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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

+1 jkpo; Kjy; jhs; - 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;

1. Fwpg;G tiuf.
m) jhAkhdth;
gpwe;j Ch; : jpUkiwf;fhL
fhyk; : fp.gp 18Mk; E}w;whz;L
ngw;Nwhh; : Nfbypag;g gps;is – nf[ty;yp mk;ikahh;
ngah;f;fhuzk; : jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp jhAkhdtg; ngUkhd; mUshy; gpwe;jikahy; ,g;ngah; ngw;whh;.
kidtp ngah; : kl;Lthh; Foyp (,tiu kze;Jk; ,y;yw tho;tpy; gw;wpd;wp ,Ue;jhh;)
rpwg;G:
 jk;Kila Qhdhrphpah; nksdFU vd;ghhplk; cgNjrk; ngw;Wj; JwT G+z;lhh;.
 ,tUila ghly;fs; vspikAk; ,dpikAk; tha;e;jit.
 “jhAkhdth; ghly;fs;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1452 MFk;.
 ,tuJ ghly;fs; jkpo;nkhopapd; cgepljk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
M) eP.fe;jrhkpg; Gyth;
gpwe;j Ch; : gs;spafuk;
gpwg;G : 09-06-1898
ngw;Nwhh; : ePyNkfk; gps;is - nrse;jputy;yp mk;ikahh;
gbg;G : gs;sp ,Wjp tFg;G tiu
fw;wwpe;j nkhopfs; : Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R> ,yj;jPd;> tlnkhop.
rpwg;Gfs;:
 gd;nkhopg; Gytuha; tpsq;fpdhh;.
 fue;ij jkpo;r;rq;fj;jpy; gy Mz;Lfs; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;jhh;.
,aw;wpa E}y;fs;:
 Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jkpopYk; gyE}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
 “gs;spafuk; goq;fij” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghly;fs; vOjpath;.
 jhk];fpNu vd;ghhpd; Mq;fpyf;ftpijia ,uq;fw;gh vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; jkpohf;fk; nra;jth;.
,wg;G : 18-06-1977
,) Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;
gpwe;j Ch; : jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; vl;laGuk;
gpwg;G : 11-12-1882
ngw;Nwhh; : rpd;drhkp Iah;-,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh;
Mw;wpa gzpfs;:
 vl;laGu kd;dhpd; muritg;Gyth;
 kJiu NrJgjp cah;epiyg;gs;sp Mrphpah;
 rf;fth;j;jpdp gj;jphpf;if Mrphpah;
 ‘,e;jpah’ vd;Dk; thug;gj;jphpf;if Mrphpah;
rpwg;Gfs;:
 ,th;jk; ghly;fs; tpLjiy Ntl;ifia kf;fs; kdjpy; Njhd;wr; nra;jd.
 jkpOf;F tsQ;Nrh;f;Fk; gy ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;.
 fPijia nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.
 fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy;ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; Mfpa Kg;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.
,wg;G : 11-09-1921

2. ,iwtd; ,ay;Gfshfj; jhAkhdth; njhptpj;Js;sd ahit?

,iwtd; ,ay;Gfshfj; jhAkhdth; $Wtd:
 ,iwtd; mUSUtha; gOj;Js;s goj;jpd; Ritahdtd;.
 fUk;ghfTk;> NjdhfTk;> mkph;jkhfTk; mbath;f;F ,dpg;gtd;.
 fz;izg;Nghy ,d;wpaikahjtd;.
 cyfpy; fpilj;jw;F mhpa nghUsidj;Jk; jUk; rpwe;j nghUshdtd;.
 fUiz ePq;fhky; vq;Fk; ePf;fkw epiwe;Js;s guk;nghUshdtd;.J}a;ikahd tho;f;ifahdtd;.
 epidf;f ,ayhj fUj;JfSf;Fs; fUj;jha; mike;jpUg;gtd;.
 fhyk;> ,lk;> epfo;r;rpfis tFj;J> kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fhpa vy;yhf; fUtpfisAk; gilj;J
caph;$l;lj;ij ,af;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nkyhd nghUshdtd;.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

3. eP. fe;jrhkpg; Gyth; mth;fs; jkpo;j;jhapd; ngUikia vq;qdk; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;Js;shh;?

 cyfpy; Njhd;wpa goq;fhy kf;fs; jk; cs;sf; fUj;ij kw;wth;f;Ff; ifr;iriffshy;
njhptpj;J te;jdh;.
 mf;fhyk; ePq;fpl> jkpo;kf;fs; nky;y ehitairj;Jg; NgRkhW nra;j jkpo;j;jhapd;
jpUtbfspy; jiyitj;J Vj;jpg;gzpNthk; vd eP. fe;jrhkpg;Gyth; mth;fs; jkpo;j;jhapd;
ngUikiag; Nghw;wpg;Gfo;e;Js;shh;.

4. ghujj;jhapd; ngUikfisg; ghujpahh; vt;thW Gfo;e;Jiuj;Js;shh;?

vq;fs; jhaha; tpsq;Fk; ghujj;jhNa!
 eP vy;yhr; nry;tq;fisAk; epuk;gg; ngw;Ws;sha;.
 cdf;F epfh; vtUk; ,yh;.
 eP vj;jifa jPq;Fkw;W tpsq;Ffpwha;.
 ePh;tsKk;> epy tsKk;> tay;tsKk; epuk;gg; ngw;Ws;sha;.
 tay; tsj;jhy; gRikaha; tpsq;Ffpwha;.
 kpf;f ,d;gKilaha;.
 ePq;fhj Gd;rphpg;G cilaha;.
 gytif mzpfisg; G+z;L mofha; tpsq;Ffpd;wha;.
 ,j;jifa eyd;fs; ahTk; ngw;W> ,t;Tyfpy; Njhd;wpa eP vk;Kapiuf; fhf;fpd;wha;.
 cd; ghjq;fis ehq;fs; vd;Wk; Jjpg;Nghk;.
 ,t;thW ghujj;jhapd; ngUikfisg; ghujpahh; Gfo;e;Jiuj;Js;shh;.

5. nryTzh;j;jpa Njhopf;Fj; jiykfs; nrhy;ypatw;iw tpsf;Ff.

 gpltk;G+Tk;> Ntq;ifg;G+Tk; xU Nruj;Njhd;WtJ Nghd;w tbtj;ij nfhz;lJ FUisfs;
 ,f;FUisfs; jirg;gFjpapypUe;J ntsptuhj efq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
 ,f;FUisfs; %d;iwAk; xU Nru <d;W> ghiwapd; gpstpD}Nl Nrhh;Tw;W typikaw;W
grpNahL ,Ue;jJ ngz; Gyp.
 ngz; Gypapd; grpiag;Nghf;f Mz;Gyp khdpd; elkhl;lj;ij Muha;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 ,j;jifa fpistopfis cila fhl;blj;Nj nts;sptPjp vd;gts; Nghy ehDk; nry;y
tpUk;gpNdd;.
 mt;thW nry;yhk;. Mly; Kjypatw;iw ntWj;Njd;. czTk; cz;ztpy;iy. tUe;jp clYk;
nkypTw;wJ. Njhspd; Kd;ida moFk; nfl;lJ.
 ,t;thW jiytdpd; gphpit Mw;w Kbahky; mOfpNwd;. vd; Mw;whikia Nghf;f xU kUe;Jkpd;wp
,q;Fr; nrayw;W ,Ue;Jtpl;Nld; vdr; nryTzh;j;jpa Njhopf;Fj; jiykfs; $wpdhs;.

6. mlf;fKilikapd; rpwg;gpid ts;Sth; vq;qdk; tphpj;Jiuf;fpwhh;?

 mlf;fk; cilath; mkuuha; ,d;GWth;.
 mlf;fkpy;yhjth; eufpy; Jd;GWth;.
 kf;fSf;F mlf;fNk Nkk;gl;lnry;tk;.
 Mifahy; ,ij mopahky; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 mlq;fp tho;tdhapd; mJNt mtDf;F Nkd;ikiaj; jUk;.
 mlf;fKs;stdpd; cah;T kiyapDk; nghpaJ.
 vy;NyhUk; nrUf;fpd;wp tho;tJ ey;yJ.
 mJNt nry;tk; cilath;f;F kw;nwhU nry;tkhFk;.

7. xg;GuthsdJ nry;tk; gad;gL khw;wpid tpsf;Ff.

 xg;Guthsdplk; cs;s nry;tk; Ch; eLNt cs;s ePh;epiwe;j Fsk; Nghy ahth;f;Fk; gad;gLk;.
 gOj;Jg; gad;gLk; kuk; Ch; eLNt gOj;J tpsq;fpdhy; mJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; gad;gLk;.
 jd; vy;yh cWg;GfSk; kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLk; kuk;Nghy vy;NyhUf;Fk; vy;yh tifapYk; vspjpy;
ngw;Wg; gad;ngw cjTk;.

8. mlf;fKilik gw;wp ts;Sth; $Wk; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

 mlf;fk; cilahh; mkuuha; ,d;GWth;. mlf;fkpy;yhjth; eufpy; Jd;GWth;.
 mlf;fj;ij tpl Nkk;gl;l nry;tk; Ntwpy;iy. Mifahy; mij mopahky; fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mlf;fk; ey;Nyhuhy; ghuhl;lg;ngWk;.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

 mlq;fp tho;gtdpd; cah;T kiyia tplg;nghpaJ.

 nry;tuhapDk; mlf;fj;NjhL ,Ue;jhy;> mt;tlf;fNk kw;nwhU nry;tkhFk;.
 MikNghy; mlq;fp tho;e;jhy; mJ VO gpwtpf;Fk; fhtyha; mikAk;.
 ehtlf;fk; ,y;yhjth; nrhw;Fw;wj;jpy; mfg;gl;Lj; Jd;GWth;.
 jPanrhy; NgRtjhy;> gpw mwq;fshy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikAk; jPikaha; KbAk;.
 ehtpdhy; RLjyhdJ jPapdhy; RLjiytpl nfhbaJ.
 kd mlf;fk; cilatid mwk; jhdha;j; Njb te;jilAk;.

9. xg;Gutwpjy; gw;wpa fUj;Jfis vOJf.

“cyf eilia mwpe;J cjtp tho;jy; - xg;GuT”
 ifk;khW fUjhJ nga;Ak;. kio Nghy> gpwUf;F cjTk; xg;GuTfSk; kW cjtpfis
Ntz;Ltd my;y.
 xUth; Kaw;rp nra;J <l;ba nry;tk; KOtJk; jFjp cilath;f;F cjTtjw;Nf MFk;.
 Njth; cyfj;jpYk;> ,t;Tyfj;jpYk; xg;GuT Nghy ey;y gpw nray;fisg; ngWjy; mhpJ.
 gpwUf;F cjtp tho;gtNd caph; tho;gtd; Mthd;. mjid mwpahjth; capUld; tho;e;jhYk;
,we;jtuha;f; fUjg;gLth;.
xg;Guthsdplk; cs;s nry;tk;>
 Ch; eLNt cs;s ePh;epiwe;j Fsk;Nghy ahth;f;Fk; gad;gLk;.
 Ch; eLNt cs;s gOj;jkuk; Nghy ahth;f;Fk; gad;gLk;.
 jd; vy;yh cWg;GfSk; kUe;jhfp gad;gLk; kuk;Nghy vy;NyhUf;Fk; vy;yh tifapYk;
gad;gLk;.
 xg;Guthsh; jd;dplk; cs;s nry;tk; RUq;fpa fhyj;jpYk; gpwUf;F cjt kdk; jsu khl;lhh.;
 gpwUf;F xg;GuT (cjtp) nra;Ak; Fzk; cilatDf;F> mq;qdk; nra;a Kbahky;
tUe;JtNj kpf;f tWikahFk;.
 gpwUf;F xg;GuT nra;tjhy; NfL Vw;gbd;. mf;Nfl;ilj; jd;id tpw;whtJ nfhs;sj;jf;fjhFk;.

10. fhykwpjy;-ts;Sth; ciug;gdtw;iw tpsf;Ff.

 jd;id tpl typa Nfhl;lhid fhfk; gfypy; nty;Yk;. mJNghy typa giftiu fhyk;
mwpe;J nty;y Ntz;Lk;.
 fhyj;NjhL tpidnra;tNj nry;tj;ijg; gpzpf;Fk; fapwhFk;.
 fUtpAk; fhyKk; mwpe;J nra;jhy; Kbahj fhhpak; ,y;iy.
 fhyk; fUjpr; nra;jhy; Kbahj fhhpak; ,y;iy.
 fhyk; fUjpr; nra;jhy;> ,t;Tyfj;ij Msf; fUjpdhYk; if$Lk;.
 cyfk; KOtijAk; iff;nfhs;sf; fUJgth; mjw;Nfw;w fhyj;ij vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fhj;jpUg;gh;..
 Ml;Lf;fplha; jd; gif Ml;Lf;fplha; kPJ ghag; gpd; thq;FtJ Nghy> giftiuj; jhf;f chpa
fhyk; tiu fhj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mwpTilNahh; jk; giftiu nty;y> mjw;Nfw;w fhyk; tUk;tiu jk; kdj;jpNyNa Nfhgk;
nfhz;bUg;gh;.
 giftiu mopf;Fk; fhyk; tUk; tiu gzpe;njhOf Ntz;Lk;. Vw;wfhyk; tha;j;jJk; mtiu
mopf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Vw;wfhyk; tha;j;j NghJ> nra;jw;F mhpa nray;fis vy;yhk; nra;JKbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,iuia vjph;Nehf;fpapUf;Fk; nfhf;F Nghy fhj;jpUe;J> jf;f ,iuiaf; fz;lTld; mJ
nray;gLtJ Nghy> tpiue;J nray;gl;Lr; nraiy Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

11. typawpjy; vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ts;Sth; $Wk; fUj;Jfis tpsf;Ff.

 xUtd; nray;typik> jd; typik> khw;whd; typik> Jiztypik Mfpatw;iw Muha;e;J
mtw;wpy; jd;typik kpFe;jpUe;jhy; xU nraiyr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
 nra;af;$baijj; njhpe;J> mjw;fhd topKiwfis mwpe;J nray;gl;lhy; mJ epr;rak; ntw;wp
ngWk;.
 jd; typikapd; msit mwpahky; xU nraiy Nkw;nfhz;lhy;> Njhy;tpAw;Wf; nflNth>
tpidiaf; iftplNth NeUk;.
 jd;Dila typik mwpahky; jw;ngUik nfhs;gtd; tpiutha;f; nfl;lopthd;.
 nky;ypa kapypwNf - MapDk; msTf;fjpfkha; Vw;wpdhy; tz;bapd; mr;R KwpAk;. mJNghy
vspah; gyh; $bdhy; typah; Mthh;.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

 kuf;nfhk;gpd; Edptiu Vwpath; mjNdhL mikahJ> NkYk; Vw Kad;why; mk;Kaw;rpNa

mtUf;F mopitj; jUk;.
 jd;nghUs; itg;G Kiwapy; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW mstwpe;J nfhLg;gNj Kiwahk;.
 nghUs; tuT FiwT MapDk; nryT kpfhJ ,Ug;gpd; mjdhy; NfL cz;lhfhJ.
 mstwpe;J thoNtz;Lk;. mg;gb ,y;iynadpy; tho;f;if cs;sJ Nghyj; Njhd;wp ,y;yhky;
mope;njhopAk;.
 jd;dplk; cs;s nghUspd; msit MuhahkNy xg;Guit Nkw;nfhz;ltdpd; nry;tk; tpiutpy;
mopAk;.

12. ehtlf;fk; gw;wp jpUts;Sth; $Wtd ahit?

 xUtd; jd; ehtpid mlf;fp Ms Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; nrhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;Lj; Jd;GWthd;.
 xUtd; $Wk; jPa nrhw;fshy; gpwh;f;Fj; Jd;gk; Vw;gLkhdhy; mtd; nra;j gpw mwq;fshy;
Vw;glf;$ba ed;ikAk; jPikaha; KbAk;.
 “jPapdhw; Rl;lGz; cs;shWk; MwhNj
ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL” vd;gjw;Nfw;g>
 neUg;gpdhy; Rl;lg;Gz; clypy; ,Ue;jhYk; kdj;jpy; MwptpLk;. Mdhy; ehtpdhy; Gz;gLk;gb
NgrpaJ vd;Wk; Mwhj; jOk;gha; ,Ue;J Jd;GWj;Jk;.

13. rPtfd; ed;nwdf; fz;l ahopd; rpwg;Gfs; ahit?

 rPtfd; ed;nwdf; fz;l aho; nra;ag;gl;l kuj;ij mk;kuj;ij kz;kfs; ngw;whs; vd;Wk;>
 thdk; vd;Dk; tsh;g;Gj; jhahdts;> kpd;dy; vd;Dk; nghd; ehzpidAila Nkfj;jpd; mUshy;
,dpa ghiy Cl;bdhs; vd;Wk;>
 vdNt mk;kuk; Neha; ehd;Fk; ePq;fg;ngw;W moF eyk; tpsq;f tsh;e;jJ vd;Wk;>
 gpd;G ths; nfhz;L ntl;lg;gl;l mk;kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l ,dpikahd aho; ,J vd;Wk; ahopd;
rpwg;Gfisf; $wpdhd;.

14. rPtfd; ahopd; ghy;fz;l Fw;wq;fs; vit?

 ,J ePhpy;yhky; nkype;JNghd kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J ePhpNy ,Ue;J mOfpa kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J Kiwaw;w thspdhy; ntl;lg;gl;l kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J ,b jhf;Fz;l kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J coth;fshy; Rlg;gl;L nte;j kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J Kiwaw;w Ntrpkfd; Nghy; rpwg;gpy;yhjJ.
 ,J Mz;ahid jOt Kwpe;j kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,Wjpahf ,e;j aho; euk;gpirahy; FiwghLilaJ ,itNa rPtfd; ahopd;ghy; fz;l
Fw;wq;fs; MFk;.

15. rPtfd; fhe;jUtjj;ijia aho;g;Nghl;bapy; ntd;w epfo;;r;rpia njhFj;J vOJf.

 fYoNtfd; jd; kfs; fhe;jUtjj;ijia aho;g;NghhpNy nty;gth;f;F kzQ;nra;J nfhLf;f
tpUk;Gfpwhd;.
 jj;ijapd; Njhop tPzhgjp Fw;wq;fis cila gy tPizfisf; rPtfd; Kd; itf;fpwhs;.
 Mdhy; rPtfd; jd; gue;j mwpitf; nfhz;L Muha;e;J ghh;j;J Fw;wKila tPizia
fPo;f;fz;lthW xJf;fpdhd;.
rPtfd; ahopd; ghy;fz;l Fw;wq;fs;:
 ,J ePhpy;yhky; nkype;JNghd kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J ePhpNy ,Ue;J mOfpa kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J Kiwaw;w thspdhy; ntl;lg;gl;l kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J ,b jhf;Fz;l kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J coth;fshy; Rlg;gl;L nte;j kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,J Kiwaw;w Ntrpkfd; Nghy; rpwg;gpy;yhjJ.
 ,J Mz;ahid jOt Kwpe;j kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
rpwe;j ahioj; Njh;e;njLj;Jr; rpwg;Gfisf; $Wjy;:
 rPtfd; ed;nwdf; fz;l ahio kz;kfs; ngw;whs; vd;Wk;>

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

 mk;kuj;ij thdk; vd;Dk; tsh;g;Gj; jhahdts;> kpd;dy; vd;Dk; nghd; ehzpidAila

Nkfj;jpd; mUshy; ,dpa ghiy Cl;bdhs;.
 vdNt ,k;kuk; Neha; ehd;Fk; ePq;fg;ngw;W moF eyk; tpsq;f tsh;e;jJ.
 gpd;G ths; nfhz;L ntl;lg;gl;L mk;kuj;jhy; ,e;j aho; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;Wk; $wpdhd;.
 gpd;dh; euk;gpd; KWf;if jsh;j;jp mjpy; ,Ue;j Kbia ePf;fp jd; jk;gp eGydplk; euk;G
thq;fp ahopy; mikj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;.
jj;ijapd; Njhy;tp:
 jj;ij rPtfd; Nky; nfhz;l fhjyhy; gz;Zk; ghlYk; NtWgl;L Gjikahfg; ghbdhs;.
 jj;ij ghba ghl;Lk; ,irAk; NtW Ntwha; ,Ue;jd.
 jj;ij rPtfd; Nky; nfhz;l fhjypdhy; vjph;g;ghl;L ghl Kad;W Fuy; eLq;fpj; Njhw;whs;. gpd;
rPtfDf;F khiy R+l;bdhs;.

16. ,lQ;Rl;b nghUs; tpsf;Ff. “euk;nghL tPiz ehtpd; ele;jNjh”

,lk; : rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; fhe;jUtjj;ij aho;kl
P ;bg; ghLtijf; Nfl;Nlhh; $wpaJ.
nghUs; : fhe;jUtjj;ij ghbaijf; Nfl;lg; gyUk; aho; jdf;Fhpa euk;Gld; ghlhky;> tPiz
jhd; ehthy; ghbaNjh vd;wdh;.
tpsf;fk; : fhe;jUtjj;ij tha;jpwe;J ghLk;NghJ ,ir kuGf;Nfw;g ghbdhs;. mijf;Nfl;Nlhh;
mjprapj;J aho;jhd; jdf;Fhpa euk;Gld; ghlhky; tPizf;Fhpa ehitg; ngw;Wg;
ghbaNjh vd murh; KjyhNdhh; $wpdh;.

17. ghk;gpd; nraYk; mG+gf;fhpd; nra;ifAk; ahit?

ghk;gpd; nray;:
 mz;zy; egpngUkhd; mG+gf;fh; kbapd; kPJ Japy; nfhz;lhh;.
 mg;NghJ mUfpypUe;j Gw;wpd; topNa ghk;G xd;W jiyia ePl;baJ.
 ,ijf;fz;l mG+gf;fh; egpapd; J}f;fk; fiyahJ ,Uf;f rpe;jpj;jhh;.
mG+gf;fhpd; nra;if:
 jk; Nkyhilapd; xU gFjpiaf; fpopj;J> ghk;G ntspg;gLk; tisNjhWk; Jzpiar;RUl;b
itj;J milj;jhh;.
 ghk;G kPz;Lk; kw;nwhU tisapy; jiyia ePl;baJ.
 kPz;Lk; Jzpiaf;fpopj;J me;j tisiaAk; milj;jhh;.
 ,t;thW xt;nthU tisapYk; ghk;G jiyf;fhl;l vy;yhtw;iwAk; Jzpahy;
milj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhh;.

18. egpfs; ngUkhd; ghk;gpdplk; tpdtpaJk;> ghk;gpd; kWnkhopAk; ahit?

ghk;gpdplk; tpdtpaJ:
“ghk;Ng! xU Jd;gKw;W ,k;kiyf;Fiff;F te;J jq;fpapUf;Fk; ehq;fNsh vk; Kd;Ndhh;fNsh
VNjDk; jPq;F ,ioj;Js;Nshkh? ehq;fs; vf;Fw;wj;ijAk; nra;atpy;iy. mt;thW ,Uf;f eQ;R
jiyf;Nfw eP jPz;baJ vf;fhuzj;jhy;?” vd;W ngUkhd; tpdtpdhh;.
ghk;gpd; kWnkhop:
mjw;Fg; ghk;G>
ePz;l fhykha; vjph;ghh;j;jpUe;j gyd; neUq;fpf; fpl;Lk; rkaj;jpy;> mg;gyd; fpl;lhjthW jLg;gth;
vtuhdhYk; jz;bg;gJ cyf ,ay;ghFk;. mjw;F khwha; ehd; vj;jtWk; nra;atpy;iy vd;W
kWnkhop $wpaJ.

19. mG+gf;fUf;F ngUkhd; eQ;R jPh;j;jUspaJ ahq;qdk;?

ngUkhdpd; tho;j;ijg; ngw;w ehfk; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L mfd;wJ. gpd; ngUkhdhh;>
 mG+gf;fhpd; ghjj;jpy;> ghk;G jPz;ba ,lj;jpy;> jk; ckpo;ePh;j;Jspapid vLj;J jltp tpl;lhh;.
 egp ngUkhdpd; ckpo;ePh; mG+gf;fhpd; clypy; gutpapUe;j eQ;R KOtijAk; mZ msTk;
,y;yhJ ePf;fpaJ.
 mth; clypd; khR ePq;FkhW nra;J J}a;ikahf;fp xspngwr;nra;jJ.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

20. N[!N[! vd gilQh; Mh;f;Fk;gbaha; [Ptfd; ciuj;jd ahit?

Gfo; epiyj;J epw;Fk; [Ptfd; jd; giltPuh;fis Nehf;fp>
 ,g;Nghhpy; ePtph; rpe;Jk; xt;nthU Jsp ,uj;jKk; gy Afq;fs; tiu epiyj;J epd;W cq;fs;
Gfiof;$wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
caph; %r;rd;W> Rje;jpuNk.
 me;j ,uj;jj;Jspfs;> “,e;jg; ghz;b ehl;L kf;fs; Rje;jpuj;ijg; Nghw;Wgth;fs;.
 gifth;fNs mth;fis neUq;fhjPh;fs;! mth;fSf;F caph; %r;rd;W> Rje;jpuNk MFk;.
 ,ijf;fdtpYk; ed;wha;f; nfhs;Sq;fs;” vd;W vj;jpirapy; cs;sth;fl;Fk; giw rhw;WNk!
Gfopd; fhak;:
 ,j;jdpg;Nghhpy; ePq;fs; Vw;Fk; fhak; ntw;wpj;jpUkfs; fspg;Gw;W cq;fSf;F Kj;jkpl;L mspj;j
Kj;jpiuahfp vj;jidNah jiyKiwfSf;Fg; Gfopd; rpd;dkhf tpsq;Fk;.
 Mjyhy; mJ Gfopd; rpd;dkhFk;.

21. gpwe;jhh; vdg;glhjhh; ahh;?

 cyfpy; xt;nthU fzj;jpYk; vj;jidNah Ngh; gpwf;fpd;wdh;. vj;jidNah Ngh; ,wf;fpd;wdh;.
 mtnuy;yhk; cyfpy; gpwe;jth;fsha; mwpQh;fshy; fUjg;gl khl;lhh;.
,fOlk;G:
 ,t;Tyfpy; gpwe;jth;fSf;F ,U clk;Gfs; cs;sd.
 jir Kjypa nghUs;fshy; Mfp mopAk; jd;ikAilaJ. mjd; ,opepiy fUjp mwpQh;
mjid ,fo;th;. ,J ,fOlk;G vdg;gLk;.
GfOlk;G:
 kw;nwhd;W> mj;jifa cliyf;nfhz;L nra;j ew;nray;fshy; vd;Wk; mopahJ cyfpy;
epiyj;J epw;gJ.
 mj;jifa Gfo; clk;gpidNa mwpQh; Nghw;Wth;.
 mg;Gfo; clk;igg; ngwhjth; gpwe;jhh; vdg;glhjth; Mthh;.

22. ,lQ;Rl;b nghUs; $Wf. “nte;jow; ftNu ,e;jdk; MFf”

,lk; : kNdhd;kzPak; vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,t;tbfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J [Ptfd; jd;
giltPuh;fis Nehf;fp $wpajhFk;.
nghUs; : giltPuh;fNs> ek; kPJ gilnaLj;J te;Js;s Nru ehl;L fath;fs;> cq;fs; kdj;jpy;
%l;ba Nfhgj;jPf;F mth;fNs tpwfhfp mopal;Lk; vd;W [Ptfd; $wpdhd;.
tpsf;fk; : Nru ehl;lth; kPJ jk;tPuh;fSf;F rpdk; nghq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf [Ptfd;.
mth;fs; %l;ba Nfhgkhfpa neUg;Gf;F mth;fNs tpwfhf Mfl;Lk; vd;W $Wtjd;
%yk; gifth;fisj; jhf;fpf; nfhd;W Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;ghy;
czh;j;jpdhd;.

23. ehl;bdpYk; fhl;bdpYk; ehnsy;yhk; ed;nwhypf;Fk; ghl;Lfshfg; ghujpahh; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;?

 fhl;Lg; gwitfs; fyfy vd vOg;Gk; Xir
 fhw;W kuq;fspilNa tPrp cz;lhFk; xyp
 Mw;WePh;Xl;lj;jpy; cz;lhFk; xyp
 fly; xypf;Fk; xyp
 ngz;fs; md;gpdhy; cly; cUfg; ghLk; ghl;L
 ePh; ,iwf;fpd;w Vw;wg;ghl;L
 ney; Fj;Jfpd;w tisay; mzpe;j kfsph; ‘Ff;F’ vd vOg;Gfpd;w xyp
 kzg;nghbapid ,bf;fpd;w kfsphpd; Rit kpFe;j ,ir
 ngz;fs; Fk;kp mbj;J ghLk; $l;Lg;ghly;
 Mlth; jk; tha;fshYk;. iffshYk; Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz Kjyhd ,irf;fUtpfs; vOg;Gfpd;w
,irg;ghl;L Mfpatw;iw ehl;bdpYk; fhl;bdpYk; ed;nwhypf;Fk; ghly;fs; vdg; ghujpahh;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

24. J}J ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,yf;fzk; vOJf.

 jiytd; xUtd;ghy; fhjy; nfhz;l jiytp xUj;jp jd; fhjiyj; jiytDf;F ciuj;J>
mtd; khiyiag; ngw;W tUkhW J}J mDg;Gtjhfg; ghlg;gLtJ J}J vd;Dk;
,yf;fpakhFk;.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

 J}J jkpopy; toq;Fk; 96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W.

 nja;tj;jplk; khdplg;ngz; fhjy;nfhz;L J}J tpLg;gjhfTk;>
 nja;tj;NjhL xg;g kjpf;fj;jf;f khdpld;ghy; khdplg;ngz; J}JtpLg;gjhfTk; ,Utifaha;
J}J mikAk;.
 J}JE}y; ghLk; Mrphpah; jk;ikNa jiytpaha;g; ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;L ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd;
gz;G eyq;fisAk; ngUikfisAk; gythW Gfo;e;J ghLtJ kughFk;.

25. mofh; jk; rpwg;Gfshf mofh; fps;is tpLJ}J $Wtd ahit?

 eurpk;k mtjhukhf J}zpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wp ,uzpaid mopj;jth;.
 fhf;Fk; njhopiy nra;j jpUkhy; G+kp KOtijAk; cz;lth;.
 ntz;nzAld;> G+jfp vd;w muf;fp je;j ghYk; Nghjhky; gpd;Dk; grpj;Jg; gpuk;kidg; ngw;wth;.
 vq;Fk; epiwe;J epd;wth;.
 cuYld; fl;lg;gl;lNghJ mjid ,Oj;Jr;nrd;W kUjkuq;fisr; rha;j;jth;.
 ,t;thW gps;isj;jd;ik ePq;fhj ,ay;Gilath;.
 ngz;fs; klNyw mofpa Gaq;fis nfhz;lth;.
 rhgj;jhy; fy;yha; ,Ue;j mfypifia kPz;Lk; cUg;ngwr; nra;j rpwe;j ghjq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;.
 ghk;G gLf;ifiaj; jiyapy; Rke;jth;.
 thdth;f;F mkpo;jk; file;j mofpa iffisf; nfhz;lth;.
 rPijAld; td;fhdfk; nrd;wth;.
 Ntld; mk;gpdhy; ,t;TyfpypUe;J tpLjiyg; ngw;wth;.
 vd; fhjy; flypy; %o;fpapUg;gth;. ghw;flypy; kpje;jpUg;gth;.
 xt;nthUth; cs;sj;jpYk; ,Ug;gth;. cyfj;jpw;F mg;ghYk; ,Ug;gth;.
 ahh; fz;Zf;Fk; Gyg;glhjth;. mUfpy; ,Ue;Jk; mfg;glhjth;.
 khad; vd;Dk; ngaUf;Nfw;g kiwe;jpUg;gth;.
 fz;zd; vd;Dk; ngaUf;Nfw;g vy;yhg;nghUl;fisAk; tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lgth;.

26. mkzh; vd;W $wpg;gpioj;jhhpd; nray;ahJ?

 Nrhog;gilf;F mQ;rpa fypq;f tPuh;fs; gyh; jg;gpg; gpiof;f Gjh;fspy; GFe;J Xbdh;.
 mg;NghJ mth;fsJ jiykapUk;> cLj;jp ,Ue;j MilAk; Kl;Gjhpy; rpf;fpg; gwpf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,t;thW gwpf;fg;gl;l KbAk; Nghf>
 kPjKs;s KbfisAk; jhq;fNs gwpj;Jf;nfhz;L ehq;fs;> ‘mkzh;’ vd;W ngha;f;$wpj; jg;gpg;
gpioj;jdh;.

27. ghzh; vd;W $wpg; gpioj;jhhpd; nray; ahJ?

 Nrhog;gilf;F mQ;rpa fypq;f tPuh;fs; gyh; ahidfspd; fOj;jpy; fple;j kzpfis vLj;Jf;
ifapy; Ve;jpf;nfhz;ldh;.
 ehq;fs; njYq;F ghzh;fs; vd;W nrhy;yp kzpfisj; jhsj;Jld; xypj;jdh;.
 NkYk;> Nridfs; kbe;J fplf;Fk; ,g;Nghh;f;fsj;jpidf; fz;L jpifg;Gw;W epw;fpNwhk;.
 ehq;fs; cq;fs; mbfspy; thOk; ghzh;fs; vd;W $wp Nrhoh;fspd; fhypy; tpOe;J tzq;fp
caph; jg;gpdh;.

28. fypq;f ehl;by; jg;gpg; gpioj;jd ahit?

 Nrhog;giltPuh;fSf;F mQ;rpj; jg;gpf;Fk;NghJ jiyKbAk;> mzpe;j MilAk; ,oe;j fypq;f
tPuh;fs; ‘mkzh;’ vd;W ngha;f;$wpj; jg;gpdh;.
 tpy;ypd; ehzpidg; G+Z}y; Mf;fp ‘me;jzh;’ vd;W ngha;f;$wpj; jg;gpdh;> njYq;F ghzh;
vd;Wk; ngha;f;$wpj; jg;gpdh;.
 NkYk;> mth;fs; jtpu kw;w tPuh;fs; midtUNk NrhotPuh;fshy; mopf;fg;gl;ldh;.
 vdNt VO gphptpid cila me;ehl;bd;fz; Xtpah; vOjp itj;Js;s clk;GfNs jg;gpg;
gpioj;jd.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

29. MLf nrq;fPiu vd;W FkuFUguh; Ntz;LkhW ahq;qdk;?

 tpuy;fshy; Ritf;fg;gl;l nky;ypjo; twz;L tplhky; ,Uf;f nrq;fPiu Mb mUs;f!
 tpk;kpAk;> nghUkpAk; cd; nkd;ikahd Fuy; Fd;whky; nrq;fPiu Mb mUs;f!
 fiue;J tUk; fz;ikNahL fz;fs; rpte;J tplhky; nrq;fPiu Mb mUs;f!
 ikiaf;fiuj;JtUk; fyq;fy; fz;zPh; mUtp tope;J fUj;j cUtkha; fhl;lhjthW nrq;fPiu
Mb mUs;f!
 kzpfs; gjpj;j rpWnjhl;biy cijj;J cd; mofpa jpUtbfs; typAwhky; nrq;fPiu Mb
mUs;f!
 xU fhiy Cd;wp vOe;J ,U iffis xU Nru epyj;jpd; kPJ gjpj;J> jiyepkph;e;J Kfk;
mira mire;J> ,dpikaha; nrq;fPiu Mb mUs;f!
 goikahd itj;jPRtud; Nfhapy; vd;Dk; Chpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpNa nrq;fPiu
Mb mUs;f!

30. Fwj;jp Vjd; kiyiag; gw;wp ciug;gd ahit?

mk;ikNa!
 ehq;fs; tho;tjw;F Kjd;Kjypy; ,Ug;gplkha; mike;j kiy Vjd; vd;Dk; kiyahFk;.
 Mz;ltd; vq;fisg; gilj;jJ me;j kiyapy;jhd;.
mk;ikNa!
 ePjp vd;w ehy;tuj;ijj; vq;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jNjhL moptw;w tho;T mike;jJk; mk;kiyapy;
jhd;.
 rhj;jhd; ngha;jidNa $wp vq;fs; mwpitf; nfLj;jJk; mk;kiyapy; jhd;.
 mij mwpe;J ,iwtd; vq;fisr; rhgkpl;lJk; mk;kiyapy;jhd;.
 vq;fs; jd;ik NtWgl;L ehq;fs; mk;kiyia tpl;L te;j gpd;G vq;fSf;Fg; ngj;jNyfNk
nghpa kiyaha; mike;jJ.

31. Vjd; kiyiag;gw;wp ePtph; mwptd ahit?

 cyifg;gilj;j ,iwtd; G+kpapy; kdpjidg;gilj;J> caphf;;fhw;iw mspf;f kdpjd; caph;
ngw;wtd; Mdhd;.
 jhd; gilj;j midj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jk; tpguq;fis khe;jh;fSf;F ,iwtd; toq;fpdhh;.
 VNjd; Njhl;lj;ij cUthf;fp> mq;F ,Ue;j kuj;jpd; fdpia cz;z Ntz;lhk; vd ,iwtd;
tpjpj;jpUe;jhh;.
 mf;fdpia cz;lhy; eP nja;tkhtha; vd rhj;jhd; VthisAk; MjhikAk; cz;z itj;jJ.
 ,iwtd; nrhy;iy kPwpajhy; mth;fs; ,iwtdhy; rgpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
 Mifahy; khe;jh; jk; ghtj;jhy; VNjd; Njhl;lj;ijAk; kiyiaAk; ,oe;jdh;.

32. jkpo;ehl;lhh; vj;jifa fPh;j;jpiag; ngw Ntz;Lk; vdf; ftpQh; fdT fhz;fpwhh;?
 midtUk; fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 fiy mwpthYk;> tPuj;jhYk;> md;ghYk; kiy Nghd;w cah;e;j Gfiog; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 ,j;jifa cah;itg; ngw;W> jkpoh; ahtUk; ,d;gk; mile;jhh; vd kw;wth;fs; nrhy;ypg;Gfo>
mijf;Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jkpo;ehl;lhh; mila Ntz;ba Gfo;Fwpj;J ghujpjhrd; fdT
fhz;fpwhh;.

33. ftpQhpd; nrtpapy; te;J gha Ntz;ba nra;jp ahJ?

ek; ,dpikj;jkpo;j;jhapd; ftpijfisg; gpwehl;lhh; Mapuk; nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;j;jpl Mty;
nfhs;fpd;wdh; vd;w nra;jp> NjdhW Nghy njhlh;e;J te;J vd; nrtpapy; gha Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;
ftpQh;.

34. itak; fyq;FkhW jkpoh; nra;aj;jf;fJ ahJ?

 nts;sk; Nghd;w jkpoh; $l;lk;> mJ ngU tPuk; epiwe;j $l;lk;.
 clyhy; gyh;> cs;sj;jhy; xUtNu.
 mt;tsT xw;Wik cilath;fs; jkpoh;fs;
 mth;fis ea tQ;rfj;jhy; gphpj;jpl ,ayhJ vd ,t;itak; fyq;FkhW xw;Wikaha;
tho;tNj jkpoh; nra;aj;jf;fjhFk;.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

35. MltUk; kfspUk; rkhdj;jh; Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpidf; ftpQh; vq;qdk; $wpAs;shh;?
 fz;fSk; mtw;wpd; xspNghy> kyUk; mtw;wpd; kzKk; Nghy> Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; md;ghy;
xUtiutpl;L xUth; gphpahky; rkkhdth;fsha; tho;fpd;wdh; vd;w nra;jp vd; fhjpy; xypf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ftpQh; tpUk;Gfpwhh;.

36. G+f;fl;Lk; GJik vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mike;Js;s ftpij mofpid tpthp.

 G+f;fpd;w G+f;fnsy;yhk; G+f;fs; my;y> cyfpy; Njhd;Wk; GJikfs; vy;yhk; GJik my;y.
 kdk; gug;Gk; G+f;fisj; jhd; kf;fs; G+f;fs; vd;gh;.
 kf;fSf;F ed;ik> ghJfhg;G toq;fpLk; GJikiaj;jhd; mth;fs; GJik vdg;Nghw;Wth;.
 fhfpjg;G+ Nghd;w kzkpy;yhj GJikf;F mbikahf Ntz;lhk;.
 ,j;jifa GJikia tpyf;FtNj mwpTilik.
 R+hpad; tUifahy; jhkiu kyUk;> epyT tUtjhy; my;yp kyUk;.
 kio tuthy; gaph; nropf;Fk;.
 cz;ik NgRk; jpUf;Fwshy; cyfk; rphpf;Fk;.
 J}atuhk; jpUts;Sth; topepd;W nghJTilikr; rKjhak; fhz Kad;why; cyfk; tpUk;Gk;
GJik G+f;Fk;.
 ,t;thW GJik> GJik my;yhjtw;iwAk;> fhyk; ntd;w GJikiaAk; ctikfs; thapyhf
Kbaurd; $WtJ ftpijf;F mo$l;LfpwJ.

37. jis vd;Dk; ghly;%yk; ftpQh; czh;j;j tpUk;Gk; fUj;Jfs; ahit?

 Nrhisf;nfhy;iyapNy jl;ilapd; jiyg;gFjp NjhWk; Kj;Jfs; Kjph;e;J tsh;e;Js;sd.
 taypd; fjph;fs; jiyrhAk; tz;zk; jhs;NjhWk; ney;kzpfs; epiwe;jpUf;fpd;wd.
 ‘nfhO nfhO’ ntd;W nfhOf;fl;ilg;Gy; Njhl;lj;jpNy tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ.
 gaph;fnsy;yhk; ed;F nropj;J tsh;e;j gpwF mtw;iwnay;yhk; mDgtpf;f ,ayhjthW fhis
fl;lg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
 MiyfspYk;> tay;ntspfspYk; cw;gj;jp ngUf Vio ciog;ghsp my;Yk; gfYk; jd;
ciog;ig mspf;fpwhd;.
 mg;nghUs;fisNah mtw;iw tpw;Wg; ngwg;gLk; nry;tj;ijNah ngWgth;fs; mt;Tiog;gpy;
rpwpJk; gq;Fngwhj cilikahsh;fs;.
 ciog;ig ey;fp nghUis cUthf;fpa Vio ciog;ghspfNsh cilikaw;wtd; vd;Dk;
jisahy; jLf;fg;gl;L Vf;fk; epuk;gpa ghh;itNahL tho;fpd;wdh;.

38. jz;zPh; tq;fpfs; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; e.fUzhepjp ciug;gd ahit?

 epyj;jb ePiunay;yhk; ,ae;jpuk; nfhz;L ,iwj;J ntspNa nfhz;L te;J gad;gLj;jp
tpl;Nlhk;.
 Ntshz;ikj;Jiwapy; gRikg;Gul;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Njitf;F mjpfkhfNt jhdpaq;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;Jtpl;Nlhk;.
 ,jdhy; epyj;jb ePh; twz;L Fbg;gjw;Ff; $l ePiuf; fhR nfhLj;J thq;FfpNwhk;.
 ehk; tq;fpapy; Nrkpj;j gzj;ij Njit Vw;gLk; NghJ nrytopg;gijg;Nghy jz;zPh;
tq;fpfSk; Ntz;Lk;.
 thdj;jpypUe;J kioePiur; Nrfhpf;f tPl;ilr;Rw;wp kz;jiufs; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,jd; %yk; vjph;fhy khdplr;re;jjpiaf; fhg;Nghk; vdf;$Wfpwhh;.

39. mg;gh; ngUkpjKk;> jd;ddk;gpf;ifAk; nghjpag; ghba ghly; fUj;ij tpsf;Ff.

rkz rkaj;jpypUe;J kPz;Lk; irt rkaj;jpw;F khwpajhy;> mg;giuj; jz;bf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL
kd;dd; jd; gzpahsh;fis Vtpdhd;. mg;NghJ mg;gh;>
ehk; Mh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk;:
 vy;yh caph;fSf;Fk; jiytdhd rptDf;Nf ehk; mbikaha; cs;Nshk;.
 mtd; jpUtbfisNa milf;fykha;f; nfhz;L tpl;Nlhk;.
 MfNt ,t;Tyfpy; vtUf;Fk; ahk; gzpNahk;.
ekid mQ;Nrhk;:
 fhyidf; fhyhy; cijj;jth; rptd;.
 MfNt ehd; cq;fs; kd;dDf;F kl;Lky;y> vkDf;Fk; mQ;Nrhk;.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

eufj;jpy; ,lh;g;gNlhk;:
 ,Utpidfis Rl;nlhpf;Fk; rptngUkhdpd; ghjkyh;fisg; gw;wpa ahk; eufk; Fwpj;J mr;rk;
nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iy.
eliy ,y;Nyhk;:
 ,t;thW ahk; $Wtijg; ngha; vdf;$w Ntz;lhk;.
 mr;rk; cilatNu ngha;f;$Wk; mtrpak; cilath;.
 nka;ahd xd;iw Nktpa ahk; ngha;Ak; ,y;yhjth; MNthk;.
gzpNthk; my;Nyhk;:
 VNjDk; xd;iw Ntz;bg; ngWk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; md;Nwh> xUtiug; gzpa Ntz;b NehpLk;.
 vy;yhr;nry;tq;fisAk; toq;ff;$ba rptngUkhidg; gw;wp tpl;Nlhk;. Mjyhy; mtiuj;jtpu
ahiuAk; gzpNthk; my;Nyhk;.
 MfNt tpUg;G ntWg;gw;w ,d;gJd;gq;fsw;w gpzp%g;gw;w rptngUkhd; jpUtbfisg; gw;wp
vkf;F ,dp mopahj> “,d;gNk ve;ehSk;> Jd;gkpy;iy ve;ehSk;” vd;whh;.
40. rpYitkpir fz;l ,iwtdJ gz;gha; vr;.V.fpU\;zgps;is $Wtd ahit?
 Njth;fSf;nfy;yhk; Njtdha; ,Ug;gth; ,NaR.
 mth; KbNt ,y;yhj ,iwth;.
 goikahd jpUkiwf;$Wk; nghUsha; ,Ug;gth;.
 rpwe;j gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lth;.
 xU gaDk; vjph;ghuhky; cjTgth;.
 cyfpy; cs;s kf;fs; Jd;gj;jhy; mope;J tplhjgb fhf;f>
 kdpj tbtk; nfhz;L tplhg;gpbaha; Kd;dpd;W elj;jpf; fhl;Lgth;.

41. tPuNrhopa Nkw;Nfhs; Gj;j ngUkhid topgLk; moif tpthp.

 Nghjp kuj;jpd; jpUepoypy; vy;yh cz;ikfisAk; czh;e;j Gj;j khKdptNd!
 flyhy; R+og;gl;l ,t;Tyfpy; kf;fs; ahtUk; njhoj;jf;f tifapy; kdk; xUikg;gl;L
tho;thuhf!
 ey;tpid> jPtpid vd ,Ugpzpfs; mfy tho;thuhf!
 fhkk;> ntFsp> kaf;fkhfpa Kg;gif ntd;W tho;thuhf!
 mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpa ehy;tifg; nghUs;fis czh;e;J>
 ePq;fhj ,d;gj;NjhL neLq;fhyk; tho;thuhf vd;W cd;id tzq;FNthk;.

mzpiar; Rl;b tpsf;Ff:

1. Edpf;nfhk;gh; Vwpdhh; m/jpwe;J Cf;fpd;

caph;f; fpWjpahfp tpLk;.
mzp : gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp
mzp tpsf;fk; : ctikiaf; $wp> ctNkaj;ijg; ngw itg;gJ gpwpJnkhopjyzp MFk;.
nghUj;jk; : nfhk;gpd; Edptiu Vwpath;> mjNdhL epy;yhky; NkYk; Vw Kad;why; mk;Kaw;rp mth;
capUf;F mopitj; jUk;. Mifahy; gifNky; nrd;w murd; jd; typikahy; nry;Yk; msT
fle;Jk; mjNdhL ,y;yhky; nrUf;fhy; NkYk; Kad;why; mk;Kaw;rp mopitj;jUk;. ,t;thW
ctikiaf; $wp ctNkaj;ijg; ngw itj;jjhy; gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp Mapw;W.

2. gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;

rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;
mzp: gpwpJ nkhopjyzp
mzp tpsf;fk;: ctikiaf; $wp> ctNkaj;ijg; ngw itg;gJ gpwpJnkhopjyzp MFk;.
nghUj;jk;: nky;ypa kapypwF jhNd vd;W msTf;fjpfkhf tz;bapy; Vw;wpdhy; tz;bapd; mr;R
KwpAk;. Mifahy; xUtd; typaNd MapDk; vspah; vd;W gifNky; nry;tuhapd; mth;fs; gyh;
$bdhy; typik mope;J nfl NeUk;. ,t;thW ctikiaf;$wp ctNkaj;ijg; ngwitg;gJ gpwpJ
nkhopjy; mzp Mapw;W

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3. gfy;nty;Yk; $ifiaf; fhf;if ,fy;nty;Yk;

Nte;jh;f;F Ntz;Lk; nghOJ.
mzp: vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp.
mzp tpsf;fk; : ctik xU thf;fpakhfTk;> ctNkak; xUthf;fpakhfTk; mike;J> Nghy Nghd;w
ctk cUGfs; kiwe;J tUtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp MFk;.
ctik : gfy;nty;Yk; $ifiaf; fhf;if
ctNkak; : ,fy;nty;Yk; Nte;jh;f;F Ntz;Lk; nghOJ.
ctk cUG : (kiwe;J tUtJ) Nghy
tpsf;fk; : gfw;nghOjpy; jd;id tpl typa Nfhl;lhid fhfk; ntd;WtpLk;. mJNghy
jd;idf;fhl;bYk; typa giftiuf; fhykwpe;J Nghhpl;lhy; nty;yyhk;.

4. Ntw;Wikazpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp tpsf;fk;: ,U nghUs;fSf;F xg;Gik $wp gpd;dh; NtWgLj;jp> xd;iw tpl xd;W cah;e;jjha;
$WtJ Ntw;Wikazp.
(v.L) jPapdhw; Rl;lGz; cs;shWk;; MwhNj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL.
tpsf;fk;: jPapdhy; RLjYk; ehtpdhy; RLjYk; xg;Gik Njhd;wf; $wg;gl;ld. jPahy; Rl;lg;Gz;
MWk;. ehtpdhy; Rl;lJ MwhJ vd NtWgLj;jpf; $wg;gl;likahy; Ntw;Wikazpf;Fg; nghUj;jk;
Mapw;W.

5. nfhf;nfhf;f $k;Gk; gUtj;J kw;wjd;

Fj;njhf;f rPh;j;j ,lj;J.
mzp : njhopy; ctikazp.
mzp tpsf;fk;: ctik xU thf;fpakhfTk;> ctNkak; kw;nwhU thf;fpakhfTk; mike;J Nghy
vd;W ctk cUG ngw;W tUtJ ctikazpahFk;. nfhj;Jfpd;w njhopiyf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,J
njhopy; ctikazp Mapw;W.
ghly; nghUs;: jdf;Fhpa ,iuahfpa nghpa kPid vjph;ghh;j;J mikjpaha; fhj;jpUe;J> mk;kd
P ;
te;jTld; jtwhky; Fj;jp vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nfhf;F. mJNghy xU nraiyr; nra;tjw;F Vw;w
fhyk; tha;f;fhj NghJ mikjpaha; ,Ue;J fhyk; tha;j;jJk; mr;nraiyj; jtwhky; nra;J
Kbj;jy;.
6. ghlhz; jpiziar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
ghlhz; jpiz:
 ghlhz;jpiz = ghL + Mz; + jpiz ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfs;
 xU kd;ddJ Gfo;> typik> ts;sd;ik> mUs; Kjyhdtw;iw Ma;e;J $WtJ ghlhz;
jpizahFk;.
 ghlg;gLfpd;w Mz;kfdJ xOfyhw;iwf; $WtJ ,j;jpizapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
rhd;W: “tiuah kugpd; khhp Nghyf;
flhm ahidf; fow;fhy; Ngfd;
nfhilklk; gLj yy;yJ
gilklk; glhd;gpwh; gilkaf; FwpNd”
rhd;W tpsf;fk;:
 kioahdJ tw;wpa Fsj;jpYk;> tpisepyj;jpYk; nga;Ak;.
 mt;thwpd;wp fsh;epyj;jpYk; nga;Ak; ,ay;GilaJ.
 mJNghy Ngfd; ,utyh;f;Ff; nfhLg;gjpy; mwpahik cs;stdha; ,Ug;ghd;.
 gpwh; gilnfhz;L Nghhpl;lhy; Nghh;newpf;Fr; rpwpJk; khwhky; mth;fNshL Nghhpl;L ntw;wp
ngWthd;.

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

Gzh;r;rp tpjp

1. “cly; Nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng” vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.

1. nghUsidj;Jk; = nghUs; + midj;Jk;
2. cWkplk; = cWk; + ,lk;
3. jhshw;wp = jhs; + Mw;wp
4. NtNyW = Nty; + VW
5. Njdpdk; = Njd; + ,dk;
6. cUNkW = cUk; + VW
7. GfOlk;G = Gfo; + clk;G
8. ,tnuy;yhk; = ,th; + vy;yhk;
9. ePNuhir = ePh; + Xir
10. rpj;jnuy;yhk; = rpj;jh; + vy;yhk;
11. <dKs;s = <dk; + cs;s
12. ePUw;W = ePh; + Cw;W
13. Jd;gkpy;iy = Jd;gk; + ,y;iy
14. ,ldw = ,ld; + mw

2. <WNghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ

1. nrk;kyh; = nrk;ik + kyh;
2. mUkiw = mUik + kiw
3. nkd;fhdfk; = nkd;ik + fhdfk;
4. ntz;Fio = ntz;ik + Fio
5. KJRUjp = KJik + RUjp
6. nrk;nghd; = nrk;ik + nghd;

3. <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.

1. goe;jkpo; = goik + jkpo;
2. gRk; nghd; = gRik + nghd;
3. nrOk;Gfo; = nrOik + Gfo;
4. ngUq;fly; = ngUik + fly;
5. mUe;jtq;fs; = mUik + jtq;fs;
6. ngUe;jkpo; = ngUik + jkpo;
7. nfhLq;fz; = nfhLik + fz;

4. “G+g;ngah; Kd; ,dnkd;ikAe; Njhd;Wk;” vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.

1. g+q;nfhb = G+ + nfhb
2. G+e;njhil = G+ + njhil

5. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; > cly; Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng vd;Dk;
tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.
1. vk;Kaph; = vk; + caph;
2. gz;nzhd;W = gz; + xd;W
3. Gz;nzz;zp = Gz; + vz;zp

6. “,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk;”; vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.

1. gyhg;gok; = gyh + gok;
2. Edpf;nfhk;gh; = Edp + nfhk;gh;

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3. jPr;nrhy; = jP + nrhy;
4. rpiyj;njhopy; = rpiy + njhopy;
5. Jisg;gy; = Jis + gy;
6. tisf;fuq;fs; = tis + fuq;fs;
7. Mlg;Nghe;J = Ml + Nghe;J
8. ifj;jpwk; = if + jpwk;
9. nkhopf;Fws; = nkhop + Fws;
10. nkhopg;nghUis = nkhop + nghUis

7. “caph;thpd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;NlhLk; ” “cly; Nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng” vd;Dk;
tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.
1. fUj;jjDs; = fUj;J + mjDs;
2. mr;rpWk; = mr;R + ,Wk;
3. Ie;jlf;fy; = Ie;J + mlf;fy;
4. nfhf;nfhf;f = nfhf;F + xf;f
5. MfhW = MF + MW
6. mkpo;Jwo; = mkpo;J + cwo;
7. khrw = khR + mw
8. mth;f;Faph; = mth;f;F + caph;
9. ahh;f;fJ = ahh;f;F + mJ
10. KuriwANk = KuR +miwANk
11. $l;lKJk; = $l;L + mKJk;
12. ed;nwhypf;Fk; = ed;W + xypf;Fk;
13 cz;lUsp = cz;L + mUsp
14. mKJ}wpa = mKJ + Cwpa
15. cyfidj;Jk; = cyF + midj;Jk;

8. “ys Ntw;Wikapw; wlTk;” vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.

1. fow;fhy; = foy; + fhy;
2. fl;Flk; = fy; + Flk;
3. nghUl;gad; = nghUs; + gad;
4. thl;Gz; = ths; + Gz;

9. “Kw;Wk; mw;W xNuh top”> “cly; Nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng” vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.
1. fjtilg;G = fjT + milg;G
2. nrytah;e;jprpd; = nryT + mah;e;jprpd;
3. nrwptwpe;J = nrwpT + mwpe;J

10. “kt;tPW xw;wope;J caphPW xg;gTk;”, “,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg kpFk;” vd;Dk;
tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.
1. mfyj;njhl;b = mfyk; + njhl;b
2. Nrhsf;nfhy;iy = Nrhsk; + nfhy;iy
3. fhfpjg;G+ = fhfpjk; + G+
4. epyj;jiyth; = epyk; + jiyth;
5. epyf;fhg;G = epyk; + fhg;G
6. fhdg;gwit = fhdk; + gwit
7. tyj;jhs; = tyk; + jhs;

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11- jkpo; jhs; 1 3 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

11. “,<I top at;Tk; Vid caph;top tt;Tk;> VKd; ,t;tpUikAk; caph;thpd; clk;gL
nka;nad;whFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb Gzh;e;jJ.”
1. epd;wnthd;Nw = epd;w + xd;Nw
2. ehitairj;j = ehit + mirj;j
3. typawpahh; = typ + mwpahh;
4. jPnahpe;J = jP + vhpe;J
5. NraOF = Nr + moF
6. mUtpnahyp =mUtp + xyp
7. NridaUe;jp = Nrid + mUe;jp
8. RitAz;L = Rit + cz;L
9. fPh;j;jpnaa;jp = fPh;j;jp + va;jp
10. gpzpawpNahk; = gpzp + mwpNahk;

jahupg;G
jpU. j. nry;Nte;jpud; KJfiy gl;ljhup Mrpupau;
muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> %thD}u;> jpUr;rp

jahupg;gpy; cjtp
jpUkjp. eh. Njtpfh RNu\; MA., B.Ed., P.G.D.C.A.,
ntw;wpf;F top Mrpupau; FO

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