CE 413

Introduction to Steel Concrete

Composite Structures
Lecture 02

Professor Dr. Mahbuba Begum

Department of Civil Engineering

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, BUET
 LECTURE OUTLINE

 Advantages of Composite Columns

 Types of Composite Columns
 Behaviour of Fully Encased Composite Columns
 AISC Design Provisions
 Axial Compressive Strength
 Axial Tensile Strength
 Assignment #1 (submission due next class)

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 ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS
 Increased strength for a given cross sectional dimensions.
 Increased stiffness, leading to reduced slenderness and increased
buckling resistance.
 Increased ductility and load retention even after extensive
concrete damage.
 Good fire resistance
 Better Corrosion protection
 Significant economic advantages over either structural steel or RCC
alternatives.
 Simple construction and architectural detailing.
 Erection of high rise building in an extremely efficient manner.
 Requirement of less formwork for concrete.
 Additional toughness which makes it excellent choice for blast loading
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 ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS

Po = 0.85 Ac f c′ + Asr F yr+ As F y

Asr
Ac As

Reinforced
Steel Concrete Concrete
CompositeSection
Section Steel Section

Dr. Mahbuba Begum

ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS

size
Composite Section
RC Section reduction
with normal strength
upto 30%
materials

Composite Section
upto 50% with high strength or
size reduction ultra high strength
materials

Dr. Mahbuba Begum

COMPOSITE
Design of Axially
COLUMNS
Loaded Composite Members

Fully encased composite Partially Encased Composite

(FEC) Columns (PEC) Columns

Concrete Filled Tubes / Hollow Structural Sections

CFT / HSS
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 FULLY ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
(FEC/SRC)
FEC column is a column composed of a steel shape core encased in
concrete with additional longitudinal reinforcing steel and lateral ties.

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FULLY ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
(FEC/SRC)

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FULLY ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
(FEC/SRC)

 Concrete provides stiffening,

strengthening, fire and corrosion
protection
 Steel carries construction load
 Might use when exposed concrete
finish is desired
 Might use for transitions (concrete
to steel columns)

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 FULLY ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
(FEC/SRC)

 Flexural Stiffness governed by

concrete encasement
 Encasement prevents buckling of
steel bars and steel shape
 Concrete outside ties cracks and
spalls, followed by rest of
encasement
 After spalling, post-yielding buckling Ref: Chen et.al, 2014
Journal of Structural Engg.,
of steel, overall failure ASCE, March 2014

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AISC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR COMPOSITE MEMBERS
c

Material Limitations
 Concrete
Normal wt. concrete Light wt. concrete
21 MPa ≤ fc' ≤ 70 MPa 21 MPa ≤ fc' ≤ 42 MPa
 Structural Steel and Rebars
fy ≤ 525 MPa

 Higher material strengths are permitted when their

use is justified by testing or analysis.
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AISC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR COMPOSITE MEMBERS

 Design of composite sections requires consideration

of both steel and concrete behaviour.
 The design, detailing and material properties related
to the concrete and reinforcing steel portions shall
comply with the reinforced concrete and reinforcing
bar design specifications.

Resistance Prior to Composite Action

 The factored resistance of the steel member prior to
the attainment of composite action shall be
determined in accordance with Steel Design Manual.

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AISC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR COMPOSITE MEMBERS

Nominal Strength of Composite Sections

Plastic Stress Distribution Method

 Nominal strength for steel is Fy in either tension or compression
 Concrete components in compression reached a stress of 0.85 f ́c
 For round HSS filled with concrete, a stress of 0.95 f ́c permitted

Strain-Compatibility Method
 A linear distribution of strains across the section shall be assumed,
with the maximum concrete compressive strain = 0.003 mm/mm
 The stress-strain relationships for steel and concrete shall be
obtained from tests or from published results for similar materials.

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AISC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR COMPOSITE MEMBERS
Limitations for Encased Composite Columns

1) Cross-sectional area of steel must be

at least 1% of total cross-section

2) Concrete encasement must be reinforced with

continuous longitudinal bars and lateral ties/spirals
– Transverse reinforcement ≥ 0.009 in2/in
3) Reinforcement ratio must be at least 0.004

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AISC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR FEC COLUMNS

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 AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FEC COLUMNS
Cross section strength Po is the sum of axial load
capacities of the materials that make up the cross
section.
Po = As Fy + Asr Fyr + 0.85 Ac f c′
– P0 = nominal elastic compressive strength without length effects
– As = area of steel section
– Asr = area of continuous reinforcing bars
– Ac = area of concrete
− Fy = yield strength of steel section
− Fyr = yield strength of reinforcement
– f’c = concrete compressive strength

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 AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FEC COLUMNS

Elastic buckling strength

π EIeff
2

Pe =
(KL) 2

EIeff = effective rigidity of composite section

K = effective length factor
L = laterally unbraced length of the member (in)

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 AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FEC COLUMNS

Effective rigidity

EIeff = E sIs + 0.5E sIsr + C1 E c Ic

Es = modulus of steel
Ec = modulus of concrete
Is = moment of inertia steel section
Isr = moment of inertia reinforcement
Ic = moment of inertia concrete
 As 
C1 = 0.1+ 2   ≤ 0.3
 Ac + As 
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 AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FEC COLUMNS
Nominal compressive strength
Po
If  ≤ 2.25   Po


 
Pe
Pn = Po 0.658  Pe  
 
Po  
Else > 2.25
Pe
Pn = 0.877 Pe

The design compressive strength = φc Pn φc = 0.75 (LRFD)

allowable compressive strength = Pn /Ωc Ωc = 2.00 (ASD)

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 AXIAL TENSILE STRENGTH
FEC COLUMNS
Tensile Strength
Required in situations where uplift is a concern and for
computations related to beam-column interaction.

The design tensile strength, φt Pn , and allowable tensile strength,

Pn /Ωt , for filled composite columns shall be determined for the
limit state of yielding as:

Pn = As Fy + Asr Fyr

φt = 0.90 (LRFD) Ωt = 1.67 (ASD)

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 QUESTIONS

THANK YOU

AND

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 The plastic stress approach for compression members assumes
that no slip has occurred between the steel and concrete portions
and that the required width-to thickness ratios prevent local
buckling from occurring until some yielding and concrete
crushing have taken place. Tests and analyses have shown that
these are reasonable assumptions for both concrete-encased steel
sections with steel anchors and for HSS sections that comply with
these provisions (Ziemian, 2010; Hajjar, 2000; Shanmugam and
Lakshmi, 2001; Varma et al. 2002; Leon et al., 2007). For round
HSS, these provisions allow for the increase of the usable
concrete stress to 0.95fc′ for calculating both axial compressive
and flexural strengths to account for the beneficial effects of the
restraining hoop action arising from transverse confinement (Leon
et al., 2007).
Based
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 The principles used to calculate cross-sectional strength
in Section I1.2a may not be
applicable to all design situations or possible cross
sections. As an alternative,
Section I1.2b permits the use of a generalized strain-
compatibility approach that
allows the use of any reasonable strain-stress model for
the steel and concrete.

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ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS

 Increased strength for a given cross sectional

dimensions.
 Increased stiffness, leading to reduced
slenderness and increased buckling resistance.
 Good fire resistance
 Corrosion protection in encased columns.
 Significant economic advantages over either
structural steel or reinforced concrete
alternatives.
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ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS

 Identical cross sections with different load and

moment resistances can be produced by varying steel
thickness, the concrete strength or reinforcement. This
allows the outer dimensions of a column to be held
constant over a number of floors in a building, thus
simplifying the construction and architectural
detailing.
 Erection of high rise building in an extremely
efficient manner.
 Formwork is not required for concrete filled tubular
sections.
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When a column is under axial compression, concrete spalls and
fails when longitudinal strain reaches about 0.18 to 0.20%. Cross
section strength Po is the sum of axial load capacities of the
materials that make up the cross section. Thus, for steel that yields
at strains no greater than 0.2%,

where As = the area of structural shape in the cross section

Ar = the area of longitudinal reinforcement in the cross section
Ac = the concrete in the cross section
Fy = the yield strength of the structural shape steel
Fyr = the yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcement
fc¢ = the strength of concrete from standard cylinder tests
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