Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Acquiesce - to accept something without arguing, even if you do not really agree with it
Senior government figures must have acquiesced in the cover-up.
She explained her plan and reluctantly he acquiesced.
Apathy - the feeling of not being interested in or enthusiastic about something, or things in general
There is widespread apathy among the electorate.
Such attitudes can only lead to apathy.
Appease - to make somebody calmer or less angry by giving them what they want
The move was widely seen as an attempt to appease critics of the regime.
They were given a small pay rise but this was not enough to appease them.
Arbiter - someone who makes a judgment, solves an argument, or decides what will be done
The magazine's writers were regarded as arbiters of taste in the literary world.
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The law is the final arbiter of what is considered obscene.
Ascetic - avoiding physical pleasures and living a simple life, often for religious reasons
They live a very ascetic life.
The ascetic diet of the yogi consisted mainly of fruits, vegetables, and grains.
Assiduous - working very hard and taking great care that everything is done as well as it can be
The government has been assiduous in the fight against inflation.
She was assiduous in her duties.
Assimilate - to fully understand an idea or some information so that you are able to use it yourself
The committee will need time to assimilate this report.
Some people can only assimilate change gradually.
Astute - able to understand a situation quickly and see how to take advantage of it
It was an astute move to sell the shares then.
She was astute enough to realize that what Jack wanted was her money.
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Atheist - a person who believes that God or gods do not exist
As an atheist, I do not accept this religious argument.
His father was an atheist.
Autocratic - demanding that people obey completely, without asking or caring about anyone else’s
opinions
The president resigned after 30 years of autocratic rule.
An autocratic management style often results in high staff turnover and low employee morale.
Avow - to say clearly and often publicly what your opinion is, what you think is true, etc.
An aide avowed that the president had known nothing of the deals.
It is a society in which homosexuality is rarely avowed.
Avuncular - behaving in a kind and friendly way towards young people, similar to the way a kind
uncle treats his nieces or nephews
His avuncular image belies his steely determination.
The doctor’s avuncular bedside manner put the nervous patient at ease.
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Banal - very ordinary and containing nothing that is interesting or important
He knew how banal the question was as soon as he had asked it.
She murmured some banal phrases of encouragement.
Bastion - a group of people or a system that protects a way of life or a belief when it seems that it
may disappear
Singapore was the last bastion of British defences in South-East Asia.
British public schools are regarded as one of the last bastions of upper-class privilege.
Belittle - to make somebody, or the things that somebody does, seem unimportant
She felt her husband constantly belittled her achievements.
By saying this, I do not mean to belittle the importance of his role.
Bemused - showing that you are confused and unable to think clearly
I was bemused at his sudden anger
They seem slightly bemused by their fame.
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Bequest - money or property that you ask to be given to a particular person when you die
He left a bequest to each of his grandchildren.
The library has received a generous bequest from a local businessman.
Blasphemy - behaviour or language that is offensive or shows a lack of respect for God or religion
He was accused of blasphemy.
Madonna fans think that any criticism of her is blasphemy.
Blatant - done in an obvious and open way without caring if people are shocked
The whole episode was a blatant attempt to gain publicity.
It was a blatant lie.
Burlesque - a performance or piece of writing which tries to make something look silly by
representing it in a humorous way
The dance scene is in part a burlesque of Bollywood films.
The political burlesques are not very hard-hitting and rather bland.
Cajole - to make somebody do something by talking to them and being very nice to them
He really knows how to cajole people into doing what he wants.
I managed to cajole her out of leaving too early.
Catharsis - the process of releasing strong emotions through a particular activity or experience, such
as writing or theatre, in a way that helps you to understand those emotions
Crying is a great catharsis for releasing pain and anger.
For many women, yoga is a catharsis which allows them to reflect upon their innermost feelings.
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Catholic - including many different types of thing
As a young person he had more catholic tastes than he does now.
Are they Catholic or Protestant?
Charlatan - a person who claims to have knowledge or skills that they do not really have
He knows nothing about medicine—he’s a complete charlatan.
The self-proclaimed financial advisor turned out to be a charlatan.
Chicanery - the use of complicated plans and clever talk in order to trick people
The investigation revealed political chicanery and corruption at the highest levels.
The politician was exposed for his chicanery in rigging the election results.
Circumlocution - the use of more words than are necessary, instead of speaking or writing in a clear,
direct way
Politicians are experts in circumlocution.
During the press conference, the politician used circumlocution to avoid answering questions from
the media.
Cogent - strongly and clearly expressed in a way that influences what people believe
She put forward some cogent reasons for abandoning the plan.
He makes a cogent argument for improving early childhood education.
Compelling - that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting
Her latest book makes compelling reading.
His eyes were strangely compelling.
Compendium - a short but complete account of a particular subject, especially in the form of a book
She put together a compendium of early American furniture.
A compendium of environmental legislation was being prepared.
Complacent - feeling so satisfied with your own abilities or situation that you feel you do not need
to try any harder
We can't afford to become complacent about any of our products.
We must not become complacent about progress.
Concise - giving only the information that is necessary and important, using few words
She gave us clear and concise instructions.
Make your answers clear and concise.
Conducive - providing the right conditions for something good to happen or exist
Such a noisy environment was not conducive to a good night's sleep.
The soft lights and music were conducive to a relaxed atmosphere.
Conjecture - an opinion or idea that is not based on definite knowledge and is formed by guessing
The truth of his conjecture was confirmed by the newspaper report.
He conjectured that the company would soon be in financial trouble.
Connoisseur - an expert on matters involving the judgement of beauty, quality or skill in art, food or
music
Only the true connoisseur could tell the difference between these two wines.
The mushrooms had the chewy, savory flavor preferred by connoisseurs.
Contrite - feeling very sorry and guilty for something bad that you have done
She seemed genuinely contrite when she apologized.
Her expression was contrite.
Corollary - a situation, an argument or a fact that is the natural and direct result of another one
Unfortunately, violence is the inevitable corollary of such a revolutionary change in society.
In rural areas, the corollary of increased car ownership has been a rapid decline in the provision of
public transport.
Covet - to want something very much, especially something that belongs to somebody else
He had long coveted the chance to work with a famous musician.
She always coveted power but never quite achieved it.
Culpable - responsible and deserving blame for having done something wrong
The landowner could be proved culpable for starting the fire.
The prime minister is highly culpable in this affair.
Cynic - a person who believes that people only do things to help themselves, rather than for good or
sincere reasons
Cynics will say that there is not the slightest chance of success.
I'm too much of a cynic to believe that he'll keep his promise.
Dearth - a lack of something; the fact of there not being enough of something
There was a dearth of reliable information on the subject.
The region is suffering from a dearth of medical specialists.
Decadent - having or showing low standards, especially moral ones, and an interest only in pleasure
and fun rather than serious things
Champagne and chocolates for breakfast - how decadent!
There was something very decadent about filling ourselves with so much rich food.
Deduce - to reach an answer or a decision by thinking carefully about the known facts
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We cannot deduce very much from these figures.
We deduce from his behaviour that he is trying to gain attention.
Demagogue - a political leader who tries to win support by using arguments based on emotion rather
than reason
His merits as a demagogue and political writer are undeniable.
The Democrats are demagoguing that issue.
Depravity - the state of being morally bad, or an action that is morally bad
The story was gross and full of sexual depravity.
People were shocked by the depravity of her actions.
Despot - a person, especially a ruler, who has unlimited power over other people, and often uses
it unfairly and cruelly
The king was regarded as having been an enlightened despot.
It is the story of a military coup which brings a brutal despot to power.
Destitute - without money, food and the other things necessary for life
When he died, his family was left completely destitute.
The war left her completely destitute.
Desultory - without a clear plan or purpose and showing little effort or interest
She made a desultory attempt at conversation.
I wandered about in a desultory fashion.
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Dialectical - discovering what is true by considering opposite theories
Plato's dialogues contain many instances of dialectical argument.
Contradiction is after all what dialectical thinking is all about.
Digress - to start to talk about something that is not connected with the main point of what you are
saying
The lecturer temporarily digressed from her subject to deal with a related theory.
To digress for a moment, I would like to remind you that there will be no classes next week.
Dilettante - doing or studying something without being serious about it and not having much
knowledge
He's a bit of a dilettante as far as wine is concerned.
To serious artists, he was merely a dilettante.
Discreet - careful in what you say or do, in order to keep something secret or to avoid causing
difficulty for somebody or making them feel embarrassed
He was always very discreet about his love affairs.
You ought to make a few discreet enquiries before you sign anything.
Discriminate - to recognize that there is a difference between people or things; to show a difference
between people or things
The computer program was unable to discriminate between letters and numbers.
A number of features discriminate this species from others.
Disdain - the feeling that somebody/something is not good enough to deserve your respect or
attention
She treated him with disdain.
He regards the political process with disdain.
Disinterested - not influenced by personal feelings, or by the chance of getting some advantage for
yourself
Her advice appeared to be disinterested.
I was merely a disinterested spectator in the whole affair.
Distend - to swell (= become larger and rounder than before) or make something swell because of
pressure from inside
During digestion, sugar may produce wind that distends the stomach.
The medication I take causes my lower belly to distend.
Doctrinaire - based on and following fixed beliefs rather than considering practical problems
He has a somewhat doctrinaire approach to running the company.
With a doctrinaire attitude, the politician pressured his constituents to follow his policies blindly.
Dogmatic - being certain that your beliefs are right and that others should accept them, without
paying attention to evidence or other opinions
There is a danger of becoming too dogmatic about teaching methods.
He was strident and dogmatic in giving his opinions.
Eclectic - not following one style or set of ideas but choosing from or using a wide variety
She has very eclectic tastes in literature.
His house is an eclectic mixture of the antique and the modern.
Egalitarian - a person who believes that everyone is equal and should have the same rights and
opportunities
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The party's principles are basically egalitarian.
He described himself as ‘an egalitarian’.
Equanimity - a calm state of mind that means that you do not become angry or upset, especially in
difficult situations
She accepted the prospect of her operation with equanimity.
In spite of her financial troubles, she faced the future with equanimity.
Equivocal - not having one clear or definite meaning or intention; able to be understood in more than
one way
She gave an equivocal answer, typical of a politician.
Women were less equivocal than men on the subject of fidelity in marriage.
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Esoteric - likely to be understood or enjoyed by only a few people with a special knowledge or
interest
He has an esoteric collection of old toys and games.
She has a somewhat esoteric taste in clothes.
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Expedient - an action that is useful or necessary for a particular purpose, but not always fair or right
It might be expedient not to pay him until the work is finished.
It would not be politically expedient to propose new fees.
Explicit - clear and easy to understand, so that you have no doubt what is meant
I gave her very explicit directions how to get here.
She made some very explicit references to my personal life.
Exult - to feel and show that you are very excited and happy because of something that has happened
She seems to exult in her power.
He exulted in the publicity he received.
Facetious - not serious about a serious subject, in an attempt to be funny or to appear clever
I make so much money that we never have to worry – I’m being facetious.
Stop being facetious; this is serious.
Fastidious - giving too much attention to small details and wanting everything to
be correct and perfect
They were too fastidious to eat in a fast-food restaurant.
He is very fastidious about how a suitcase should be packed.
Fatalist - a person who believes that events are decided by fate and cannot be controlled
It's wrong to take this fatalist's view of global warming.
He urged delegates to prove the fatalists wrong, and win the election.
Fecund - able to produce a lot of crops, fruit, babies, young animals, etc.
A woman with six children has proved that she is not only fecund but fertile.
The soil in this area is very fecund.
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Fervor - very strong feelings about something
She kissed him with unusual fervour.
The speech aroused nationalist fervour.
Fetter - to keep someone within limits or stop them from making progress
He felt fettered by petty rules and regulations.
He felt fettered by a nine-to-five office existence.
Figurative - used not with their basic meaning but with a more imaginative meaning,
in order to create a special effect
Of course, she was using the term "massacre" in the figurative sense.
But in this instance, the allusion is purely figurative.
Finesse - great skill in dealing with people or situations, especially in a light and careful way
It was a disappointing performance that lacked finesse.
She has handled these difficult negotiations with real finesse.
Flagrant - (of an action) that shocks you because it is done in a very obvious way and shows no
respect for people, laws, etc.
He showed a flagrant disregard for anyone else's feelings.
Such a claim would be a flagrant internal contradiction.
Flaunt -to show or make obvious something you are proud of in order to get admiration
He's got a lot of money but he doesn't flaunt it.
He did not believe in flaunting his wealth.
Flout - to show that you have no respect for a law, etc. by openly not obeying it
They think they can flout the law and get away with it.
Many motorcyclists flout the law by not wearing helmets.
Foible - a silly habit or a strange or weak aspect of a person’s character that is not considered serious
by other people
We all have our little foibles.
He often writes about the workings of government and the foibles of politicians.
Fortuitous - happening by chance, especially a lucky chance that brings a good result
His success depended on a fortuitous combination of circumstances.
The discovery of the files was fortuitous.
Frenetic - involving a lot of energy and activity in a way that is not organized
After weeks of frenetic activity, the job was finally finished.
She rushed from city to city at a frenetic pace.
Furtive - behaving in a way that shows that you want to keep something secret and do not want to be
noticed
He made one or two furtive phone calls.
The look in his eyes became furtive.
Gauche - shy or uncomfortable when dealing with people and often saying or doing the wrong thing
She had grown from a gauche teenager to a self-assured young woman.
It was gauche to invite them just two days before the party.
Grandiose - larger and containing more detail than necessary, or intended to seem important or great
The grandiose scheme for a journey across the desert came to nothing.
He could no longer live the grandiose lifestyle to which he had become accustomed.
Gratuitous - done without any good reason or purpose and often having harmful effects
It was a completely gratuitous insult which the singer’s agent was forced to apologize for.
There were too many gratuitous personal insults throughout the debate.
Gravity - serious behaviour, speech or appearance
They were asked to behave with the gravity that was appropriate in a court of law.
I don't think you realise the gravity of the situation.
Guile - the use of clever but dishonest behaviour in order to trick people
George was a man completely lacking in guile.
The president will need to use all her political guile to stay in power.
Hedonism - the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life
The idea of carnalism is often associated with hedonism.
Since my mother believes in hedonism, she often will go to resorts and spas because they bring her
pleasure.
Heresy - a belief or an opinion that is against the principles of a particular religion; the fact of
holding such beliefs
He was burned at the stake for heresy in the 15th century.
She committed the heresy of playing a Lady Gaga song on a classical music station.
Homily - a speech or piece of writing giving advice on the correct way to behave, etc.
He launched into a homily on family relationships.
She delivered a homily on the virtues of family life.
Iconoclast - a person who strongly opposes generally accepted beliefs and traditions
Her reputation as an iconoclast preceded her.
The iconoclast's art was often controversial.
Ideology - a set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system, party,
or organization is based
The people are caught between two opposing ideologies.
These businesses have a core ideology of which profit is but one ideal.
Idiosyncrasy - a person’s particular way of behaving, thinking, etc., especially when it is unusual; an
unusual feature
One of her many idiosyncrasies is always smelling a book before opening it.
We are all individuals, unique beings with our own special qualities and idiosyncrasies.
Impetuous - acting or done quickly and without thinking carefully about the results
Then, impetuous as I was, I bought a new car before I even got a job.
The governor may now be regretting her impetuous promise to reduce unemployment by half.
Implement - to make something that has been officially decided start to happen or be used
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.
The decision was hard to implement.
Impugn - to cause people to doubt or not trust someone’s character, honesty, or ability
He could no longer work as a doctor because his reputation had been impugned.
There were no real grounds for impugning the decision.
Incantation - words that are believed to have a magical effect when spoken or sung
Around the fire, tribal elders chanted incantations.
She recited an incantation designed to protect the planet.
Incense - a substance that produces a pleasant smell when you burn it, used particularly in religious
ceremonies
The editor said a lot of readers would be incensed by my article on class.
Incense burned in a corner of the room.
Incisive - expressing an idea or opinion in a clear and direct way that shows good understanding of
what is important
He had a clear, incisive mind.
The guide’s incisive comments give us a new perspective on the painting.
Indigenous - coming from a particular place and having lived there for a long time before other
people came there; relating to, belonging to or developed by these people
The indigenous population has long suffered exclusion and profound injustice.
Several indigenous African languages are used in the country.
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Indigent - very poor
We are a non-profit agency that provides legal services to indigent clients.
The common law made children responsible for maintaining aged and indigent parents.
Indignant - feeling or showing anger and surprise because you think that you have been treated
unfairly
She wrote an indignant letter to the paper complaining about the council's action.
He became very indignant when it was suggested he had made a mistake.
Indulgent - allowing someone to have or do what they want, especially when this is not good for
them
He had been a strict father but was indulgent to his grandchildren.
Mothers tend to be less indulgent towards daughters.
Infatuated - having a strong but unreasonable feeling of love or attraction for someone or something
He’s behaving like an infatuated teenager.
She was infatuated with her boss.
Infer - to reach an opinion or decide that something is true on the basis of information that is
available
It is reasonable to infer that the government knew about these deals.
It is difficult to infer anything from such evidence.
Injunction - an official order given by a law court, usually to stop someone from doing something
She took out an injunction to prevent the press from publishing the information.
The court has issued an injunction to prevent distribution of the book.
Insidious - spreading gradually or without being noticed, but causing serious harm
Cancer is an insidious disease.
The insidious effects of smoking can lead to serious health problems.
Insular - interested only in your own country or group and not willing to accept different
or foreign ideas
The British are often accused of being insular.
Some insular antiquaries have found a different solution of the ancient proverb.
Insurgent - someone who is fighting against the government in their own country
All approaches to the capital are now under the control of the insurgents.
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The insurgent leader was captured and brought to justice.
Introspective - tending to think a lot about your own thoughts, feelings, etc
She is famous for her introspective songs about failed relationships.
There were a lot of family problems and Jim became increasingly introspective.
Inundate - to give someone so much work or so many things that they cannot deal with it all
We have been inundated with requests for help.
Fans inundated the radio station with calls.
Invective - rude language and unpleasant remarks that somebody shouts when they are very angry
The gesture infuriated him and he let out a stream of invective.
The invective used in the debate was offensive to some.
Ironic - showing that you really mean the opposite of what you are saying
He was greeted with ironic cheers from opposition MPs.
She sent him a faintly ironic sideways glance.
Itinerant - travelling from one place to another, usually to work for a short period
Many fruitpickers were itinerant, following the seasons from farm to farm.
He was the son of an itinerant oil field worker.
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Judicious - careful and sensible; showing good judgement
It is curable with judicious use of antibiotics.
We should make judicious use of the resources available to us.
Juxtapose - to put things or people next to each other, esp. in order to compare them
The exhibition juxtaposes architectural drawings with photographs of the buildings as constructed.
In the exhibition, abstract paintings are juxtaposed with shocking photographs.
Labyrinth - a complicated series of paths, which it is difficult to find your way through
Finally, through a labyrinth of corridors she found his office.
We lost our way in the labyrinth of streets.
Lampoon - to criticize somebody/something publicly in a humorous way that makes them/it look
silly
The magazine is famed for its merciless political lampoons.
During his two terms as president, he was often lampooned for his love of junk food.
Languish - to be forced to stay somewhere or suffer something unpleasant for a long time
She continues to languish in a foreign prison.
Members of Congress have introduced plans, but those have languished.
Largesse - willingness to give money, or money given to poor people by rich people
She is not noted for her largesse.
The medical foundation will be the main beneficiary of the millionaire's largesse.
Lethargy - the state of not having any energy or enthusiasm for doing things
They will need to shake off their lethargy if they want to win the game.
The report criticizes the lethargy shown by employers when it comes to job creation.
Libel - a piece of writing that contains bad and false things about a person
He was arrested and held briefly on charges of libelling the president.
He sued the newspaper for libel.
Magnanimous - very kind and generous towards an enemy or someone you have defeated
The team's manager was magnanimous in victory, and praised the losing team.
The regime had to decide whether to be magnanimous in victory.
Malaise - a general feeling of being ill, unhappy or not satisfied, or that something is wrong in
society, without being able to explain or identify what is wrong
The latest crime figures are merely symptomatic of a wider malaise in society.
We were discussing the roots of the current economic malaise.
Malignant - (of a tumour or disease) that cannot be controlled and is likely to cause death
The process by which malignant cancer cells multiply isn't fully understood.
He developed a malignant hatred for the land of his birth.
Malleable - that can be hit or pressed into different shapes easily without breaking or cracking
Lead and tin are malleable metals.
He had an actor's typically malleable features.
Manifesto - a written statement in which a group of people explain their beliefs and aims, especially
one published by a political party to say what they will do if they win an election
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In their election manifesto, Liberal Democrats proposed increasing taxes to pay for improvements in
education.
Labour won the election on this manifesto.
Marshal - to bring together or organize people or things in order to achieve a particular aim
They had marshaled an armada of 1,000 boats to help clear up the oil.
It is unlikely that the rebels will be able to marshal as much firepower as the government troops.
Mediate - to talk to two separate people or groups involved in a disagreement to try to help them
to agree or find a solution to their problems
Negotiators were called in to mediate between the two sides.
The two envoys have succeeded in mediating an end to the war.
Mercenary - interested only in the money that can be obtained from a situation
He had some mercenary scheme to marry a wealthy widow.
Six years ago, he became a mercenary for a private military corporation.
Nihilism - the belief that life has no meaning or purpose and that religious and moral principles have
no value
Adopting nihilism can be a way to embrace the uncertainty and unpredictability of life.
It may not be easy, but I will stick to nihilism and embrace the meaninglessness of life.
Obfuscate - to make something less clear and harder to understand, especially intentionally
She was criticized for using arguments that obfuscated the main issue.
Companies deliberately obfuscate figures in complicated annual reports.
Oblivion - a state in which you are not aware of what is happening around you, usually because you
are unconscious or asleep
He was another minor poet who was consigned to oblivion.
Hundreds of homes were bombed into oblivion during the first weeks of the war.
Obsequious - trying too hard to please somebody, especially somebody who is important
She is embarrassingly obsequious to anyone in authority.
The waiters came hurrying forward with obsequious smiles on their faces.
Officious - too ready to tell people what to do or to use the power you have to give orders
He's an officious little man and widely disliked in the company.
The officious neighbor constantly interfered in our family matters, offering unsolicited advice on
how to raise our children.
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Opaque - not clear enough to see through or allow light through
As the lens becomes more opaque, the patient notices a reduction in vision.
The windows were nearly opaque with grime.
Ostentatious - showing your wealth or status in a way that is intended to impress people
They criticized the ostentatious lifestyle of their leaders.
His ostentatious display of wealth made him the talk of the town.
Paradox - a person, thing or situation that has two opposite features and therefore seems strange
It's a curious paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty.
The author tackles one of the deepest paradoxes of life.
Parochial - only interested in small issues that happen in your local area and not interested in more
important things
They need to be better informed and less parochial in their thinking.
The US coverage of the summit has been extremely parochial.
Parody - something that is such a bad or an unfair example of something that it seems silly
The trial was a parody of justice.
His personality made him an easy subject for parody.
Patronize - to treat somebody in a way that seems friendly, but which shows that you think that they
are not very intelligent, experienced, etc
Some television programme tend to patronize children.
Stop patronizing me - I understand the play as well as you do.
Penchant - a liking for or a habit of doing something, esp. something that other people might not like
Her penchant for disappearing for days at a time worries her family.
She has a penchant for champagne.
Perennial - lasting a very long time, or happening repeatedly or all the time
We face the perennial problem of not having enough money.
Colonialism in different forms is a perennial theme of history.
Perjury - the crime of telling a lie in court after you have sworn to tell the truth
The defence witnesses were found guilty of perjury.
She was sentenced to two years in jail for committing perjury.
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Permeate - to spread through something and be present in every part of it
Dissatisfaction with the government seems to have permeated every section of society.
The air was permeated with the odour of burning rubber.
Pernicious - having a very harmful effect on somebody/something, especially in a way that is not
easily noticed
The cuts in government funding have had a pernicious effect on local health services.
The book focuses on the pernicious effects of slavery.
Perquisite - something you receive as well as your wages for doing a particular job
The perquisites of this job include health insurance and a performance bonus.
Use of the company's jet is a perquisite of the job.
Philanthropy - the activity of helping the poor, especially by giving them money
Minnesota has long been considered a beacon of philanthropy.
Hospitals were built as a result of private philanthropy and government intervention.
Philistine - a person who does not like or understand art, literature, music, etc
In artistic matters he’s a complete philistine.
She dismissed critics of her work as philistines.
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Platitude - a statement that has been repeated so often that it is meaningless
The politician ended his speech with a platitude about every man’s right to vote.
Our coach used every platitude she could think of to make us feel better after our big loss.
Plebeian - connected with ordinary people or people of the lower social classes
Such recreational activities were an essential part of plebeian culture.
He retained a plebeian taste in food and drink.
Polemic - a speech or a piece of writing that argues very strongly for or against something/somebody
She has published a fierce anti-war polemic.
Her speech was memorable for its polemic rather than its substance.
Pragmatic - solving problems in a practical and sensible way rather than by having fixed ideas or
theories
In business, the pragmatic approach to problems is often more successful than an idealistic one.
We must be ruthlessly pragmatic and intensely focused.
Precedent - an official action or decision that has happened in the past and that is seen as an example
or a rule to be followed in a similar situation later
The judgment on pension rights has established/set a precedent.
This law sets a very dangerous precedent for all businesses.
Preclude - to prevent something or make it impossible, or prevent someone from doing something
His contract precludes him from discussing his work with anyone outside the company.
My lack of interest in the subject precluded me from gaining much enjoyment out of it.
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Precursor - something that comes before another and may lead to it or influence its development
Sulphur dioxide is the main precursor of acid rain.
Opponents fear this would be a precursor to development of the entire canyon
Prodigy - a young person whose intelligence or skill is unusually good for their age
He read in the paper about a mathematical prodigy who was attending university at the age of twelve.
Mozart was an infant prodigy, composing music at the age of four.
Proletariat - the class of ordinary people who earn money by working, especially those who do not
own any property
Industrialism had created a proletariat in Russia.
Marx wrote of the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Propriety - moral and social behaviour that is considered to be correct and acceptable
She was careful always to behave with propriety.
The company had acted in accordance with all legal proprieties.
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Proselytize - to try to persuade other people to accept your beliefs, especially about religion or
politics
He was also remarkable for the proselytizing zeal with which he wrote his political pamphlets.
Missionaries were sent to proselytize in rural areas of the country.
Putative - generally thought to be or to exist, even if this may not really be true
The putative leader of the terrorist cell was arrested yesterday.
The putative cause of the accident is still under investigation.
Qualitative - connected with what something is like or how good it is, rather than with how much of
it there is
There are qualitative differences between the two products.
There has been a qualitative change in the relationship between the public and the government.
Quixotic - having or involving ideas or plans that show imagination but are usually not practical
This is a vast, exciting and some say quixotic project.
Many think these attempts to make lawyers behave are quixotic.
Rancor - feelings of hate and a desire to hurt other people, especially because you think that
somebody has done something unfair to you
They cheated me, but I feel no rancor toward/against them.
She learned to accept criticism without rancour.
Rapacious - wanting more money or goods than you need or have a right to
The vulture as landlord is more dreadfully rapacious than he is as a bird.
He describes the world of finance as ‘a casino full of rapacious capitalists’.
Rebuke - the act of speaking severely to somebody because they have done something wrong
He was silenced by her stinging rebuke.
He received a stern rebuke from the manager.
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Recalcitrant - unwilling to obey rules or follow instructions; difficult to control He was like a teacher
encouraging a recalcitrant pupil.
Tenants petitioned their recalcitrant landlord to finish repairs to their building.
Recant - to announce in public that your past beliefs or statements were wrong and that you
no longer agree with them
After a year spent in solitary confinement, he publicly recanted (his views).
Anderson recanted, saying his brother had told him to lie.
Reciprocal - involving two people or organizations who agree to help each other by behaving in the
same way or by giving each other similar advantages
The two colleges have a reciprocal arrangement whereby students from one college can attend
classes at the other.
We have agreed to exchange information about our two companies, but strictly on a reciprocal basis.
Reclusive - living alone and avoiding going outside or talking to other people
She became increasingly reclusive after the tragedy.
There may be a chance to meet the reclusive author.
Redolent - smelling strongly of something or having qualities (especially smells) that make
you think of something else
The mountain air was redolent with the scent of pine needles.
The album is a heartfelt cry, redolent of a time before radio and television.
Redundant - having lost your job because your employer no longer needs you
To keep the company alive, half the workforce is being made redundant.
She was made redundant a year ago and hasn't found any work since.
Reiterate - to repeat something that you have already said, especially to emphasize it
He reiterated his view that it was time to withdraw from the region.
She reiterated that she had never seen him before.
Relegate - to give somebody a lower or less important position, rank, etc. than before
She was then relegated to the role of assistant.
He relegated the incident to the back of his mind.
Renounce - to say formally or publicly that you no longer own, support, believe in, or have
a connection with something
She formally renounced her citizenship.
Her ex-husband renounced his claim to the family house.
Repercussion - an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time
afterwards
Any decrease in tourism could have serious repercussions for the local economy.
Anne felt the repercussions of the earlier incident.
Reprisal - a violent or aggressive act towards somebody because of something bad that they have
done towards you
The attack was in reprisal for the kidnapping of their leaders.
They did not want to give evidence for fear of reprisals.
Reprove - to tell somebody that you do not approve of something that they have done
The teacher gently reproved the boys for not paying attention.
He reproved her for rushing away.
Rogue - a person who behaves badly, but despite this is quite attractive
He's a bit of a rogue, but very charming.
A rogue employee might tap into the computer.
Sanctimonious - giving the impression that you feel you are better and more moral than other people
I’m fed up with his sanctimonious attitude.
I wish she’d stop being so sanctimonious.
Sardonic - showing that you think that you are better than other people and do not take them
seriously
Her voice had a sardonic, mocking tone that frightened Connie.
He looked at her with sardonic amusement.
Sedition - the use of words or actions that are intended to encourage people to oppose a government
He himself was tried for sedition and sentenced to ten years in jail.
In some nations, the government censors television networks in order to prevent sedition.
Sequester - to take control of somebody’s property or assets until a debt has been paid
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The judge will sequester the jury members to protect them from external influences.
The man decided to sequester his most valuable items in a safe.
Sinister - seeming evil or dangerous; making you think something bad will happen
The ruined house had a sinister appearance.
There was a sinister undertone in his words.
Slander - a false spoken statement about someone that damages their reputation, or the making of
such a statement
She regarded his comment as a slander on her good reputation.
Many teachers saw the statement as a gross slander on their profession.
Spawn - to cause something new, or many new things, to grow or start suddenly
The new economic freedom has spawned hundreds of new small businesses.
The band's album spawned a string of hit singles.
Stipulate - to state clearly and definitely that something must be done, or how it must be done
She agreed to buy the car, but stipulated racing tyres and a turbo-powered engine.
A delivery date is stipulated in the contract.
Stoic - a person who is able to suffer pain or trouble without complaining or showing what they
We knew she must be in pain, despite her stoic attitude.
He showed a stoic resignation towards his fate.
Subversive - a person who tries to destroy or damage a government or political system by attacking it
secretly or indirectly
He was a known political subversive.
The FBI had the duty of obtaining evidence of subversive activity.
Supercilious - behaving towards other people as if you think you are better than they are
The dress shop assistant was very supercilious.
He spoke in a haughty, supercilious voice.
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Surfeit - an amount that is too large
The country has a surfeit of cheap labour.
Indigestion can be brought on by a surfeit of rich food.
Sycophant - a person who praises important or powerful people too much and in a way that is not
sincere, especially in order to get something from them
The prime minister is surrounded by sycophants.
The advisers are sycophants and they will never tell him to retire.
Synthesis - the mixing of different ideas, influences, or things to make a whole that is different, or
new
The artist’s work is a synthesis of different styles and techniques.
Proteins are essential to the synthesis of muscles and body tissue.
Taciturn - tending not to say very much, in a way that seems unfriendly
He's a reserved, taciturn person.
The taciturn man sat alone at the bar.
Tautological - saying the same thing twice in different words, when this is unnecessary
The phrase “free gift” is tautological because all gifts are inherently free.
Using the phrase “true fact” is tautological because a fact is, by definition, true.
Tenacious - that does not stop holding something or give up something easily; determined
The baby took my finger in its tenacious little fist.
The party has kept its tenacious hold on power for more than twenty years.
Tentative - not definite or certain because you may want to change it later
We made a tentative arrangement to meet on Friday.
We have tentative plans to go to Hawaii in February.
Terse - using few words and often not seeming polite or friendly
He was shouting terse orders for vehicles to pull over.
The president issued a terse statement denying the charges.
Torpor - the state of not being active and having no energy or enthusiasm
The bear was in a state of torpor during the winter months.
She fell into a deep torpor after the surgery.
Tout - to advertise, talk about, or praise something or someone repeatedly, especially as a way
of encouraging people to like, accept, or buy something
She's being touted as the next leader of the party.
There were hundreds of taxis at the airport, all touting for business/custom.
Trepidation - great worry or fear about something unpleasant that may happen
He knocked on the door with some trepidation.
We view future developments with some trepidation.
Unctuous - friendly or giving praise in a way that is not sincere and that is therefore unpleasant
His impression of the president was unctuous and poorly done.
His unctuous hand gestures let everyone know he was upset about the encounter.
Unwitting - not aware of what you are doing or of the situation you are involved in
The two women claimed they were the unwitting victims of a drug dealer who planted a large
quantity of heroin in their luggage.
He became an unwitting accomplice in the crime.
Urbane - good at knowing what to say and how to behave in social situations; appearing relaxed and
confident
His urbane manners impressed me.
He was charming and urbane, full of witty conversation.
Usurp - to take control of a position of power, especially without having the right to
Local control is being usurped by central government.
He attempted to usurp the principal's authority.
Vacillate - to keep changing your opinion or thoughts about something, especially in a way that
annoys other people
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The country’s leaders are still vacillating between confrontation and compromise.
The president continues to vacillate over foreign policy.
Venal - prepared to do things that are not honest or moral in return for money
They are accused of being involved in venal practices.
The venal police officer accepted the money the drug dealers gave him to look away from their
illegal deals.
Veracity - the quality of being true; the habit of telling the truth
They questioned the veracity of her story.
They had no reason to doubt his veracity.
Verisimilitude - the quality of seeming true or of having the appearance of being real
She has included photographs in the book to lend verisimilitude to the story.
To add verisimilitude, the stage is covered with sand for the desert scenes.
Vestige - a small part of something that still exists after the rest of it has stopped existing
These old buildings are the last vestiges of a colonial past.
The government has to remove any last vestiges of corruption.
Vicarious - felt or experienced by watching or reading about somebody else doing something, rather
than by doing it yourself
He got a vicarious thrill out of watching his son score the winning goal.
She took vicarious pleasure in her friend's achievements.
Vicissitude - one of the many changes and problems in a situation or in your life, that you have to
deal with
The vicissitudes of life led the once positive man to become cynical and negative.
My vicissitude in college was tackling seven classes and a job.
Vilify - to say or write unpleasant things about somebody/something so that other people will have a
low opinion of them
They were vilified by the press as ‘international terrorists’.
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A campaign was mounted to vilify the leaders of the organization.
Vindicate - to prove that something is true or that you were right to do something, especially when
other people had a different opinion
I have every confidence that this decision will be fully vindicated.
The investigation vindicated her complaint about the newspaper.
Vindictive - having or showing a wish to harm someone because you think that
they harmed you; unwilling to forgive
He accused her of being vindictive.
She liked to believe that she wasn’t vindictive by nature.
Virtuoso - a person who shows very great skill at doing something, especially playing a musical
instrument
He was a virtuoso violinist.
Her retelling of The Comedy of Errors is virtuoso.
Virulent - dangerous and spreading quickly, or (of poison) having an effect very quickly
A particularly virulent strain of flu has recently claimed a number of lives in the region.
Pestilence is a deadly or virulent epidemic disease.
Visionary - original and showing the ability to think about or plan the future with great imagination
and intelligence
She has long been recognized as a visionary leader in the green technology sector.
She was a visionary physician who was always thinking of better ways to care for her patients in the
future.
Vocation - a type of work or way of life that you believe is especially suitable for you
She feels that she missed her vocation by not working with children.
She struggled for years to find her true vocation.
Volition - the power to choose something freely or to make your own decisions
His volition to succeed drove him to work tirelessly.
The student chose to study abroad of her own volition.
Willful - done deliberately, although the person doing it knows that it is wrong
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I think he showed a willful disregard for safety.
The man’s willful silence was a way to intentionally hurt his wife and avoid talking out their issues.
Wistful - thinking sadly about something that you would like to have, especially something in the
past that you can no longer have
I thought about those days in Spain and grew wistful.
I became wistful when I saw my ex-boyfriend with his new love.
Zealous - showing great energy and enthusiasm for something, especially because you feel strongly
about it
He thought the reporters were too zealous in their attempts to get into the event.
He congratulated the participants for their zealous participation.
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