 aYp-c-bn-ep≈ [ym\-\n-c-X-amb _p≤-
c≥' F∂ h
k-\p-≠v. {]-Xn-abpw Kp]vX-Ime ssien-bpsS
DØ-a-am-Xr-I-bmWv.
l¿j km{amPyw (F.-Un. 606-˛647)
lqW-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-W-sØ XpS¿∂v cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p _mW-`-´≥.
Kp]vX km{amPyw inYn-e-am-Ip-Ibpw ]e "l¿j-N-cn-Xw', "ImZw-_cn' F∂n-h-
sNdp-cm-Py-ßfpw ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w-sIm- bmWv _mW-`-´s‚ {][m\ IrXn-Iƒ.
≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C°q-´-Øn¬ l¿j-k-Z-nse NWvUm-e-Ihn amXwK
G‰hpw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂Xv Ipcp- Znhm-I-c≥ Bbn-cp∂p.
t£-{X-Øn\v kao]w Xmt\-izcw Xe- l¿js‚ `c-W-Im-eØv C¥y
ÿm-\-am°n Db¿® {]m]n® h¿[-\≥am- kµ¿in® lpbm≥ kmßns‚ (629-˛645
cpsS cmPy-am-Wv. F.-Un.) kzm[o\w aqe-amWv At±lw
Cu cmP-hw-i-Ønse G‰hpw {]_-e- _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-®-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-
\mb cmPmhv l¿j-h¿[-\≥ Bbn-cp- ∂p. Xn_-Øn¬ hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬
∂p. ktlm-Z-c-\mb cmPy-h¿≤-\s‚ ac-
_p≤-aXw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv l¿js‚ Ime-
Wm-\-¥cw 11˛mw hb-n¬ l¿j-h¿≤-
\≥ F.Un. 606˛¬ A[n-Im-c-ta‰p. Øm-Wv.
l¿j-h¿[-\≥ Im\qPns\ Xs‚ hS-t°- C¥y-bnse Ah-km-\sØ
Xeÿm\am°n am‰n. l¿js‚ kp{]-[m\ lnµp-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p
km{amPyw {_“-]p{X apX¬ I®v l¿j≥. "lnµp-Im-e-L-´-Ønse
hscbpw lnam-ebw apX¬ \¿ΩZ AIv_¿' F∂mWv l¿j≥ Adn-b-s∏-
hscbpw ]c-∂p-In-S-∂n-cp-∂p. ´ncp-∂-Xv.
l¿j≥ Ihnbpw ]WvUn-X-\p-am-bn- Nmeq-Iy-cm-Pm-hmb ]petI-in c≠m-
cp-∂p. "cXv\m-h-en', "\mKm-\-µw', "{]nb- a≥ bp≤-Øn¬ l¿js\ tXm¬∏n-®n-
Z¿inI' F∂o kwkvIrX \mS-I-Ir-Xn-I- ´p≠v.- ]pen-tI-in c≠m-as‚ B{I-a-W-
fpsS I¿Øm-hmWv l¿j≥. l¿js‚ ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnhcw \¬Ip-∂Xv
cmP-k-Z-ns\ Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp∂ ]WvUn-X- Abvtlmƒ (Aihole) enJn-X-ß-fm-Wv.
]ucm-WnI {KŸ-߃
cmam-bWw ................................... hmevaoIn DØ-cc- m-aN - c- nXw ............................. `h-`qXn
alm-`m-cXw .................................... hymk≥ AjvSm-≤ymbn ................................ ]mWn\n
`K-hX- Kv oX ..................................... hymk≥ Ima-kq{X ............................. hm’ym-b\≥
A¿∞-imkv{Xw .......................... IuSn-ey≥ \mK-\µ - n\n ........................ l¿j-h¿≤-\≥
A`n⁄m\ imIp-¥fw ............. Imfn-Zm-k≥ ]©-X{¥w ............................ hnjvWp-i¿Ω
EtKzZw ...................................... Bcy≥am¿ jmlv\ma ................................... ^n¿Zukn
Ipam-ck - w-`hw ........................... Imfn-Zm-k≥ AIv_¿\ma ...................... A_pƒ^-k¬
KoX-tKm-hnµw ............................. Pb-tZ-h≥ Abn-\n-˛A - I - v_mcn ............. A_pƒ^-k¬
_p≤-Nc- nXw ......................... Aiz-tLm-j≥ C≥Un° .............................. saK-kvX\ - okv
ImZw-_cn .................................. _mW-`´- ≥ cXv\m-hen ......................... l¿j-h¿≤-\≥
B›-cy-Nq-Vm-aWn ..................... i‡n-`{- Z≥ lntXm]tZiw .......................... \mcmbW≥
ap{Zm-cm-£kw ....................... hnim-JZ- Ø - ≥ tZho-N{- µ-Kp]vXw ................... hnim-JZ- Ø - ≥
Nne-∏X - n-Imcw ..................... Cf-t¶m-hS- n-Iƒ
_rl-XvaR - vPcn ........................ t£ta-{µ≥
Xncp-°p-dƒ ........................... Xncp-h≈ - ph¿
a\p-kvarXn .......................................... a\p
Aa-ct- Imiw ......................... Aa-ck - nw-l≥
\mSy-imkv{Xw ............................... `c-Xa- p\n KX-k] - vXi - Xn ................................ lme≥
l¿j-Nc- nXw .............................. _mW-`´- ≥ ar—-LS- nIw .................................. iq{Z-I≥
cma-Nc- n-Xa- m-\kw ...................... Xpf-koZmkv _rl-Zvkw-lnX,
cmP-Xc- w-KnWn ........................... I¬lW≥ ]©-kn-≤m-¥nI .................. hcm-la- n-ln-c≥
Z£ntW¥y-bpsS Ncn{Xw
kwL-Imew
Z£n-tW¥y (X-an-g-Iw) bpsS {]mNo\ g-IsØ G‰hpw anI® cmjv{Sob i‡n-
Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v shfn®w hoip∂ {][m- bmbn hf¿∂p.
\-s∏´ tcJ-Iƒ kwL-Im-esØ Xangv "F´p-sØmssI'bn¬ s]´ "]Xn-‰p-∏-
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. Øv'˛¬ \n∂v F´v tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS
{InkvXp- h ¿j- Ø ns‚ BZysØ t\´-ßsf∏‰n hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
A©v iXm-_vZ-ß-fn¬ a[pc Bÿm-\- Ch- c n¬ {][m\n s\Spw- t N- c - e m- X - \ pw,
am°n {]h¿Øn- ® n- c p∂ Xangv kwL- sN¬sI-gp-Ip-´p-h-\p-am-Wv.
Øns‚ t{]m’m-l-\-Øm¬ cNn-°-s∏´ Nne-∏-Xn-ImcØn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-
IrXn-I-fmWv "kwL-IrXn'Isf∂v Adn-b- Sp∂ sN¶p-´-h\pw sN¬sIgp Ip´p-h\pw
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ']Øp-∏m´v', "F´p-sØmssI' H∂m-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. s\SpwtNgn-
F∂nh kwL-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ß- b-\m-bn-cp∂p kwL-Im-esØ G‰hpw
fm-Wv. kwL-Im-e-Øn-\p-tijw cNn-°- {]kn-≤-\mb ]mWvUy-cm-Pmhv.
s∏´ "Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw', "aWn-ta-Je' F∂o Xsse-bm-e-¶m-\-Øp-h®v \S∂ bp≤-
IrXn- I fpw Z£n- t W- ¥ y≥ Ncn- { X- Ø n- Øn¬ Ct±lw tNc, tNmf cmPm-°-∑msc
te°v shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bmWv. tXm¬∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
kwL- I m- e sØ Xan- g - I - Ø ns‚ kwL-Im-eØv Xan-g-IØv ]e sNdp-
cmjv{Sob Ncn{Xw tNc-˛-]m-WvUy-˛-tNmf cm-Py-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ D∂X
cmP- h w- i - ß - f psS `mK- t [- b - ß - f p- a mbn \ne-hm-c-ap≈ `c-W-k-{º-Zm-bhpw Pohn-X-
_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Icn-Im-e-\mWv Cu co-Xnbpw \ne-hn-en-cp-∂p. kwL-Im-eØv
ImesØ G‰hpw {]K-¤\ - mb tNmf cmPm- Z£n-tW¥y kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]ptcm-KXn
hv. ka-Im-eo-\-cmb tNc-˛-]mWvUy cmPm- t\Sn.
°-∑msc At±lw bp≤-Øn¬ tXm¬ ∏n- F.-Un. 300 apX¬ 750 hsc-bp≈ Ime-
°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Icn-Im-es\ tXm¬∏n® L´Øn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ DS-se-SpØ
tNc cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p DXn-b≥ tNc-em-X≥. {]_-e-amb aq∂v cmP-hw-i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
At±-lØ - ns‚ Imew apX¬ tNc-∑m¿ Xan- NmeqIy¿, ]mWvUy¿, ]√-h¿ F∂n-h¿.
A¿∞imkv{Xw Wv A¿∞-im-kv{Xw.
{] mam - W n- I - a mb cm jv{S-ao-amwkm {KŸ-am- -Zm-bnI ÿnXn-K-
{]mNo-\-`m-c-X-Ønse `c-W-Im-esØ \oXn-\n-b-a-ßsfbpw kmap 300 Ime-L-´-
cpsS v 324-˛
aucy-hwi cmPm-°-∑m- w {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. {InkvXp-hn\v apº nI cmPy-X-{¥-⁄-
- s fb pw Cu {K \v Y k Nn - h \p w {] mtb m-K
Xn-I K p- ] v X - a u- cys‚ {][m\ Øm-hv. hnjvWp-Kp-
n- c p∂ N{ µ- -b ps S I¿
Øn¬ Pohn-® A Yh m Nm W -I y≥ BWv Cu IrXn
\p-am-bn-cp∂ IuSn-ey≥ ys‚ icn-bmb t]cv.
e n, in£m-im-
]vX≥ F∂mWv IuSn- Nm c- h r- Ø n, bp ≤ w, kam-[m-\w, ZWvU-\o-X -Iƒ, hnhm-
-{¥w, acym- Z
cmjv{Saoamw-k, \b-X \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃, kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-∑m¿§nI `-P-\w, s]mXp-
, k nh n¬ - ˛ - { In - a n- \ ¬ -‘ -ß ƒ, `c -W -h-I p∏v hn
kv { Xw y-_
-Im-iw, hym]mc hmWn-P - f- n¬s∏-Sp∂ F√mw
A¿∞-
lw, Zmb{I-aw, kzØ-h XpSßn a\pjy hyh-lmc hnj-bß
hmb s]cpa- m‰ kwl Zy-hn-j-b-ß-fmWv. nX
m- A¿∞-im-
im-kv{X-Øn-se {]Xn-] "Z {] n≥k v ' F ∂ IrXn-bp-ambn NmW-Iys‚ Ct±-lsØ
n-b ps S n
bqtdm-∏nse amIy-sh-√ `mcX - Ø - nse "amIys- h√n'bmb
v { Xs Ø Xm c- X - a y- s ∏- Sp-Ønb ]WvUn-X-∑m¿
k
Nn{XoI - c- n-®n-´p-≠v.
Nmeq-Iy¿
sXt° C¥y-bp-sSbpw hSt° t\´w. ]n∂o-S-t±lw Z£nW tImk-
C¥y-bp-sSbpw henb `q`mKw Bdmw ehpw Ienw-Khpw Iog-S-°n. ]√h cmPm-
\q‰m-≠n\pw 12-˛mw \q‰m-≠n\pw CS-bn¬ hmb atl-{µ-h¿Ωs\ tXm¬∏n®v
`cn-®n-cp-∂-h-cmWv NmeqIy cmP-hw-iw. NmeqIy ssk\yw B cmPy-Øns‚ ]e
hS-°≥ alm-cm-jv{S, hnZ¿` {]tZ-i- `mK-ßfpw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]t£,
ß-fn¬ iXhm-l-\-∑m¿°v tijw ]n∂oSv \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ ]pentIin
hmImS-I¿ `c-W-Øn-te-dn. Ch-cp-ambn h[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]√h cmPmhv \c-knw-
cayX ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ N{µ-Kp]vX hn{I- l-h¿Ω≥ hmXm]n ]nSn-®-S-°p-Ibpw
am-Zn-Xy≥, Ch-cpsS klm-b-tØm-sS- sNbvXp.
bmWv imI-∑msc ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. in¬∏-I-ebpw Nn{X-I-ebpw hºn®
hmImS-Isc XpS¿∂v Nmeq-Iy¿ ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn. ]pe-tIin II ˛s‚
(hmXm]n˛_-Zm-an) A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn. "sFtlmƒ imk\w' {]i-kvX-am-Wv.
BZy-Ime NmeqIy cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]›na Nmeq-Iy¿ hntZ-io-b-cp-ambn
G‰hpw {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂Xv hmXm- kulr-Z-_-‘-߃ ÿm]n-®p. t]¿jy-
]n-bnse ]pentIin II (609-˛642) BWv. bnse cmPm-hmb Jpkvdu, ]pentIin
\¿ΩZm XocØv h®v \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ II˛s‚ kZ-knte°v Hcp kulrZ-kw-
l¿j-h¿≤-\s\ tXm¬∏n-®-XmWv ]pe- LsØ Ab-®Xv Hcp {]-[m\ kw`-h-
tI-in-bpsS G‰hpw anI® ssk\nI amWv.
]√- h ¿
C£zmIp hwi-Psc XpS¿∂v `c-W-Øn- k-Z-ns\ Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂p. `‡nam¿K
te-dnb ]√-h¿ 4 apX¬ 6 hsc-bp≈ ÿm]-I-cmb Bgvhm¿amcpw \mb-
iXm-_vZ-ß-fn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse Hcp \m¿amcpw Xß-fpsS Km\-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eqsS
{]_e cmjv{So-b-i-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xan-gv\m-´n¬ aX-{]-N-cWw \S-Øn.
Im©n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]√-h-∑m-cpsS Xe- Bgvhm¿ IrXn-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb
ÿm-\w. ]√-h-cmPyw Imthcn apX¬ "\membnc Znhy-{]-_‘'hpw \mb-\m¿
aZn-cmin hsc ]c-∂p-In-S-∂n-cp-∂p. IrXn-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb "tXhmc'hpw
knwl-hn-jvWp-hns‚ (560-˛580) Ime- lnµp-a-XsØ Xan-gv\m-´n¬ ÿnc-{]-Xn-
tØm-sS-bmWv ]√h cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS jvT-am-°n.
Imew Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. tNmf¿,
]mWvUy¿, If-{`¿ XpS-ßn-b-hsc
knwl-hnjvWp tXm¬∏n-®-Xmbn Icp-X-
cmP-hw-i-ßfpw
s∏-Sp-∂p. XpS¿∂v A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dnb Xe-ÿm-\-ßfpw
atl-{µ-h¿Ω≥ I˛s‚ `c-W-Im-eØv ................. a[pc
NmeqIy cmPm-hmb ]pen-tI in II ]√-h- ]mWvUy-∑m¿ ................
...... hmXm]n
cmPyw B{I-an®p Iog-S-°n. NmeqI- y-∑m¿ ........................
........ Im©n
"aØ-hn-emk {]l-k\w' Ct±lw cNn-®-
]√h- ∑- m¿ ............................
sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse .. X©m-hq¿
in¬∏-I-e-bpsS Hcp {][m\ tI{µ-amb tNmf∑ - m¿ ............................
p-cmtlm
ama-√-]pcw (a-lm-_-en-]p-cw) Ct±-l- NWvUm-e∑ - m¿ ...................... JP
Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-Wv. Ah-km-\sØ ................ hm©n
..
tNc-∑m¿ ....................
]√-h-cm-Pmhv A]-cm-PnX h¿Ω-bm-bn- am≥L´v
cp∂p. - m¿ ..........................
cmjv{- S-Iq-S∑
........... Zzmc-ka- p{Z
ZnKv\mK≥, `m’n, ZWvUn apX-emb ]e tlmbvkm-e≥am¿ ........
{]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw ]√h cmP-
tNmf-∑m¿
tNmf-hw-i-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥ kwL-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ Icn-Ime tNmf-\m-bn-
cp-∂p. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tijw £bn® tNmf i‡nsb ]p\:ÿm]n-®-Xv, hnP-
bm-e-b≥ (850-˛871) BWv. "]c-tI-kcn', "cmP-tI-kcn' XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-fn¬ tNmf
cmPm-°-∑m¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv hnP-bm-e-bs‚ Imew apX¬°m-Wv. tNmf
hwi-Øns‚ biv h¿≤n-°p-∂Xv cmP-cm-P≥ I (985-˛1016)s‚ Imew apX¬°m-Wv.
X©m-hq-cnse _rl-tZ-izct£{Xw Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv.
tNmf-hwiw {]i-kvXn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-se-Øn-bXv cmtP-{µ≥ I (1012-˛44) s‚ Ime-
Øm-Wv. 1018˛¬ ]mWvUysc \nt»jw tXm¬∏n® cmtP-{µ≥ tNc cmPyhpw kntem
Wpw Iog-S-°n.
DØ-tc-¥y-bnse hnP-b-ßsf XpS¿∂v cmtP{µ tNmf≥ "KwssK-s°m≠
tNmf≥' F∂ t]cv kzoI-cn-®p. cmtP{µ tNmf≥ "KwssK-s°m≠ tNmf-]pcw' F∂
]pXnb Xe-ÿm\ \Kcw ]Wn-Xp. cmPm-[n-cmP tNmf≥ Bbn-cp∂p tNmf km{am-Py-
Ønse Ah-km\ cmPm-hv.
Pbw sIm≠-cpsS "Ienw-K-Øp-∏-cWn'bpw H´-°q-Ø-cpsS "Dem-Ifpw' tNmf
ImesØ anI® Xangv IrXn-I-fm-Wv. Iº¿ Xan-gn¬ cmam-bWw cNn-®Xpw C°m-e-
Øm-Wv. tN°n-gm-cpsS "s]cn-b-]p-cmWw" C°m-e-Øp-≠mb as‰mcp IrXn-bm-Wv.
]mWvUy¿ tNc∑m¿
a[pc Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ BZy-Ime kwL-Im-e-Øn-\p-tijw tNc-i‡n
]mWvUycmPyw a[p-c-˛-Xn-cp-s\¬then ]p\:ÿm]n-X-am-bXv F.-Un. 8˛mw \q‰m-
Pn√-Iƒ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kwL-Ir- ≠n¬ Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-
Xn-I-fn¬ ]mWvUy cmPm-hmb s\Spw-tN- Øn-em-Wv.
gn-b-s\-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠v. Ggmw Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bmWv (800-˛820) c≠mw
\q‰m≠n-emWv ]mWvUy-i‡n tNc-km-{amPy ÿm]-I≥. `‡-I-hn-
]p\:ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. bmb Ipe-ti-Jc Bgvhm¿ Ct±lw
]mWvUy cmPmhv {ioamc {ioh-√- Xs∂-bm-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu
`s‚ (815-˛862) Ime-ØmWv ]mWvUy¿ hwi-Ønse c≠m-asØ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂
kntem¨ B{I-an-®-Xv. 1251-˛¬ A[n-Im-c- cmP-ti-Jc h¿Ω (820-˛844) bpsS Ime-
Øn¬ h∂ PSm-h¿Ω≥ kpµ-c-]m- ØmWv sIm√-h¿jw ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv.
WvUy-\mWv ]mWvUy cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬
ÿmWp chn, Cµp-t°mX h¿Ω,
G‰hpw {]K-¤≥. tlmbvkm-esc
`mkvIc chn-h¿Ω F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p
tXm¬∏n®v Ct±lw ]mWvUy-cmPyw
a‰p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ.
hnI-kn-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v A[n-Im-c-Øn¬
h∂ amc-h¿Ω≥ Ipe-ti-J-c≥ (1268- Ah-km-\ tNcN{I-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂
˛1310) tlmbvkm-esc \nt»jw Iog-S-°n. cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ (1090-˛1102) `c-
Ct±-l-Øns‚ ac-WsØ XpS¿∂v a°- W-Im-e-ØmWv tNmf-∑m¿ atlm-Z-b-]p-
fmb kpµc ]mWvUy\pw hoc-]m- chpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw Nps´-cn-®-Xv.
WvUy\pw XΩn¬ A[n-Imc a’cw XpS¿∂v cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥
XpS-ßn. Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn-bpsS Bÿm\w atlm-Z-b-]p-c-Øp-\n∂pw
tk\m-\m-b-I≥ amenIv Im^q¿ a[pc sIm√-tØ°v am‰n.
B{I-an®v Iog-S-°n-bXv Cu ka-b-Øm- atlm-Z-b-]p-cØv Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse
Wv. ]mWvUy cmPy-Øp-≠mb Iem- {]kn-≤-amb hm\ \nco-£-W-ime
]sØ XpS¿∂v thWmSv cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ \n¿Ωn-®Xpw tNc cmPm-°-∑m-cm-Wv.
chn-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥ a[pc B{I- IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w XpS-ßnb t£{X-
an®p Iog-S-°n. a[p-c-ao-\m£n t£{Xw Ifpw in¬∏-I-e, Nn{X-c-N\ XpS-ßn-b-
Ch-cpsS Ime-ØmWv \n¿Ωn-®Xv. hbpw Ch¿ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
cmjv{S-Iq-S¿
]›na Nmeq-Iysc XpS¿∂v `cWw alm≥am-cmb \mev cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-
Iøm-fn-bXv cmjv{S-Iq-S-cm-bn-cp-∂p. F.-Un. fmbn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.
743- ˛ ¬ Z¥n- Z p¿K≥ cmjv { S- I qShwiw cmjv{S-Iq-S-cpsS `c-W-Imew ssP\-a-X-
ÿm]n-®p. Øns‚ kph¿Æ-bp-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. "BZn-]p-
cmjv{S-IqS hwi-Ønse G‰hpw {]K- cm-Ww', "hn{I-am¿÷p\ hnPbw' F∂o
¤-\mb cmPmhv Atam-Lh - ¿j≥ (814-˛881) IrXn-I-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb ]º≥, "im¥n-
Bbn-cp-∂p. I∂S kmln-Xy-Ønse BZy- ]p-cmW' I¿Øm-hmb s]m∂≥, "APn-X-
Ir-Xn-bmb "Ihn-cm-P-am¿Kw' Ct±lw cNn- ]p-cmW' I¿Ømhv cØ≥ F∂n-h¿ C°m-
®-Xm-Wv. e-ØmWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. I∂S kmln-Xy-
ssP\ ]Wv U n- X - \ mb Po\- t k- \ ≥ Ønse {Xnc-Xv\-ß-fmbn ]º≥-˛-s]m-∂≥-
Atam-L-h¿js‚ D]-tZ-i-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ˛-c-Ø≥ F∂n-h¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
A°m- e Øv Z£n- t W¥y kµ¿in® Ft√m-db - nse ssIem-k\ - mY t£{Xw,
Ad_n bm{Xn-I≥ kpsse-am≥ Atam-L- Fen-s^‚m Kpl-bnse tZh-in¬∏-߃
h¿js\ A∂v temI-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ F∂nh C°m-eØv \n¿Ωn-°s - ∏-´h
- b
- m-Wv.
A]-c-\m-a-߃
a[p-ssc-sIm≠ tNmf≥ ......................................................................................... ]cm-¥-I≥ I
KwssK-s°m≠ tNmf≥ ......................................................................................... cmtP-{µ≥ II
a[p-sscbpw ]mWvUy-ap-Sn-Ø-ebpw sIm≠ tNmf≥ .................. Iptem-Øpw-K≥ III
hn{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ ........................................................................................................ N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ II
C¥y≥ s\t∏m-fn-b≥ ........................................................................................ kap{Z-Kp-]vX≥
imImcn ..................................................................................................................... N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ II
Ca-b-h-c-º≥ .................................................................................................. s\Spw-tNc emX≥
IS¬ ]nd-tIm-´nb tNc≥ ....................................................................................... sN¶p-´p-h≥
apΩSn tNmf≥ ............................................................................................... cmP-cmP tNmf≥ I
]rYzn h√-`≥ ............................................................................................................. ]pen-tIin II
Ncn-{Xm-Xo-Imew ∂n-ßs\ aq∂mb
n
\ i ne m- b pK w, \ ho\ inem-bpKw F -km-\n® ]pcm-X\
]pcm-X S Ah
BZn-a inem-bp-Kw, cw-Xn-cn-°mw. _n.-kn. 10,000˛tØms [m\ A[n-hmk tI{µ-
I m- e sØ X C¥y-b nse Hc p {]
Ncn-{XmXoX v\ ´
m- nse sN¶¬t]´ Pn√ mb alm-inemkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ A
h-
-
Ø n¬ X g
an- - b
inem-bp-K ‚ {] tX y- I - X en Pn√-bnse
inem-bpK-Øns v. Xncp-s\¬th
am-bn-cp-∂p. \ho\ S ]e `mK-ß-fnepw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠ m\ tI{µ-am-Wv.
ps [
in-jvS-߃ C¥y-b m kwkvIm-cm-h-in-jvS-ß-fpsS Hcp {]
al mi ne
BZn-®-\-√q¿ ƒ
me-L-´-ß
Ncn-{Xm-XoX I w 78000 _n. kn
bpK
]pcm-X\ inem- n.-kn.
pK w ˛ 9000 ˛ 4000 _
a[y-in-em-b 00 n.kn
_
pKw ˛ 4000 ˛ 25
\ho\ inem-b pKw 1800 1000
˛ _nkn
m-en-Ø nI v b
Nm¬t°
Ncn{Xw
Ncn{Xw BZna P\-hn-`m-K-߃
`mc-X-Øn¬ C∂v ImW-s∏-Sp∂ P\-hn-`m- Øn\v XpS-°-an-´p. a[y C¥y-bnse
K-ß-fpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ s\{Kn-t‰m, t{]mt´m-˛- \¿ΩZm \Zo-X-S-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n®
• C¥y≥ D]-Zzo-]ns‚ Ncn-{X-Ønse \n∂p≈ A[n-\n-th-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. B-kv{S-tem-bvUv, awKtfmbvUv, saUn-‰- tlmtam Fd-IvS-kns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃
BZy \mK-cnI kwkvImcw DS-se-Sp- C≥tUm-˛-{Ko-°v, C≥tUm-˛-]m¿Øn- td-\n-b≥, t\m¿UnIv AYhm C≥tUm e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
ØXv kn‘p \Zo-Xo-c-Øm-Wv. C¥y- b≥ km{am-Py-߃ Cu Ime-L-´- Bcy-∑m¿ F∂o h¿K-ß-fn¬ s]´-h-cm- B[p-\nI a\p-jy¿ 12,000 h¿j-߃°v
bpsS tcJ-s∏SpØs∏´ Ncn{Xw Øn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. apºv D]-`q-J-WvU-Øn¬ hmk-ap-d-∏n-®-
kn‘p\Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ _n.-kn. 550 apX¬ D]-`q-J-WvU-Øn- Ch-bn¬ s\{Knt‰m h¿Kw B≥U-am≥ Xmbn A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.
\n∂mWv XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. C¥ybpsS emsI At\Iw \m´p-cm-Py-߃ Zzo]p-I-fn¬ am{Xta C∂p-≈p. C¥y-
hS°p ]Sn™mdp `mKØmWv cq]w-sIm-≠p. alm-P-\-]-Z-߃ F∂v bn¬ \ho-\-in-em-bpKw Bcw-`n-®Xv Nm¬t°m-en-ØnIv bpKw
kn‘p\ZoXS kwkvImcw Ch Adn-b-s∏-´p. t{]mt´m-˛-B-kv{S-tembvUv h¿K-°m-cpsS tPm¿hn Iƒ®¿ (]-›na alm-cm-jv{S), _mW-
DSseSpØXv. • C¥y≥ Ncn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn Hcp hc-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏- kw- k v I mcw (cm- P - ÿ m≥), ImbØ
km{amPyw ÿm]n-X-am-bXv aucy Sp-∂p. awKtfm-bn-Up-Iƒ apJyambpw
• {InkvXphn\v apºv 2600 apX¬ 1900
Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. kwkvImcw (a-[y-`m-c-Xw), amƒh kwkvImcw
hscbmbncp∂p Cu hS-°p-In-g-°≥ `mK-ß-fn-emWv ImW-s∏- F∂n-h-bmWv Nm¬t°m-en-ØnIv (Xm-{a-]m-
kwkvImcØns‚ ImeL´w. _nkn • C¥ym Ncn-{X-Ønse "kph¿W Sp-∂-Xv. jm-W) bpK-Ønse kwkvIm-c-߃.
c≠mw kl{km_vZØns‚ Ime-L´w' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Kp]vX saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ h¿K-°m-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-
Bcw`tØmsS kn‘p\ZoXS Ime-L-´-am-Wv. I-fmWv Xan-gv, sXep-¶v, I∂-S, ae-bmfw
kwkvImcw \mamhtijambn. • tNmf-˛-tN-c ˛ ]mWvUy≥am-cpsS XpS-ßnb {ZmhnU `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn- ta¿LUv kwkv I mcw
Imew, Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Ncn-{XsØ °p∂ sXt° C¥y-°m¿. {Zmhn-U-sc∂v \ho\ inem-bpK L´-Ønse G‰hpw
• a[y-{]-tZ-inse `owt_UvI-bn¬
kw`-h-_-lp-e-am-°p-∂p. Chsc ]d-bp-∂p.
Is≠-Ønb inem-bpK Kpl-I-ƒ {][m-\-s∏´ kwkvIm-c-amWv ta¿LUv
• hntZ-im-{I-a-W-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hn-\p-apºv {Zmhn-U¿ kwkvIm-cw (_n.-kn. 7000-˛\pw
C¥y-bnse Ncn-{Xm-XoX DØ-tc¥y apgp-h≥ hym]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-
ImesØ°pdn®v shfn®w hoip∂ C¥y-bn¬ ap…ow `cWw \ne-hn¬ 3200˛\pw CS-bv°v). C∂sØ ]mIn-
h∂p. XpS¿∂p-h∂ bqtdm-]y≥ ∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv _eqNnÿm\n¬ ÿm-\nse _eq-Nn-ÿm-\n¬ I®v ka-X-e-
H∂mWv. Ct∏mgpw kwkm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ {ZmhnU
hym]m-cn-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ cmjv{So-bm- Øn-emWv Cu kwkvImcw hym]n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
• 9,000 h¿j-߃°p apºmWv C¥y-
[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®p. tKm{X-Øn¬s∏´ {_mlpbn `mj.
bn-te°v BZysØ IpSn-tb-‰-ap-≠m- sX°≥ Gjy-bn¬ _m¿en, tKmXºv XpS-
C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in® t\m¿UnIv hwi-P-
b-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv ]n∂oSv • ap∂q-dp-h¿j-tØmfw \o≠p-\n∂
cmWv Bcy-∑m¿. Ah¿ Ime-{I-taW
ßnb Irjn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®Xpw I∂p-Im-en-
kn‘p \Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-ambn amdn. tImf-\n-hm-gvN-bn¬ \n∂pw 1947-˛¬ Isf hf¿Øm≥ Bcw-`n-®Xn\pap≈
kzX-{¥-amb C¥y C∂v ]c-am-[n- Chn-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂ h¿K-°m-cp-ambn CS-I-
sXfn-hp-Iƒ imkv{X-⁄¿°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
• _n.-kn. 180 apX¬ at[y-jy-bn¬ Imc P\m-bØ cmPy-am-Wv. e¿∂v ChnsS Hcp k¶-c-kw-kvIm-c-
kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw (Indus Valley Civilization) Imº´v kwkvImcw
kn‘p \Zo- X S kwkv I m- c - Ø n\pw 4000 h¿jw apºp≈ \mK- c nI
kwkvImcamWv Imº´v kwkvIm-cw. KpP-dm-Øn\v kao]w Kƒ^v Hm^v Imº-
´n¬ CXv Is≠-ØnbXv.
9500 h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ \mK-cnI kwkvIm-c-amWv Ct∏mƒ kap-{Z-Øns‚
ASn-Ø-´n¬ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ tZiob kap{Z kmt¶-XnI ÿm]-
\-amWv Is≠-Øn-bXv.
Ncn{X Ime-L-´-߃
kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw ................................................................ 3000-˛1500 _n.kn
thZ Ime-L´w ......................................................................................... 1500-˛500 _n.kn
alm-P-\-]-Z-߃ ........................................................................................ 700-˛300 _n.kn
aucy km{amPyw ......................................................................................... 321˛185 _n.kn
iX-hm-l\ km{amPyw ............................................................. 230 _n.kn˛199 F.- U n.
Ipim\ km{amPyw ..................................................................................... 60-˛240 ,,
Kp]vX km{amPyw ...................................................................................... 240-˛550 ,,
]me km{amPyw ......................................................................................... 750-˛1174 ,,
tNmf km{amPyw ..................................................................................... 848˛1279 ,,
Z¬ln kp¬Øm-≥am¿ ....................................................................... 1206-˛1526 ,,
sU°m≥ kp¬Øm-≥am¿ ................................................................. 1490-˛1596 ,,
4 temI- Ø n¬ D≠mbn´p≈ {]mNo\ 4 hym]v X n- b psS Imcy- Ø n¬ ss\¬,
kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-t∏mse kn‘p-\-Zo-XS slmbvkme km{amPyw ....................................................................... 1040-˛1346 ,,
bp{^´o- k v ˛ ssS{Kokv \Zo- X S ImIXob km{amPyw ............................................................................ 1083˛1323 ,,
kwkv Im-chpw \Zo-XS- ß - f
- n-emWv hnI- kwkv I m- c - ß - s f- ° mfpw hep- X mWv
kn-®-Xv. kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-cw. hnP-b-\-Kc km{amPyw ......................................................................... 1336-˛1565 ,,
4 lmc∏ (C∂sØ ]mIn- ÿ m- \ n¬) 4 _n.-kn. 2500-˛\pw 1500-˛\pw CSbv°v apKƒ km{amPyw .................................................................................... 1526-˛1707 ,,
\n∂mWv kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c- ]pjvI-e-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v Icp-X-s∏- sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `cWw ....................................................................... 1757˛1947 ,,
Øns‚ BZysØ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`y-am- Sp∂ kn‘p- \ - Z o- X S kwkvImcw C¥y kzmX-{¥y-tijw ................................................................................. 1947 ,,
b-Xv. kºq¿Æ hf¿®-sb-Ønb Hcp \mK-
4 Ct∏mƒ ]mIn-ÿm-\n-ep≈ lmc-∏, cnI kwkvIm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. n
taml≥sPmZmtcm F∂n-hn-S-ß-fm-bn- 4 Cu {]mNo\ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ah-
-
° d
p- ®
n- p≈ ] T \w ˛ Ct¥m-fP j, cmjv{S-
cp∂p kn‘p kwkvIm- c - Ø ns‚ in-jvS-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬ apJy- C¥y-sb pw Iem-]-c-hp-amb
]mc-º-cyw, aXw, `m Ct¥m-f-
w
{][m\ tI{µ-߃. W
]¶v hln-®Xv tPm¨ am¿j-em-bn-cp-∂p. w, kmwkvIm-cn-Ih ®p≈ ]T-\-K-th-j m-[n-Im-c-Øn-
4 _eq-Nn-ÿm-\nse kpIvZm-P≥ sZm¿ C¥y-bpsS Ncn-{X yw, imkv{X-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn- pw cm j v { So - b
4 Xm{aw (sN-ºv) sIm≠pw ine sIm≠p- kmln-X -Nm-c-W-Øn\
apX¬ DØ¿{]-tZ-inse Bew-Ko¿]q¿
ap≈ Bbp[ßfpw Krtlm-]-I-c-W- X-{¥w, XXz-Nn-¥, s∏-Sp-∂p. I®-h-S-Øn\pw aX-{] m-cnI ]mc-ºcyw sXm´-dn-™-t∏mƒ
n¬ vI
hscbpw ]©m-_nse tdm]Uv apX¬ Pn-bpsS ] cn - [ n- b Aaq-ey-amb k mw k Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v
IØn-bh - m-dnse temج (Kp-Pd- m-Øv)
ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu
mb n h ∂ ] m› m-Xy¿ C¥y-bpsS B cw - ` n- ® - X mW v Ct¥m-f-Pn-bpsS n, imIp-¥fw
\p- a -°m≥ var-X
kwkvIm-csØ Xm{a-˛-inem kwkvIm- mkv{Xo-b-ambn ]Tn 46-˛1794) a\p-k
hscbpw GXm≠v 1,299,600 N.-In.-ao.
c-sa∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. Ah-sb-°p-dn®v i o-jp-Im-c-\mb hneyw tPm¨kv (17 -\mb amIvkv ap≈¿ (1823-˛1900)
w• n-X
hnkv X r- X - a m- b n- c p∂p kn‘p- \ - Z o- X S
4 imkv{Xo-b-amb \K-cm-kq-{X-W-am-bn- CS-bm-°n-b-Xv. C X¿÷a sNbvXp. P¿Ω≥ ]WvU q-Xw, EtKzZw F∂nh hnh¿Ø\w
ƒ -Z
kwkvIm-cw.
cp∂p kn‘p- \ - Z o- X S kwkvIm- c - XpS-ßnb IrXn-I w cNn-°p-Ibpw KotXm-]-tZ-iw, taL
4 800,000 N.- I o- t em- a o- ‰ ¿ hsc Cu rX h ymI - c W mhn-µhpw ]cn-`m-
kwkvI
Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z. bn. KoXbpw KoXm tK
kwkvImcw hym]n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Icp-
4 temI-Øn¬ BZy-ambn ]cp-Øn-Irjn sNøp-I-bp-ap-≠m- mb FUvhn≥ B¿t\mƒUv `K-hZv y' F∂ t]cn¬ Imhyw cNn-°p-I-
Cw•o-jp-Im-c-\ j
X-s∏-Sp-∂p. kn‘p \Zn-bpsS Xoc-Øp- n®v "sse‰v Hm^v G XpS-ßnb anj-\-
≠m-bn-cp∂ Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bm-bn- Bcw-`n-®Xv Chn-sS-bm-Wv.
- s ∏ - S p- Ø p- I b pw {io_p-≤-s\-°p-d dh.-tdm-_¿´v IƒUv sh¬, In‰n¬ v.
4 kz¿Æw, sh≈n, sNºv B`-c-W-߃ j ≥ Kp≠¿´v, tUm. m-f-Pn-bpsS `mK-amW
cp∂p F¶nepw CXv hfscb[nIw bp-ap-≠m-bn. sl¿Ω v°v \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Ifpw Ct¥
Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. jb
dn-am¿ {ZmhnU `m
{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hym]n-®n-cp-∂p.
thZ-Im-ew- ˛- B-cy-∑m¿ _p≤ a- X
- w
4 _n.-kn. 563-˛¬ t\∏m-fn-ep≈ I]n-eh - k- vXp-hnse I-fm-Wv. lo\-bm\ _p≤-aX - a- mWv hnI-kn-®X - v.
thZ Ime-L´w \ne-\n-∂Xv _n.-kn. aq-l-ß-fm-bmWv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. EtKzZ
epw_n\n-bn¬ (t\-∏mƒ) P\n® imIy-hw-iP - \
- mb 4 KuX-a_- p-≤s‚ injy≥ B\-µ\ - m-Wv.
1500 apX¬ _n.-kn. 500 hsc-bm-Wv. {Zmhn- Ime-ØmWv NmXp¿h¿Wyw C¥y-bn¬
KuX-a_ - p-≤\ - mWv _p≤-aX ÿm]-I≥. 4 h{P-bm-\, tX¿hmZ F∂o c≠v kc-Wn-I-fmWv
Usc Iog-S°n B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® Bcw-`n-®-Xv. C°m-eØv kv{XoIƒ°v
4 t_m[n-hr-£sa∂v Adn-bs- ∏-´n-cp∂ ]n∏-ea- c- ® - p- _p≤-aX - Ø - n-\p-≈X - v.
Bcy-∑m-cpsS hchv C¥ym Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øn¬ D∂-X-amb ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-
h-´n¬ sh®v t_mt[m-Zbw e`n® kn≤m¿∞ cmP- 4 lnµp-°-sf-t∏mse _p≤-aX hnizm-kn-Ifpw
Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. cp-∂p.
Ip-am-c≥ ]n∂oSv {io_p-≤≥ F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn- ]p\¿P-∑Ø - n¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
at≤y-jy-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏´v Ir-jn°v {]map-Jy-ap≈ Ime-L-´-am- b-s∏-´X - v. 4 _p≤≥ Xs‚ BZy-{]-`m-jWw \S-Øn-bXv kmc-
_mIv{Sn-b, Cdm≥ F∂o {]tZ-i-߃ IS- bn-cp∂p CXv. 4 _olm-dnse t_m[-K-b-bn¬ sh®mWv t_mt[m- \m-Ynse (DØ¿{]tZiv) Uo¿]m¿°n-em-Wv.
∂mWv Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ FØn-b- tKm{X kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X- Zbw e`n-®X - v. 4 "Gjy-bpsS {]Imiw' F∂mWv {io_p-≤s\
sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. amb cmP-hm-gvN-bm-bn-cp∂p Bcy-∑m- 4 aK[ km{am-Py-Øn¬ tN¿°-s∏´ I]neh-kvXp- FUzn≥ A¿t\mƒUv hnti-jn-∏n-®X - v.
thZ Ime-L-´-Øns‚ BZy 500 cpsS `c-W-co-Xn. sslµh XXz-im-kv{X- hnse ipt≤m-Z\ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p kn≤m¿∞s‚ 4 km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bmb ]men-bmWv
h¿j-߃ C¥y-bpsS sh¶-e-bp-Khpw Øns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ thZ-Im-e-Øn\v ]nXm-hv. _p≤-aX - °m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
ASpØ 500 h¿j-߃ (_n.-kn. 1000-˛- kp{]-[m\ ÿm\-ap-≠v. 4 ⁄mt\m-Zbw e`n-®b - mƒ F∂mWv "_p≤≥' F∂ 4 \memw _p≤-aX ktΩ-f\ - Ø- n¬ alm-bm\, lo\-
_n.-kn. 500) Ccpºp-bp-KhpamWv. `mjm-im-kv{Xw, hymI-c-Ww, ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w. bm-\ F∂n-ßs\ _p≤-aXw c≠mbn ]ncn-™p.
]©m-_n-emWv Ah¿ BZyw hmk-ap- \nL≠p \n¿ΩmWw F∂n-h-bnse 4 _p≤≥ sFln-I-Po-hnXw Dt]-£n®v k\ymkw 4 alm-bm-\° - m¿ _p≤s\ ssZh-ambn Bcm-[n-®p.
d-∏n-®-Xv. _n.-kn. 1500-˛-Hm-sS-bmWv Ah¿ BZy-Ime `mc-Xob ]cn-{i-a-߃ C°m-e- kzoI-cn®n-cp-∂p. AjvSmw-Ka- m¿K-߃ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ih - gn hy‡n-
C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®-Xv. Øm-Wv. sshZy-im-kv{Xw anI® ]ptcm- 4 KuXa _p≤≥ _n.-kn. 483-˛¬ Ipin-\K - c- Ø- n¬ KX kmbqPyw e`n°pw F∂ Bi-b-Øn-\mWv
BZy-Ime thZ-k-aq-l-߃ CSbk- KXn t\Sn. h®v "\n¿hmWw' {]m]n®p. lo\-bm-\° - m¿ Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cp-∂X - v.
4 C¥y-bn¬ DS-se-SpØ _p≤-aXw \nc-h[n cmPy- 4 _p≤-aX - Ø - ns‚ {Xnc-Xv\ß - ƒ ˛ _p≤w, [¿Ωw,
ssP\ a- X
- w ß-fn-te°v hym]n-®p. sl√-\n-Iv, at[y-jy, Ing-°- kwLw (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha)
t\-jy, sX°p-In-g° - t\jy≥ cmPy-߃ F∂n-hnS- 4 BZysØ _p≤ k\ym-kn\n KuX-an-bm-Wv.
4 ]pcm-X\ `mc-X-Øn¬ DS-se-SpØ aX- ß-fnse kwkvIm-cß - s- fbpw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. 4 ]tKm-U-bmWv (Pagoda) _p≤- a - X Bcm- [ -
amWv ssP\-a-Xw. 4 _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Gjy-bn-emWv G‰hpw \mÿew.
4 tPXmhv F∂¿∞-ap≈ Pn\≥ F∂ IqSp-Xe - p-≈X - v. 4 _p≤-a-X-°m-cpsS {K\vYw {Xn]o-SnI (Tripitika)
]Z- Ø n¬ \n∂mWv ssP\≥ F∂ 4 F.-Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Iivao-cnse Ipµf h\- BWv.
t]cp-≠m-b-Xv. taml-ßsf AXn-Po-hn- Øn¬ I\n-jvI≥ \S-Ønb _p≤-aX ktΩ-f-\- 4 _p≤-aX k\ym-kn-am¿ "kwLw' F∂-dn-b-s∏-
®-h-\mWv Pn\≥. Øn¬ h®v _p≤-aXw alm-bm-\s- a∂pw lo\-bm- Sp∂p.
4 BZn Xo¿∞-¶-c-\mb Ej` tZh-\mWv \-sa∂pw c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p. 4 _p≤-aX - ° - m-cpsS k\ym-kn- aTw hnlmcw (Vihara)
ssP\-a-X-°m-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn. 4 Atim-Is‚ Ime-tØm sS (273-˛232 _n.-kn) C¥y- F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
4 ssP\-aX hnizm-k-{]-Imcw 24 Xo¿∞- bpsS AXn¿Øn IS∂v Hcp temIaX-ambn _p≤- 4 kn≤m¿∞≥ euInI kpJ-߃ Dt]£n®v
¶- c - ∑ m- c m- W p- ≈ - X v . Ch- c n¬ BZy- aXw amdn. {ItaW C¥y-bn¬ _p≤-aXw £bn-®p- k\ymkw kzoI-cn® kw`hw alm-`n-\n-jv{I-aWw
tØXv Ej-`\pw 23-˛m-aXv ]m¿iz-\m-Y- 4 kXyw, Alnw-k, {_“-N-cyw, h-∂p. F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
\pam-Wv. AkvtX- b w, A]cn{Klw F∂n- 4 _p≤-a-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ c≠v Bbp¿thZ 4 hn\-b] - o-SnI, kpØ-]o-SnI F∂o c≠v {KŸ-ß-
4 24˛mw Xo¿∞-¶-c-\m-bn-cp∂ h¿≤-am\ ßs\ ]©alm-{h-X-߃ CXn-ep-≠v. {KŸ-ß-fmWv hmKv`-Ss‚ AjvSmw-K-lr-Z-bhpw fn-emWv _p≤-aX kwln-XI - ƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°s- ∏-´n-
alm- h o- c - \ mWv ssP\- a - X - Ø ns‚ AjvSmwK kw{K-l-hpw. cn-°p-∂Xv.
4 c≠v hn`mKw ssP\∑mcp≠v ˛ ZnKw-
4 imIy-cm-P-Ip-am-cn-bmb btim[c {io_p-≤s‚
ÿm]- I - ≥. 4 _p≤-aX - Ø
- n\v \√ thtcm-´a- p≈ cmPy-amWv {ioe-
_-c≥am-cpw, tizXw-_-c≥am-cpw.
¶. `qcn-]£ - a- p≈ knwl-f¿ _p≤-aX hnizm-kn- `mcy-bmWv. cmlp-e\ - mWv ]p{X≥.
4 _n.- k n. 540- ˛ ¬ sshim- e n- b n- e mWv 4 ZnKw-_-c≥am¿ hkv{Xta [cn-°m-Ø-
£{Xn-b-\mb alm-ho-c≥ P\n-®-Xv. h-cm-Wv. tizXw-_-c≥am¿ shfpØ _p≤-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\-߃
4 _n.- k n. 467- ˛ ¬ cmP- K r- l - Ø n- \ - S p- hkv{Xw [cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.
Øp≈ ]mh-]p-cn-bn¬ h®v alm-ho- 4 alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dm-Ønse IØn-b- h¿jw cmPmhv ÿew A≤y-£≥
c≥ ssIheyw {]m]n-®p. hm¿, cmP-ÿm≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fmWv 1. BC483 APm-Xi - {Xp cmP-Krlw BNm-cy-alm Imiy]
4 icn- b mb hnizm- k w, icn- b mb ssP\--cpsS {][m-\-tI-{µ-ß-ƒ. 2. BC 383 Ime-tim-I≥ sshimen k`-Iman
⁄m\w, icn-bmb {]hrØn Chsb 4 ssP\-cpsS {][m\ Xo¿∞m-S\ tI{µ- 3. BC250 AtimI≥ ]mS-en-]p{Xw saKm-en-]p-´X
- ok
ssP\ aX-°m¿ {Xnc-Xv\-߃ F∂v amWv Bc-h√n ae-\n-c-I-fnse au≠v
hnfn-°p-∂p. A_p. 4. AD H∂mw \q‰m≠v I\n-jvI≥ Imivao¿ hkp-an-{X≥
NmXp¿h¿Wyw ƒ
{]mNo\ `mc-X-Ønse Bcy-∑m-cpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≠ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. jUvZ¿i-\-ß v "jUv Z¿i-\-߃
'
\mev kmaqly hn`m-K-߃ AYhm h¿W-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂p B dp Z¿ i - \ -ßsf tN¿ØmW , thZm¥w F∂n-
n-cp∂ k
-Øn¬ {]_-e-am-b tbmK, ]q¿∆-ao-amw
NmXp¿h¿Wyw. Bcy-∑m-cpsS Pohn-X-{Iaw sslµh kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®-t∏mƒ 4 {]mNo\ `mc-X -Xv. \ymbw, sshti-jn-Iw, kmwJyw,
NmXp¿h¿Wyw lnµp-a-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn. kmaq-ly-amb I¿Øhy hn`-P-\-Øn¬ \n∂v cq]w- F∂p hnfn-°p-∂
sIm≠ hyh-ÿ-bmWv NmXp¿h¿Wyw. {_m“-W¿ (th-Zm-[ymb-\-Øn\pw ]qPmZn I¿Ω-߃°pw h-bm-W-h. D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. ns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmh
v IWm-Z-≥.
hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h¿), £{Xn-b¿ (k-aq-l-c-£bv°v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ tbm≤m-°ƒ), X - a ≥ B W v \ymb-hm-Z-Øns‚ h ti - j n- I - Ø
4 Ku -dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ss v I]n-e-\m-Wv.
sshiy¿ (I-®-h-Sw, hmWn-Pyw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-h¿), iq{Z¿ (Zm-k∏-Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-h¿) F∂n-
C ¥ y≥ I W n- Im-kn-≤m¥w F∂ b k mw J y- Z ¿i \ w Bhn-jvI-cn-®X
4 {]mNo-\am
h-bmWv NmXp¿h¿Wy-߃. Bcw-`-Øn¬ F¥v sXmgnepw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Bfp-Iƒ°v kzmX{¥yw -fn¬ h®v G‰hpw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]n∂oSv ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn sNøp∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ Hcp ÿnc hyh-ÿ- 4 jUv Z¿i-\-ß -RvP-en-bm-Wv. -⁄m-Xmhv
bmbn Xocp-Ibpw h¿Æ-߃°n-S-bn¬ D®-\o-NXzw DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tb mK - Z ¿i \ w Bhn-jvI-cn-®X v ] X
\ ¬ I p∂ ] q¿ ∆-ao-amw-k-bpsS D]
4 v Du∂¬
¿Ω ImWvT-߃°
4 thZ-ß-fnse I - \ - m-Wv.
ssPan-\n-bm-Wv. v _mZc- m-bW
t]¿jy≥˛{Ko°v B{I-a-W-߃ -
s ∏-
S p∂ th Zm¥ - ns‚ I¿Ømh
- Ø v .
F∂dnb n-®-X
4 DØc- a- o-amwk pc {]Nm-c-Øn-se-Ø
_n.-kn. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]¿jy- bpsS hS- ° p- ] - S n- ™ m- d ≥ `mK- ß - f mb m- c y- c mW v th Zm ¥ Z¿i-\-ßsf {]N
bn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ A°-ao-\n-b≥ ]©m_pw kn‘pw Zmcn-bqkv B{I-an®p 4 i¶-cm-N
cmP-hwiw C¥y-bp-ambn kmº-Øn-I˛ Iog-S-°n. 326 _n.-kn-bn¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠-
kmwkvIm- c nI cwK- ß - f n¬ ASpØ dpsS B{I- a Ww hsc Cu `mK- ß ƒ aK-[ km{amPyw
_‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ime-{I- t]¿jy≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-If - psS Iogn-em-bn-
taW cmjv {Sob kwL-´-\-Øn\v hgn-sX- C¥y-bnse alm-P-\-]-Zß-fn¬s∏´- APm-X-i-{Xp-hns\ XpS¿∂v DZ-b\≥
cp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ B{I-a-W-Øns‚ Zqc-
fn-®p. t]¿jy-bnse A°n-ao-\n-b≥ cmP- XmWv aK[ cmPyw. C∂sØ _olm-dnse (460-˛444 _n.-kn) A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn.
hym-]-I-^-e-am-bn-´mWv Ae-Ivkm-≠-dpsS
hw-i-Ønse alm-\mb sskdkv cmPmhv C¥ym B{I-aWw Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. _n.- ]mSv\, Kb, jlm-_mZv, _wKm-fnse Nne 4 aK-[b - psS Xe-ÿm\w ]mS-eo-]p-{X-Øn-
saIvdm\n-eqsS C¥y-bn-te°v IS-°m≥ kn. 326-˛¬ Im_qƒ ]nSn-®-S°n C¥y- {]tZ-i-߃ F∂nh tNcp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p te°v am‰p- ∂ - X v DZ- b \s‚ Ime-
{ian-s®-¶nepw ]cm-Pn-X-\m-bn. C¥ysb bn¬ {]th-in® Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]©m_v aK[. ØmWv.
B{I-an® BZy t]¿jy≥ cmPmhv Zmcn- {]tZiw apgp-h≥ {Ko°v A[o-i-Xz-Øn≥ 4 cmP-Krl Bbn-cp∂p aK-[-bpsS Xe- 4 Kp]v X km{am- P yhpw aucy km{am
bqkv Bbn-cp-∂p. 516 _n.-kn.-bn¬ C¥y- Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. ÿm-\w. ]n∂oSv Xe-ÿm\w ]mS-eo-]p- Pyhpw DS-se-Sp-ØXv aK-[-bn¬ \n∂m-
{X-Øn-te°v am‰p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bn-cp∂p.
4 DZ-b-\s\-Øp-S¿∂v inip-\m-K-hwiw
Ae-Ivkm-≠sddkv tImk-ew, h’w, Ah-¥n, AwKw,
Imin, tNZn, h÷n, Ipcp, ]m©mew XpS- aK-[-bpsS `cWw Gs‰-Sp-Øp.
t]m
hnkvabn-∏n® th-i-hp-ambn
ßnb cmPy-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-s∂- 4 aK- [ - b psS Xe- ÿ m\w C°m- e Øv
m-\p≈ B ¶nepw BXy-¥n-I-ambn B[n-]Xyw t\Sn- sshim- e n- b n- t e°v am‰n. Ah¥n
temIw IogS° \ ns ∂ - Ø nb al m- sb-Sp-ØXv aK-[-bm-Wv. cmPysØ tXm¬∏n- ° m≥ Ign- ™ -
n- b - b n¬
am k n- t U m- W m- ≠ - ¿ N {I - h ¿Ø n ap º n¬ XmWv inip-\m-K-hw-i-Øns‚ G‰hpw
\ mb A e - I v k Hmtcm-∂mbn sh´n-∏n-Sn®v 4 _nw_n-km-c≥, At±-lØ - ns‚ ]p{X≥ {][m\ t\´w.
ƒ
I≠ cmPy-ß -cp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv kn‘p APm-X-i{Xp F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p aK[
_p≤-˛-ssP\ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ aK-[-sb-
X pS
ssP{X-b m{ X v. ]©m-_ns\ `cn-®n-cp∂ {]_-e-cmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
- I S∂ v ] © m-_nseØn-b-X n.-kn. 326-˛¬ Iƒ.
°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. imkv{Xw, KWn-Xw,
\Zn pw _
n-em-°n-sb-¶ne cmPm-hmb t]md- tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, XXz-Nn¥ F∂n-h-bn¬
Xs‚ hcp-Xn-b cm P ys Ø lcym¶ hwi-Ønse _nw_n-km-c≥ aK-[-bpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \nkvXp-e-am-Wv.
ch p∂
C¥ybnse ]u lUm-kv]kv bp≤w Xo]m-d (544 _n.-kn-˛492 _n.-kn.) A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-
inip\mK-∑msc XpS¿∂v A[n-Im-cØ - n-
kp-am-bp≈ ss e-Ivkm-≠-dn\v kΩm-\n-®-Xv. mcp- Øn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv aK[ {]m[m\yw t\Sn-
te-dnb \µ-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Ime aK-[-
Ae-Ivkm-≠dpw t]mdkpw A\p-`-h-amWv A -ambn s] Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv. _nw_n-km-c≥ _p≤s‚
vkm-≠-tdmSv [oc bnse G‰hpw {]_-e-amb cmP-hw-iw.
G‰p-ap-´p∂ Zriyw \mW-b- t]mdkv, Ae-I Ukv]kv bp≤w ˛ Battle of ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
alm-]fl \µ-\m-bn-cp∂p \µ hwi-Ønse
sl ns‚
Xn-sb-¶nepw (s n¬ ]cm-Pn-X-\m-bn. t]md-k ncn-
Øn¬ sImØn-h-®n-cn-°p∂p
h _nw_n- k m- c s\ XpS¿∂v ]p{X≥ {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn. \µ hwi-Øns‚
HS p- ns \ X
Hydaspes) cmPyw t]md-k APmXi{Xp (492-˛460 _n.-kn.) A[n-Im-c- Ime-ØmWv Ae-Ivkm-≠d- psS B{I-aW - w.
A ¤ p- X - s ∏ ´ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Øn-te-dn. lcym¶ hwi-Ønse G‰hpw
≠v hn]p-e-am-bn-cp∂ \µ-tk-\sb `b-∂mWv
bp≤-iucyw I anI® t]mcm- f n- I - f n- s em- c mfm- b n- c p∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]n≥hm-ßn-b-sX∂v ]d-b-
t® ¬ ∏ n® p. APmXi{Xp. s∏-Sp-∂p.
aucy-km-{amPyw Atim-I≥ (269 _n.-kn-˛232 _n.-kn)
_n.- k n. 322- ˛ ¬ N{µ- K p]v X _nµp-km-cs\ XpS¿∂v 269 _n.-kn-bn¬ A[n-Im-c-ta-
aucy≥ IuSn-eys‚ (Nm-W-Iy≥) dnb Atim-I≥, temI-Ønse Xs∂ G‰hpw alm-\mb
klm- b - t ØmsS \µ- h w- i sØ cmPm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. lnµp-Ipjv apX¬ _wKmƒ hsc
Iog-S°n aucy-hwiw ÿm]n-®p. hnime-am-bn-cp∂ km{am-Py-Øn¬ t\∏mfpw Imivaocpw
N{µ- K p- ] v X \pw AtimI N{I- Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p. G‰hpw henb C¥y≥ km{am-Py-am-bn-
h¿Ønbpw `cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-b-fhv cp∂p CXv. Aßs\ GXm≠v C¥y apgp-h≥ AS°n
aucy km{am-Py-Øns‚ kph¿W `cn® BZy `c-Wm[n-Imcn Atim-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ D]- bp≤-tP-Xm-hv, aX-{]-Nm-cI
- ≥, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn, cmPy-X-
`q-J-WvU-Ønse G‰hpw i‡n- {¥-⁄≥, kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hv, Ie-If - p-sSbpw
bp- ≈ Xpw hnkvXr- X - h p- a mb kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw kap-≤m-cI - ≥ F∂o \ne-If - n¬
`cWambn-cp∂p aucy km{am-Py- C¥ym Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Xs∂ ambmØ hy‡n-ap-{Z-Iƒ
Øn-t‚-Xv. H≥]Xv Xe-ap-d-bn-ep≈ Atim-I≥ ]Xn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
cmPm-°≥am¿ `cn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah- At±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-Øn¬ hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bXv 261 _n.-kn-bn¬ \S∂ Ienw-K-
km- \ sØ cmPm- h mb _rl- { Z- bp-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. bp≤w hnP-bn-s®-¶nepw bp≤-s°-Sp-Xn-Iƒ At±-lsØ Gsd
Ys\ kpwK hwi-Ønse ]pjyan- Zp:Jn∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn® Atim-I≥ [mcmfw hnlm-c-ßfpw
{X≥ h[n-®-tXmsS HutZym-Kn-I- ssNXy-ßfpw ÿm]n®p. _p≤-aXw Hcp temI-a-X-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´Xv Atim-
ambn km{am-Py-`-cWw amdn. Is‚ {ia-^-e-am-bm-Wv. CuPn-]vXv, _¿Ω, kntem¨ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°v anj-
W-dn-kw-L-ßsf Ab-®p. Atim-Is‚ inem-im-k-\-߃ {]kn-≤-am-Wv.
N{µ-Kp]vX aucy≥ (322˛298 _n.-kn) kmc-\m-Ynse AtimI kvXw`w AtimIs‚ imizX kvamc-I-ß-fn-sem-
∂mbn \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. Atim-Is‚ inem-im-k\-ßsf BZy-ambn hymJym-\n-
aucy km{am-Py-ÿm-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂ N{µ- ®Xv 1837-˛¬ Pbnwkv {]n≥sk∏v Bbn-cp-∂p.
Kp]vX aucy≥ km{amPy hnI-k-\-Øn¬
{]tXyI {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. {Ko°p-Im- kpwK cmP-hwiw 4 Ienw-Kb - p-≤Ø - n¬ Atim-I≥, Jc-th-
cpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ]©m_pw 185 _n.-kn. apX¬ 73 _n.-kn. hsc-bm- e-s\-bmWv ]cm-Pb - s- ∏-Sp-Øn-bXv (13-˛mw
kn‘pw tamNn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv N{µ-Kp]vX bn-cp∂p `cWImew. ]pjy-an-{X-kpw-K- inem-im-k-\w)
aucy≥ BZyw sNbvX-Xv. {Ko°v `c-Wm-[n-Im- \mWv kpwK cmP-hwi ÿm]-I≥. 4 tZh\mw {]nb≥, {]nb-Z¿in-cmP F∂o
cn-bm-bn-cp∂ skeyq-°-kns\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp- t]cp-If - n¬ Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂Xv Atim-
Ah-km-\sØ aucy-cm-Pmhmb _rl-
Øn-b-XmWv N{µ-Kp-]vXs‚ anI® ssk\nI {Z-Ys\ 185 _n.-kn-bn¬ tk\m-[n-]-\m-bn- I-\m-Wv.
t\´w. cp∂ ]pjy- a n- { X- k pw- K ≥ h[n®v A[n- 4 D]-Kp-]vX≥ (\n-t{Km-Z) F∂ _p≤
Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°pI-bm-bn-cp∂p. k\ym- k n- b psS t{]c- W - b n- e mWv
skeyq-°kv N{µ-Kp-]vXs‚ cmP-[m-\n-bn-
Atim-I≥ _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
te°v \ntbm-Kn® {Ko°v ÿm\-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp- ]pjy- a n- { Xs\ XpS¿∂v cmPm- h mb
A·n-an-{X-\mWv Imfn-Zm-ks‚ "amf-hn-Im- 4 Atim-Is‚ Ime-L-´-Ønse aq∂mw
∂p "C≥Un°' bpsS I¿Øm-hmb saK-kvX-
·n-an{X"Ønse \mb-I≥. A·n-an-{X-\p- _p≤- a X ktΩ- f - \ - Ø n- e mWv "A`n-
\okv.
tijw hkp-an-{X≥ cmPm-hm-bn. [aw ]oSI' F∂ {KŸsØ _p≤-a-X-
Xs‚ apJy-a-{¥nbpw "A¿∞-imkv{X' Øns‚ B[n- I m- c nI {KŸ- a mbn
Øns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hp-amb IuSn-eys‚ klm- kpwK-Imew apX¬ lnµp-aXw ho≠pw
{it≤bamb ÿm\w t\Sn- Ø p- S - ß n. AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv.
b-tØmsS N{µ-Kp]vX aucy≥ \S-∏n-em-°nb 4 Atim-Is‚ Alnwkm kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ
`c-W-kw-hn-[m\w {it≤-b-am-Wv. H≥]Xmw N{µ-Kp-]vXs\ A\p-kva-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ kwkv I rX kmlnXyw IqSp- X ¬ hnI-
C¥y≥ X]m¬ Ãmºv kn®p. Dƒs°m- ≈ p- ∂ - X mWv "[¿Ω' F∂
\q‰m≠v F.-Un-bn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ hnim-J-Z- Bibw. \memw inem- i m- k - \ - Ø n-
Øs‚ "ap{Zm-cm-£k'Øns‚ CXn-hrØw Xs∂ N{µ-Kp-]vXs‚ i{Xp-°ƒs°-Xnsc ]X-RvP-en-bpsS "alm-`m-jyw', Bcy-
emWv CXv {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.
iqcs‚ "PmX-Ia - m-e', "am\-[¿Ω imkv{Xw'
NmW-Iy≥ \S-Øp∂ \o°-ß-fm-Wv. 4 "_p≤- a - X - Ø ns‚ tIm¨Ã- s s‚≥'
F∂o {KŸ-߃ C°m-e-ØmWv cNn-®-Xv.
Xs‚ Ah-km\ \mfp-I-fn¬ N{µ-Kp]vX aucy≥ ssP\-aXw kzoI-cn-®p. ssP\ kpwK-Im-eØ - p-≠mb kmwkvIm-cn-It- \- F∂pw Atim-I≥ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
`n£p-°ƒs°m∏w I¿Wm-S-I-Ønse {ih-W-_-¬sKm-f-bn¬ Poh-XymKw sNbvXp- ´- ß sf Kp]v X - I m- e - Ø p- ≠ mb D÷ze 4 P\- ß - f psS Pohn- X - N - c ysb Ipdn®v
sh∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. {imh¨_etKm-f-bn¬ Ct±-lsØ A\p-kva-cn-°p∂-Xn-\mbn kmwkvIm-cnI \thm-∞m-\Ø - ns‚ apt∂m- \nco-£n-°m-\mbn Atim-I≥ \nb-
N{µ-_kvXn F∂ tZhm-e-bap-≠v. Sn-bm-bmWv IW-°m-°p∂-Xv. an®hcmWv "[¿Ω alm-am¿Xy≥am¿'.
hntZ-im-{I-a-W-߃ iX-hm-l-\≥am¿
aucy km{am-Py-Øns‚ ]X-\-Øn-\p-tijw Kp]vX km{am-Py-Øns‚ ÿm]\w aucy-km-{am-Py-Øn-\p-tijw U-°m- BZysØ cmjv{Sob i‡n. ]pcm-W-ß-
hsc-bp≈, 400 sIm√-°m-esØ "Ccp≠ Ime-L´w' F∂p-hn-fn-°m-dp-≠v. C¥y- \nepw at[y-¥y-bnepw Db¿∂p-h∂ fn¬ "B{‘m-°m¿" F∂v ]d-™n-cn-°p-
bpsS hS°p ]Sn-™mdv AXn¿Øn-bn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ hntZ-im-{I-aW
- I
- m-cn-Iƒ C¥y- i‡n-bmWv iX-hm-l\ km{am-Pyw. alm- ∂Xv iX-hm-l-\∑m-sc-°p-dn-®m-Wv. iX-hm-
bn¬ FØp-Ibpw Ah¿ ChnsS Xs∂ Xº-Sn®v ]pXnb cmP-hw-i-߃°v Aÿn- cm-jv{S-bnse Pp∂m¿ (]p-\) apX¬ l-\-∑m-cpsS ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p
hmcanSpIbpw sNbvXp. _mIv{Sn-b≥am¿, iI≥am¿, Ct¥m ]m¿Yn-b-∑m¿, Ipjm- B{‘-bnse Aa-cm-hXn hsc iX-hm-l- C£zmIp cmP-hw-iw.
\-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cmWv Ch-cn¬ {][m-\n-Iƒ. \-∑m-cpsS `c-W-Øn≥ Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. _n.-kn. 239-˛-HmsS iX-hm-l-\-∑m-cpsS
"Z£nW ]Y-Ønse {]`p-°ƒ' `cWw XpS-ßn-sb∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.
_mIv{Sn-b≥am¿ (_n.kn.189˛150) Ipjm\ cmP-hwiw F∂mWv iX-hm-l-I≥am¿ Adn-b-s∏-´n- DØc alm-cm-jv{S-bn-emWv BZysØ
_mIv{Sn-b-bnse cmPm-hmb sUsa-{Sn- bqNn, sSmIm-dn-b-∑m¿ F∂n-ß-s\bpw cp-∂-Xv. Z£n-tW-¥y-bn-te-°p≈ ]mX- cmPyw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-sX∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-
bkv (_n.-kn. 189) ]©m_pw kn‘pw Ipjm-\-∑msc hnfn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p. bpsS \nb-{¥Ww Ch¿°m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m- ∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Iog-S-°n, {Ko°v B[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ASn- emWv Cßs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv.
ImUv ^ n- s kkv (F.- U n.50) BWv 450 h¿j-tØmfw Cu km{amPyw \ne-\n-
Ød ]mIn.
C¥ybn¬ Ipjm\ km{am-Py-ÿm-]-I≥. iX-hm-l-I-∑m-cn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ ∂n-cp∂p F∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p ˛
imIe (kn-bm¬tIm-´v) Bbn-cp∂p
At±- l - Ø ns‚ Xe- ÿ m- \ w. C¥y- b p- Ipjm- \ - h w- i - Ø nse G‰hpw alm- `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmWv KuX-ao-]p{X {ioiX- F.-Un. 220 hsc.
sSbpw {Kokn-s‚bpw kwkvIm-c-߃ ]c- \mb cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p I\n-jvI≥. "]pcp- I¿Wn. aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ A[:]X-\-
kv]cw kzm[o-\n-°s∏´p. j-]pcw' (s]-j-hm¿) Bbn-cp∂p I\n- DØ-tc-¥y-bn-se∂t]mse U°m-Wnepw Øn\pw hntZi B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn kz¿W-\m-W-b- jvIs‚ Xe-ÿm-\w. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw Bcy-∑m-cpsS A[n- cmPysØ c£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw iX-hm-l-\-
߃ ]pd- Ø n- d - ° n- b Xv _mIv { Sn- b ≥am At±lw cmPy-`m-c-ta-s‰-SpØ F.-Un. \n-th-i-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv cmjv{Sob ∑m¿ Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v.
cmWv. 78˛¬ BWv "iI-h¿jw' Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. hn‘y\v \mKm¿Pp\sIm≠, \mkn-°v, Aa-cm-
imI≥am¿ (_n.-kn.130˛F.-Un. 195) I\n-jvIs\ "c≠mw Atim-I≥' F∂v sX°p≈ `q{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Bcy-h¬°- hXn F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse {]kn-≤-amb
hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. cWw _n.-kn. 1000-˛-HmsS XpS-ßn, _n.-kn. Iem-in¬∏-߃ Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚
]›na ssN\-bnse knYn-b≥ h¿K- \memw \q‰m-t≠msS \n¿Wm-bI L´-
Øn¬s∏´ iI-∑m¿ {Ko°p-Im-cn¬ \n∂v \memw _p≤-aX ktΩ-f\w Imivao- kw`m-h-\-I-fm-Wv. iX-hm-l-\-∑m-cpsS
Øn-se-Øn. ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p C£zmIp cmP-
_mIv{Snb ]nSn-s®-SpØv t_mf≥ Npcw cn¬, I\n-jvIs‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn-emWv \S-
hgn C¥y-bn-te°v IS∂v kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S- iX-hm-l-\-∑m-cmWv sU°m-Wnse hw-iw.
∂-Xv.
Øn¬ Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®p. Cu Iu¨kn-en¬ h®m-bn-cp∂p alm-
X£-in-ebpw aYp-cbpw Bbn-cp-∂p DØ-
tc-¥y-bn¬ Ch¿ ÿm]n® {][m\ cmPy-
bm\ _p≤-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥-߃
` ‡ n- { ] - ÿ m\ w ¿§-
cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv.
n (B c - ) F∂o aq∂v am
- m-[\
߃. Atim-Is\ A\p-I-cn®v I\n-jvI\pw I¿Ωw ({]h - r-Øn), `‡ - \ `mc-Xo-bc - psS hn
GXm≠v 58 _n.-kn-bn¬ hn{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ At\Iw _p≤-`n-£p-°sf _p≤-aX {]N- ⁄m\w (Ad- n-hv), m£ w t\ Sm sa ∂ m-bn-cp∂p ]pcmX j
p- y\ pw Cuiz-
pw ta - m-Wv. a\
iI- ∑ msc ]cm- P - b - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b - X ns‚ c-Wm¿∞w hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°-b-®p. ßfn¬ GXv hgn° ibw D¤h - n-® Xv thZ-ßf - n¬\n∂
p-tN-cepw C vS-tZ-h j -
B
Hm¿Ωbv°v "hn{Iakwh-’cw' Bcw-`n®p izm-kw. `‡n F∂ -VXeØn-ep≈ (mystical union) HØ^e -
a mb n h nI -
k n® p.
ssN\, Xn_Øv apX-emb cmPy-ß-fn¬
c\pw XΩn-ep≈ \n pw _p≤a
Kq - psS -
b
F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
_p≤-aXw hym]n-®Xv C°m-e-Øm-Wv. -
[ -
\ b - X- Ø - n-\p-≠mb XI¿® b - p≈ \q‰m≠ - n-emWv hnI-
∑ c
m- ps S B cm w 7 ap X¬ 12 hsc - n¬
]m¿Yn-b∑
- m¿ - n-¥y-bn¬ `‡ {
n- ]- ÿ m\ Xv mw \q‰m≠
14- ˛
Bbq¿ thZkwln-X-Iƒ cNn® Nc- sXt°b
n¬ C u {] ÿm-\Ø - n\v hnØp-]m-In-b≠ - n¬ Po h n-®n-cp∂
iI-∑m¿°v tijw ]m¿Yn-b∑ - m¿ (iI - v. hS-t°b - ¥
n- y-b \q ‰m
I\pw ip{ip-X\pw Ipjm-\-Im-e-ØmWv kn-®X a-tZ-h\pw, 15-˛mw p∂p I_o¿.
]√h≥am¿) hS-°p-]S- n-™m-d≥ {]tZ-iß - - m-jv{S-°m-c\mb \m am\ - s‚ injy-\m-bn-c
fn¬ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb cmPyw ÿm]n-®p.
Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Pohn-®n-cp-∂ alm-c p (DØ - ¿ {] tZ -
i v) . cm - µ i
- ß
- sf hna¿in®
- µ - p-am-bn-c
- \ ∂
p- -ÿn-Xn-bpsS Zq j yh
Km‘mc coXn- b n- e p≈ in¬∏- I e cmam\ k ma q-l y-h y-h ap ow ssa{Xn°v
…
]m¿Yn-b≥am¿ Cdm-\n¬ \n∂mWv C¥y-
]q¿W-h-f¿® {]m]n-®Xv I\n-jvIs‚ `c- \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ p I_odpw \m\m° - pw. Ch¿ lnµp ]-Nm-cnI aXm-\p-
bn-se-Øn-b-Xv.
W-Im-e-Øm-Wv. c≠v {]ik - vXc - m-bn-cp∂
m-cm-[\ - , Xo¿∞m-S\ - w XpS-ßnb Hu -lw Du∂¬
G‰hpw {]K- ¤ - \ mb ]m¿Yn- b ≥ ≠
m- p. h n{K -
l z-Øn\v Ct±
cmPmhv tKmt≠m-t^¨kv Bbn-cp-∂p. ssN\, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, at≤y-jy, th≠n \n e- s I
o¿ A ]- e - ] n- ® p. Cuiz-cs‚ GI-X o hyXykvX t]cpI - n¬
- f
Cdm≥, ]›n-ta-jy, tdma≥ km{amPyw, jvTm-\-ßsf I_ tKmhn-µ≥, A≈, kmln_v F∂ h -
≠ b
n- n¬ P\ n®
X¬
sk‚ v tXmakv Ct±-l-Øns‚ ImeØv
saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ F∂o `mK-ßsf _‘n- \¬In. cma≥, lcn, `n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp. ]©m-_nse n\v AXpey kw`m-h-
{InkvXp-aX {]N-cW
- Ø
- n-\mbn C¥y-bn-se- A Ø
-
∏n®v IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp∂ {]mNo\ Ime-sØ ssZhsØ I_o¿ mb Kpcp \m\m°pw `‡n-{]-ÿm-\
Øn-sb∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ipjm-\≥am- -\
{]kn-≤-amb "kn¬°v dq´v' (Silk Route) kn°p-a-X-ÿm-]-I
cpsS B{I-a-WsØ XpS¿∂v ]m¿Yn-b-∑m- \- I ƒ \¬ I n.
cpsS i‡n inYn-e-am-bn. \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv Ipjm-\-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
4 Kp]vX-cm-P-hwiw Bcw-`n-®Xv {ioKp- 4 lqW-∑m-cpsS XpS¿®-bmb B{I-a-W-
Kp]vX km{amPyw ]vXs‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. ߃ Kp]vX-km-{amPyw XI-cm≥ CS-
]pcm-X\ C¥y-bn¬ cmjv{So-b-ambpw Xn¬ Kp]vX cmPm-°-∑m¿ hln® ]¶v 4 Kp]vX-∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p bmbn.
ssk\n-I-ambpw G‰hpw i‡n-bm¿Pn® \nkvXp-e-am-Wv. {]bmKv (Ae-l-_m-Zv). 4 Ipamc Kp]vXs‚ `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv
km{am-Py-am-bn-cp∂p Kp]vX km{am-Pyw. 4 F.Un. 415˛¬ U¬ln-bn¬ IpØ-_van- lqW-∑m¿ C¥y B{I-an-®Xv. N{µ-Kp-
Kp]vX-Im-eØv C¥y kµ¿in® ]vX≥ c≠m-as‚ aI-\mWv Ipam-c -
{]mNo\ C¥y≥ Ncn-{X-Ønse ssN\okv k-©m-cn-bmWv ^mln-bm≥. \m- d n- \ - S p- Ø p≈ samduen kv X w`w
ÿm]n-®Xv Kp]vX-∑m-cmWv. Kp]vX≥.
"kph¿W Ime-L´'sa∂v (F.-Un. 335- Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Kp]vX km{am-
4 N{µ- K p]v X hn{I- a m- Z n- X ys‚ Xe- 4 Kp]vX-km-{am-Py-Ønse -Ahkm-\-cm-
˛455) hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Kp]vX `c-W- Py-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v shfn®w hoip-∂p-≠v.
ÿm\w D÷-bn\nbmWv. Pmhv kvIµ-Kp-]vX≥ BWv.
Im-e-w F.-Un. 4˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ a≤y- lnµp-aXw G‰-hp-a-[nIw Db¿® {]m]n®
4 hn{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ imImcn F∂ t]cnepw 4 hmKv ` - S ≥ Kp]v X - I m- e - L - ´ - Ø nse
tØm-sS-bmWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂p. {][m\ `nj-Kz-c-\m-Wv.
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ imkv{Xw, tPymXn- Ipjm\ cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an- 4 Kp]vX-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-
im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-im-kv{Xw, kmwkvIm-cn- IfmbmWv Kp]vX≥am¿ Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. 4 Kp]v X - ∑ m- c psS HutZym- K n- I - ` mj
߃ ASn-®n-d-°n-bn-cp-∂p.
Iw, kmlnXyw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ kwkvIr-X-am-bn-cp∂p.
{ioKp-]vX-\mWv Kp]vX-km-{amPy ÿm]- 4 "C¥y≥ s\t∏m-fn-b≥' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- 4 Km‘m-c-I-e-Isf Kp]vX-∑m¿ t{]m’m-
hnkva-b-I-c-amb hf¿®-bmWv D≠m-b-Xv.
]pcm-X\ Ime-L-´-Ønse \mW-b-߃, I≥. Kp]vX cmP-hw-i-Ønse {][m\ ∂ `c-Wm-[n-ImcnbmWv kap-{Z-Kp-]vX≥ ln-∏n-®n-cp∂p. CXp-Iq-SmsX a[p-c- I-
Nph-sc-gp-Øp-Iƒ, kvamc-I-߃, IrXn- cmPmhv F.-Un. 320-˛¬ `c-W-ta-s‰-SpØ e- I - s fbpw B{‘m- I - e - I - s fbpw
N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ ˛ I Bbn-cp-∂p. 4 hn≥k‚ v kvanØv BWv kap-{Z-Kp- t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \ns∂ms° hnh-c- ]vXs\ C¥y≥ s\t∏m- f n- b ≥
߃ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v e`n-®n-´p≠v. N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ I A[n-Imcw ÿm]n-®- 4 N{µ-Kp-]vX-k-Z-nse `h-`q-Xn-bpsS cN-
F∂phnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.
Xns‚ Xns‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°mWv F.-Un. \-I-fm-Wv˛ DØ-c-cm-a-N-cn-Xhpw ame-Xo-
lqW-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-WsØ sNdpØv 4 kap- { Z- K p- ] vXs‚ sIm´m- c - I - h n- am-[-h-hpw.
cmjv{S-Øn\v ÿncX ssIh-cn-°p-∂- 320˛¬ "Kp]vX-h¿jw' Bcw-`n-®-Xv.
bmbncp∂p lcn- t k- \ ≥. kap- { Z- K p- 4 \h- c - X v \ - ß ƒ°v ]pdta hnim- J - Z -
]vX≥ "Ihn-cmP' F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p. Ø≥, iq{Z-I≥ apX-emb \mS-II - r-Øp-
N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ II (F.-Un. 380-˛412) 4 Kp]vX- I-eb - psS DØ-tam-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv- °fpw Kp]vX-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-
s∏-Sp-∂p. ssN\okv k©mcn ^mln- A-P¥mKpl- b nse Nph¿Nn- { X- ß ƒ Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]©-X{¥ IY-
Kp]vXkm{amPyw Db¿®-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-
bm≥ (399-˛414 F.-Un.) C¥y kµ¿in-®Xv (Fresco Paintings). Iƒ C°m-eØv Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
bn¬ FØn-bXv N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ II s‚
Ime-Øm-Wv. "hn{I-am-Zn-Xy≥" F∂ Ct±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-Im-e-Øm-Wv. A{]m- 4 Kp]vX Ime-L-´-Ønse {][m\ k¿∆- 4 "Aa-c-tImiw' \nL-≠p-hns‚ cN-bn-
t]cn¬ At±lw Adn-b-s∏-´ncp∂p. ]vX-cmb ]n¬°me Kp]vX cmPm-°-∑mcpw I-em-im-e-Iƒ ˛ \f-µ, X£-in-e. Xm-hmb Aa-c-knw-l\pw Kp]vX-Ime-
]›n-ta-¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw iI-∑msc lqW-∑m-cpsS B{I-aWhpw Kp]vX `c-W- 4 Kp]vX∑ - m-cpsS HutZym-KnI Nn”w Kcp- ØmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-
]q¿Æ-ambpw \njvIm-k\w sNbvXXv Iq-SsØ Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. F.-Un. U≥ BWv. Sp∂p.
Ct±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-Im-e-Øm-Wv. CXn- Bdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-tØmsS Kp]vX 4 KWn- X - i m- k v { Xw, tPymXn- i m- k v { Xw,
s\-Øp-S¿∂v kmwkvIm-cnI tI{µ-amb `cWw IYm-h-ti-j-am-bn. sshZy-imkv{Xw F∂o cwK-ß-fnepw
D÷-bn\n Kp]vX km{am-Py-Øns‚ ImfnZm-k≥ Kp]v X - I mew anI® kw`m- h - \ - I ƒ
c≠mw cmP-[m-\n-bmbn amdn. {]bmKv s∏´ Imfn-Zm- \¬In.
\h-c-Xv\-ß-fn¬ Dƒ I v k v ] n- b ¿' 4 Bcy-`-S≥ Xs‚ hnin-jvS-Ir-Xn-bmb
Bbn-cp∂p Kp]vX cmP-[m-\n-sb∂v Icp- tj
k ≥ " C ¥ y≥ "Bcy-`S- obw' cNn®v C¥y-bn¬ tPymXn-
X-s∏-Sp-∂p. p.
F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂
Imfn-Zm-k≥, Aa-c-knw-l≥, [\z-¥-cn, p- ] v X ≥ c≠ ma s‚ kZ-n- im- k v { X- s Øbpw KWn- X - i m- k v { X-
N{µ-K F ∂ ]fin- sØbpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®p.
XpS-ßnb "\h-c-Xv\-߃" At±-l-Øns‚ emWv \h-cvX - \ - ß ƒ
p-∂ v. Imfn-Zm-
- X 4 hcm-la - n-ln-c≥, {_“-Kp-]vX≥, `mkvI-
kZ-ns\ Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-b- X-hrµw D≠m-bn-c m-hy-ß-fmWv cm-Nm-cy≥ XpS-ßnb {]K¤ KWnX
al m- I
k≥ cNn®
pa m- c - k w- ` h pw . ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ Kp]vX-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-
cL p- h w- i h pw I
\h-c-Xv\-߃ {] [m \ \mS-I-߃ cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Imfn-Zm-ks‚
n-Im-·n-an-{Xw, 4 kp{]- k n≤ sshZy- { K- Ÿ - a mb
[\z-¥-cn, £]-W-I≥, Aa-c-knw- imIp-¥-fw, amf-h ∂n-h-bm-Wv. "Ajv S mwK lrZbw' Kp]v X - I m- e -
ob w F
hn{I-tam¿h-i
l≥, i¶p, thXm-f-`-´≥, psS cmP-Ip-am- Øns‚ Hcp DXvIrjvS kw`m-h\ - b - m-Wv.
LSI¿∏≥, Imfn-Zm-k≥, hcm- " C¥y≥ Ihn-I-f hpw Imfn-Zm-
nti - j - W 4 aYp-c-bn-ep≈ [ym\-\n-c-X-amb _p≤-
l-an-ln-c≥, hc-cpNn c≥' F∂ h
hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-t‚-sX∂v Icp-Xp∂ Nn{Xw ˛ k-\p-≠v. {]-Xn-abpw Kp]vX-Ime ssien-bpsS
AP-¥-bnse Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v DØ-a-am-Xr-I-bmWv.
l¿j km{amPyw (F.-Un. 606-˛647) Z£ntW¥y-bpsS Ncn{Xw
kwL-Imew
lqW-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-W-sØ XpS¿∂v cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p _mW-`-´≥. g-IsØ G‰hpw anI® cmjv{Sob i‡n-
Z£n-tW¥y (X-an-g-Iw) bpsS {]mNo\
Kp]vX km{amPyw inYn-e-am-Ip-Ibpw ]e "l¿j-N-cn-Xw', "ImZw-_cn' F∂n-h- bmbn hf¿∂p.
Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v shfn®w hoip∂ {][m-
sNdp-cm-Py-ßfpw ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w-sIm- bmWv _mW-`-´s‚ {][m\ IrXn-Iƒ. \-s∏´ tcJ-Iƒ kwL-Im-esØ Xangv "F´p-sØmssI'bn¬ s]´ "]Xn-‰p-∏-
≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C°q-´-Øn¬ l¿j-k-Z-nse NWvUm-e-Ihn amXwK Øv'˛¬ \n∂v F´v tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv.
G‰hpw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂Xv Ipcp- Znhm-I-c≥ Bbn-cp∂p. t\´-ßsf∏‰n hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
{InkvXp- h ¿j- Ø ns‚ BZysØ
t£-{X-Øn\v kao]w Xmt\-izcw Xe- l¿js‚ `c-W-Im-eØv C¥y Ch- c n¬ {][m\n s\Spw- t N- c - e m- X - \ pw,
ÿm-\-am°n Db¿® {]m]n® h¿[-\≥am- A©v iXm-_vZ-ß-fn¬ a[pc Bÿm-\-
kµ¿in® lpbm≥ kmßns‚ (629-˛645 am°n {]h¿Øn- ® n- c p∂ Xangv kwL- sN¬sI-gp-Ip-´p-h-\p-am-Wv.
cpsS cmPy-am-Wv. F.-Un.) kzm[o\w aqe-amWv At±lw Nne-∏-Xn-ImcØn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-
Cu cmP-hw-i-Ønse G‰hpw {]_-e- Øns‚ t{]m’m-l-\-Øm¬ cNn-°-s∏´
_p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-®-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp- IrXn-I-fmWv "kwL-IrXn'Isf∂v Adn-b- Sp∂ sN¶p-´-h\pw sN¬sIgp Ip´p-h\pw
\mb cmPmhv l¿j-h¿[-\≥ Bbn-cp- ∂p. Xn_-Øn¬ hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ H∂m-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. s\SpwtNgn-
∂p. ktlm-Z-c-\mb cmPy-h¿≤-\s‚ ac- s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ']Øp-∏m´v', "F´p-sØmssI'
_p≤-aXw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv l¿js‚ Ime- F∂nh kwL-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ß- b-\m-bn-cp∂p kwL-Im-esØ G‰hpw
Wm-\-¥cw 11˛mw hb-n¬ l¿j-h¿≤-
\≥ F.Un. 606˛¬ A[n-Im-c-ta‰p. Øm-Wv. fm-Wv. kwL-Im-e-Øn-\p-tijw cNn-°- {]kn-≤-\mb ]mWvUy-cm-Pmhv.
l¿j-h¿[-\≥ Im\qPns\ Xs‚ hS-t°- C¥y-bnse Ah-km-\sØ s∏´ "Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw', "aWn-ta-Je' F∂o Xsse-bm-e-¶m-\-Øp-h®v \S∂ bp≤-
Xeÿm\am°n am‰n. l¿js‚ kp{]-[m\ lnµp-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p IrXn- I fpw Z£n- t W- ¥ y≥ Ncn- { X- Ø n- Øn¬ Ct±lw tNc, tNmf cmPm-°-∑msc
km{amPyw {_“-]p{X apX¬ I®v l¿j≥. "lnµp-Im-e-L-´-Ønse te°v shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bmWv. tXm¬∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
hscbpw lnam-ebw apX¬ \¿ΩZ AIv_¿' F∂mWv l¿j≥ Adn-b-s∏- kwL- I m- e sØ Xan- g - I - Ø ns‚ kwL-Im-eØv Xan-g-IØv ]e sNdp-
hscbpw ]c-∂p-In-S-∂n-cp-∂p. ´ncp-∂-Xv. cmjv{Sob Ncn{Xw tNc-˛-]m-WvUy-˛-tNmf cm-Py-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ D∂X
l¿j≥ Ihnbpw ]WvUn-X-\p-am-bn- Nmeq-Iy-cm-Pm-hmb ]petI-in c≠m- cmP- h w- i - ß - f psS `mK- t [- b - ß - f p- a mbn \ne-hm-c-ap≈ `c-W-k-{º-Zm-bhpw Pohn-X-
cp-∂p. "cXv\m-h-en', "\mKm-\-µw', "{]nb- a≥ bp≤-Øn¬ l¿js\ tXm¬∏n-®n- _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Icn-Im-e-\mWv Cu co-Xnbpw \ne-hn-en-cp-∂p. kwL-Im-eØv
Z¿inI' F∂o kwkvIrX \mS-I-Ir-Xn-I- ´p≠v.- ]pen-tI-in c≠m-as‚ B{I-a-W- ImesØ G‰hpw {]K-¤\ - mb tNmf cmPm- Z£n-tW¥y kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]ptcm-KXn
fpsS I¿Øm-hmWv l¿j≥. l¿js‚ ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnhcw \¬Ip-∂Xv hv. ka-Im-eo-\-cmb tNc-˛-]mWvUy cmPm- t\Sn.
cmP-k-Z-ns\ Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp∂ ]WvUn-X- Abvtlmƒ (Aihole) enJn-X-ß-fm-Wv. °-∑msc At±lw bp≤-Øn¬ tXm¬ ∏n- F.-Un. 300 apX¬ 750 hsc-bp≈ Ime-
°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Icn-Im-es\ tXm¬∏n® L´Øn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ DS-se-SpØ
]ucm-WnI {KŸ-߃ tNc cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p DXn-b≥ tNc-em-X≥. {]_-e-amb aq∂v cmP-hw-i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
At±-lØ - ns‚ Imew apX¬ tNc-∑m¿ Xan- NmeqIy¿, ]mWvUy¿, ]√-h¿ F∂n-h¿.
cmam-bWw ................................... hmevaoIn DØ-cc- m-aN - c- nXw ............................. `h-`qXn
alm-`m-cXw .................................... hymk≥ AjvSm-≤ymbn ................................ ]mWn\n
`K-hX- Kv oX ..................................... hymk≥ Ima-kq{X ............................. hm’ym-b\≥
A¿∞-imkv{Xw .......................... IuSn-ey≥ \mK-\µ - n\n ........................ l¿j-h¿≤-\≥ A¿∞imkv{Xw Wv A¿∞-im-kv{Xw.
A`n⁄m\ imIp-¥fw ............. Imfn-Zm-k≥ ]©-X{¥w ............................ hnjvWp-i¿Ω {] mam - W n- I - a mb cm jv{S-ao-amwkm {KŸ-am- -Zm-bnI ÿnXn-K-
EtKzZw ...................................... Bcy≥am¿ jmlv\ma ................................... ^n¿Zukn {]mNo-\-`m-c-X-Ønse `c-W-Im-esØ \oXn-\n-b-a-ßsfbpw kmap 300 Ime-L-´-
cpsS v 324-˛
Ipam-ck - w-`hw ........................... Imfn-Zm-k≥ AIv_¿\ma ...................... A_pƒ^-k¬ aucy-hwi cmPm-°-∑m- w {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. {InkvXp-hn\v apº nI cmPy-X-{¥-⁄-
- s fb pw Cu {K \v Y k Nn - h \p w {] mtb m-K
KoX-tKm-hnµw ............................. Pb-tZ-h≥ Abn-\n-˛A - I - v_mcn ............. A_pƒ^-k¬ Xn-I K p- ] v X - a u- cys‚ {][m\ Øm-hv. hnjvWp-Kp-
n- c p∂ N{ µ- -b ps S I¿
_p≤-Nc- nXw ......................... Aiz-tLm-j≥ C≥Un° .............................. saK-kvX\ - okv Øn¬ Pohn-® A Yh m Nm W -I y≥ BWv Cu IrXn
ImZw-_cn .................................. _mW-`´- ≥ \p-am-bn-cp∂ IuSn-ey≥ ys‚ icn-bmb t]cv.
cXv\m-hen ......................... l¿j-h¿≤-\≥ e n, in£m-im-
B›-cy-Nq-Vm-aWn ..................... i‡n-`{- Z≥ ]vX≥ F∂mWv IuSn- Nm c- h r- Ø n, bp ≤ w, kam-[m-\w, ZWvU-\o-X -Iƒ, hnhm-
lntXm]tZiw .......................... \mcmbW≥ -{¥w, acym- Z
ap{Zm-cm-£kw ....................... hnim-JZ- Ø - ≥ cmjv{Saoamw-k, \b-X \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃, kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-∑m¿§nI `-P-\w, s]mXp-
tZho-N{- µ-Kp]vXw ................... hnim-JZ- Ø - ≥ , k nh n¬ - ˛ - { In - a n- \ ¬ -‘ -ß ƒ, `c -W -h-I p∏v hn
kv { Xw y-_
Nne-∏X - n-Imcw ..................... Cf-t¶m-hS- n-Iƒ -Im-iw, hym]mc hmWn-P - f- n¬s∏-Sp∂ F√mw
A¿∞-
Xncp-°p-dƒ ........................... Xncp-h≈ - ph¿
_rl-XvaR - vPcn ........................ t£ta-{µ≥ lw, Zmb{I-aw, kzØ-h XpSßn a\pjy hyh-lmc hnj-bß
a\p-kvarXn .......................................... a\p hmb s]cpa- m‰ kwl Zy-hn-j-b-ß-fmWv. nX
Aa-ct- Imiw ......................... Aa-ck - nw-l≥ m- A¿∞-im-
\mSy-imkv{Xw ............................... `c-Xa- p\n KX-k] - vXi - Xn ................................ lme≥ im-kv{X-Øn-se {]Xn-] "Z {] n≥k v ' F ∂ IrXn-bp-ambn NmW-Iys‚ Ct±-lsØ
n-b ps S n
ar—-LS- nIw .................................. iq{Z-I≥ bqtdm-∏nse amIy-sh-√ `mcX - Ø - nse "amIys- h√n'bmb
l¿j-Nc- nXw .............................. _mW-`´- ≥
_rl-Zvkw-lnX, v { Xs Ø Xm c- X - a y- s ∏- Sp-Ønb ]WvUn-X-∑m¿
cma-Nc- n-Xa- m-\kw ...................... Xpf-koZmkv k
cmP-Xc- w-KnWn ........................... I¬lW≥ ]©-kn-≤m-¥nI .................. hcm-la- n-ln-c≥ Nn{XoI - c- n-®n-´p-≠v.
Nmeq-Iy¿ tNmf-∑m¿
sXt° C¥y-bp-sSbpw hSt° t\´w. ]n∂o-S-t±lw Z£nW tImk- tNmf-hw-i-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥ kwL-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ Icn-Ime tNmf-\m-bn-
C¥y-bp-sSbpw henb `q`mKw Bdmw ehpw Ienw-Khpw Iog-S-°n. ]√h cmPm- cp-∂p. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tijw £bn® tNmf i‡nsb ]p\:ÿm]n-®-Xv, hnP-
\q‰m-≠n\pw 12-˛mw \q‰m-≠n\pw CS-bn¬ hmb atl-{µ-h¿Ωs\ tXm¬∏n®v bm-e-b≥ (850-˛871) BWv. "]c-tI-kcn', "cmP-tI-kcn' XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-fn¬ tNmf
`cn-®n-cp-∂-h-cmWv NmeqIy cmP-hw-iw. NmeqIy ssk\yw B cmPy-Øns‚ ]e cmPm-°-∑m¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv hnP-bm-e-bs‚ Imew apX¬°m-Wv. tNmf
hS-°≥ alm-cm-jv{S, hnZ¿` {]tZ-i- `mK-ßfpw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]t£, hwi-Øns‚ biv h¿≤n-°p-∂Xv cmP-cm-P≥ I (985-˛1016)s‚ Imew apX¬°m-Wv.
ß-fn¬ iXhm-l-\-∑m¿°v tijw ]n∂oSv \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ ]pentIin X©m-hq-cnse _rl-tZ-izct£{Xw Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv.
hmImS-I¿ `c-W-Øn-te-dn. Ch-cp-ambn h[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]√h cmPmhv \c-knw- tNmf-hwiw {]i-kvXn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-se-Øn-bXv cmtP-{µ≥ I (1012-˛44) s‚ Ime-
cayX ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ N{µ-Kp]vX hn{I- l-h¿Ω≥ hmXm]n ]nSn-®-S-°p-Ibpw Øm-Wv. 1018˛¬ ]mWvUysc \nt»jw tXm¬∏n® cmtP-{µ≥ tNc cmPyhpw kntem
am-Zn-Xy≥, Ch-cpsS klm-b-tØm-sS- sNbvXp. Wpw Iog-S-°n.
bmWv imI-∑msc ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. in¬∏-I-ebpw Nn{X-I-ebpw hºn® DØ-tc-¥y-bnse hnP-b-ßsf XpS¿∂v cmtP{µ tNmf≥ "KwssK-s°m≠
hmImS-Isc XpS¿∂v Nmeq-Iy¿ ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn. ]pe-tIin II ˛s‚ tNmf≥' F∂ t]cv kzoI-cn-®p. cmtP{µ tNmf≥ "KwssK-s°m≠ tNmf-]pcw' F∂
(hmXm]n˛_-Zm-an) A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn. "sFtlmƒ imk\w' {]i-kvX-am-Wv. ]pXnb Xe-ÿm\ \Kcw ]Wn-Xp. cmPm-[n-cmP tNmf≥ Bbn-cp∂p tNmf km{am-Py-
BZy-Ime NmeqIy cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]›na Nmeq-Iy¿ hntZ-io-b-cp-ambn Ønse Ah-km\ cmPm-hv.
G‰hpw {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂Xv hmXm- kulr-Z-_-‘-߃ ÿm]n-®p. t]¿jy- Pbw sIm≠-cpsS "Ienw-K-Øp-∏-cWn'bpw H´-°q-Ø-cpsS "Dem-Ifpw' tNmf
]n-bnse ]pentIin II (609-˛642) BWv. bnse cmPm-hmb Jpkvdu, ]pentIin ImesØ anI® Xangv IrXn-I-fm-Wv. Iº¿ Xan-gn¬ cmam-bWw cNn-®Xpw C°m-e-
\¿ΩZm XocØv h®v \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ II˛s‚ kZ-knte°v Hcp kulrZ-kw- Øm-Wv. tN°n-gm-cpsS "s]cn-b-]p-cmWw" C°m-e-Øp-≠mb as‰mcp IrXn-bm-Wv.
l¿j-h¿≤-\s\ tXm¬∏n-®-XmWv ]pe- LsØ Ab-®Xv Hcp {]-[m\ kw`-h-
tI-in-bpsS G‰hpw anI® ssk\nI amWv. ]mWvUy¿ tNc∑m¿
a[pc Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ BZy-Ime kwL-Im-e-Øn-\p-tijw tNc-i‡n
]√- h ¿ ]mWvUycmPyw a[p-c-˛-Xn-cp-s\¬then ]p\:ÿm]n-X-am-bXv F.-Un. 8˛mw \q‰m-
C£zmIp hwi-Psc XpS¿∂v `c-W-Øn- k-Z-ns\ Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂p. `‡nam¿K Pn√-Iƒ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kwL-Ir- ≠n¬ Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-
te-dnb ]√-h¿ 4 apX¬ 6 hsc-bp≈ ÿm]-I-cmb Bgvhm¿amcpw \mb- Xn-I-fn¬ ]mWvUy cmPm-hmb s\Spw-tN- Øn-em-Wv.
\m¿amcpw Xß-fpsS Km\-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eqsS gn-b-s\-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠v. Ggmw Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bmWv (800-˛820) c≠mw
iXm-_vZ-ß-fn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse Hcp
Xan-gv\m-´n¬ aX-{]-N-cWw \S-Øn. \q‰m≠n-emWv ]mWvUy-i‡n tNc-km-{amPy ÿm]-I≥. `‡-I-hn-
{]_e cmjv{So-b-i-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
]p\:ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. bmb Ipe-ti-Jc Bgvhm¿ Ct±lw
Im©n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]√-h-∑m-cpsS Xe- Bgvhm¿ IrXn-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb
ÿm-\w. ]√-h-cmPyw Imthcn apX¬ "\membnc Znhy-{]-_‘'hpw \mb-\m¿ ]mWvUy cmPmhv {ioamc {ioh-√- Xs∂-bm-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu
aZn-cmin hsc ]c-∂p-In-S-∂n-cp-∂p. IrXn-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb "tXhmc'hpw `s‚ (815-˛862) Ime-ØmWv ]mWvUy¿ hwi-Ønse c≠m-asØ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂
lnµp-a-XsØ Xan-gv\m-´n¬ ÿnc-{]-Xn- kntem¨ B{I-an-®-Xv. 1251-˛¬ A[n-Im-c- cmP-ti-Jc h¿Ω (820-˛844) bpsS Ime-
knwl-hn-jvWp-hns‚ (560-˛580) Ime-
jvT-am-°n. Øn¬ h∂ PSm-h¿Ω≥ kpµ-c-]m- ØmWv sIm√-h¿jw ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv.
tØm-sS-bmWv ]√h cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS
WvUy-\mWv ]mWvUy cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬
Imew Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. tNmf¿, ÿmWp chn, Cµp-t°mX h¿Ω,
G‰hpw {]K-¤≥. tlmbvkm-esc
]mWvUy¿, If-{`¿ XpS-ßn-b-hsc
knwl-hnjvWp tXm¬∏n-®-Xmbn Icp-X-
cmP-hw-i-ßfpw tXm¬∏n®v Ct±lw ]mWvUy-cmPyw
`mkvIc chn-h¿Ω F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p
a‰p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ.
s∏-Sp-∂p. XpS¿∂v A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dnb Xe-ÿm-\-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v A[n-Im-c-Øn¬
h∂ amc-h¿Ω≥ Ipe-ti-J-c≥ (1268- Ah-km-\ tNcN{I-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂
atl-{µ-h¿Ω≥ I˛s‚ `c-W-Im-eØv ................. a[pc cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ (1090-˛1102) `c-
]mWvUy-∑m¿ ................
˛1310) tlmbvkm-esc \nt»jw Iog-S-°n.
NmeqIy cmPm-hmb ]pen-tI in II ]√-h- W-Im-e-ØmWv tNmf-∑m¿ atlm-Z-b-]p-
...... hmXm]n Ct±-l-Øns‚ ac-WsØ XpS¿∂v a°-
cmPyw B{I-an®p Iog-S-°n. NmeqI- y-∑m¿ ........................ fmb kpµc ]mWvUy\pw hoc-]m- chpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw Nps´-cn-®-Xv.
........ Im©n
"aØ-hn-emk {]l-k\w' Ct±lw cNn-®-
]√h- ∑- m¿ ............................ WvUy\pw XΩn¬ A[n-Imc a’cw XpS¿∂v cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥
sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse .. X©m-hq¿ Bÿm\w atlm-Z-b-]p-c-Øp-\n∂pw
in¬∏-I-e-bpsS Hcp {][m\ tI{µ-amb tNmf∑ - m¿ ............................ XpS-ßn. Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn-bpsS
sIm√-tØ°v am‰n.
p-cmtlm tk\m-\m-b-I≥ amenIv Im^q¿ a[pc
ama-√-]pcw (a-lm-_-en-]p-cw) Ct±-l- NWvUm-e∑ - m¿ ...................... JP B{I-an®v Iog-S-°n-bXv Cu ka-b-Øm- atlm-Z-b-]p-cØv Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse
Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-Wv. Ah-km-\sØ ................ hm©n
..
tNc-∑m¿ .................... Wv. ]mWvUy cmPy-Øp-≠mb Iem- {]kn-≤-amb hm\ \nco-£-W-ime
]√-h-cm-Pmhv A]-cm-PnX h¿Ω-bm-bn- am≥L´v \n¿Ωn-®Xpw tNc cmPm-°-∑m-cm-Wv.
cp∂p. - m¿ ..........................
cmjv{- S-Iq-S∑
]sØ XpS¿∂v thWmSv cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂
IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w XpS-ßnb t£{X-
chn-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥ a[pc B{I-
........... Zzmc-ka- p{Z
ZnKv\mK≥, `m’n, ZWvUn apX-emb ]e tlmbvkm-e≥am¿ ........ an®p Iog-S-°n. a[p-c-ao-\m£n t£{Xw Ifpw in¬∏-I-e, Nn{X-c-N\ XpS-ßn-b-
{]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw ]√h cmP- Ch-cpsS Ime-ØmWv \n¿Ωn-®Xv. hbpw Ch¿ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
cmjv{S-Iq-S¿ a≤y-ImeL´w
alm≥am-cmb \mev cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm- 1500 h¿j-tØmfamWv C¥y-bpsS a≤y-Im-e-L´w \ne\n∂Xv. 1206-
]›na Nmeq-Iysc XpS¿∂v `cWw
fmbn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. ˛¬ ÿm]n-X-amb Zn√n kp¬Øm-t\-‰p-I-fpsS DZ-b-tØm-sSbpw tNmf-
Iøm-fn-bXv cmjv{S-Iq-S-cm-bn-cp-∂p. F.-Un.
∑m-cp-sSbpw Nmeq-Iy-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]X-\-tØm-sS-bp-amWv a≤y-Im-e-L´w
743- ˛ ¬ Z¥n- Z p¿K≥ cmjv { S- I qShwiw cmjv{S-Iq-S-cpsS `c-W-Imew ssP\-a-X- Ah-km-\n-®-Xv. at[y-jy-bn¬ \n∂p≈ B{I-a-W-ßfpw _p≤-a-X-
ÿm]n-®p. Øns‚ kph¿Æ-bp-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. "BZn-]p- Øns‚ hnIm-khpw C°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn.
cmjv{S-IqS hwi-Ønse G‰hpw {]K- cm-Ww', "hn{I-am¿÷p\ hnPbw' F∂o
¤-\mb cmPmhv Atam-Lh - ¿j≥ (814-˛881) IrXn-I-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb ]º≥, "im¥n-
Bbn-cp-∂p. I∂S kmln-Xy-Ønse BZy- ]p-cmW' I¿Øm-hmb s]m∂≥, "APn-X- [oc-cmb cP-]p-{XcpsS
Ir-Xn-bmb "Ihn-cm-P-am¿Kw' Ct±lw cNn- ]p-cmW' I¿Ømhv cØ≥ F∂n-h¿ C°m- Imew
®-Xm-Wv. e-ØmWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. I∂S kmln-Xy-
ssP\ ]Wv U n- X - \ mb Po\- t k- \ ≥ Ønse {Xnc-Xv\-ß-fmbn ]º≥-˛-s]m-∂≥- C¥y- b nse {]apJ lnµp £{Xnb kap- Z m- b - ß - f n¬
Atam-L-h¿js‚ D]-tZ-i-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ˛-c-Ø≥ F∂n-h¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. H∂mWv cP-]p-{X¿. ]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬t° cP-]p-{X-¿ bp≤-ss\-
A°m- e Øv Z£n- t W¥y kµ¿in® Ft√m-db - nse ssIem-k\ - mY t£{Xw, ]p-Wy-Øn\pw [oc-Xbv°pw t]cp-tI-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. bp≤Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-
Ad_n bm{Xn-I≥ kpsse-am≥ Atam-L- Fen-s^‚m Kpl-bnse tZh-in¬∏-߃ cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Ch-cpsS ap≥Km-an-Iƒ hntZi B{I-a-W-Im-cn-I-fpsS
h¿js\ A∂v temI-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ F∂nh C°m-eØv \n¿Ωn-°s - ∏-´h
- b
- m-Wv. ]c-º-c-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ lqW-∑m-cm-Wv. lqW∑m¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hntZ-im-{I-a-W-
Im-cn-Iƒ F.-Un. 2 apX¬ 6 hsc C¥y-bn¬ B{I-an®v IS-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]ecpw
]n∂oSv lnµp-aXw kzoI-cn®v C¥y-bn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°n. Ch-cpsS hwi-]-c-º-c-
c≠mw Ipeti-Jc cmPm-°-∑m¿ bn¬s∏-´-h-cmWv ]n¬°m-esØ cP-]p-{X¿. cmP-ÿm≥, a[y-{]-tZ-iv, ]©m-_v, lcn-
1. Ipe-ti-Jc Bgvhm¿ bm-\, KpP-dm-Øv, DØ¿{]-tZ-iv, _olm¿, DØ-cm-J-WvUv, lnam-N¬ {]tZiv F∂n-hn-S-
2. cmP-ti-Jc h¿Ω (tN-c-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \mb-\m¿) ß-fn-emWv cP-]p-{X¿ hkn-°p-∂-Xv.
C¥y-bn¬ Hcp tI{µo-IrX `cWw sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xnt\m km{am-Py-hn-kvXrXn
3. ÿmWp chn-h¿Ω
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\m cP-]p-{X¿°v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. ]e tKm{X-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-X-
4. cma-h¿Ω am- b n- c p∂ cP- ] p- { X- k - a p- Z mbw Ass\- I y- Ø n\pw InS- a - ’ - c - Ø n\pw Ip{]-
5. tKmZ chn-h¿Ω kn≤ambn-cp-∂p. cP-]p-{X-cpsS Cu Zu¿_-ey-amWv ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p-h∂ ap…ow
6. Cµp-t°mX h¿Ω (ÿmWp-c-hn-bpsS aI≥) B{I-a-W-Im-cn-Iƒ°v C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°m≥ Ah-kcw
7. `mkvIc chn-h¿Ω \¬In-b-Xv. c≠mw Xssd≥ bp≤-Øn¬ (1192 F.-Un) ]rYzn-cmPns\
8. `mkvIc chn-h¿Ω c≠m-a≥ apl-ΩZv tKmdn tXmev]n-®tXmsS C¥y-bn¬ ap…ow `c-WØ - n\v
9. hoc tIc-f≥ ASn-Ø-d-bn-´p. ]rYzn-cmPv Nulm≥, Pb-Nµv XpS-ßnb
10. cmP-knw-l≥ cP-]p{X cmPm-°-∑m¿ Ncn-{X-Øm-fp-I-fn¬
11. `mkvIc chn aq∂m-a≥ CSw-I-≠-h-cm-Wv.
12. chn cma-h¿Ω
13. cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥
]rYzn-cmPv Nulm≥ -e-\mb cmPm-hm-b
n-
A]-c-\m-a-߃ -∂ mb Nu l m≥ hwi-Ønse {]_ s‚ sNdp-a-I≥.
s em - ] m- e
cP-]p-{X-hw-i-ß-fn- lm≥. Z¬ln `cn-®n-cp∂ A\w-K m-es‚ ac-W-Øn-\p-
Nu -]
a[p-ssc-sIm≠ tNmf≥ ......................................................................................... ]cm-¥-I≥ I cp∂p ]rYzn-cmPv p At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-[m-\n. A\w-K w
KwssK-s°m≠ tNmf≥ ......................................................................................... cmtP-{µ≥ II APv a o¿ B b n- c p∂ c
n- P
m- ns‚ am Xr k
- tlm-Z-cn-bpsS aI\p p-
Pm-hm- b n. C Xv ]r Yz cp-h cpw i{X
bn-√. C
a[p-sscbpw ]mWvUy-ap-Sn-Ø-ebpw sIm≠ tNmf≥ .................. Iptem-Øpw-K≥ III tijw ]rYzn-cmPv cm cmPm-hp-amb Pb-N-{µ\v kzoIm-cy-am- -Øn¬ (1191) ]rYzn-
m-I p-_ vP -Ø nse C ¥ y≥ B {I -a -W
I\y n-
hn{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ ........................................................................................................ N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ II
l -Ω Zv tK md n-b ps S BZysØ pw Xm t\ -iz-c-Øp-h®v tKmd
C¥y≥ s\t∏m-fn-b≥ ........................................................................................ kap{Z-Kp-]vX≥ °fm-bn. ap \y -ß sf k wL -Sn-∏n-°p-Ib P -b-s∏- ´p. A SpØ
m-
imImcn ..................................................................................................................... N{µ-Kp-]vX≥ II cmPv cP-]p{X ssk pw sNbvXp. bp≤-Øn¬ tKmdn ]c mdn-tbm-tS-‰p-ap-´nb
b tK
bp-ambn G‰p-ap-´p-I pw `mcXw B{I-an-®p. C{]m-hiyw p. Cu bp≤-Øn¬
Ca-b-h-c-º≥ .................................................................................................. s\Spw-tNc emX≥ w tK md n h o≠ i {X p- ° ƒ h [n -®
h¿j ]rYzn-cm-Pns\ v
IS¬ ]nd-tIm-´nb tNc≥ ....................................................................................... sN¶p-´p-h≥ v ]c m- P n- X - \ m- b n. Ø n- s ® -gp-Xnb IrXn-bmW
]rYzn-cmP
¿Z mb n ]r Y zn- c m- Pns\ {]Io¿
apΩSn tNmf≥ ............................................................................................... cmP-cmP tNmf≥ I ]s¶-SpØ Nmµv_
]rYzn h√-`≥ ............................................................................................................. ]pen-tIin II "]rYzn-cmPv cmtkm'.
Ad-_n-I-fpsS kn‘v B{I-aWw
C¥y: 1022-˛¬ 8--˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ (F.-Un. 712) apl-ΩZv C_v\Imkn-
ans‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kn‘n¬ \S∂ ssk\nI \o°-am-bn-cp∂p BZy-
Ime ap…ow B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ sh®v G‰hpw {][m-\w. Cu B{I-a-W-
Øns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ hnPbw ssIh-cn-s®-¶nepw kn‘p-
\Zn IS-°m-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ Ah¿°v kn‘nse cmPm-hmb Zmln-dns‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ cP-]p-{X-cpsS kwL-SnX FXn¿∏v t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂
- p. dmh¬
F∂ ÿe-Øp-h®v Ad-_n-Iƒ Zmln-dns\ bp≤-Øn¬ h[n-°p-Ibpw
kn‘v Iog-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
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tlm°n • C¥y tlm°n temI-I∏v t\Sn-
bXv 1975 ¬ Izmemew]qcn¬
• ss\ens‚ Ic-bn¬ CuPn-]v‰n-emWv h®mWv. C¥y≥ Iym]v‰≥
tlm°n Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. temI-Øn¬ APnXv ]m¬ knMv.
\nehnep-≈-Xn¬ G‰hpw ]g-°-ta- • G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ XhW temI-
dnb ImbnI C\ßfn-sem-∂mWnXv. I∏v tlm°n IncoSw t\Snb
• A¥m-cmjv{S tlm°n s^U-td-js\ cmPyw ]mIn-ÿm\mWv (5 {]mh-
"s^U-td-j≥ Hm¨ C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ iyw).
Z tlm°n kp¿ Ktkm≥' (Federation • 2010 ˛se tlm°n temI-I∏v
Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon - C¥y-bn¬ \yqU¬ln-bn¬
FIH) F∂mWv Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂Xvv. h®mWv \S∂Xv.
A¥m-cmjv{S Xe-Øn¬ tlm°nsb • [ym≥ Nµns‚ P∑-Zn-\a- mb BKÃv 29 Bkvt{Senb BWv C¥y≥ tlm°nsb Ipdn®p≈ t_mfnhpUv Nn{XamWv
\nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv Cu kwL-S\ - b
- m-Wv. BWv C¥-yb - psS ImbnI Zn\-ambn Nmºy∑m¿. 2007˛¬ ]pdØndßnb NIv tZ! C¥y. jmdqJv Jm\mWv
• 1924 P\p-hcn 24\v ]mcokv tI{µo-Ic - n- BN-cn-°p-∂X - .v HfnºnIv tlm°n h\nXm tlm°n Soans‚ ]cnioeI\mbn A`n\bn°p∂Xv.
®mWv CXv ÿm]n-Xa - m-bX
- v. Ct∏m- • ]pcp-j∑ - m-cpsS tlm°n a’cw 1908¬ • 1908-˛emWv tlm°n
\S-°p∂ e≠≥ Hfn-ºn-Ivkn-emWv HfnºnIvkn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbXv. h\nXm Sow
gsØ Bÿm\w kzn‰vk¿e‚ v. CXp
hsc 127 cmjv{S-߃ F^v.s - F.-F- Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v. 1924se Hfn-ºnIvkv Cw•≠mWv BZysØ HfnºnIv • 2002 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmbn aq∂v
Hgn®v ]n∂oSv CXp hsc-bp≈ F√m Nmºy∑m¿. h¿jw kz¿Ww hmcn-Iq-´nb Cu
®n¬ AwK-am-Wv. kwLw ""-tlm-°n-bnse kph¿W
• A¥m-cmjv{S Hfn-ºnIvkv IΩn‰n-bp- Hfn-ºn-Ivkp-If - nepw tlm°n a’-cb - n- • C¥y F´v XhW tlm°n Hfn-ºnIv
\-
a m-
W .
v h\nXm tlm°n 1980se Hfn-
ºn- kz¿Æw t\Snbn´p≠v. Hcp s]¨sIm-Sn-Iƒ'' F∂ A]-c-\m-a-t[-
ambn kl-I-cn®v tlm°n Hfn-ºnIv sh≈nbpw c≠v sh¶ehpw C¥y°v b-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
sKbnwkv, tlm°n temI I∏v, Iv k n-e pw.
• C¥y-bnse G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ e`n®n´p≠v. • 2009 Pq¨ 27\v temI h\nX tlm°n
tlm°n Pq\n-b¿ temI I∏v, • 1928 apX¬ 1956 hsc \S∂ Hfn-ºn- Nmº-y≥jn∏n¬ hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw
tlm°n Sq¿W-sa‚mWv s_bv‰¨
tlm°n Nmº-y≥kv t{Sm^n, tlm°n I∏v. Ivkn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn C¥y saU¬ sNbvXp.
Nmº-y≥kv Ne-©v, C≥tUm¿ t\Sn. as‰mcp cmjv{Shpw CXp • 2002se tIma¨sh¬Øv sKbnwkv,
4 tlm°n C¥y-bp-tS-bpw, ]mIn-ÿm-
tlm°n temI I∏v F∂n-h-bmWv hscbpw tlm°n-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn 2003se Bt{^m ˛ Gjy≥ I∏v,
t‚bpw tZiob hnt\m-Z-am-Wv. 2004se tlm°n Gjym I∏v F∂n-h-
A¥m-cmjv{S tlm°n s^U-td-j≥ Bdp XhW kz¿W saU¬ t\Sn-bn-
kwL-Sn-∏n®p hcp∂ {][m\ a’-c- • cmPohv Km‘n tJ¬cXv\ Ahm¿Uv ´n-√. 1960¬ ]m°n-ÿm≥ kz¿W bn¬ kz¿Ww t\Snb Ch¿ 2008se
t\Snb GI tlm°n Ifn-°m-c\mWv saU¬ t\Sn-sb-¶nepw 1964se Hfn-ºn- s_bvPnwMv Hfn-ºn-Ivkn¬ tbmK-yX
߃.
[≥cmPv ]n≈. Hfn-ºn-Ivknepw \mev Ivkn¬ C¥y AXv Xncn®p ]nSn-®p. t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
• temI dm¶n-ßn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ Gjym-Unepw \mev temI-I-∏nepw
P¿a-\nbpw kv{XoI-fn¬ s\X¿e‚p- ]s¶-SpØ Htc-sbmcp Xmc-amb
amWv H∂mw ÿm\-Øv. temII¸v tlm¡n (1971-þ2010)
C¥ym-°m-c≥ [≥cmPv ]ns≈bmWv.
• tlm°n temI I∏v 1971emWv Bcw-`n-
temI I∏v
h¿jw thZn hnPbn c≠mw ÿm\w
°p-∂-Xv. 1971 _mgvkn-temW (kvs]-bn≥) ]mIn-ÿm≥ kvs]bn≥
• tlm°n temI I∏v 1971¬ ]m°n-ÿm-
• \mep h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ \S-°p∂
\nemWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. tlm°n 1973 BwÿUmw (tlmf≠v) s\X¿e‚ v k v C¥y
temI-I-∏n¬ 2002epw 2006epw 1975 Izem-ew-]q¿ (a-te-jy) C¥y ]mIn-ÿm≥
temI I∏v kw`-mh\ \¬InbXv
Nmºy≥am-cm-bXv P¿a-\n-bm-Wv. ]m°n-ÿm-\m-Wv. 1978 _yqWkv Atb-gkv (A¿P‚o-\) ]mIn-ÿm≥ Cw•≠v
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hnP-bn-®Xv P¿a-\n-. 1982 apwss_ (C-¥y) ]mIn-ÿm≥ P¿Ω\n
• tlm°nbnse am{¥n-I≥ F∂ hnti-j- 1986 e≠≥ (Cw-•-≠v) Hmkvt{S-enb Cw•≠v
W-Øn\v A¿l-\mb [ym≥Nµv 1928 tlm¡n I¸p-Ifpw t{Sm^n-Ifpw
1990 emtlm¿ (]m-In-ÿm≥) s\X¿e‚ v k v ]mIn-ÿm≥
apX¬ XpS¿®-bmbn aq∂v Hfn-ºn- • Cµn-cm-Km‘n tKmƒUv I∏v 1994 knUv\n (Hm-kvt{S-en-b) ]mIn-ÿm≥ s\X¿e‚ v k v
Ivkn¬ C¥-ybv°v tlm°n-bn¬ • [ym≥Nµv t{Sm^n
• s_bv‰¨ I∏v 1998 bps{Sjv (kvs]-bn≥) s\X¿e‚ v k v kvs]bn≥
kz¿Ww t\Sns°mSpØp. [ym≥Nµv
• BKm Jm≥ I∏v 2002 Izem-ew-]q¿ (a-te-jy) P¿Ω\n Hmkvt{S-enb
1936˛se s_¿en≥ Hfn-ºn-Ivkn-emWv
• Akvew jm I∏v 2006 tam≥N≥•mUv (P¿Ω-\n) P¿Ω\n Hmkvt{S-enb
C¥y-bpsS \mb-I\ - m-bXv.
[ym≥Nµns‚ BflIY "Zn tKmƒ'
• teUn cØ≥ Sm‰m I∏v 2010 \yqU¬ln (C-¥y) Bkvt{Senb P¿Ω\n
• c¶-kzman I∏v 2014 tlKv (s\X¿e‚ vkv)
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{Km‚ v …mw thZnIƒ hnºnƒU¨ 2010 tPXm°ƒ
sS∂okv tdmf≠v Kmtcmkv ..................... {^©v Hm∏¨ ]pcpj knwKnƒkv .................................................................. dmt^¬ \Sm¬
• sS∂okv DS-se-SpØXv {^m≥kn- hnºnƒU¨, Cw•≠v.......... hnºnƒU¨
h\nXm knwKnƒkv ........................................................... skdo\m hneywkv
emWv. ]pcpj U_nƒkv ........................... P¿K≥ sa¬k¿, ^nen∏v s]jv\¿
• temI-Ønse \mev {][m\ sS∂okv ^vfjnßv satUmkv ........ bp.-Fk - v Hm∏¨ h\nXm U_nƒkv ............... h\nbm InMv & btdmkvtfh sjhvtZmh
Sq¿W-sa‚p-Iƒ Bkvt{S-en-b≥ sa¬_¨ ]m¿°v ............ Bkvt{Senb≥ anIvkUv U_nƒkv............................. enbm≥U¿ s]kv, Imcm ªm°v
Hm∏¨, {^©v Hm∏¨, hnºnƒS¨, bpFkv Hm∏¨ 2010 tPXm°ƒ
bp.-Fk - v. Hm∏¨ F∂nhbmWv. Hm-∏¨ Nmºy≥ jn∏v t\Sp-∂X - n-eq-sS- ]pcpj knwKnƒkv .................................................................. dmt^¬ \Sm¬
• F√m h¿jhpw \S°p∂ {Km‚ v…mw bmWv At±lw Cu t\´w ssIh-cn- h\nXm knwKnƒkv .................................................................. Inw ¢ntÃgvkv
a’-c-Øn¬ BZ-y-tØXv Hmkvt{S-en- ®Xv. ]pcpj U_nƒkv .............................. t_m_v {_bm≥, ssaIv {_bm≥
b≥ Hm∏-Wm-Wv. F√m h¿jhpw • temI H∂mw \º¿ Xmcw F∂ _lp- h\nXm U_nƒkv ............... h\nbm InMv & btdmkvtfh sjhvtZmh
P\p-h-cn-bn¬ sa¬_¨ ]m¿°n- aXn t\Sp∂ G‰hpw {]mbw IqSnb anIvkUv U_nƒkv........................... sek¬ l_¿, t_m_v {_bm≥
emWv CXv. 2005 ¬ Hmkvt{S-en-b≥ Ifn-°m-c\ - mWv Bt{µ AKmkn.
Hm∏¨ sS∂okv Sq¿W-sa‚ v 100 {^©v Hm∏¨ 2010 tPXm°ƒ
• G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {Km‚ … v mw Inco-S-
]pcpj knwKnƒkv ................................ dmt^¬ \Sm¬
h¿jw ]n∂n-´p. ߃ kz-¥a - m-°n-bXv (knw-Knƒkpw
• c≠m-a-tØXv {^©v Hm∏-Wm-Wv. h\nXm knwKnƒkv ............ {^m≥kvI jnbmthm¨
U_nƒkpw Dƒs∏-sS) Hmkvt{S-en-b≥
]mco-kn-se tdmf≠v Kmtcmkv tÃUn- ]pcpj U_nƒkv .......................... Um\nb¬ s\ÿ,
h\nXm Xmcw am¿K-c‰v Po≥tIm¿´v (64
b-Øn-emWv Cu Sq¿Wsa‚ v \S-Øp- s\WmUv knwt\mPnIv
FÆw).
∂-Xv. Ifn-a¨ tIm¿´mWv CXv. h\nXm U_nƒkv ........................... skdo\m hneywkv
• G‰-hp-a[- nIw {Km‚ … v mw Inco-Sß - ƒ
ho\kv hneywkv
• aq∂m-asØ {Km‚ v…mw hnºnƒU¨, Ic-ÿa - m-°nb (knw-Knƒkpw
1877˛emWv Bcw-`n-®X - v. 1884˛¬ anIvkUv U_nƒkv......... ImXdo\ kvdnt_m´vs\Iv,
U_nƒkpw) ]pcp-j≥ tdmbv Fta-
U_nƒkpw 1913¬ anIvkUv s\WmUv knwt\mPnIv
gvk¨ (28).
U_vƒkpw Bcw-`n-®p. F√m • tKmƒU≥ …mw t\Snb GI sS∂o-kv Bkvt{Senb≥ Hm∏¨ 2010 tPXm°ƒ
h¿jhpw Pq¨ amk-Ønse Ah-km- Xmcw sÃ^n {Km^mWv. 1988˛se ]pcpj knwKnƒkv ................................................................ tdmP¿ s^Ud¿
\-sØbpw Pqsse amk-Ønse tkmƒ Hfn-ºn-Ik v n¬ h\n-Xm- h\nXm knwKnƒkv ........................................................... skdo\m hneywkv
BZysØ BgvNI - f
- n-em-bn-cn°pw hn-`mKw knwKnƒkv tPXm-hmWv ]pcpj U_nƒkv .............................. t_m_v {_bm≥, ssaIv {_bm≥
hnw_nƒU¨ \S-°p-I. ]p√n¬ Ifn- sÃ^n. h\nXm U_nƒkv ....................... skdo\m hneywkv, ho\kv hneywkv
°p∂ Htc-sbmcp {Km‚ v…mapw CXp • sS∂o-knse F.-_n.-kn. Xmc-߃ anIvkUv U_nƒkv.............................. enbm≥U¿ t]kv, Imcm ªm°v
Xs∂. F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv hnPbv AarXv
• \mep {Km‚ v…man¬ Ah-km-\t- ØXv cmPv, t_ym¨ t_m¿Kv, PnΩn {^©v Hm∏¨ hnP-bn-Iƒ
bp.-Fkv Hm∏-Wm-Wv. F√m h¿jhpw sImtWgvkv F∂n-hc - m-Wv. 2007 dmt^¬ \Zm¬ PÃn≥ sl\n≥
BKÃv/sk]v‰w-_¿ amksØ BgvN- • Hfn-ºn-Ivkn¬ a¬k-cn-°m-\n-dß - nb 2008 dmt^¬ \Zm¬ A∂m Chmt\mhnIv
bmWv CXp \S-°p-I. 1978 apX-emWv G‰hpw {]mbw-Iq-Snb h\n-Xm 2009 tdmP¿ s^U-d¿ skz-‰vem\m Ipkv\‰vtkmh
bp.-Fkv Hm∏¨ Ifn®p XpS-ßn-bX - v. sS∂okv Xmcw am¿´n-\ \ - h- c
- -
\yq-tb
- m¿°v kn‰n-bnse lm¿´v Øntemh.
hnºnƒU¨ hnP-bn-Iƒ
tIm¿´n¬ \S-°p∂ Cu {Km‚ v…man- 2007 tdmP¿ s^U-d¿ ho\kv hne-yw-kv
• XpS¿®-bmbn aq∂p-Xh - W hoXw bp.- 2008 dmt^¬ \Zm¬ ho\kv hne-yw-kv
\mWv G‰hpw F-kv. Hm∏Wpw hnºnƒSWpw kz¥-
IqSp-X¬ 2009 tdmP¿ s^U-d¿ skdo\ hne-ywkv
am-°nb GI-Xmcw tdmP¿ s^-U-
kΩm\ØpI. ddmWv. bpFkv Hm∏¨ hnP-bn-Iƒ
• {Km‚ v…mw • sUmWmƒUv _UvPmWv \mev {Km‚ v 2007 tdmP¿ s^U-d¿ PÃn≥ sl\n≥
IncoSw …mw knwKnƒkv IncoSßfpw Hcp 2008 tdmP¿ s^U-d¿ skdo\ hne-ywkv
t\Sp∂ {]mbw- Ie≠¿ h¿jw BZy hy‡n. 2009 bphm¨ am¿´n≥ Inw ¢nkvt‰gvkv sU¬ ]mt{Sm
Ip-d™ ]pcp- hnºnƒU¨
j\mWv
Bkvt{Senb≥ Hm∏¨ hnP-bn-Iƒ
• e≠\SpØp≈ hnºnƒUÆnse 2007 tdmP¿ s^U-d¿ skdo\ hne-ywkv
sebv‰≥ Bƒ Cw•≠v ¢∫nemWv a’cw
slhn‰v. 2001- 2008 t\mhmIv tPm-tIm-hnIv acnb jd-t∏mh
\S°p∂Xv. sk‚¿ tIm¿´mWv 2009 dmt^¬ \Zm¬ skdo\ hne-ywkv
˛se bp.-Fk - v.- a’cØns‚ {][m\ thZn.
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tkmwtZhv h¿Ω≥ ˛ Gjy≥ sKbnwkv sS∂okv tdm≥P≥ tkm[n ˛ Gjy≥ sKbnwkn¬ kz¿Ww, _PvcwKv em¬ ˛ tdmhnßn¬ hrYvhmƒ JmsU ˛ Gjy≥ sKbnwkv \o¥en¬ 24
knwKnƒkn¬ kz¿Ww t\Snb BZysØ C¥y≥ tIma¨sh¬Øv sKbnwkn¬ sh≈n, Gjy≥ sKbnwkv kz¿Ww h¿jØn\p tijw sh¶e saU¬
Xmcw. U_nƒknepw k\wknßns\m∏w H∂maXv. U_nƒ {Sm∏v jq´nMv temI Nmºy≥
ho°nenIvkv clkytcJIƒ
]pdØphn´p
DdhnSw hy‡am°msX
clkyhnhcßfpw tcJIfpw
{]kn≤oIcn°p∂ ssh_vssk‰mWv
ho°nenIvkv. Atacn°bpambn
_‘s∏´ clkytcJIƒ tNm¿Øn
{]kn≤oIcn®tXmsS temIhym]Iambn
CXv {i≤n°s∏´p. 2010 Pqssebn¬
A^vKm\nÿm\nsebpw Cdm°nsebpw ÿncmwKXzØn\mbp≈ C¥ybpsS
A[n\nthißsf Ipdn®v 90,000˛e[nIw {iasØ°pdn®pw ]cma¿iap≠v.
clkyhnhc߃ ]pdØphn´p. 2010 GItZiw 2,51,287 clkytcJIƒ
\hw_dn¬ ]pdØphn´ hnhcßfn¬ ho°nenIvkv CXphsc
sFIycmjv{Sk`bn¬ tNm¿Ønbn´ps≠∂v ]dbp∂p.
F∂m¬ ]pdØph∂Xv 220 FÆw
am{XamWv. ho°nenIvkns‚ ÿm]I≥
Pqenb≥ AkmRvPmWv. Bÿm\w
kzoU\nemWv.
AkmRvPns\Xnscbp≈
ssewKnImXn{Iaßfpambn _‘s∏´
tIkn¬ At±lw {_n´ojv tImSXnbn¬
IogSßnbXns\ XpS¿∂v XShnem°n.
2010 Unkw_dn¬ At±lØn\v Pmayw
e`n®p.
slbvXnbn¬ `qIºZpc¥w Xpc¶Øn\v 57 In.ao. \ofap≠v. 2017˛¬
am{Xta Xpc¶w ]q¿W KXmKXØn\v
slbvXnbn¬ dnIvS¿ kvsIbnen¬ 7.3 Xpd°pIbp≈p. ssl≥kv F¿_ml¿
Xo{hX tcJs∏SpØnb i‡amb F∂ F≥Pn\obdmWv Cu
`qIºap≠mbn. P\phcnbnep≠mb Xpc¶Øns‚ apJyin¬∏n.
`qanIpep°Øn¬ c≠v e£Øn¬∏cw
BfpIƒ acn®p. `qIºsØ XpS¿∂v Atacn°≥ ssk\yw ]n∑mdn
ChnsS s]m´n∏pds∏´ tImfd Cdm°n¬ \n∂v Atacn°≥
_m[bnepw BbncØntesdt∏¿ ssk\yØnse B{IaWhn`mKw
acn®p. ]n∑mdn. Ggp h¿jhpw A©p amkhpw
H_mabpsS C¥ym kμ¿i\w \o≠ A[n\nthiw Ahkm\n∏n®mWv
c£mXpc¶w D≠m°n, AXneqsS 54 Atacn°≥ tk\ Cdm°v hn´Xv.
\hw_¿ Bdn\v C¥ym
sk.ao‰¿ hymkap≈ Dcp°pIqSv Hs]°ns‚ Xe∏Øv Cdm≥ \nehnep≈Xnt\°mƒ 1.4 aSßv
kμ¿i\Øn\mbn bpFkv {]knU‚ v
(^n\nIvkv) D]tbmKn®mWv i‡nbp≠v. \nehnep≈ G‰hpw
_cmIv H_ma apwss_bnseØn. FÆ Ib‰paXn cmPyßfpsS
sXmgnemfnIsf ]pdsØSpØXv. thKtadnb kq∏¿ Iºyq´¿
aq∂pZnhksØ kμ¿i\Øn\mWv kwLS\bmb Hs]°ns‚ Ncn{XØn¬
C¥ybnseØnbXv. C¥y≥ tKmYm¿Uv: \oftadnb
]m¿esa‚ns\ A`nkwt_m[\ dbn¬ Xpc¶w
sNbvXp kwkmcn°sh bpFkv temIØnse G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb
{]knU‚ v _cmIv H_ma sFIycmjv{S dbn¬ Xpc¶w kzn‰vk¿e‚n¬.
JtK{μYm]
G‰hpw sNdnb a\pjy≥
temIsØ G‰hpw sNdnb
tUmfn°v \mev ]Xn∏pIƒ a\pjys\∂ temI sdt°m¿Uv
t\∏mƒ kztZin JtK{μYm]
`qanbnse BZy t¢mWnMv Pohnbmb amKdn\v kz¥w. 18 hbkmWv
"tUmfn' F∂ sNΩcnbmSn\v \mev At±lØns‚ {]mbw. JtK{μbv°v
X\n∏I¿∏pIƒ. Zv tUmfokv 67 sk.ao‰¿ Dbchpw Bdc
F∂mWv Chbv°v t]cn´ncn°p∂Xv. Intem{Kmw `mchptabp≈p.
14 h¿jw apºv tUmfnsb
krjvSn°m≥ D]tbmKn®
tImiØns‚ Xs∂ _m°n `mK߃ BZyambn Cdm\v A[y£ ÿm\w. Atacn°bn¬ sS∂knbnse
D]tbmKn®mWv ]pXnb tUmfnIsf Cdm≥ FÆa{¥n akqZv an¿ Imknw 2011 \mjW¬ et_md´dnbnep≈XmWv.
krjvSn®Xv. P\phcn H∂n\v NpaXetb‰p. XmcnJv Akokn\v h[in£
aym≥adn\v ]pXnb ]XmI Cdm°v D]{][m\a{¥nbmbncp∂
kanXnbn¬ ÿncmwKXzw thWsa∂ CXphsc Cu ]Zhn P∏m\nse 53.8
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{]Jym]n®p. Xpc¶Øn\mbncp∂p. tKmYm¿Uv dbn¬ {Xnh¿W ]XmI \nehn¬ h∂p.
apIfn¬ a™, \Sphn¬ ]®, Xmsg
Nnenbnse c£m{]h¿Ø\w Nph∏v F∂o \ndßfnep≈ ]XmIbn¬
Nnenbnse kz¿W˛sNºv J\nbn¬ a[y`mKØv sh≈ \ndØn¬
BKÃv 5˛\p≠mb aÆnSn®nen¬ 33 hensbmcp \£{Xhpap≠v.
sXmgnemfnIsf A]ISØn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw thKXbp≈
kmlknIambn c£s∏SpØn. kq∏¿ Iºyq´dpIƒ
aÆn\Snbn¬ 2041 ASn BgØn¬ 69
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sXmgnemfnIƒ Ign™Xv. Hcmƒ°v kq∏¿ Iºyq´dpIƒ Snbms\˛1
IjvSn®v \n¬°mhp∂ hen∏Ønep≈ ssN\bnse imkv{X KthjW tI{μw
Xømdm°n. Cu kq∏¿ Iºyq´dn\v
h[in£ hn[n®p. Akokns\ antj¬ H_ma: IcpØp‰ h\nX _nkn\kv, am[yaw, PohnX ssien Ipdbv°p∂Xn\pw Zcn{Z cmPyßsf
Xq°ns°m√m≥ Cdm°v D∂X F∂o \men\ßfmbn th¿Xncn®v klmbn°p∂Xn\v ^≠v
hnNmcWt°mSXnbmWv hn[n®Xv. Xømdm°nb ]´nIbn¬ cmjv{Sob cq]oIcn°m\pw [mcWbmbn.
IcpØcpsS ]´nIbn¬ ssN\okv hn`mKØnepw antj¬ H∂mw Zcn{ZcmPyßsf klmbn°p∂Xn\mbn
{]knU‚ v ÿm\ØmWv. {]Xnh¿jw ]Xn\mbncw tImSn tUmf¿
IWnIm ]co£Ww hoXw kamlcn°m\pw
Atacn°bnse {]ikvX amKkn\mb [mcWbmbn´p≠v. Xm]hyXnbm\w c≠v
"t^m_vkv' Xømdm°nb IcpØcpsS {]]t©m¬∏Øn°v ImcWamb Un{Knbntesd IqSmXncn°m\pw
]´nIbn¬ ssN\okv {]knU‚ v lp almhnkvt^mS\Øns‚ {i≤n°pw.
Pn‚mthm H∂masXØn. kmlNcyßtfmSv ASpØp\n¬°p∂
sFFwF^v ]cnjvIcWØn\v Ahÿ krjvSn®psIm≠v em¿÷v ip≤Pew C\n a\pjymhImiw
Pn˛20 lmt{Um¨ sImssfUdn¬ an\n _nKv ip≤PeØn\pw ipNnXzØn\pap≈
temIsØ G‰hpw i‡cmb 100 _mßn\v XpS°ambn. seUv Ab¨ AhImiw ASnÿm\
C¥y Dƒs∏sSbp≈ hnIkzc h\nXIfn¬ bpFkv {]Ya h\nX [mcIƒ Iq´nbnSn∏n®psIm≠p≈ a\pjymhImißfn¬ H∂msW∂v
cmPy߃°v IqSpX¬ thm´hImiw antj¬ H_ma H∂maXv. cmjv{Sobw, IWnIm ]co£WØns‚ c≠mw sFIycmjv{Sk` {]Jym]n®p.
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