20 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

! Virus contain a protein coat called capsid, which is made up ! Viruses which infect plants have ssRNA, while which infect
of capsomeres. Capsomeres are arranged in a helical or animals are either ssDNA/RNA or dsDNA/RNA.
polyhedral geometric form. ! Viruses which infect bacteria are known as bacteriophage.
These are usually dsDNA viruses.
Head ! Viroids, discovered by TO Diener are the smallest known
Sheath Collar agents of infectious disease. These are only naked nucleic
acid without a protein coat.
! Prions are abnormally folded proteins with cause infectious
neurological diseases, e.g. mad cow disease in cattle.
! Lichens are the symbiotic association of algae (phycobiont)
Tail fibres
and fungi (mycobiont). They are also not included in five
Bacteriophage virus kingdom system.

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Introduction and Kingdom–Monera

1 Aristotle classified the plants on the basis of their 5 In the five kingdom classification, Chlamydomonas
morphological characters and categorised them into and Chlorella are included in
(a) trees, shrubs and herbs (a) Plantae (b) Algae
(b) algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and (c) Protista (d) Monera
angiosperms
6. Cyanobacteria are classified under which of the
(c) embryophytes and tracheophytes following kingdom?
(d) algae and embryophytes (a) Protista (b) Monera
2 Who proposed two kingdom system of classification (c) Algae (d) Plantae
and named kingdoms as Plantae and Animalia? 7 Among the following, which one is the most abundant
(a) Carolus Linnaeus (b) RH Whittaker group of microorganisms?
(c) Carl Woese (d) Herbert Copeland (a) Algae (b) Viruses
3 Which of the following characters served as the (c) Protists (d) Bacteria
criteria for five kingdom system of classification 8 Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on
proposed by Whittaker? their shape. Refer to the given figure. Identify A, B , C
(a) Cell structure and D.
(b) Body organisation and mode of nutrition
(c) Reproduction and phylogenetic relationships
Spore
(d) All of the above
A B
4 In five kingdom system of classification of
RH Whittaker, how many kingdoms contain
eukaryotes? Flagellum
(a) Four kingdoms
(b) One kingdom
(c) Two kingdoms
(d) Three kingdoms C D
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 21

(a) A–Vibrio, B–Cocci, C–Bacilli, D–Spirilla 19 …… include blue-green algae, which have
(b) A–Cocci, B–Bacilli, C–Spirilla, D–Vibrio chlorophyll-a similar to green plants.
(c) A–Bacilli, B–Spirilla, C–Vibrio, D–Cocci Complete the given sentence with an appropriate
(d) A–Spirilla, B–Vibrio, C–Cocci, D–Bacilli option.
9 Some bacteria thrive in extreme environmental (a) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
conditions such as the absence of oxygen, high salt (b) Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
concentration, high temperature and acidic pH. (c) Protista
Identify the type of bacteria. (d) Saprophytic
(a) Cyanobacteria (b) Eubacteria
(c) Archaebacteria (d) Mycobacteria 20 Specialised cells called heterocysts are present in
(a) dinoflagellates
10 Which of the following conditions would be favoured (b) chrysophytes
by thermoacidophiles? (c) archaebacteria
(a) Hot and alkaline (b) Snow and acidic (d) cyanobacteria
(c) Hot and sulphur spring (d) Gut of cows
21 Some of the cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric
11 Which of the following are found in extreme saline nitrogen in their specialised cells called
conditions? NEET 2017 (a) akinetes (b) heterocyst
(a) Archaebacteria (b) Eubacteria (c) endospores (d) homocyst
(c) Cyanobacteria (d) Mycobacteria
22 Identify the diagram of heterocyst. JIPMER 2019
12 The primitive prokaryotes responsible for the
production of biogas from the dung of ruminant
animals, include the NEET 2016
(a) thermoacidophiles (b) methanogens (a) (b)
(c) eubacteria (d) halophiles
13 Methanogens belong to NEET 2016
(a) eubacteria (b) archaebacteria
(c) dinoflagellates (d) slime moulds
14 Thermococcus, Methanococcus and (c) (d)
Methanobacterium are
(a) archaebacteria having eukaryotic histone homologue
(b) bacteria with cytoskeleton
(c) archaebacteria with negatively supercoiled DNA as
eukaryotes, but lack histones 23 Given figure is of a filamentous blue-green algae.
(d) bacteria having positively coiled DNA, cytoskeleton, Identify the algae and choose the option that is correct
mitochondria for A, B and C in the figure.
15 Eubacteria include
(a) blue-green algae and bacteria
(b) archaebacteria and blue-green algae B
(c) cyanobacteria and eukaryotes
(d) bacteria and eukaryotes C
16 Pigment containing membranous extensions in some
cyanobacteria are CBSE-AIPMT 2012
(a) heterocysts (b) basal bodies
(c) pneumatophores (d) chromatophores
17 The cyanobacteria are also referred to as
CBSE-AIPMT 2012
(a) protists (b) golden algae A
(c) slime moulds (d) blue-green algae (a) A–Gelidium, B–Vegetative cell, C–Heterocyst
18 In cyanobacteria, which of the following is present? (b) A–Volvox, B–Somatic cell, C–Mucilaginous sheath
(a) Chlorophyll-c (b) Chlorophyll-b (c) A–Chara, B–Mucilaginous sheath, C–Heterocyst
(c) Chlorophyll-a (d) Chlorophyll-c1 (d) A–Nostoc, B–Heterocyst, C–Mucilaginous sheath
22 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

24 Nostoc and Anabaena belong to 27 Which of the following bacteria play an important
(a) parasitic bacteria (b) archaebacteria role in the recycling of nutrients like nitrogen,
(c) cyanobacteria (d) coccibacteria phosphorus, iron and sulphur?
25 Which of the following is photoautotrophic bacteria? (a) Chemoheterotrophic bacteria
(b) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
(a) Nostoc (b) Clostridium
(c) Parasitic bacteria
(c) Salmonella (d) Escherichia coli
(d) Saprophytic bacteria
26 Identify the label A, B, C and D in the following
28 Oxygen is not produced during photosynthesis by
figure.
NEET 2018
A B
(a) Cycas (b) Nostoc
(c) Green sulphur bacteria (d) Chara
C
29 Citrus canker is a
(a) viral disease (b) bacterial disease
(c) fungal disease (d) protozoan disease
30 Which among the following are the smallest living
D cells, known without a definite cell wall, pathogenic
to plants as well as animals and can survive without
(a) A–Plasma membrane, B–Cell wall, C–RNA, D–Spore oxygen? NEET 2017
formation (a) Bacillus (b) Pseudomonas
(b) A–Cell wall, B–Cell membrane, C–DNA, D–Binary (c) Mycoplasma (d) Nostoc
fission
(c) A–Mucilaginous sheath, B–Cell membrane, C–RNA, 31 Mycoplasma are classified under which of the
D–Conjugation following kingdoms?
(d) A–Plasma membrane, B–Mucilaginous sheath, (a) Animalia (b) Protista
C–DNA, D–Transformation (c) Monera (d) Fungi

TOPIC 2~ Kingdom–Protista
32 Which of the following is not a feature of Protista? 37 Diatoms and desmids are found in
(a) Protists are prokaryotic (a) freshwater (b) marine water
(b) Some protists have cell walls (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) terrestrial habitat
(c) Mode of nutrition is both autotrophic and heterotrophic 38 Chrysophytes are
(d) Body organisation is cellular (a) planktons
33 Which of the following kingdoms have no well- (b) nektons
defined boundaries? (c) benthic organisms
(a) Plantae (b) Protista (d) active organisms
(c) Monera (d) Algae 39 Silica gel is obtained by
34 Members of Protista are primarily (a) red algae
(a) terrestrial (b) aquatic (b) diatoms
(c) pathogenic (d) photosynthetic (c) Euglena
(d) mycoplasma
35 Chrysophytes, euglenoids, dinoflagellates and slime
moulds are included in the kingdom NEET 2016
40 In which of the following organisms the cell wall is
(a) Protista (b) Fungi composed of two thin overlapping shells, which fit
(c) Animalia (d) Monera together like a soap-case?
(a) Diatoms (b) Golden algae
36 Which of the following groups of organisms is/are (c) Slime moulds (d) Gonyaulax
placed under the group–Chrysophyta?
41 Diatomaceous earth is used for all except
(a) Diatoms only
(a) filtration of oils
(b) Desmids only
(b) filtration of syrups
(c) Diatoms and golden algae (c) cleaning agent in metal polishes
(d) Desmids and Paramecium (d) gobar gas production
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 23

42 Which one of the following is a characteristic feature 50 Plant-like nutrition is present in

of the group–Chrysophyta? (a) Amoeba (b) Paramecium
(a) They are parasitic forms, which cause diseases in animals (c) Euglena (d) Plasmodium
(b) They have a protein rich layer called pellicle 51 Slime moulds are
(c) They have indestructible wall layer deposited with silica (a) pathogenic (b) parasite
(d) They are commonly called dinoflagellates (c) saprophytic protists (d) autotrophic
43 Which of the following organisms are known as chief 52 The free-living thalloid body of the slime mould is
producers in the oceans? NEET 2018 known as
(a) Cyanobacteria (b) Diatoms (a) protonema (b) plasmodium
(c) Dinoflagellates (d) Euglenoids (c) fruiting body (d) mycelium
44 Dinoflagellates have 53 Under favourable conditions slime moulds form
(a) two flagella, which lie longitudinally (a) protonema (b) plasmodium
(b) only one flagellum in the transverse groove between the (c) mycelium (d) fruiting bodies
cell plates 54 Identify the given figure and select the correct option.
(c) only one flagellum in the longitudinal groove between
the cell plates
(d) one flagellum lies longitudinally and the other
transversely in a furrow between the wall plates
45 In which of the following groups, the cell wall has
stiff cellulose plate on the outer surface?
(a) Diatoms (b) Red algae
(c) Dinoflagellates (d) Slime moulds
46 Refer to diagram given along side and
select the incorrect option regarding it. (a) It is marine water plankton
(a) It belongs to kingdom–Protista and is a (b) It is a saprophytic protist
dinoflagellate (c) It is parasitic predator believed to but primary relative
(b) It is mostly marine, photosynthetic with of animals
colour depending on main pigment present (d) Ciliated protozoan
in its cells 55 Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in NEET 2018
(c) They have two flagella, a short and a long (a) using pseudopodia for capturing prey
one
(b) having a contractile vacuole for removing excess water
(d) These organisms release toxins in large number which
(c) using flagella for locomotion
kill other marine animals
(d) having two types of nuclei
47 Red tides in warm coastal water develop due to the
presence of 56 Protozoans are
(a) dinoflagellates (b) euglenoid forms (a) heterotrophs (b) autotrophs
(c) diatoms and desmids (d) slime moulds (c) producers (d) saprophytes

48 Which of the following protists releases toxins that 57 Which of the following group is considered as
may even kill fishes and other marine animals? primitive relatives of animals?
(a) Euglena (b) Gonyaulax (a) Chrysophytes (b) Protozoans
(c) Paramecium (d) Plasmodium (c) Euglenoids (d) Slime moulds
49 Which group of organisms is represented by the given 58 Protozoans are divided into ……… groups. Most
figure? suitable word to fill the blank is
(a) three (b) four
(c) two (d) eight
59 Which of the following groups belong to protozoans?
(a) Amoeboid, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans
(b) Diatoms, amoeboid, ciliates, sporozoans
(a) Dinoflagellates (b) Protozoans (c) Desmids, ciliates, flagellates, amoebiod
(c) Slime mould (d) Euglenoids (d) Dinoflagellates, ciliates, Plasmodium, amoeboid
24 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

60 Flagellate protozoans are 64 Which of the following groups always produce an

(a) free-living only infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle?
(b) parasites only (a) Amoeboid protozoans
(c) either free-living or parasites (b) Ciliated protozoans
(d) saprophytes (c) Flagellated protozoans
61 Which of the following is a flagellated protozoan? (d) Sporozoans
(a) Amoeba (b) Entamoeba 65 Plasmodium is a
(c) Plasmodium (d) Trypanosoma (a) ciliated protozoan (b) sporozoan
62 Trypanosoma causes (c) flagellated protozoan (d) amoeboid protozoan
(a) sleeping sickness (b) cholera 66 Which one of the following organisms is scientifically
(c) malaria (d) food poisoning incorrectly named and incorrectly described?
(a) Plasmodium falciparum–A protozoan pathogen causing
63 Paramecium is an aquatic and actively moving the most serious type of malaria
organism due to the presence of (b) Trypanosoma gambiense–The parasite of sleeping
(a) pseudopodia sickness
(b) false feet (c) Diatoms–Very good pollution indicators
(c) thousands of cilia (d) Noctiluca–A chrysophyte, which shows
(d) flagella bioluminescence

TOPIC 3~ Kingdom–Fungi
67 The body of a fungus is made up of a number of 73 Fungi that absorb nutrients directly from the
elongated, tubular filaments called cytoplasm of living host are called
(a) hyphae (b) Woronin bodies (a) saprophytes (b) parasites
(c) mycelium (d) thallus (c) symbionts (d) mycorrhiza
68 Cell wall of fungi is composed of JIMPER 2018 74 Mycorrhizae are mutualistic and symbiotic
(a) chitin (b) pectin associations between
(c) cellulose (d) mannans (a) fungi and vascular plants
69 Which one of the following is wrong for fungi? (b) fungi and non-vascular plants
NEET 2016 (c) fungi and roots of higher plants
(a) They are eukaryotic (d) fungi and bryophytes
(b) All fungi possess a purely cellulosic cell wall 75 Mycorrhiza promotes the plant growth by
(c) They are heterotrophic (a) absorbing inorganic ions from soil
(d) They are both unicellular and multicellular (b) helping the plant in utilising atmospheric nitrogen
70 Which of the following is a non-hyphal unicellular (c) protecting the plant from infection
fungus? (d) serving as plant growth regulator
(a) Yeast (b) Puccinia 76 Fungi show vegetative reproduction by all of the
(c) Ustilago (d) Alternaria following methods except
71 Which of the following options describe the (a) by fragmentation (b) by fission
coenocytic condition in fungus? (c) by budding (d) by protonema
(a) Uninucleate hypha without septum 77 Fungi show asexual reproduction by all of the
(b) Multinucleate hypha without septum following kinds of spores except
(c) Multicellular hypha (a) conidia (b) oospores
(d) Multiciliate hypha (c) sporangiospores (d) zoospores
72 Fungi that absorb soluble organic matter from dead 78 Fungi show sexual reproduction by all of the
substrates are called following processes except
(a) saprophytes (a) oospores
(b) parasites (b) ascospores
(c) obligate parasite (c) basidiospores
(d) lichens (d) zoospores
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 25

79 In fungi, the various types of spores are produced in 90 Isogamous means gametes
distinct structures known as (a) similar in morphology
(a) fruiting body (b) spore sac (b) similar in anatomy
(c) peristome (d) pollen sac (c) female gamete is bigger than male gamete
80 In fungi, the fusion of protoplasms between two (d) male gamete is bigger than female gamete
motile or non-motile gametes is called 91 Which of the following is a parasitic fungi on
(a) plasmogamy (b) plasmokinesis mustard?
(c) karyogamy (d) cytokinesis (a) Rhizopus (b) Albugo
81 In fungi, karyogamy is the fusion of two (c) Agaricus (d) Neurospora
(a) gametes (b) nuclei (c) cells (d) cytoplasm 92 All of the following fungi belong to Phycomycetes,
82 Which of the following is the correct sequence of except
Class Æ MyceliumÆ Fruiting body observed in the (a) Rhizopus (b) Mucor (c) Albugo (d) Agaricus
kingdom–Fungi? 93 The hyphae of Rhizopus are
(a) Phycomycetes Æ Septate, coenocytic Æ Not present (a) unbranched, aseptate and uninucleate
(b) Ascomycetes Æ Aseptate and branched Æ Ascocarp (b) branched, aseptate and multinucleate
(c) Basidiomycetes Æ Aseptate and branched (c) branched, septate and uninucleate
Æ Basidiocarp (d) unbranched, septate and coenocytic
(d) Deuteromycetes Æ Septate and branched
94 Ascomycetes are commonly known as
Æ Not present
(a) toad stool (b) sac fungi
83 In some fungi, two haploid cells result in a diploid (c) imperfect fungi (d) bracket fungi
cell. In some cases, dikaryon stage occurs in which
95 Yeast and Penicillium are the examples of class
two nuclei are present within a cell. This phase is
(a) Phycomycetes (b) Ascomycetes
known as
(c) Deuteromycetes (d) Basidiomycetes
(a) monokaryophase (b) dikaryophase
(c) plasmogamy (d) karyogamy 96 Members of Ascomycetes are
84 Dikaryophase of fungus occurs in (a) saprophytic (b) decomposers
(a) Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes (c) parasitic or coprophilous (d) All of these
(b) Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes 97 Claviceps is a member of
(c) Phycomycetes and Basidiomycetes (a) Ascomycetes (b) Basidiomycetes
(d) Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (c) Zygomycetes (d) Phycomycetes
85 Fungi are divided into four classes on the basis of 98 Which of the following fungus is used extensively in
(a) morphology of the mycelium biochemical and genetic work?
(b) mode of spore formation (a) Neurospora (b) Mucor
(c) fruiting bodies (c) Rhizopus (d) Aspergillus
(d) All of the above 99 Identify the edible and delicate Ascomycetes
86 Rhizopus is included in the class members.
(a) Ascomycetes (b) Phycomycetes (a) Agaricus and Puccinia (b) Morels and truffles
(c) Basidiomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes (c) Puffball and Agaricus (d) Puffball and mushrooms
87 Which of the following classes consists of coenocytic, 100 Which of the following are the commonly known
multinucleate and aseptate mycelium? forms of Basidiomycetes?
(a) Basidiomycetes (b) Ascomycetes (a) Mushrooms (b) Puffball
(c) Phycomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes (c) Bracket fungi (d) All of these
88 Phycomycetes are most commonly found as 101 Where the members of Basidiomycetes occur?
(a) obligate parasite (a) Soil
(b) obligate saprophyte (b) Logs
(c) coprophilous component (c) Tree stumps and living plant bodies
(d) Both (a) and (b) (d) All of the above
89 In Phycomycetes, asexual reproduction occurs by 102 In Basidiomycetes, the mycelium is
(a) zoospores (b) aplanospores (a) branched and aseptate (b) branched and septate
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) conidia (c) unbranched and septate (d) coenocytic
26 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

103 In Basidiomycetes, vegetative reproduction occurs by 109 Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores
(a) endospores (b) conidia known as
(c) akinetes (d) fragmentation (a) conidia (b) endospores
104 Among rust, smut and mushroom, all the three (c) zoospores (d) heterocyst
(a) are pathogens (b) are saprobes 110 Sexual reproduction is present in all fungi classes,
(c) bear ascocarps (d) bear basidiocarps except
(a) Ascomycetes (b) Phycomycetes
105 All of the following fungi belong to Basidiomycetes, (c) Basidiomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes
except
(a) Agaricus (b) Ustilago (c) Puccinia (d) Alternaria 111 All the given fungi belong to Deuteromycetes, except
(a) Alternaria
106 Which of the following are the common parasites of (b) Colletotrichum
class–Basidiomycetes? (c) Trichoderma
(a) Ustilago and Puccinia (d) Ustilago
(b) Agaricus and Trichoderma 112 Which one of the following matches is correct?
(c) Alternaria and Colletotrichum CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(d) Colletotrichum and Puccinia
(a) Phytophthora Aseptate mycelium Basidiomycetes
107 In Deuteromycetes, the mycelium is (b) Alternaria Sexual reproduction absent Deuteromycetes
(a) septate and branched (b) septate and unbranched (c) Mucor Reproduction by conjugation Ascomycetes
(c) coenocytic (d) multinucleated (d) Agaricus Parasitic fungus Basidiomycetes

108 The imperfect fungi, which are decomposers of litter 113 Select the incorrect match.
and help in mineral cycling belong to (a) Morels and truffles — Phycomycetes
CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (b) Mushrooms and puffballs — Basidiomycetes
(a) Deuteromycetes (b) Basidiomycetes (c) Smut and rust — Basidiomycetes
(c) Phycomycetes (d) Ascomycetes (d) Bread mould — Phycomycetes

TOPIC 4 ~ Kingdom–Plantae and Animalia

114 Insectivorous plants are 119 Which of these best describe the sporophytic
(a) autotrophic (b) partially heterotrophic generation in plant’s life cycle?
(c) parasitic (d) pathogenic (a) The haploid generation
115 Which of the following are the examples of (b) Generation that produces gametes
insectivorous plant? (c) Generation that produces spores
(a) Bladderwort (b) Venus flytrap (d) Generation that has xylem and phloem
(c) Nepenthes (d) All of these 120 Kingdom–Animalia includes
116 Cuscuta is a/an (a) heterotrophic organisms
(a) parasite (b) pathogen (b) eukaryotic organisms
(c) saprophyte (d) autotroph (c) multicellular organisms
117 Plants show ............ in their life cycle. (d) All of the above
(a) only sexual phase (b) only asexual phase 121 The reserve food material of animals is
(c) alternation of generations (d) None of these (a) glycogen or animal fat (b) glucose
118 Which of the given options best describes the (c) cellulose (d) chitin
gametophyte in the alternation of generations of a 122 Which of the following is not a feature of
plant’s life cycle? kingdom–Animalia?
(a) Generation that produces gametes (a) Lack cell wall
(b) Generation that produces spores (b) Holozoic mode of nutrition
(c) Generation that has xylem and phloem (c) A definite growth pattern
(d) The diploid generation (d) Chlorophyllous
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 27

TOPIC 5 ~ Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens

123 Viruses and viroids are the non-cellular organisms, 133 The latest view for the origin of viruses is
which are not characterised in the classification of (a) they have arisen from nucleic acid and proteins found in
(a) Whittaker (b) Aristotle (c) Linnaeus (d) Watson primitive soup
(b) they arose from bacteria as a result of the loss of cell
124 Viruses did not find a place in classification since
wall, ribosome, etc.
(a) they are not truely living (b) they are non-cellular
(c) they arose from some bacteria, which had developed a
(c) they are obligate parasite (d) they are pathogenic nucleus only
125 Viruses are non-cellular organisms but replicate (d) they are modified plasmids, which are infect the
themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of fragments of the nucleic acids of the host
the following kindgom viruses belong to? 134 The genetic material of rabies virus is
(a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) None of these (a) double-stranded RNA (b) single-stranded RNA
126 Which of the following phenomenon proves that (c) double-stranded DNA (d) single-stranded DNA
viruses are living? 135 The non-living characteristic of viruses is
(a) They carry metabolic activity (a) ability to multiply only inside the host
(b) They carry anaerobic respiration (b) ability to cause diseases in the host
(c) They multiply in host cells (c) ability to undergo mutation
(d) They cause infection (d) ability of crystallisation
127 Tobacco mosaic virus is 136 Which of the following groups of diseases is caused
(a) spherical (b) rod-shaped by viruses?
(c) cuboidal (d) oval
(a) Mumps, smallpox, herpes, influenza
128 Given below is the diagram of a virus. In which one (b) AIDS, diabetes, herpes, tuberculosis
of the options, all the three A, B and C (name of the (c) Anthrax, cholera, tetanus, tuberculosis
virus) are correct? (d) Cholera, tetanus, smallpox, influenza
A 137 In plants, mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling,
yellowing and vein clearing are the symptoms of
B (a) viral diseases (b) bacterial diseases
(c) protozoan diseases (d) fungal diseases
138 Which of the following plant viruses has DNA?
(a) Tobacco mosaic virus (b) Potato mosaic virus
C (c) Tomato mosaic virus (d) Cauliflower mosaic virus
(a) A–RNA, B–Capsomere, C–Tobacco mosaic virus
(b) A–DNA, B–Capsid, C–Bacteriophage 139 Bacteriophages are
(c) A–RNA, B–Capsid, C–Tobacco mosaic virus (a) bacteria that attack viruses
(d) A–DNA, B–Capsid, C–Bacteriophage (b) viruses that attack bacteria
129 The genetic material of viruses consists of (c) free-living viruses
(a) ds or ssDNA only (d) free-living bacteria
(b) ds or ssRNA only 140 Identify the label A, B, C and D in the following
(c) DNA or RNA (Both ds and ss) figure.
(d) ssDNA or ssRNA
130 The protein coat of a virus is known as A
(a) nucleoid (b) capsid
(c) capsomere (d) outer envelope C B
131 The subunit of capsid is called
(a) capsomere (b) core
(c) nucleoside (d) nucleotide
132 Viruses are also known as
(a) nucleoprotein particles (b) virion D
(c) lipoprotein particles (d) core
28 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

(a) A–Head, B–Collar, C–Sheath, D–Tail fibres 144 The advantage of fungus in lichen is
(b) A–Collar, B–Head, C–Sheath, D–Tail fibres (a) food
(c) A–Head, B–Collar, C–Tail fibres, D–Sheath (b) anchoring
(d) A–Collar, B–Tail fibres, C–Head, D–Sheath (c) mineral absorption
141 A new infectious agent that is smaller than virus is (d) Both (b) and (c)
(a) prion (b) viroid (c) bacteria (d) mycoplasma 145 The benefit given by algae in lichen is
142 Viroids differ from viruses in having NEET 2017 (a) food for fungi
(a) DNA molecules with protein coat (b) shelter
(b) DNA molecules without protein coat (c) mineral absorption
(c) RNA molecules with protein coat (d) protection
(d) RNA molecules without protein coat 146 Which of the following are most suitable indicators of
143 Lichens are mutualistic and symbiotic associations SO 2 pollution in the environment? CBSE-AIPMT 2015
between (a) Lichens (b) Conifers (c) Algae (d) Fungi
(a) mycobiont and virus 147 Which of the following would appear as the pioneer
(b) mycobiont and phycobiont organisms on bare rocks? NEET 2016
(c) mycobiont and root of higher plants (a) Liverworts (b) Mosses
(d) mycobiont and mosses (c) Green algae (d) Lichens

NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason
■ Direction (Q. 148-157) In each of the following
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given by
corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the statements,
mark the correct answer as
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true
148 Assertion (A) The two kingdom classification, used
for a long time, was found to be inadequate.
Reason (R) Two kingdom system of classification did
not distinguish between the eukaryotes and
prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms
and green algae and fungi.
149 Assertion (A) Five kingdom system of classification
did not differentiated between the heterotrophic
group, fungi and the autotrophic green plants. Though
they showed a characteristic difference in their cell
wall composition.
Reason (R) Fungal cell wall contains chitin, while
green plants have a cellulosic cell wall.
150 Assertion (A) Euglena is a plant due to the presence
of chlorophyll.
Reason (R) Euglena cannot be classified on the basis
of two kingdom system.
151 Assertion (A) Fungi are wide spread in distribution
and they can even live on or inside other plants and
animals.
Reason (R) Fungi are able to grow anywhere on
land, water or on other organisms because they have
variety of pigments including chlorophyll,
carotenoids, fucoxanthin and phycoerythrin.
152 Assertion (A) In fungi, sexual apparatus decreases in
complexity from lower to higher forms.
Reason (R) In algae, sexual apparatus increases in
complexity from simple to higher forms.
153 Assertion (A) Viruses cause diseases and replicate
when they are in the host cell.
Reason (R) Viruses do not replicate outside the host,
but they survive in environment.
154 Assertion (A) Polluted water bodies have high
abundance of Nostoc and Oscillatoria.
Reason (R) These blue-green bacteria can tolerate
adverse conditions very well compared to other
aquatic plants.
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification
155 Assertion (A) Slime moulds are called as fungus like
animals.
Reason (R) These do not have cell wall.
156 Assertion (A) Kingdom–Plantae includes all
eukaryotic, chlorophyll containing organisms.
Reason (R) Few of its members are partially
heterotrophic.
157 Assertion (A) Three domains system classifies
organisms based on cellular characteristics.
Reason (R) The three domains are, i.e. archaea,
bacteria and eukarya.
II. Statement Based Questions
158 Which of the statements given below is correct?
(a) Biological classification is the scientific ordering of
organisms in a hierarchial series of groups on the basis
of their relationships, i.e. morphological, evolutionary
and others
(b) Whittaker classified organisms on the basis of
autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition
(c) In five kingdom system of classification, living
organisms can be divided into prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells on the basis of cell structure
(d) All of the above
159 Consider the following statements. Which of the
statements given below is incorrect?
(a) All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under
kingdom–Monera
(b) The unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in
kingdom–Protista
(c) Chlorella and Chlamydomonas, both lack cell walls
(d) Paramecium and Amoeba lack cell walls
160 Choose the incorrect statement about members of
kingdom–Monera.
(a) Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites
(b) Some synthesise their own food from inorganic solutes
(c) Bacterial structure is very complex though they have
very simple behaviour
(d) Hundreds of bacteria are present in handful of soil
161 Read the following statements about bacteria and
select the correct option.
(a) Bacteria are simple in structure, but complex in
behaviour
(b) Bacteria are complex in structure, but simple in
behaviour
(c) Bacteria are simple in both structure and behaviour
(d) Bacteria are complex in both structure and behaviour
29
162 Which of the following statements about methanogens
is not correct? NEET (Odisha) 2019
(a) They can be used to produce biogas
(b) They are found in the rumen of cattle and their excreta
(c) They grow aerobically and breakdown cellulose rich
food
(d) They produce methane gas
163 In the light of recent classification of living organisms
into three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and
eukarya), which one of the following statements is
true about archaea?
(a) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects
(b) Archaea have some noble features that are absent in
other prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(c) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
(d) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes
164 Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?
(a) Bacteria reproduce only by binary fission
(b) Under unfavourable conditions, bacteria produce several
types of spores
(c) Bacteria reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by
adopting a primitive type of RNA transfer from one
bacterium to other
(d) Both (a) and (b)
165 Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Golden algae are also called desmids NEET 2016
(b) Eubacteria are also called false bacteria
(c) Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi
(d) Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green algae
166 Which statement is correct? AIIMS 2019
(a) Mycoplasma is smallest and wall less living organism
(b) Influenza and herpes are caused by virus having DNA
and RNA
(c) Nostoc and Anabaena are important decomposers
(d) Methanogen are methane producing bacteria in wheat
crops
167 Select the incorrect statement. NEET 2016
(a) Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan
(b) Pili and fimbriae are mainly involved in motility of
bacterial cells
(c) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells
(d) Mycoplasma is a wall-less microorganism
168 Consider the following statements about mycoplasma.
Which of the statement given below is incorrect?
(a) They are pleomorphic bacteria, which lack cell wall
(b) Mycoplasma is the smallest living organism
(c) They cannot survive without oxygen
(d) Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and plants
30 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

169 Select the incorrect statement. NEET 2016 176 Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) The walls of diatoms are easily destructible NEET (Odisha) 2019
(b) ‘Diatomaceous earth’ is formed by the cell walls of (a) Lichens do not grow in polluted areas
diatoms (b) Algal component of lichens is called mycobiont
(c) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans (c) Fungal component of lichens is called phycobiont
(d) Diatoms are microscopic and float passively in water (d) Lichens are not good pollution indicators
170 Which of the following following statement about 177 Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect?
Euglena is/are true? (a) Protistan body includes a well-defined nucleus, and all
(a) Euglenoids bear flagella cellular organelles
(b) Euglena when placed in continuous darkness, loose (b) Protists have nucleus along with flagella and cilia
their photosynthetic activity and die (c) Protist cells have no nucleus but have some cellular
organelles to perform basic functions
(c) The pigments of Euglena are quite different from those
of green plants (d) All of the above
(d) Euglena is a marine protist 178 Which of the statement(s) given below is/are correct?
171 Which of the following statement(s) given below (a) Kingdom–Protista forms a link between monerans and
the other organisms like plants, animal and fungi
is/are incorrect?
(b) Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process
(a) Diatomite is porous and chemically inert. It is therefore, involving cell fusion and zygote formation
used in filtration of sugars, alcohols, oils, syrups and
(c) Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a
antibiotics
well-defined nucleus and other membrane bound
(b) Diatomite deposits are often accompanied by petroleum organelles
fields (d) All of the above
(c) Both (a) and (b)
179 Which of the following statement about plant is false?
(d) Desmids are mainly found in dirty water and are usually
indication of polluted water (a) Plants are heterotrophs
(b) Plants show alternation of generations during their life
172 Which of the statement(s) given below is/are correct cycle
for amoeboid protozoans? (c) Plants are multicellular eukaryotes
(a) Live in freshwater, sea water or moist soil (d) Plants are non-motile
(b) Has pseudopodia for locomotion and capturing prey
(c) Have silica shells on their surface in marine forms 180 Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(d) All of the above (a) Viruses are obligate parasites NEET (National) 2019
(b) Infective constituent in viruses is the protein coat
173 Which of the following statements is correct? (c) Prions consist of abnormally folded proteins
(a) Slime moulds are haploid (d) Viroids lack a protein coat
(b) Protozoans lack cell wall
181 Select incorrect statement. CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(c) Dinoflagellates are immotile
(a) The viroids were discovered by DJ Ivanowsky
(d) Pellicle is absent in Euglena
(b) WM Stanley showed that viruses could be
174 Consider the following statements about crystallised
Ascomycetes. Which one of the statement given (c) The term ‘Contagium vivum fluidum’ was coined by
below is false? MW Beijerinck
(a) They are saprophytic, decomposer, coprophilous and (d) Mosaic disease in tobacco and AIDS in human being
parasitic are caused by viruses
(b) Include unicellular and multicellular forms 182 State whether the given statements are true or false.
(c) Mycelium is coenocytic and aseptate I. Bacteria show both autotrophic and heterotrophic
(d) Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora are important nutrition.
examples of Ascomycetes II. Some of the bacteria are autotrophic. They may be
175 Which of the following statement is incorrect? photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic
NEET (National) 2019 autotrophic.
(a) Claviceps is a source of many alkaloids and LSD III. Heterotrophic nutrition involves obtaining of
(b) Conidia are produced exogenously and ascospores readymade organic food from outside sources.
endogenously (a) I and II are true
(c) Yeasts have filamentous bodies with long thread-like (b) I is true, II and III are false
hyphae (c) I, II and III are true
(d) Morels and truffles are edible delicacies (d) Only I is true
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 31

183 Read the following statements regarding 187 Consider the following statements.
archaebacteria and select the correct option. I. In this group, the plasmodium differentiates and forms
I. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having fruiting bodies, bearing spores at their tips.
different cell wall structure. II. Spores possess true walls.
II. Their cell wall is made up of cellulose and contains III. The spores are dispersed by air currents.
high amount of unsaturated fatty acid, which is IV. The spores are extremely resistant and survive for many
responsible for their survival in extreme years even under adverse conditions.
conditions. The above statements are assigned to
III. Thermoacidophiles have dual ability to tolerate high (a) euglenoids (b) slime moulds
temperature as well as high acidity. (c) dinoflagellates (d) chrysophytes
Which of the statements given above are correct? 188 Consider the following statements.
(a) I and II I. Bruce discovered that the parasite of sleeping sickness
(b) I and III is transmitted by tse-tse fly.
(c) II and III II. Sleeping sickness of Trypanosoma gambiens is also
(d) All of the above called gambian trypanosomiasis, which is found in
184 Analyse the following statements and identify the Western and central parts of Africa.
correct option given below. III. Trichomonas vaginalis inhabits vagina of women and
causes the disease leucorrhoea.
I. In diatoms the walls are embedded with silica and thus
the walls are indestructible. IV. Entamoeba histolytica resides in the upper part of the
human’s large intestine and causes the disease known as
II. Diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall amoebic dysentery.
deposits in their habitat, this accumulation over
billions of years is referred to as diatomaceous Which of the statements given above are correct?
deposition or diatomaceous earth. (a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
(a) I is true, but II is false (c) I, II and IV (d) All of these
(b) I is false, but II is true 189 Consider the following statements and place them into
(c) I and II are true true and false category.
(d) I and II are false I. The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic
185 The given statements describe a group of organisms. organisms.
I. Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer II. The common mushroom and toad stools are fungi.
called pellicle which makes their body flexible. III. White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to the
II. They have two flagella, a short and a long one. presence of parasitic fungus.
III. They are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, IV. Some unicellular fungi (Ustilago) are used to make
when deprived of sunlight they behave like bread and beer.
heterotrophs by predating on other smaller V. Puccinia graminis tritici is responsible for yellow rust
organisms. of wheat.
IV. They are connecting link between plants and animals. VI. Penicillium yields the antibiotic penicillin.
True False
Which of the following group is referred to here by
(a) I, II, III IV, V, VI
the above statements?
(b) I, II, III, VI IV, V
(a) Slime moulds (c) II, III, VI I, IV, V
(b) Dinoflagellates (d) IV, V I, II, III, VI
(c) Euglenoids
190 In Phycomycetes, asexual reproduction takes place by
(d) Protozoans
zoospores or by aplanospores. Regarding these spores,
186 Consider the following statements about slime consider the following statements and choose the
moulds. correct option.
I. Plasmodium is found in acellular slime moulds. I. Zoospores are motile and aplanospores are non-motile
II. Pseudoplasmodium is found in cellular slime moulds. in nature.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? II. These spores are endogenously produced in
(a) I is true, but II is false sporangium.
(b) Both I and II are false Which of the statements are true and false?
(c) I is false, but II is true (a) I is true, but II is false (b) I is false, but II is true
(d) Both I and II are true (c) I and II are true (d) I and II are false
32 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

191 Consider the following statements about sexual 196 Organisms of kingdom–Animalia
reproduction. I. are capable of locomotion.
I. In class–Phycomycetes, sexual reproduction produces II. have specialised sensory and neuromotor system.
a resting diploid spore called zygospore. III. show sexual reproduction by copulation of male and
II. Zygospores are formed by the fusion of two gametes. female followed by embryological development.
III. All zygospores are of isogamous type. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) I and II (b) I and III
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these (c) Only I (d) All of these
192 Analyse the following statements about 197 I. DJ Ivanowsky (1892) recognised certain microbes as
class–Ascomycetes. causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco.
I. Mycelium is branched and septate. II. MW Beijerinck (1898) demonstrated that the extract
II. The asexual spores are conidia, produced on the special of infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in
mycelium called conidiophores. healthy plants and called the fluid as Contagium
III. Sexual spores are called ascospores, which are vivum fluidum.
produced in sac-like asci. III. WM Stanley (1935) showed that these microbes could
be crystallised and crystals consist largely of protein.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these The above statements are assigned to
(a) Bacteria (b) Virus
193 Consider the following statements.
(c) Prions (d) Lichens
I. Mycelium is branched and septate.
II. The asexual spores are generally not formed. 198 Which of the following statements are false about
III. Vegetative reproduction takes place by viruses?
fragmentation. I. Viruses are facultative parasites.
IV. Sex organs are absent, but sexual reproduction takes II. Viruses can multiply only when they are inside the
place by somatogamy. living cells.
V. Karyogamy and meiosis take place in basidium to form III. Viruses cannot pass bacterial proof filters.
four haploid basidiospores. IV. Viruses do not contain proteins, DNA and RNA.
VI. Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called (a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
basidiocarp. (c) I, III and IV (d) All of these
The above statements are assigned to 199 TO Diener (1971) discovered a new infectious agent
(a) sac fungi (b) bracket fungi that was smaller than viruses.
(c) imperfecti fungi (d) club fungi
Consider the following statements about this
194 Consider the following statements about infectious agent.
Deuteromycetes. I. It causes potato spindle tuber disease.
I. Some members are saprophytes or parasites. II. These are infectious RNA particles.
II. A large number of members are decomposers of litter III. It lacks a protein coat.
and help in mineral cycling.
IV. The molecular weight of its RNA is low.
III. Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Cercospora and
Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycetes. The above statements are assigned to
(a) viruses (b) viroids
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(c) prions (d) lichen
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these
200 Study the following statements and identify the
195 Consider the following statements about plants.
correct option given below.
I. Kingdom–Plantae includes eukaryotic, autotrophic,
I. Viruses that infect plants have single-stranded RNA
chlorophyll containing organisms.
and viruses that infect animals have either single or
II. It includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, double-stranded RNA or double-stranded DNA.
gymnosperms, but not angiosperms.
II. Bacterial viruses or Bacteriophages are usually
III. Plants show alternation of generation [between haploid single-stranded RNA viruses.
gametophytic (n) phase and diploid sporophytic (2n) (a) I is true, but II is false
phase]. (b) I is false, but II is true
Which of the statements given above are correct? (c) I and II are true
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these (d) I and II are false
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 33

201 Which of the following statements correctly describe 205 Match the organisms in Column I with habitats in
viruses? Column II and choose the correct option from the
I. Simple and unicellular organisms. codes given below. NEET (Odisha) 2019
II. Contain DNA or RNA and enclosed by protein coat. Column I Column II
III. Possess own metabolic system and respond to stimuli.
A. Halophiles 1. Hot springs
IV. Maintain genetic continuity and undergo mutations.
B. Thermoacidophiles 2. Aquatic environment
The correct combination is
C. Methanogens 3. Guts of ruminants
(a) I and II (b) II and IV (c) II and III (d) I and III
D. Cyanobacteria 4. Salty area

III. Matching Type Questions Codes

A B C D A B C D
202 Match the following columns. (a) 4 1 3 2 (b) 1 2 3 4
Column I Column II (c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 2 4 3 1
(Systems of classification) (Given by) 206 Match the following columns.
A. Two kingdom system of 1. RH Whittaker
classification Column I Column II
(Features) (Protista)
B. Five kingdom system of 2. Carl Woese
A. Chief producer in the oceans 1. Diatoms
classification
B. Red tide 2. Dinoflagellates
C. Six kingdom system of 3. Carolus Linnaeus
classification C. Connecting link between 3. Euglenoids
plants and animals
Codes D. Fungus animals 4. Slime moulds
A B C A B C
(a) 2 1 3 (b) 1 2 4 Codes
(c) 4 3 1 (d) 3 1 2 A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
203 Match the following columns.
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 1 2 3
Column I Column II
207 Match the following columns.
(Names) (Shape)
A. Coccus 1. Rod-shaped Column I Column II
(Types) (Examples)
B. Bacillus 2. Spherical
A. Amoeboid protozoans 1. Plasmodium
C. Vibrio 3. Spiral-shaped
B. Flagellated protozoans 2. Paramecium
D. Spirillum 4. Comma-shaped
C. Ciliated protozoans 3. Trypanosoma
Codes D. Sporozoans 4. Entamoeba histolytica
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 4 3 2 1 Codes
(c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 1 4 3 2 A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
204 Match the following bacterial nutrition with their (c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 2 1 4 3
representative organisms.
208 Match the following columns and choose the correct
Column I Column II option from the codes given below. AIIMS 2019
(Types of bacteria) (Examples)
A. Chemoautotrophic 1. Nitrifying bacteria Column I Column II
bacteria (Categories) (Examples)
B. Photoautotrophic 2. Purple bacteria, green sulphur A. Chrysophyte 1. Gonyaulax
bacteria bacteria B. Dinoflagellate 2. Euglena
C. Symbiotic bacteria 3. Rhizobium, Frankia C. Euglenoids 3. Diatoms
D. Parasitic bacteria 4. Vibrio cholerae D. Slime moulds 4. Plasmodium
Codes Codes
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1 (a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4 (c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 3 1 2 4
34 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

209 Match the following columns. 213 Match Column I with Column II.
NEET (National) 2019
Column I Column II
(Categories) (Examples) Column I Column II
A. Phycomycetes 1. Alternaria and Trichoderma A. Saprophyte 1. Symbiotic association of fungi
B. Ascomycetes 2. Agaricus and Ustilago with plant roots
B. Parasite 2. Decomposition of dead organic
C. Basidiomycetes 3. Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora
materials
D. Deuteromycetes 4. Mucor, Rhizopus and Pythium C. Lichens 3. Living on living plants or animals
D. Mycorrhiza 4. Symbiotic association of algae and
Codes fungi
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 1 4 3 Codes
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 2 1 4 A B C D A B C D
210 Match the following columns. (a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 1 2 3 4
Column I Column II
(Categories) (Common names) 214 Match the following columns.
A. Phycomycetes 1. Algal fungi Column I Column II
B. Ascomycetes 2. Imperfect fungi (Scientists) (Related to)
C. Basidiomycetes 3. Bracket fungi A. DJ Ivanowsky (1892) 1. Viroids
D. Deuteromycetes 4. Sac fungi B. MW Beijerinck (1898) 2. First crystallised TMV
C. WM Stanley (1935) 3. Contagium vivum fluidum
Codes
A B C D A B C D D. TO Diener (1971) 4. Mosaic disease of tobacco
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 4 3 2 1 Codes
(c) 1 4 3 2 (d) 3 2 1 4 A B C D A B C D
211 Match the following columns. (a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 2 1 4
Column I Column II
(Features) (Related to) 215 Match the following columns.
A. Parasitic fungi on mustard 1. Neurospora Column I Column II
B. Rust and smut disease 2. Puccinia and Ustilago (Viruses) (Genetic materials)
C. Used in genetic work 3. Morels and truffles A. M-13 bacteriophage 1. dsRNA
D. Edible delicacies 4. Albugo B. Rice dwarf virus 2. ssRNA
E. Bread mould 5. Rhizopus C. Cauliflower mosaic virus 3. ssDNA
D. Polio virus 4. dsDNA
Codes
A B C D E Codes
(a) 3 5 4 2 1 A B C D A B C D
(b) 1 3 5 4 2 (a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 2 1 3 5 4 (c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 3 1 2
(d) 4 2 1 3 5 216 Match the following columns and choose the correct
212 Match the following columns. combination from the given options.
Column I Column II Column I Column II
(Names of fungi) (Categories) (Kingdoms) (Classes)
A. Rhizopus 1. Eurotiomycetes A. Plantae 1. Archaebacteria
B. Penicillium 2. Ustilagomycetes B. Fungi 2. Euglenoids
C. Ustilago 3. Deuteromycetes C. Protista 3. Phycomycetes
D. Alternaria 4. Zygomycetes D. Monera 4. Algae

Codes Codes
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 2 3 4 1 (a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 3 4 2 1 (c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 35

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

NCERT 223 The five kingdom classification was proposed by

217 Choose the incorrect statement amongst the (a) RH Whittaker (b) C Linnaeus
following. (c) A Roxberg (d) Virchow
(a) Alternation of generations is well-marked in 224 Organisms living in salty areas are called as
angiosperms (a) methanogens (b) halophiles
(b) Kingdom–Plantae includes prokaryotic photosynthetic (c) heliophytes (d) thermoacidophiles
organisms
(c) Mycoplasma is the smallest cellular organism, which. 225 Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by
does not contain cell wall (a) DJ Ivanowsky
(d) Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by viroid (b) MW Beijerinck
(c) Stanley Miller
NCERT Exemplar (d) Robert Hooke

218 All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to 226 A dikaryon is formed when
(a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) Bacteria (a) meiosis is arrested
(b) the two haploid cells do not fuse immediately
219 Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic are
(c) cytoplasm does not fuse
the characteristics of
(a) Monera (b) Protista (d) None of the above
(c) Fungi (d) Slime mould 227 Association between mycobiont and phycobiont is
220 Difference between virus and viroid is found in
(a) the absence of protein coat in viroid, but present in (a) mycorrhiza (b) root (c) lichens (d) BGA
virus 228 With respect to fungal sexual cycle, choose the
(b) the presence of low molecular weight RNA in virus, but correct sequence of events.
absent in viroid (a) Karyogamy, Plasmogamy and Meiosis
(c) Both (a) and (b) (b) Meiosis, Plasmogamy and Karyogamy
(d) None of the above
(c) Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis
221 Viruses are non-cellular organisms, but replicate (d) Meiosis, Karyogamy and Plasmogamy
themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of
229 Members of Phycomycetes are found in
the following kingdom do viruses belong to?
(a) Monera (b) Protista I. aquatic habitats.
(c) Fungi (d) None of these II. on decaying wood.
222 An association between roots of higher plants and III. moist and damp places.
fungi is called IV. as obligate parasites on plants.
(a) lichen Choose the correct answer from the following
(b) fern options.
(c) mycorrhiza (a) I and IV (b) Only III
(d) BGA (c) Only II (d) All of these
36 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (c) 11 (a) 12 (b) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (a)
16 (d) 17 (d) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (d) 21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (c) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (b) 28 (c) 29 (b) 30 (c)
31 (c) 32 (a) 33 (b) 34 (b) 35 (a) 36 (c) 37 (c) 38 (a) 39 (b) 40 (a) 41 (d) 42 (c) 43 (b) 44 (d) 45 (c)
46 (c) 47 (a) 48 (b) 49 (d) 50 (c) 51 (c) 52 (b) 53 (b) 54 (b) 55 (d) 56 (a) 57 (b) 58 (b) 59 (a) 60 (c)
61 (d) 62 (a) 63 (c) 64 (d) 65 (b) 66 (d) 67 (a) 68 (a) 69 (b) 70 (a) 71 (b) 72 (a) 73 (b) 74 (c) 75 (a)
76 (d) 77 (b) 78 (d) 79 (a) 80 (a) 81 (b) 82 (d) 83 (b) 84 (a) 85 (d) 86 (b) 87 (c) 88 (d) 89 (c) 90 (a)
91 (b) 92 (d) 93 (b) 94 (b) 95 (b) 96 (d) 97 (a) 98 (a) 99 (b) 100 (d) 101 (d) 102 (b) 103 (d) 104 (d) 105 (d)
106 (a) 107 (a) 108 (a) 109 (a) 110 (d) 111 (d) 112 (b) 113 (a) 114 (b) 115 (d) 116 (a) 117 (c) 118 (a) 119 (c) 120 (d)
121 (a) 122 (d) 123 (a) 124 (a) 125 (d) 126 (c) 127 (b) 128 (c) 129 (c) 130 (b) 131 (a) 132 (a) 133 (d) 134 (b) 135 (d)
136 (a) 137 (a) 138 (d) 139 (b) 140 (a) 141 (b) 142 (d) 143 (b) 144 (d) 145 (a) 146 (a) 147 (d)

> NEET Special Types Questions

148 (a) 149 (d) 150 (d) 151 (c) 152 (b) 153 (b) 154 (a) 155 (c) 156 (b) 157 (b) 158 (d) 159 (c) 160 (c) 161 (a) 162 (c)
163 (b) 164 (a) 165 (b) 166 (a) 167 (b) 168 (c) 169 (a) 170 (a) 171 (d) 172 (d) 173 (b) 174 (c) 175 (c) 176 (a) 177 (c)
178 (d) 179 (a) 180 (b) 181 (a) 182 (c) 183 (b) 184 (c) 185 (c) 186 (d) 187 (b) 188 (d) 189 (b) 190 (c) 191 (d) 192 (d)
193 (b) 194 (d) 195 (b) 196 (d) 197 (b) 198 (c) 199 (b) 200 (a) 201 (b) 202 (d) 203 (c) 204 (a) 205 (a) 206 (b) 207 (b)
208 (d) 209 (c) 210 (c) 211 (d) 212 (c) 213 (c) 214 (c) 215 (a) 216 (a)

> NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

217 (b) 218 (b) 219 (d) 220 (a) 221 (d) 222 (c) 223 (a) 224 (b) 225 (b) 226 (b) 227 (c) 228 (c) 229 (d)

Answers & Explanations

1 (a) Aristotle classified plants into trees, shrubs and
herbs. He used simple morphological characters as a tool
for his classification. He also divided animals into two
groups those which have red blood and those that did not.
2 (a) Earlier, all the organisms of the world had been
divided into two kingdoms, i.e. plant kingdom and
animal kingdom.
This system of classification was given by Carolus
Linnaeus in the book Systema Naturae (1735).
4 (a) The five kingdom classification proposed by
Whittaker includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Answers & Explanations
B represents the rod-shaped bacteria generally called as
bacilli.
C represents the spiral-shaped bacteria (with flagella
ranging from one to multiple) generally called as spirilla.
D represents the comma-shaped bacteria called as vibrio.
9 (c) Archaebacteria are a primitive group of bacteria.
These bacteria can survive in extreme habitats such as
marshes, hot springs, deserts, snow, etc.
Archaebacteria have a unique cell wall structure and
composition which is responsible for their survival in
such extreme conditions. Thus, the type of bacteria which

Animalia. corresponds to the features given is archaebacteria.

Out of which four kingdoms, i.e. Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia contain eukaryotes.
5 (c) In the five kingdom classification,
Chlamydomonas and Chlorella have been included
in kingdom–Protista as they are autotrophic,
eukaryotic organisms with cell wall.
6 (b) Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. In five kingdom
system of classification (by RH Whittaker), all
prokaryotes are included in the kingdom–Monera.
8 (b) The given figures
A represents spherical-shaped bacteria generally called
as cocci.
10 (c) Thermoacidophiles belong to archaebacteria and
have dual ability to tolerate high temperature as well as
high acidity. They often live in hot sulphur springs
where the temperature may be as high as 80°C and pH
as low as 2.
11 (a) Saline bacteria are called halophiles (e.g.
Halobacterium, Halococcus). It is a group that belongs
archaebacteria which can tolerate high salinity and is
commonly found in salt rich substrata.
12 (b) The primitive prokaryotes are methanogens.
Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant
animals such as cows and buffaloes.
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification
These are responsible for the production of biogas from
the dung of ruminants.
16 (d) Cyanobacteria contain photosynthetic pigments
found in chromatophores, which are the infoldings of
the plasma membrane. In these, photosynthesis is
carried out.
17 (d) Cyanobacteria, also known as Blue-Green Algae
(BGA), are most primitive prokaryotic organisms.
These are considered to be the most ancient of all the
chlorophyll bearing organisms on earth.
18 (c) Cyanobacteria are Gram + ve photosynthetic
prokaryotes, which perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
Their photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll-a,
carotenoids and phycobilins.
21 (b) Heterocyst is a large sized, pale-coloured,
thick-walled cell, specialised for nitrogen-fixation which
occurs in terminal, intercalary or lateral position in
filamentous cyanobacteria, e.g. Nostoc and Anabaena.
22 (a) The diagram in option (a) is a filamentous blue-
green algae (Nostoc), which possesses specialised cells
called heterocysts.
23 (d) The parts labelled in the figure are identified as
(A) Nostoc, a genus of cyanobacteria capable of
nitrogen-fixation, due to the presence of heterocyst (B),
in them. C is mucilaginous sheath which increases the
water holding capacity of cell.
26 (b) The diagram represents a bacterial cell. A
represents the cell wall which contains peptidoglycan. B
represents the cell membrane.
C represents the genetic material (DNA) present as
nucleoid.
Part D indicates the process of binary fission, by which
a mature cell divides into two equal daughter cells.
27 (b) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise
various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites
and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP
production. They play an important role in the recycling
of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and sulphur.
28 (c) Green sulphur bacteria are anaerobic bacteria. They
do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Such
type of photosynthesis is known as anoxygenic
photosynthesis. These bacteria do not use water as a
source of reducing power. Instead, hydrogen is obtained
from hydrogen sulphide. The entire photosynthetic
process of a green sulphur bacteria can be represented
by the following reactions
H2 S æÆ 2[H] + S
Hydrogen
sulphide
Light
6CO2 + 12H2 æ ææÆ C6 H12 O6 + 6H2 O
Enzymes
29 (b) Citrus canker is a disease, which affects citrus
plants. It is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri.
30 (c) Mycoplasma is the triple layered smallest living
cells. It does not have definite cell wall. It is an
anaerobic organism. It cause diseases in plants (little
leaf of brinjal) as well as in animals (pleuromorphic
pneumonia in man).
37
31 (c) Mycoplasma are classified under kingdom-Monera.
There are two major groups of monerans, archaebacteria
and eubacteria. Some other groups of monerans are
mycoplasma, rickettsiae and actinomycetes.
Mycoplasma are the simplest and the smallest
free-living prokaryotes.
32 (a) Option (a) is not a feature of protists. It can be
corrected as
Kingdom–Protista includes all unicellular eukaryotic
organisms like diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds,
sarcodine, etc. Rest of the options are features of
protists.
33 (b) Although all single-celled eukaryotes are placed in
kingdom–Protista, yet its boundaries are not
well-defined.
35 (a) All single-celled eukaryotic organisms like
chrysophytes (diatoms and desmids), euglenoids
(Euglena), dinoflagellates and slime moulds are
included in the kingdom–Protista.
36 (c) Chrysophytes include diatoms and desmids (golden
algae). These belong to the division–Chrysophyta/
Bacillariophyta.
37 (c) Diatoms and desmids are found in freshwater as
well as in marine environment. These are microscopic
and float passively in water currents.
38 (a) Chrysophytes are planktons which float passively in
water current. Chrysophytes (diatoms) constitute an
important producer (first trophic level) in the form of
phytoplanktons in aquatic ecosystem. These are the
main source of food for aquatic animals.
39 (b) The siliceous cell walls of diatoms are
indestructible (i.e. do not decay easily). These were
collected over millions of years on the sea floors, called
diatomite or diatomaceous earth or silica gel.
These deposits may extend for several hundred metres in
certain areas. Thus, silica gel is obtained from diatoms.
41 (d) Diatomite or diatomaceous earth is used as a cleaning
agent in metal polishes, filtration of oil and syrup, etc.
It has no role in biogas production.
42 (c) In chrysophytes, the cell wall forms two thin
overlapping shells, which fit together as in case of a
soap box.
Answers & Explanations
These walls are embedded with silica and thus, are
indestructible.
43 (b) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans and they
contribute 40% of marine primary productivity. They
constitute a major group of unicellular eukaryotic
microalgae and are among the most common types of
phytoplanktons.
44 (d) In dinoflagellates, the two flagella are dissimilar
(heterodont), one is transverse flagellum and other is
longitudinal flagellum. The longitudinal flagellum is
narrow, smooth, directed posteriorly and lies in the
sulcus.
The transverse flagellum is ribbon-like and lies in
annulus. The two types of flagella beat in different
directions.
38
45 (c) In dinoflagellates, cells are generally covered by a
rigid coat, the theca or lorica of articulated and
sculptured plates formed of cellulose. Because of the
presence of sculptured plates, these protists are often
known as armoured dinoflagellates.
46 (c) The given figure is of a dinoflagellate. For these,
option (c) is incorrect and can be corrected as
Dinoflagellates have two flagella, one lying
longitudinally and other transversally in a furrow
between wall plates.
48 (b) Some dinoflagellates (e.g. Gonyaulax catenella) are
poisonous to vertebrates. When they are present in large
numbers, they produce a toxin called saxitoxin into the
sea water, which kills fishes and other marine animals.
50 (c) Plant-like nutrition is present in Euglena. In
euglenoids, the nutrition is holophytic
(photoautotrophic), saprozoic or holozoic. The
photoautotrophs or holophytic forms possess chloroplasts
with or without pyrenoids. In Euglena, photosynthetic
pigments include chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b.
51 (c) Slime moulds lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic.
These generally, live as saprotrophs except a few, which
are parasites on algae, other fungi and flowering plants.
52 (b) The free-living thalloid body of the acellular slime
moulds is called plasmodium. It is the wall less mass of
multinucleate protoplasm, covered by slime.
53 (b) Under favourable conditions slime moulds form an
aggregation called plasmodium, which may grow and
spread over several feet. During unfavourable conditions,
the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies
bearing spores at their tips. These spores are extremely
resistant and survive for many years.
54 (b) The figure represents a saprophytic protist organism,
i.e. slime mould. These occur over dead and decomposed
matter engulfing organic matter.
55 (d) Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in having
two types of nuclei.
These two nuclei are usually of different size, i.e. one is
meganucleus and the other is micronucleus. The former
controls metabolism whereas the latter is concerned with
reproduction, e.g. Paramecium.
62 (a) Trypanosoma gambiense causes gambian sleeping
Answers & Explanations
sickness. It was first observed by Forde in 1901. Bruce
discovered that the parasite of sleeping sickness is
transmitted by tse-tse fly.
63 (c) The most characteristic feature of Paramecium is the
presence of large number of cilia on its entire body
surface. Paramecium uses these cilia for locomotion and
capturing of food.
64 (d) Sporozoans include diverse organisms which have
an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle.
66 (d) Option (d) contains the incorrectly named and
described organism. Noctiluca is a colourless
dinoflagellate famous for bioluminescence and is called
as sea tinkle. Rest are correctly matched.
Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )
67 (a) The body of a fungus (except yeast) is made up of
a number of elongated , tubular filaments known as
hyphae. The network of hyphae is called mycelium.
68 (a) The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin, the
second most abundant carbohydrate. It is a
homopolymer of N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) joined
with β 1-4 linkages. NAG is a modification of glucose
molecule.
69 (b) Option (b) is wrong for fungi and can be
corrected as
In fungi, cell wall contains chitin or cellulose along
with other polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Only in
some fungi, e.g. Phytophthora or other oomycetes a
purely cellulosic cell wall is present. Rest of the
options are correct.
70 (a) Yeasts are unicellular, degenerated, non-mycelial,
saprophytic fungi possessing no hyphae. But
sometimes, chain of buds is formed during rapid
growth, which may give false appearance of a
mycelium and is called as pseudomycelium.
71 (b) The coenocytic condition of hyphae arises due to
continued nuclear division without undergoing
cytokinesis which makes the hyphae multinucleate. If
the whole mycelium is without septum, the name is
called coenocytic.
74 (c) The symbiotic association of a fungus with the root
of a higher plant is known as mycorrhiza. The fungus
is dependent upon the higher plants for shelter and
food and in turn fixes phosphorus for the host plant.
75 (a) The fungal mycelium of mycorrhiza in soil plays a
highly important role in absorbing and transferring
inorganic (mineral) ions, especially, phosphorus and
nitrogen from the soil to the plant, it is associated with
helping in its proper growth.
76 (d) In fungi, vegetative reproduction occurs by
fragmentation, budding, fission, sclerotia and
rhizomorphs but not through protonema. Protonema
refers to the earliest stage of life cycle in moss.
77 (b) In fungi, asexual reproduction occurs through the
formation of spores, e.g. zoospores, sporangiospores,
chlamydospores, oidia, conidia, etc. Oospore is a
sexual structure.
78 (d) Fungi show sexual reproduction by oospores,
ascospores and basidiospores. These various spores are
produced in distinct sturctures called fruiting bodies.
80 (a) Plasmogamy is the first stage of sexual
reproduction in which the cytoplasm of two sex cells
fuse with each other.
81 (b) Karyogamy is the fusion of two compatible nuclei
brought together as a result of plasmogamy.
82 (d) Only option (d) represents the correct sequence of
Class Æ Mycelium Æ Fruiting body.
Other options can be corrected as
●
Phycomycetes Æ Aseptate and coenocytic mycelium
Æ Fruiting bodies are not reported
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification
●
Ascomycetes Æ Branched and septate mycelium
Æ Ascocarps
●
Basidiomycetes Æ Branched and septate mycelium
Æ Basidiocarp.
83 (b) In some fungi, during sexual reproduction, the
cytoplasm of two cells fuses, but the two nuclei per cell
do not. This results in the formation of an intervening
dikaryon or binucleate condition and the phase is called
dikaryophase of fungus.
85 (d) The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore
formation and type of fruiting bodies are the basis for
the division of the kingdom–Fungi into four classes, i.e.
(i) Phycomycetes (ii) Ascomycetes
(iii) Basidiomycetes (iv) Deuteromycetes
86 (b) Rhizopus (black bread mould) is included in the
class–Phycomycetes. It is the common saprotrophic
fungi that attack a variety of food stuffs.
87 (c) Coenocytic, multinucleate and aseptate mycelium is
found in class–Phycomycetes, e.g. Albugo.
89 (c) In Phycomycetes asexual reproduction occurs
through motile zoospores or through non-motile
aplanospores, endogenously produced in the respective
sporangium.
92 (d) Agaricus belongs to the class–Basidiomycetes.
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both
edible and poisonous species. Rest all belong to the
Phycomycetes.
93 (b) The mycelium of the Rhizopus is distinguishable
into three types of hyphae namely, rhizoidal hyphae,
stolons and sporangiophores. The mycelium is aseptate,
branched and multinucleate (coenocytic).
94 (b) Ascomycetes are commonly known as sac fungi,
due to their sac-like appendage which holds the spores.
95 (b) Ascomycetes can be unicellular, e.g. yeast or
multicellular, e.g. Penicillium.
96 (d) Members of Ascomycetes are saprophytic,
decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on
dung).
98 (a) Neurospora is widely used in genetics as a model
organism because it reproduces quickly, is easy to
culture and can survive on minimal media.
99 (b) Morels and truffles differ widely in their form and
behaviour. The morels resemble mushrooms to the
extent that they have a cap borne upon a central stem,
while the truffles form solid, round balls, which grow
underground. These are the edible Ascomycetes
members. Both morels and truffles, represent some of
the most highly priced edible mushrooms in the world.
102 (b) The class–Basidiomycetes include those members
that produce their basidia and basidiospores on or in a
basidiocarp. In Basidiomycetes, the mycelium is
branched and septate.
103 (d) In Basidiomycetes, vegetative reproduction takes
place by fragmentation. It is a form of asexual
reproduction, where a new organism grows from a
fragment of the parent.
39
104 (d) Basidiomycetes includes not only mushrooms, toad
stools, puffballs, jelly fungi and shelf fungi, but also
many important plant pathogens, like rusts and smuts.
All these fungi bear characteristic fruiting bodies called
basidiocarps.
105 (d) The Alternaria sp., are imperfect filamentous fungi
belonging to the class–Deuteromycetes.
106 (a) Ustilago and Puccinia are the common parasites
included in Basidiomycetes. Puccinia graminis tritici
causes black rust of wheat, while Ustilago causes
destructive smut diseases in most of the cereal plants.
107 (a) In Deuteromycetes, the mycelium is septate and
branched. Coenocytic forms are not known in
Deuteromycetes.
108 (a) The imperfecti fungi, which are decomposers of
litter and help in mineral cycling belong to the class
Deuteromycetes.
They are fungi, which do not fit into the commonly
established taxonomic classification of fungi. They
include all those fungi in which the perfect stage (sexual
stage) is not reported.
109 (a) Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores
known as conidia. These are non-motile fungal
mitospores, which are produced exogenously from the
tips and sides of the hyphae called conidiophores.
112 (b) Option (b) is the correct match. Rest of incorrect
matches can be corrected as
(i) Phytophthora belongs to Phycomycetes (algal
fungi). They contain either unicellular thallus or
non-septate coenocytic mycelium.
They are mostly plant damaging oomycetes (water
molds).
(iii) Mucor also belong to Phycomycetes. They have
mycelium which is coenocytic (multinucleate)
and profusely branched. They reproduce
vegetatively via conjugation.
(iv) Agaricus belongs to Basidiomycetes (where
karyogamy and meiosis occur). They contain
well-developed filaments, branched and septate
mycelium. They are saprophytic, but not parasitic.
113 (a) Option (a) contains the incorrect match and can be
corrected as
Answers & Explanations
Morels and truffles are belong to class–Ascomycetes.
Rest of the matches are correct.
114 (b) In plants, nutrition is typically autotrophic. A few
plants, such as Drocera and Nepenthes, are
insectivorous to get additional nitrogen and hence are
partially heterotrophic.
115 (d) Insectivorous plants can capture and digest live
prey, to obtain nitrogen compounds that are lacking in
their usual marshy habitat, e.g. bladderwort, Venus
flytrap, Nepenthes.
116 (a) Cuscuta is a parasitic plant. It has no chlorophyll
and cannot make its own food by photosynthesis.
Instead, it grows on other plants using their nutrients for
its growth.
40
117 (c) Plants show alternation of generation, i.e. life cycle
of plants has two distinct phase, the haploid
gametophytic and diploid sporophytic that alternate
with each other.
120 (d) The kingdom–Animalia includes sponges, corals,
worms, insects, snails, starfishes, bony fishes, frogs,
lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds and mammals.
These organisms are heterotrophic, multicellular,
eukaryotes without chlorophyll. Heterotrophic
organisms cannot synthesise their own food.
121 (a) Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in
animals and humans. Glycogen is synthesised and
stored mainly in the liver and the muscles in body.
Excess amount of glucose in blood is converted into fat.
Hence, glycogen is the reserve food material in animals.
122 (d) Option (d) is not a feature of the animal kingdom.
Kingdom–Animalia consists of achlorophyllous
organisms. Members of kingdom–Plantae are
chlorophyllous.
125 (d) Viruses and viroids are the non-cellular organisms,
which are not characterised or classified under any of
the classes described by Whittaker.
126 (c) Viruses are considered as living or alive by some
biologists because they have the capability to utilise the
host cell machinery for multiplying their numbers or
reproducing. In the process, they affect the normal
stable condition of their host (i.e. they cause disease).
127 (b) The tobacco mosaic virus is a long, slender and
rod-shaped. It is a complex structure made up of
nucleoprotein (the protein and nucleic acid). The central
core of ribonucleic acid is surrounded by virus protein.
129 (c) The genetic material of viruses could be either RNA
or DNA (both ds and ss). No virus contains both RNA
and DNA. In general, viruses that infects plants have
ssRNA and viruses that infect animals have either
single or double-stranded RNA or ds DNA.
132 (a) Viruses are also known as nucleoprotein particles.
The nucleic acid of virus is surrounded by a protein
shell called capsid.
133 (d) The latest view for the origin of virus is that many
scientists believe that viruses are modified plasmids,
which are the fragments of the nucleic acids of the host.
Their genome fractions escaped and got inducted into
Answers & Explanations
new host cells.
135 (d) Viruses are known as the connecting link between
non-living and living beings. They are thought to be
non-living as they do not show any sign of life outside
the host and are able to get crystallised.
136 (a) In humans, viruses cause various diseases like
AIDS (HIV virus), mumps (paramyxovirus), smallpox
(variola virus), herpes (HSVI) and influenza (RNA
viruses of the family–Orthomyxoviridae). Thus, option
(a) depicts the correct group of viral diseases.
138 (d) Cauliflower mosaic virus is one of only a few
double-stranded DNA plant viruses.
139 (b) Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates
within a bacteria. Bacteriophages are composed of
Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )
proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome and
may have relatively simple or elaborated structure.
141 (b) Viroids were discovered by TO Diener in 1971 as a
new infectious agents which were smaller than viruses.
Viroids lack capsid and does not have proteins
associated with them.
142 (d) Viroids differ from viruses in having RNA
molecules without protein coat. Viruses on the other
hand posses DNA or RNA with a protein coat as their
genetic material.
Viruses can infect a wide range of organisms including
plants, animals or bacteria, while viroids infect only
plants.
143 (b) Lichen is a structurally organised entity consisting
of a permanent association of a fungus and an alga. The
fungal component of a lichen is called mycobiont and
the algal component is called phycobiont.
144 (d) The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining
water. It provides a large surface area for the absorption
of mineral nutrients and also helps in anchorage.
145 (a) The algal or cyanobacterial cells are photosynthetic
and possess the green pigment, chlorophyll enabling
them to use sunlight’s energy to make their own food
from water and CO2 through photosynthesis. They also
provide vitamins to the fungus.
146 (a) Lichens are useful bioindicators for air pollution,
especially sulphur dioxide pollution, since they derive
their water and essential nutrients mainly from the
atmosphere rather than from soil.
147 (d) In primary succession on rocks, lichens secrete
acids to dissolve rock, help in weathering and soil
formation. Thus, lichens are pioneer species to colonise
the bare rock.
148 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
The two kingdom system of classification was used till
very recently. This system did not distinguish between
the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and
multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green
algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.
Classification of organisms into plants and animals was
easily done and was easy to understand, inspite of the
fact that, a large number of organisms did not fall into
either category. Hence, the two kindgom classification,
was found to be inadequate.
149 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
be corrected as
Five kingdom classification has proposed by RH
Whittaker. The classification differentiated between the
heterotrophic group, fungi and the autotrophic green
plants, as they showed a characteristic difference in
their wall composition–the fungi had chitin, while the
green plants had cellulose in their cell walls. Thus, he
placed them in separate kingdoms.
150 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
be corrected as
Euglena is a green-coloured, single-celled organism,
which moves like animals . Some taxonomists
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification
considered it as a plant and included it in the plant
kingdom on the basis of the presence of chlorophyll,
while others, included it in the animal kingdom along
with the flagellated protozoans because of the
occurrence of locomotion by flagella. It was classified
as a protist later by RH Whittaker in his five kingdom
classification.
151 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be
corrected as
Fungi are wide spread in distribution. These may be
epiphytic, saprophytic, symbiotic and parasitic. Fungi
lack chlorophyll pigments and hence do not have
autotrophic mode of nutrition. These are heterotrophs.
152 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
In fungi, there is gradual and progressive simplification
and ultimate elimination of the sexual apparatus from
the lower to higher forms of fungi. In case of algae, the
sexual apparatus increases in complexity from simple to
higher forms.
153 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Viruses are active only when they are inside the living
host cells as viruses do not possess any replicating
property and require a host to replicate its genetic
material. Outside the host, they are as good as chemical
substances.
154 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Polluted water bodies have high abundance of Nostoc
and Oscillatoria. This is because cyanobacteria or
blue-green bacteria such as Nostoc and Oscillatoria can
tolerate adverse conditions due to the presence of
mucilage covering, resistant proteins and the absence of
sap vacoules.
155 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be
corrected as
Slime moulds are called as fungus like animals because
they possess characters of both the animals and fungi.
Their spores possess a true cell wall.
156 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Kingdom–Plantae consists of autotrophic organisms, i.e.
those which are capable of manufacturing their own
food. Thus, all the members contain chlorophyll and are
eukaryotic.
However, certain insectivores additionally depend on
insect for meeting their nitrogen requirement. Such
plants are called insectivorous and are partially
heterotrophic.
157 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Three domain system or six kingdom system of
classification is a biological system of classification
which divides organisms based on cellular
characteristics. The three domains are, archaea
(primitive prokaryotes), bacteria and eukarya
(eukaryotic organisms originating from endosymbiotic
41
association between archaebacteria and eubacteria, i.e.
Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia).
159 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Chlorella and Chlamydomonas both have cell walls.
Rest statements are correct.
160 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Bacteria occur almost everywhere. They have a very
simple structure, but a very complex behaviour. Rest of
the statements are correct.
162 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect about
methanogens and can be corrected as
The bacteria, which grow anaerobically, on cellulosic
material and produce large amount of methane along
with CO2 and H2 are collectively called as
methanogens. Rest of the statements are correct.
163 (b) The statement in option (b) is correct. All
archaebacteria share certain key characteristics like
(i) Their cell wall lacks peptidoglycans (important
component of cell wall of eubacteria).
(ii) Archaebacteria have distinct ribosomal RNA
sequence.
(iii) Some genes of archaebacteria possess introns,
unlike other bacteria.
Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be
corrected as
Archaea neither completely resembles prokarya and
eukarya nor it completely differs from them.
164 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Binary fission is the common method of bacterial
multiplication under favourable conditions. In this
method, a mature bacterial cell divides equally form two
daughter cells. They show sexual reproduction also.
Rest of the statements are correct.
165 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Eubacteria are also called true bacteria.
Rest of the statements are correct.
166 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct. Rest of the
statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
Answers & Explanations
Influenza and herpes are caused by virus having RNA
and DNA, respectively.
Nostoc and Anabaena are examples of free-living
nitrogen-fixers.
Methanogens are methane producing bacteria found in
marshy areas and paddy fields not in wheat crops.
167 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Fimbriae and pili are fine hair-like appendages used by
bacteria for attachment rather than motility.
Rest of the statements are correct.
168 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect about
mycoplasma and can be corrected as
They can survive without oxygen.
Rest of the statements are correct.
42
169 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Diatoms are single-celled, plant-like protists that
produce intricately structured cell walls made up of
silica (SiO2 ). Thus, their walls are indestructible.
Rest of the statements are correct.
170 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct about
euglenoid. Rest of the statements are incorrect and can
be corrected as
Euglenoids occur in freshwater habitats.
They contain the photosynthetic pigments,
chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b like plants.
Euglena when placed in continuous darkness, behaves,
as heterotroph by predating on other smaller organisms
to survive.
171 (d) The statement in option (d) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Desmids are mainly found in freshwater and are usually
indication of clean (unpolluted) water.
Rest of the statements are correct.
173 (b) The statement in option (b) is correct. Rest of the
statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
●
Slime moulds are diploid, e.g. Physarum.
●
Dinoflagellates are motile, e.g. Noctiluca,
Peridinium, etc.
●
The body of Euglena is covered with pellicle.
174 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
In Ascomycetes, the mycelium is well-developed and
branched. The hyphae are septate and multicellular.
Rest of the statements are correct.
175 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and it can be
corrected as
Yeast is a unicellular sac fungus which lacks
filamentous structures or hyphae. However, they may
form short temporary filamentous structure called
pseudomycelium.
Rest of the statements are correct.
176 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct.
Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be
corrected as
Answers & Explanations
●
Algal component of lichens is called phycobiont.
●
Fungal component of lichens is called mycobiont.
●
Lichens are good pollution indicators. Thus, their
population reduces in highly polluted area.
179 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect about plants.
It can be corrected as
Plants are autotrophic and make their own food through
photosynthesis. Rest other statements are correct.
180 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
The infective constituent in virus is their genetic
material, i.e. either DNA or RNA and not protein. They
take over the biosynthetic machinery of the host cell
Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )
and produce chemicals required for their own
multiplication. Rest of the statements are correct.
181 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Viroids were discovered by TO Diener in 1971 as a new
infectious agent that was smaller than virus.
Rest of the statements are correct.
183 (b) Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is
incorrect and can be corrected as
Archaebacteria are characterised by the absence of
peptidoglycan in their wall. Instead, their cell wall
contains proteins and non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
187 (b) The statements given correspond to slime moulds.
Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. In slime moulds,
spores possess true walls. The spores are dispersed by
air. They are extremely resistant and survive for many
years even under adverse conditions.
189 (b) Statements I, II, III and VI are correct. Statements
IV and V are incorrect and can be corrected as
●
Some unicellular fungi like yeast, are used to make
bread and beer. Ustilago is responsible for smut
disease.
●
Puccinia graminis tritici is responsible for black rust of
wheat.
195 (b) Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is
incorrect and can be corrected as
Kingdom–Plantae includes algae, bryophytes,
pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
198 (c) Statement II is correct about virus. Statements I, III
and IV are incorrect and can be corrected as
Viruses are obligate parasites and cannot be cultured on
an arificial medium. If a mixture of viruses and bacteria
is filtered through a bacterial proof filter, the viruses
will pass through into the filtrate in the flask as they
are smaller than bacteria. Viruses are made up of
proteins and DNA or RNA.
200 (a) Statement I is true, but II is false and it can be
corrected as
Bacterial viruses or Bacteriophages have commonly
double-stranded DNA, but all the other genome types
can also occur in them.
217 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and it can be
corrected as
The kindgom–Plantae includes eukaryotic, mainly
multicellular photosynthetic organisms.
Rest of the statements are correct.
218 (b) Protista is the group of containing unicellular
eukaryotic plants and animals. The organisms included
in this group are either photoautotrophs, heterotrophs or
parasites.
219 (d) Slime moulds are saprophytic protists, which move
along the dead leaves and engulf organic material.
These are multinucleated and do not possess cell wall
and have naked cytoplasm.
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification
220 (a) The difference between a virus and a viroid is that a
virus contains DNA or RNA as genetic material and a
protein coat, whereas viroids have no protein coat and
contain only RNA as their nucleic acid.
221 (d) In the five kingdom system of classification of
Whittaker, non-cellular organisms like viruses and
viroids are not mentioned. Viruses did not find a place
in any system of classification since, they are
non-cellular and not truly ‘living’.
222 (c) Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association between a
fungus and the roots of a higher plants like
gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Whereas lichens are the symbiotic association between
algae and fungi. Ferns are group of plants, belong to
pteridophytes like other vascular plants and BGA is
blue-green algae with a prokaryotic cell.
223 (a) RH Whittaker (1969) an American taxonomist in
order to develop phylogenetic classification divided
organisms into five kingdoms, i.e.
(i) Monera (ii) Protista
(iii) Fungi (iv) Plantae
(v) Animalia
Thus, RH Whittaker proposed the five kingdom system
of classification.
●
Whereas, C Linnaeus developed two kingdom system of
classification, i.e.
(i) kingdom–Plantae
(ii) kingdom–Animalia
●
Virchow is associated with the discovery of cell theory.
224 (b) Halophiles are organisms that live in areas of high
concentration of salts. The name halophiles is originated
from the greek word that means ‘salt loving’.
Heliophytes are the plants that grow best in sunlight
and cannot survive in salty conditions.
Methanogens are the bacteria that produces methane as
a metabolic byproducts in anaerobic conditions.
Thermoacidophiles are archaebacteria striving under
strong acidic environments and high temperatures, but
cannot tolerate high salt concentrations around them.
43
225 (b) MW Beijerinck proposed contagium vivum fluidum
means contagious living fluid. This phrase was first
used to describe virus, characteristic in escaping from
the finest mesh available.
DJ Ivanowsky was a Russian botanist who discovered
the filterable nature of viruses and one of the founder of
virology.
Stanley Miller was a Jewish American chemist
experimented on origin of life.
Robert Hooke was the first to study and record cells
using his primitive microscope.
226 (b) Dikaryon is a cell containing two nucleus. This
results when two somatic cells fuse, but their nucleus
does not fuse immediately. These are found in
Basidiomycetes.
227 (c) Lichens are dual organisms, which has a permanent
symbiotic association of fungus and an alga. The fungal
partner is called mycobiont and the algal partner is
called phycobiont.
Mycorrhiza is association of fungus with roots, but not
with an algae, while BGA or blue-green alga is a
member of Monera having a prokaryotic cell.
228 (c) Plasmogamy means fusion of protoplasm and
karyogamy means fusion of nucleus. These two events
lead to the formation of zygote (2n) which is a diploid
structure where meiosis takes place. Thus, option (c)
gives the correct sequence of events with respect to
fungal sexual cycle.
229 (d) Phycomycetes are the members of fungi that can
thrive well on dead and decaying wood as saprophytes.
These prefer to live in moist and damp places and need
water for the movement of zoospores and sexual
gametes.
Few members of Phycomycetes are obligate parasites
like Phytophthora infestans causing late blight of potato
and Peronospora viticola causing downy mildew of
grapes.
Thus, Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats, on
decaying wood, in moist and damp places and also as
obligate parasite, on plants.
Answers & Explanations
CHAPTER > 03
Plant Kingdom
NEET KEY NOTES
! Plant kingdom includes all multicellular, eukaryotic,
photosynthesising organisms, grouped as algae,
bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
! Plants were classified on the basis of different characters.
! The various systems used in classification of plants are
■
Artificial system of classification It was given by
Linnaeus and based on morphological characters.
■
Natural system of classification It was developed by
Bentham and Hooker and based on natural affinities
among the organisms. It was based on both external and
internal features like anatomy, structure and
embryology. It is the most common system of
classification followed.
■
Phylogenetic system of classification It was given by
Engler and Prantl and based on evolutionary
relationships of an organism. It is also known as
Hutchinson’s system.
! Classification done on the basis of chemical constituents of
plant is known as chemotaxonomy.
! Numerical taxonomy includes classification on the basis of
observed characters.
! Cytotaxonomy is based on cytological information like
chromosome number, structure, behaviour and types of
chromosomes.
Algae
! These are chlorophyll bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic
and mostly aquatic organisms (both freshwater and marine
water).
! These include unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas,
colonial forms like Volvox, filamentous like Ulothrix and
Spirogyra.
! Algae reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation and
asexually by zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, etc.
! Sexual reproduction in algae occurs through fusion of two
gametes. These gametes could be
■
Isogamous Both gametes are similar in size and
non-motile, e.g. Spirogyra.
■
Anisogamous Both gametes dissimilar in size, e.g.
Chlamydomonas.
■
Oogamous Fusion between one large female gamete and a
smaller motile male gamete, e.g. Volvox and Fucus.
! Algae play an important role in carbon dioxide fixation on
earth through photosynthesis thereby increasing the level of
O2 in the environment. They are chief primary producers.
! About 70 species of marine algae like Porphyra, Laminaria and
Sargassum are used as food.
! Algae are used commercially for various products like
■
Algin from brown algae.
■
Carrageenan from red algae.
■
Agar from Gelidium and Gracilaria.
! Spirulina and Chlorella are used by space travellers.
The algae are divided into three main classes which are as follows
Class–Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
! Members of Chlorophyceae are unicellular, colonial or
filamentous.
! They are green due to the presence of chlorophyll-a and b
pigments localised in definite chloroplast.
! Shape of the chloroplast varies like discoid, plate-like,
reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped.
! Algae store food in the form of starch in a specialised
structures called pyrenoids located in chloroplast. Food may
be stored in the form of oil droplets in some algae.
! Inner layer of cell wall is made up of cellulose, while outer
layer is made up of pectose.
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 45

Vegetative reproduction occurs through fragmentation. Asexual

Bryophytes
!

reproduction is done by zoospores by zoosporangia.

! Sexual reproduction occurs through different modes like ! They are commonly found in moist shaded areas in
isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous, e.g. Volvox, Ulothrix, the hills.
Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas and Chara. ! These are known as amphibians of plant kingdom
as they can live in soil as well as water and are
Class–Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) dependent on water for sexual reproduction (for
! Members of Phaeophyceae are brown in colour due to the movement of gametes).
presence of fucoxanthin pigment. ! In bryophytes, the main plant body is gametophyte,
! They range from simple branched, filamentous forms to which produces gametes. It is thalloid (i.e. lacks
profusely branched forms like kelps, which reach up to a height roots, stems and leaves) and prostrate or erect and
of 100 metres. attached to the substratum by rhizoids.
! Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed. The male
! They have gelatinous coating outside the, cellulosic cell wall
sex organ is antheridium, while female sex organ is
called algin.
archegonium.
! Cell contains chloroplast (plastid), centrally located vacuole and ! Antheridium produces biflagellate antherozoids.
nucleus.
Female sex organ produces one egg.
! Plant body is differentiated into holdfast (substratum), stripe ! Antherozoids are released in water where they come
(stalk) and frond (photosynthetic organ). in contact of archegonium and egg cell. It fuses with
! Asexual reproduction occurs through biflagellate zoospores egg cell to produce the zygote.
(having unequal laterally attached flagella). ! Zygote undergoes mitotic division and gives rise to
! Sexual reproduction may be oogamous, isogamous or sporophyte (2n). Sporophyte remains attached to the
anisogamous. Union of gametes takes place in water within gametophyte and takes nourishment from it.
oogonium in case of oogamous species, e.g. Sargassum, Fucus, ! Sporophyte undergoes reductional division or
Ectocarpus, Dictyota and Laminaria. meiosis to produce haploid spores. These later
germinate and give rise to haploid gametophyte.
Class–Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) ! Bryophytes are used as food source. These are
! Members of Rhodophyceae are red due to the presence of capable of preventing soil erosion and also form
pigment r-phycoerythrin. These are usually marine, occur close ecological succession links.
to the surface of water as well as in deep oceans. ! Bryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses.
! They reproduce vegetatively through fragmentation. Liverworts
! They reproduce sexually and asexually through non-motile ! The plant body is thalloid, e.g. Marchantia.
spores/gametes. Sexual reproduction is oogamous.
! Leafy members have tiny appendages usually grown
Divisions of Algae and their Main Characteristics in moist, damp, shady habitats.
Characteristics Class– Class– Class– ! They reproduce asexually by the formation of
Chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae
specialised structure called gemmae or through
Common name Green algae Brown algae Red algae
fragmentation of thalli.
Major pigments Chlorophyll-a, b Chlorophyll-a, c, Chlorophyll-a, d,
fucoxanthin r-phycoerythrin
! Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from
small receptacles called gemma cups.
Stored food Starch Mannitol, Floridean starch
laminarin ! Sexual reproduction occurs by the fusion of
Cell wall Cellulose Cellulose and Cellulose, pectin antherozoids and egg, which are produced in
algin and polysulphate antheridium and archegonium, respectively.
esters
! Both male and female sex organs may be present on
Flagellar number 2-8, equal, 2, unequal, lateral Absent same thalli or different thalli.
and position of apical
insertions ! Zygote gives rise to sporophyte, which is
Habitat Freshwater, Freshwater (rare), Freshwater (some), differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. Some cells
brackish water, brackish water, brackish water, salt of capsule undergo meiosis and give rise to haploid
salt water salt water water (most) spores. These spores give rise to gametophyte (n).

NEET KEY NOTES

46 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

Mosses ! The male gamete of pteridophyte swims to archegonium,

where zygote is formed after fertilisation. The zygote
! The predominant stage in the life cycle of a moss is the produces a sporophyte (dominant phase).
gametophyte, which consists of two substages, i.e.
! The zygote develops into young embryo within female
protonema and leafy stage.
gametophyte. This event is called a precursor to seed
! Juvenile stage of moss is protonema. It consist of slender, habit and is considered an important step in evolution.
green, branching system of filaments.
! Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as
! Leafy stage develops from the secondary protonema as
soil-binders. They are also grown as ornamentals.
lateral bud. It bears the sex organs.
! Pteridophytes are divided into four classes, i.e. Psilopsida
! Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation and
(Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium),
budding in the secondary protonema.
Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteropsida (Dryopteris,
! Mosses provide food for herbivores, used as packing Pteris, Adiantum).
material, fuel (e.g. Sphagnum), they decompose rocks and
colonies them along with lichens, etc.
Gymnosperms
Capsule
Gametophyte Sporophyte

! In gymnosperms, the ovules are not enclosed by any

Archegoniophore
Seta
Leaves
Gemma cup
Main axis
Rhizoids
Rhizoids
Moss (Funaria)
Liverwort (Marchantia)
Pteridophytes
! Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogams, also known
as seedless vascular plants.
! They produce spores rather than seeds, e.g. horsetails
(Equisetum), ferns (Selaginella) and club moss (Lycopodium).
! These are found near the marshy, cool and damp places.
! In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte
(2n), which is differentiated into true root, stem and
leaves.
! Leaves may be small (microphylls) as in Selaginella or large
(macrophylls) as in ferns.
! Sporophyte bears sporangia which consist of leaf-like
appendages called sporophylls. These sporophylls may be
widely scattered in a plant or may be clustered in definite
areas and structures called strobili or cones, e.g.
Selaginella.
! The spores produced can be of similar kind (homosporous)
or can be of two kinds (heterosporous), i.e. macro (large)
and micro (small).
! The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small
but multicellular free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid
gametophyte called prothallus.
! Gametophyte can grow only in cool, damp and shady
places which has restricted the spread of pteriodphytes to
a narrow geographical range.
! The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called
antheridia and archegonia, respectively.
ovary wall and remain exposed both before and after
fertilisation. Thus, naked seeds are formed
post-fertilisation and no fruit formation occurs.
! Plants possess tap root system but in some forms,
coralloid roots (plant roots associated with endosymbionts
such as blue-green alga, e.g. Cycas) or mycorrhiza (e.g.
Pinus). The stems are aerial, erect, woody, branched or
unbranched.
! Leaves are usually dimorphic, i.e. leaves are of two types
viz, large green foliage leaves and small brown scale
leaves.
! The gymnosperms are heterosporous, i.e. produce
microspores and megaspores in a compact strobili or
cones.
! The strobili bearing microsporophylls and
microsporangia are called microsporangiate or male
strobili. These develop into a highly reduced male
gametophyte which produce pollen grains.
! The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or
megasporangia are called macrosporangiate or female
strobili.
! Ovules or megasporangia borne on megasporophylls
consist of nucellus from which a megaspore mother cell
develops.
! One megaspore out of four develops into female
gametophyte bearing two or more archegonia (female sex
organs).
! The pollen grains of gymnosperms germinate and release
male gamete into the ovule, where it forms zygote after
fertilisation . The zygote develops into embryo and ovules
into seeds (naked).
Angiosperms
! Unlike the gymnosperms where the ovules are naked, in
the angiosperms or flowering plants, the pollen grains and
ovules are developed in specialised structures called
flowers.

NEET KEY NOTES

CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 47

! The flower consists of the male sex organs, called the exceptions such as Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps
stamen and female sex organ, called the pistil or carpel. (haplo-diplontic) and Fucus (diplontic).
! Each stamen consists of a filament and an anther Zygote
Sy (2n) Meiosis
(produces pollen grain). The pistil consists of an ovary ng
enclosing one to many ovules, a long slender style and a am Spores
y
stigma (structure where pollen grain lands after A (n )
pollination). B
Gametogenesis
! Each ovule has a megaspore mother cell which forms
Haplontic
four haploid megaspores by meiosis. Out of which, one
divides to form an embryo sac and others degenerate.
! The pollens reach the stigma of a flower through
agencies such as wind, water, insects, etc. This is known
as pollination. Gametophyte
(n)
! Each embryo sac has 3-celled egg apparatus having
1-egg cell, 2-synergids, 3-antipodal cells and 2-polar Haplontic life cycle
nuclei. 2. Diplontic life cycle is followed by seed bearing plants,
! The pollen tube carrying the microspore (pollen grains) i.e. gymnosperms and angiosperms.
enters the embryo sac. One male gamete fuses with egg Dominant phase is sporophyte, gametophytic phase is
cell (syngamy) and other fuses with diploid secondary represented by the single to few-celled gametophyte.
nucleus (triple fusion) forming primary endosperm Sporophyte
nucleus. Due to the occurrence of two processes (2n)
simultaneously, this is called double fertilisation.
! The zygote develops into embryo and primary
endosperm nucleus provides nourishment to the Diplontic
growing embryo.
! The synergids and antipodals develop after fertilisation. A
Zygote (2n) y
Also, the ovaries develop into fruit and ovules develop m Meiosis
into seeds. nga
Sy
! The angiosperms are classified into two B
(n )
classes–Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. Gametogenesis
Gametophyte
! Dicotyledons have two cotyledons in their seed, Diplontic life cycle
reticulate venation in leaves and flowers with 4 or 5
members in each whorl. 3. Haplo-diplontic life cycle is followed by bryophytes
and pteridophytes. In this case, sporophytic as well as
! Monocotyledons have one cotyledon, parallel venation
gametophytic phase is multicellular. In bryophytes,
in leaves and flowers with 3 members in each whorl.
gametophytic phase is dominant, which alternates with
short-lived sporophyte partially or totally dependent on
Plant Life Cycle and gametophytes for anchorage and nutrition, while in
Alternation of Generations pteridophytes, sporophytic phase is dominant and
alternates with short-lived gametophytic phase.
! Sexually reproducing plants show alternation of
generations between haploid gametophyte and diploid Sporophyte
Zygote (2n)
sporophyte. However, different plant groups as well as (2n)
individuals may show different patterns of life cycles, Syn
haplontic, diplontic and intermediate (haplo-diplontic). gam
y A
These can be explained as Meiosis
1. Haplontic life cycle is followed by algae such as
Gametogenesis
Spirogyra, Volvox, etc. In this cycle, gametophyte is Haplo-diplontic
Spores
dominant and sporophyte is represented by (n )
single-celled zygote. Zygote undergoes meiosis to B
form haploid spores. These spores give rise to
haploid gametophyte after a mitotic cell division. Gametophyte
(n)
Most algal generas are haplontic with a few
Haplo-diplontic life cycle

NEET KEY NOTES

48 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Introduction about Plants

1 Kingdom–Plantae includes 6 Phylogenetic system of classification is also
(a) algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes known as
(b) algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and (a) Artificial system of classification
angiosperms (b) Hutchinson’s system of classification
(c) algae, fungi, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and (c) Natural system of classification
angiosperms (d) Whittaker’s system of classification
(d) algae, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
7 Classification done on the basis of cytological
2 The earliest system of classification given by …A…, information, chromosome structure and their
based on gross superficial morphological traits was behaviour, is known as
called …B…. Here, A and B are (a) molecular classification
(a) Linnaeus, natural classification (b) cytotaxonomy
(b) Whittaker, natural classification (c) chemotaxonomy
(c) Linnaeus, artificial classification (d) karyotaxonomy
(d) Whittaker, artificial classification
8 Classification on the basis of chemical constituents of
3 Natural system of classification was based upon plants is known as
(a) structural embryology (b) phytochemistry (a) molecular taxonomy
(c) anatomy (d) All of these (b) chemical taxonomy
4 Phylogenetic system of classification is based upon (c) chemotaxonomy
(a) evolutionary relationship of organisms (d) chemosynthetic classification
(b) cytological information 9 Classification on the basis of all observed characters
(c) structural embryology is known as
(d) All of the above (a) number and codes taxonomy
5 Phylogenetic system of classification was given by (b) numerical taxonomy
(a) Engler and Prantl (b) Aristotle (c) countable taxonomy
(c) Linnaeus (d) Bentham and Hooker (d) numerical information taxonomy

TOPIC 2 ~ Algae
10 Algae are (a) A–Chlamydomonas, B–Volvox, C–Ulothrix
(a) chlorophyll bearing autotrophs (b) A–Ulothrix, B–Volvox, C–Chlamydomonas
(b) simple and thalloid (c) A–Volvox, B–Ulothrix, C–Chlamydomonas
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) A–Chlamydomonas, B–Ulothrix, C–Volvox
(d) heterotroph 14 In algae, vegetative reproduction mainly takes place
11 Algae occur in/on by
(a) fresh and marine water (b) moist stones (a) budding (b) akinetes
(c) moist soil and wood (d) All of these (c) fragmentation (d) heterocyst
12 An example of colonial alga is NEET 2017 15 In algae, asexual reproduction occurs by the
(a) Chlorella (b) Volvox (c) Ulothrix (d) Spirogyra production of different types of spores. The most
13 Algae include unicellular forms like ...A..., common type of spore is
filamentous forms like ...B... and colonial forms like (a) aplanospore (b) endospore
...C... . Here, A, B and C refer to (c) zoospore (d) oospore
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 49

16 Which of the following type(s) of sexual reproduction (a) A–Volvox, B–Chlamydomonas, C–Chara, D–Porphyra
is/are present in algae? (b) A–Fucus, B–Polysiphonia, C–Porphyra, D–Dictyota
(a) Isogamy (b) Anisogamy (c) A–Fucus, B–Dictyota, C–Porphyra, D–Polysiphonia
(c) Oogamy (d) All of these (d) A–Dictyota, B–Porphyra, C–Fucus, D–Polysiphonia
17 Anisogamous means both gametes are 21 Which of the following groups of marine algae is
(a) similar in size and non-motile used as food?
(b) dissimilar in size (a) Chlamydomonas, Volvox and Gracilaria
(c) similar in size and motile (b) Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum
(d) dissimilar in morphology (c) Laminaria and Gracilaria
18 Oogamous means (d) Porphyra and Chlamydomonas
(a) fusion between female and male gametes of similar size 22 Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from
(b) fusion between one large female gamete and a smaller red algae is used
non-motile male gamete (a) to grow microbes
(c) fusion between one large female gamete and a smaller (b) in preparations of ice-creams and jellies
motile male gamete (c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) fusion between one smaller female gamete and a large (d) in sizing textiles and papers
motile male gamete
23 Agar-agar is obtained from
19 Identify the given figures of algae and select the
correct option. (a) Chlorella (b) Spirogyra
(c) Ulothrix (d) Gelidium
24 An alga, which can be employed as food for human
being is CBSE-AIPMT 2014
(a) Ulothrix (b) Chlorella
(c) Spirogyra (d) Polysiphonia
Daughter Frond
colony 25 The alga used in space research is
Parent (a) Cephaleuros (b) Gelidium
colony Stipe (c) Chlorella (d) Gracilaria
Holdfast
C 26 People recovering from long illness are often advised
A B
to include the alga Spirulina in their diet because it
(a) A–Chlamydomonas, B–Chara, C–Volvox (a) makes the food easy to digest
(b) A–Volvox, B–Ulothrix, C–Laminaria (b) is rich in proteins
(c) A–Chara, B–Laminaria, C–Volvox (c) has antibiotic properties
(d) A–Porphyra, B–Polysiphonia, C–Fucus (d) restores the intestinal microflora
20 Identify the given figures of algae and select the 27 The members of Chlorophyceae are commonly called
correct option. (a) red algae (b) brown algae
(c) green algae (d) blue-green algae

Air bladder 28 The members of Chlorophyceae are usually green due

Frond to the presence of pigments
Midrib (a) chlorophyll-a (b) chlorophyll-b
Main axis
(c) chlorophyll-a and b (d) chlorophyll-c
Branches 29 Which type of chloroplasts are present in the
Holdfast
members of class–Chlorophyceae?
(a) Discoid and plate-like
A B
(b) Reticulate and cup-shaped
Frond Frond (c) Spiral or ribbon-shaped
(d) All of the above
30 Shape of chloroplast of Ulothrix is JIPMER 2018
(a) star-shaped (b) band-shaped
Stipe
(c) girdle-shaped (d) spiral-shaped
C D
50 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

31 Storage bodies, pyrenoids in the chloroplast contain 43 In brown algae, brown colour is due to the presence of
(a) protein and starch (a) carotenoids (b) fucoxanthin
(b) carbohydrate and protein (c) phycoerythrin (d) chlorophyll
(c) polysaccharide and protein 44 In brown algae, food is stored in the form of
(d) starch and lipid (a) mannitol (b) laminarian starch
32 How many pyrenoids are present in the members of (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) algin
class–Chlorophyceae? 45 If you are asked to classify the various algae into
(a) One (b) Two distinct groups, which of the following characters you
(c) One to many (d) Pyrenoids are absent should choose?
33 Pyrenoids are made up of (a) Types of pigments present in the cell
(a) core of starch surrounded by sheath of protein (b) Nature of stored food materials in the cell
(b) core of protein surrounded by fatty sheath (c) Structural organisation of thallus
(c) proteinaceous centre and starchy sheath (d) Chemical composition of the cell wall
(d) core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein sheath
46 The cells of brown algae contain plastids with
34 The members of Chlorophyceae usually have a rigid centrally located ...A... and ...B... .
cell wall made up of
Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option for A
(a) cellulose (outer layer) and algin (inner layer)
and B.
(b) pectose (inner layer) and peptidoglycan (outer layer)
(a) A–vacuole; B–nucleus
(c) cellulose (inner layer) and pectose (outer layer)
(b) A–Golgi body; B–nucleoid
(d) chitin (inner layer) and pectose (outer layer)
(c) A–pyrenoid; B–carrageen
35 In green algae, vegetative reproduction takes place by (d) A–pyrenoid; B–nucleus
(a) fragmentation (b) different types of spores
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) conidia 47 Holdfast, stipe and frond constitute the plant body in
case of
36 Which one of the following shows isogamy with (a) Volvox (b) Chara
non-flagellated gametes? (c) Laminaria (d) Chlamydomonas
(a) Sargassum (b) Ectocarpus
(c) Ulothrix (d) Spirogyra 48 In brown algae, asexual reproduction takes place by
(a) aplanospores (apple-shaped and non-motile)
37 Eyespot is seen in JIPMER 2018
(b) biflagellated gametes (pear-shaped and have two
(a) Chlamydomonas (b) Ulothrix unequal flagella)
(c) Spirogyra (d) Polysiphonia (c) endospores (round and have one flagellum)
38 Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of NEET 2017 (d) multiflagellate gametes and are sickle-shaped
(a) Marchantia (b) Fucus 49 Heterotrichous thallus is shown by which organism?
(c) Funaria (d) Chlamydomonas JIPMER 2018
39 Palmella stage is present in JIPMER 2018 (a) Chlamydomonas (b) Ectrocarpus
(a) Aspergillus (b) Cystopus (c) Spirogyra (d) Volvax
(c) Chlamydomonas (d) None of these 50 Photosynthetic pigment(s) of class–Rhodophyceae
40 The members of brown algae are found primarily in (red algae) is/are
(a) freshwater habitat (b) marine habitat (a) chlorophyll-a and b
(c) terrestrial habitat (d) on moist rock (b) chlorophyll-a and c
41 Kelp (branched form) and Ectocarpus (filamentous (c) chlorophyll-a only
form) belong to (d) chlorophyll-a and d
(a) green algae (b) brown algae 51 Members of class–Rhodophyceae are known as red
(c) red algae (d) blue-green algae algae due to the presence of red pigment
42 The members of brown algae have (a) r-phycoerythrin (b) r-xanthophyll
(a) chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and xanthophylls (c) chlorophyll-a (d) fucoxanthin
(b) chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-c and xanthophylls 52 Phycoerythrin is present in
(c) fucoxanthin and phycoerythrin (a) Polysiphonia (b) Laminaria
(d) chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-d (c) Kelps (d) Chlamydomonas
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 51

53 Floridean starch is reserve food in 57 Read carefully the table and fill up the blanks.
(a) Phaeophyceae Flagellar
(b) Chlorophyceae Major Stored Number and
Classes Cell Wall
Pigments Food Position of
(c) Rhodophyceae Insertions
(d) Cyanophyceae Chlorophyceae A Starch Cellulose 2-8, equal,
54 Which one is wrongly matched? apical
(a) Gemma cups – Marchantia NEET (National) 2018 Phaeophyceae Chlorophyll- Mannitol, C 2, unequal,
a and c, laminarin lateral
(b) Biflagellate zoospores – Brown algae fucoxanthin
(c) Uniflagellate gametes – Polysiphonia
Rhodophyceae Chlorophyll- B Cellulose D
(d) Unicellular organism – Chlorella a and d,
phycoerythrin
55 Which one is a parasitic agla? JIMPER 2018
(a) Oedogonium A, B, C and D in the above table refers to
(b) Cephaleuros A B C D
(c) Spirogyra (a) Chlorophyll- a and d Starch and Cellulose 2-10,
(d) Cladophora laminarin equal,
apical
56 Which of the following is not matched?
(b) Chlorophyll-a and c Mannitol and Cellulose 2-8, equal,
(a) Chlamydomonas – Unicellular flagellated starch and algin lateral
(b) Laminaria – Flattened leaf-like thallus
(c) Chlorophyll-a and b Floridean Cellulose Not
(c) Chlorella – Unicellular non-flagellated starch and algin present
(d) Volvox – Colonial form, non-flagellated (d) Chlorophyll-a and b Mannitol and Cellulose Not
floridean starch present

TOPIC 3 ~ Bryophytes
58 Bryophytes are the oldest (most primitive) plant type 62 The plant body of bryophytes is thallus-like, prostrate
in terms of evolution, these include or erect and attached to substratum with the help of
(a) liverworts and mosses (a) unicellular or multicellular root
(b) lycopods and mosses (b) unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
(c) lycopods and liverworts (c) multicellular roots
(d) liverworts and Volvox (d) unicellular roots
59 Bryophytes mostly occur in 63 Which of the following plant groups lacks true roots,
(a) dry area stem and leaves?
(b) terrestrial area (a) Angiosperms (b) Gymnosperms
(c) humid, damp and shaded localities (c) Pteridophytes (d) Bryophytes
(d) in water 64 The main plant body of bryophytes is ...A... .
60 Bryophytes are also called ‘amphibians of the plant It produces ...B..., hence is called a ...C... .
kingdom’ because
Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option for
(a) water is essential for reproduction
A, B and C.
(b) they occur only in water
(a) A–diploid, B–spores, C–sporophyte
(c) these plants can live in soil, but are dependent on water
for sexual reproduction (b) A–haploid, B–gametes, C–gametophyte
(d) water is essential for spore formation (c) A–diploid, B–endospores, C–sporophyte
(d) A–haploid, B–conidia, C–gametophyte
61 Mosses (Bryophytes) occur in moist places because
(a) they cannot grow on land 65 Bryophytes reproduce by
(b) their gametes fuse in water (a) vegetative reproduction
(c) they lack vascular tissue (b) sexual reproduction
(d) they lack root and stomata (c) asexual reproduction
(d) Both (a) and (b)
52 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

66 Gametophytic generation is dominant stage in the life (a) A–Apophysis, B–Capsule, C–Sporophyte,
cycle of D–Gametophyte
(a) pteridophytes (b) angiosperms (b) A–Capsule, B–Seta, C–Sporophyte, D–Gametophyte
(c) gymnosperms (d) bryophytes (c) A–Apophysis, B–Seta, C–Gametophyte, D–Sporophyte
(d) A–Apophysis, B–Capsule, C–Gametophyte,
67 In bryophytes, antheridium produces ...A... and female D–Sporophyte
sex organ archegonium produces ...B... . Here A and B
refer to 75 A and B in given figure represent
(a) A–uniflagellate antherozoids; B–two eggs
(b) A–biflagellate antherozoids; B–one egg A
Branches
(c) A–non-motile antherozoids; B–one egg
(d) A–non-motile antherozoids; B–two eggs
68 The only positive evidence of aquatic ancestry of
byrophyte is
(a) thread-like protonema
(b) green colour B
(c) some forms are still aquatic
(d) ciliated sperms
69 Choose the incorrect option for bryophytes.
(a) Archegonium – Flask-shaped female sex organ
(b) Antheridium – Unicellular female gametes (a) A–Gametophyte branch, B–Sporophyte branch
(c) Antherozoids – Biflagellate male gamete (b) A–Antheridial branch, B–Archegonial branch
(d) All of the above (c) A–Archegonial branch, B–Antheridial branch
(d) A–Sporophyte branch, B–Gametophyte branch
70 Peat moss is
(a) Funaria (b) fern (c) algae (d) Sphagnum 76 Observe the diagrams given below and choose the
correct option for A, B and C.
71 The plant having capacity of absorbing water, used to
replace cotton and used as a fuel is B
(a) Marchantia (b) Riccia A
(c) Sphagnum (d) Funaria
72 Mosses along with lichen are of great ecological
C
importance because
(a) they colonise barren rocks and decompose rock
(b) of their contribution to prevent soil erosion
(c) of their contribution in ecological succession
(d) All of the above
73 In which way, mosses affect the quality of soil? (a) A–Antheridiophore, B–Archegoniophore, C–Endospore
(a) Prevent soil erosion (b) A–Archegoniophore, B–Antheridiophore,
(b) Add nutrients to the soil C–Gemma cup
(c) Promotes soil degradation (c) A–Antheridiophore, B–Archegoniophore,
(d) They do not affect soil in any way C–Gemma cup
(d) A–Archegoniophore, B–Antheridiophore, C–Seta cup
74 In given figure A, B, C and D represent
77 Which of the following is showing the correct ploidy
A
level of labelled organs of plant in the given figure?

C Sporophyte
B

Leaves

Antheridia
D
Rhizoids
Main axis
Rhizoids (a) Sporophyte – Diploid (2n) (b) Antheridia – Haploid (n)
(c) Rhizoids – Haploid (n) (d) All of these
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 53

78 Which group of plants constitute the lower 89 In moss, the sporophyte is differentiated into
bryophytes? (a) seta and capsule
(a) Liverworts (b) Mosses (b) foot and seta
(c) Anthocerotales (d) Jungermanniales (c) foot, seta and capsule
79 Which of the following liverworts has thalloid plant (d) protonema, foot and capsule
body? 90 In which of the following, the gametangia surrounded
(a) Marchantia (b) Funaria by a sterile jacket will be found?
(c) Sphagnum (d) Pogonatum (a) Fungi (b) Angiosperms
80 In liverworts, asexual reproduction takes place by (c) Bryophytes (d) Algae
(a) gemmae and fragmentation of thalli 91 Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum are the
(b) fragmentation and zoospores examples of
(c) gemmae formation and spores formation (a) liverworts (b) ferns
(d) isogamy and anisogamy (c) mosses (d) pteridophytes
81 Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from 92 In a moss, the sporophyte
small receptacles called gemma cups. These are (a) is partially parasitic on the gametophyte
found in (b) produces gametes that give rise to the gametophyte
(a) Funaria (b) Marchantia (c) arises from a spore produced from the gametophyte
(c) Fern (d) Sphagnum (d) manufactures food for itself, as well as for the
gametophyte
82 In the life cycle of mosses, the gametophyte has two
stages (A and B). These stages can be called 93 The moss plant is
(a) A – Protonema; B – Leafy stage (a) sometimes gametophyte and sometimes sporophyte
(b) A – Protonema; B – Sporogonium (b) predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte attached
(c) A – Sporophyte; B – Gametophyte to it
(d) A – Zygote; B – Spore mother cell (c) gametophyte
(d) sporophyte
83 The protonema is a stage in the life cycle of
(a) Riccia (b) Funaria 94 Buxbaumia aphylla is a classical example of
(c) All bryophytes (d) Pinus (a) parasitic bryophyte
(b) saprophytic bryophyte
84 Secondary protonema
(c) symbiotic bryophyte
(a) formed by spore germination
(d) nitrogen-fixing form
(b) formed by other vegetative part of plant
(c) develops into leafy gametophyte 95 The unique feature of bryophytes in comparison to
(d) Both (b) and (c) other green plant groups is that
(a) they produce spores
85 If the leaf of Funaria has 5 chromosomes, the primary
(b) they lack vascular tissue
protonema will have (c) they lack roots
(a) 10 chromosomes (b) 5 chromosomes
(d) their sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte
(c) 15 chromosomes (d) 20 chromosomes
96 Which one is wrong in respect to bryophytes?
86 Mosses are highly developed among all the
(a) Water is essential for sexual reproduction
bryophytes. These are (b) The presence of antheridium
(a) green
(c) The presence of ciliated sperms
(b) leafy
(d) The presence of autotrophic, independent sporophyte
(c) upright and radial in symmetry
(d) All of the above 97 Which of the following is true about bryophytes?
(a) They are thalloid
87 Mosses are attached to substratum by
(b) They contain chloroplast
(a) roots (b) capsule
(c) They possess archegonia
(c) rhizoids (d) main axis
(d) All of the above
88 In mosses, vegetative reproduction takes place by
(a) fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema 98 If the chromosome number in the leaf of Funaria is
(b) gemmae formation and endospore formation 20, what will be the chromosome number in the
(c) gemmae and tubers formation spores?
(d) protonema (a) 10 (b) 40
(c) 20 (d) 5
54 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

TOPIC 4~ Pteridophytes
99 Horsetails and ferns belong to 111 Which of the following are homosporous? AIIMS 2019
(a) gymnosperms (b) bryophytes (a) Salvinia, Equisetum (b) Salvinia, Lycopodium
(c) mosses (d) pteridophytes (c) Selaginella, Salvinia (d) Lycopodium, Equisetum
100 Pteridophytes mostly occur in 112 In homosporous pteridophyte, the gametophyte is
(a) cool, damp and shady places (a) vascular
(b) hot and sunny places (b) monoecious
(c) dry and humid areas (c) dioecious
(d) water (d) may be monoecious or dioecious
101 Which of the following plant group is considered as 113 Which of the following pteridophytes is
first terrestrial plant to possess vascular tissues xylem heterosporous in nature?
and phloem? (a) Selaginella and Salvinia (b) Adiantum and Equisetum
(a) Bryophytes (b) Pteridophytes (c) Psilotum and Lycopodium (d) Adiantum and Psilotum
(c) Gymnosperms (d) Angiosperms
114 Heterospory is the production of
102 Pteridophytes are also known as (a) sexual and asexual spores
(a) cryptogams (b) vascular cryptogams (b) large and small spores
(c) amphibious plants (d) phanerogams
(c) haploid and diploid alike spores
103 Sporophytic generation is dominant phase in the life (d) diploid and tetraploid alike spores
cycle of 115 Seed habit is linked to
(a) Marchantia (b) ferns (c) mosses (d) liverworts
(a) homospory (b) heterospory
104 In pteridophyte, the sporophyte consists of leaf-like (c) parthenocarpy (d) parthenogenesis
appendages called 116 From evolutionary point of view, retention of the
(a) megaphylls (b) sporophylls female gametophyte with developing young embryo
(c) thalli (d) sporangia
on the parent sporophyte for some time, is first
105 The leaves in pteridophytes are small as in observed in NEET (National) 2019
(a) Volvox (b) Marsilia (c) Selaginella (d) Azolla (a) mosses (b) pteridophytes
106 Select the correct sequential arrangement of (c) gymnosperms (d) liverworts
reproductive structures in pteridophytes. 117 Which of the following group of pteridophytes belong
(a) Sporophyll Æ Strobili Æ Sporangia Æ Spore mother to class–Pteropsida?
cell Æ Spores (a) Equisetum and Psilotum (b) Lycopodium and Adiantum
(b) Strobili Æ Sporophyll Æ Sporangia Æ Spores (c) Selaginella and Pteris (d) Pteris and Adiantum
(c) Spores Æ Sporophyll Æ Sporangia Æ Strobili
(d) Spores Æ Sporangia Æ Sporophyll Æ Strobili 118 Sporophyte is parasitic over gametophyte. This
statement is true for
107 In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male
(a) pteridophytes (b) algae
gametes requires NEET 2016
(c) byrophytes (d) gymnosperms
(a) insects (b) birds (c) water (d) wind
119 Identify A, B and C in the following figure and choose
108 In pteridophytes, spore germinates to give rise to
the correct option.
(a) thalloid gametophyte called prothallus
A
(b) thalloid sporophyte called prothallus
(c) thalloid sporocarp
(d) thalloid, photosynthetic sporophyte B
109 Mosses and ferns are found in moist and shady places
because both C
(a) require the presence of water for fertilisation
(b) do not need sunlight for photosynthesis
(c) depend for their nutrition on microorganisms, which
can survive only at low temperature Rhizome
(d) cannot compete with sun-loving plants (a) A–Strobilus, B–Node, C–Leaves
110 Prothallus of the fern produces (b) A–Strobilus, B–Node, C–Branch
(a) spores (b) gametes (c) A–Sporophyll, B–Node, C–Internode
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) cones (d) A–Sporophyll, B–Internode, C–Node
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 55

120 Go through the following figures and identify these (a) A–Equisetum, B–Selaginella, C–Fern
plants (A, B and C). (b) A–Selaginella, B–Fern, C–Salvinia
(c) A–Fern, B–Salvinia, C–Equisetum
Leaves (d) A–Salvinia, B–Equisetum, C–Fern
121 Two very distinct generations are found in the life
Stem
cycle of
Roots (a) bacteria (b) Spirogyra
(c) Volvox (d) ferns

A B
122 Which plant group has vascular tissue, produces
spores, but does not have seeds?
(a) Bryophyta (b) Pteridophyta
(c) Gymnosperms (d) Angiosperms
123 ……… a pteridophyte is also known as the walking
fern. CBSE-AIPMT 2014
(a) Equisetum (b) Psilotum
(c) Adiantum (d) Lycopodium
C

TOPIC 5 ~ Gymnosperms

124 Gymnosperms are characterised by 130 In gymnosperms, the leaves are well-adapted to
(a) multiflagellate sperms (b) naked seeds withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and
(c) winged seeds (d) seeds inside fruits wind. Which is/are the xeric character(s) of conifers?
125 Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme (a) Needle-like leaves
environmental conditions because of NEET 2016 (b) Thick cuticle
(a) broad hardy leaves (b) superficial stomata (c) Sunken stomata
(c) thick cuticle (d) the presence of vessels (d) All of the above
126 In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents 131 Cycads are
(a) a cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms are (a) homosporous and dioecious
formed (b) homosporous and monoecious
(b) a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored (c) heterosporous and dioecious
after pollination (d) heterosporous and monoecious
(c) an opening in the megagametophyte through which the 132 Zooidogamy is found in JIPMER 2019
pollen tube approaches the egg
(a) Cedrus (b) Pinus
(d) the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop
(c) Cycas (d) Both (b) and (c)
127 In which of the following gametophyte is not
133 Select the mismatch. NEET 2017
independent and free-living? CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(a) Pinus – Dioecious
(a) Funaria (b) Marchantia
(b) Cycas – Dioecious
(c) Pteris (d) Pinus
(c) Salvinia – Heterosporous
128 Which of the following gymnosperm has coralloid (d) Equisetum – Homosporous
roots associated with N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria?
134 In Pinus, male cone bears a large number of
(a) Pinus (b) Cycas
(a) ligules (b) anthers
(c) Cedrus (d) Ginkgo
(c) microsporophylls (d) megasporophylls
129 Which one is not the feature of Cycas?
(a) Unbranched stem 135 Microsporangia in gymnosperms are produced
(b) Pinnate leaves (a) on the middle portion of microsporophyll
(c) The male or female cones may be borne on the different (b) on the lowerside of microsporophyll
trees (c) on the middle portion of megasporophyll
(d) Archegonium is absent (d) at the extreme tip of microsporophyll
56 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

136 In gymnosperms, the microspores develop into a male 143 In gymnosperms, the multicellular female
gametophyte generation, which gametophyte is retained within
(a) is highly reduced and confined to only a limited number (a) microsporangium (b) megasporangium
of cells (c) male gametophyte (d) archegonia
(b) is highly developed 144 Choose the correct pattern of arrangement of
(c) has an independent life reproductive structures of gymnosperms.
(d) Both (a) and (c) (a) Spores Æ Sporophylls Æ Sporangia Æ Strobili
137 In gymnosperms, the reduced gametophyte is called (b) Spores Æ Sporangia Æ Sporophylls Æ Strobili
(c) Sporangia Æ Sporophylls Æ Spores Æ Strobili
(a) endospore (b) pollen grain
(d) Spores Æ Sporangia Æ Strobili Æ Sporophylls
(c) ovule (d) aplanospore
145 In gymnosperms, pollination takes place by
138 Megasporophyll is the term used in gymnosperm to (a) water (b) air
denote (c) insects (d) animals
(a) carpel (b) leaves 146 In gymnosperms, dominant phase is
(c) female cone (d) stamens (a) sporophyte (b) gametophyte
139 The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules are (c) haploid (d) triploid
called 147 Identify the figures A, B and C and choose the correct
(a) male strobili (b) female strobili option.
(c) megasporangia (d) microsporangia
140 In gymnosperms, the nucellus is protected by
envelops and this composite structure is known as
(a) ovule (b) ovary (c) anther (d) strobili A B C

141 Megaspore mother cell divides ...A... to give rise (a) A–Cycas, B–Ginkgo, C–Pinus
...B... megaspores. (b) A–Cycas, B–Pinus, C–Ginkgo
(c) A–Ginkgo, B–Cycas, C–Pinus
Identify A and B and choose the correct option. (d) A–Pinus, B–Cycas, C–Ginkgo
(a) A–mitotically; B–two (b) A–meiotically; B–four
(c) A–amitotically; B–four (d) A–dinomitotically; B–two
148 ‘Chilgoza’ a gymnospermic seed that is eaten as dry
fruit is produced by
142 In gymnosperms, one of the megaspores develops into (a) Pinus roxburghii (b) Pinus gerardiana
multicellular structure called ……… that bears two or (c) Ginkgo biloba (d) Cedrus deodara
more archegonia.
149 Sago starch is obtained from
(a) male gametophyte (b) female gamete
(a) Cedrus (b) Taxus (c) Pinus (d) Cycas
(c) female gametophyte (d) male gamete

TOPIC 6~ Angiosperms
150 Angiosperms are also called 154 Smallest flowering plant is
(a) seedless plants (b) fruitless plants (a) Ginkgo (b) Wolffia (c) tulip (d) sweet bay
(c) flowering plants (d) All of these 155 The tallest tree species is
151 In angiosperms, the pollen grains and ovules are (a) Pinus (b) Cedrus
produced in a special structure called (c) Sequoia (d) Eucalyptus
(a) fruit (b) seed 156 Angiospermic plants are divided into
(c) flower (d) lamina (a) dicot
152 In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed by (b) monocot
(a) flowers (b) fruits (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) ovule (d) perianth (d) heartwood plants and sapwood plants
153 Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms in having 157 Reproductive parts of an angiospermic plant are
(a) fruits (b) cotyledons (a) stamen (b) pistil
(c) tracheids (d) broad leaves (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) shoot
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 57

158 Stamen consists of 171 Endosperm formation begins with

(a) filament and anther (b) style and stigma (a) the establishment of the suspensor
(c) filament and pistil (d) anther and pistil (b) the fusion of the antipodals
159 Carpel consists of (c) the fertilisation of the polar nuclei
(a) style and ovary (b) style, stigma and ovary (d) the syncytial development of the embryo
(c) style, anther and pistil (d) anther, style and stigma 172 The endosperm in angiosperms develops from
160 Eight nucleated female gametophyte is found in (a) zygote (b) secondary nucleus
(a) bryophytes (b) gymnosperms (c) chalazal polar nucleus (d) micropylar polar nucleus
(c) angiosperms (d) pteridophytes 173 In the angiosperm ovule, central cell of the embryo
161 Embryo sac consists of angiosperm has sac prior to the triple fusion, contains
(a) one egg cell (a) a single haploid nucleus
(b) two synergids (b) one diploid nucleus
(c) three antipodal and two polar nuclei (c) two haploid polar nuclei
(d) All of the above (d) one diploid and one haploid nuclei
162 Egg apparatus of angiosperms consists of 174 After fertilisation, the ovary and ovules, respectively
(a) one synergid and two egg cells develop into
(b) two synergids and one egg cell (a) fruit, seed coat (b) seed coat, integuments
(c) one central cell, two polar nuclei and three antipodal cells (c) fruit and seeds (d) seeds and fruit
(d) one egg cell, two polar nuclei and three antipodal cells
175 In angiosperms, endosperm is
163 Which of the following is incorrect with respect to
(a) haploid (b) diploid
angiosperms?
(c) triploid (d) None of these
(a) Endosperm — Triploid (b) Megaspore — Diploid
(c) Pollen grain — Haploid (d) Synergid — Haploid 176 The diagram represents the life cycle of angiosperm.
Choose the correct combination for labellings (A-E).
164 Each cell of angiospermic embryo sac is
B
(a) diploid (b) triploid (c) tetraploid (d) haploid
A
165 Transfer of pollen grain from anther to the stigma of
Filament
ovary is called Style Microsporangium
Megaspore
(a) autogamy (b) pollination mother cell
(c) syngamy (d) allogamy Sporophyte
Ovary
166 Pollen tube carries Microspores
(a) two male gametes (b) one male gamete Megasporangium
(c) three sperms (d) four sperms Gametophytic
Sporophytic
(n)
(2n)
167 In flowering plants, meiosis occurs at the time of generation
generation
(a) formation of buds
(b) germination of seeds Microspore
(c) formation of root primordia Embryo (pollen grain)
E
(d) formation of pollen grains
C
168 Double fertilisation occurs among
Zygote
(a) algae (b) bryophytes D Gametes
(c) angiosperms (d) gymnosperms
(a) A–Anther, B–Stigma, C–Egg, D–Male gametophyte,
169 Double fertilisation is NEET 2018
E–Ovule
(a) fusion of two male gametes with one egg
(b) A–Ovule, B–Stigma, C–Male gametophyte, D–Anther,
(b) fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei
E–Ovule
(c) fusion of two male gametes of pollen tube with two
different eggs (c) A–Male gametophyte, B–Stigma, C–Anther, D–Egg,
(d) syngamy and triple fusion E–Ovule
(d) A–Stigma, B–Anther, C–Male gametophyte, D–Egg,
170 Triple fusion in angiosperm is the fusion of second E–Ovule
male gamete with
177 Male gametophyte with least number of cells is
(a) two polar nuclei (secondary nucleus)
(b) two antipodal cells
present in CBSE-AIPMT 2014
(c) one antipodal cell (a) Pteris (b) Funaria
(d) antipodal cell and one synergid cell (c) Lilium (d) Pinus
58 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

TOPIC 7~ Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations

178 In the alternation of generations, the sporophytic 184 Which of the following correctly represents the type of life
generation is ...A... and the gametophytic cycle patterns from the options given?
generation is ...B... . Here, A and B refer to
Zygote
(a) A–2n; B–n Sy Meiosis
ng (2n)
(b) A–n; B–2n am
y Spores
(c) A–n; B–n I (n)
(d) A–2n; B–2n II
Gametogenesis
179 The dominant photosynthetic, free-living phase
in haplontic life cycle is A
(a) sporophyte
(b) gametophyte
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above Gametophyte
180 Choose the incorrect option for haplontic life (n)
cycle Sporophyte
(2n)
(a) Sporophytic generation is represented only by the
one-celled zygote
(b) There are no free-living sporophytes
(c) Mitosis in the zygote results in the formation of B
haploid spores
(d) The haploid spores divide mitotically and form I
the gametophyte Zygote (2n)
my Meiosis
a
181 Choose the correct option about diplontic life ng
Sy II
cycle. (n )
(a) It occurs in seed bearing plants like gymnosperms Gemetogenesis
and angiosperms Gemetophyte
(b) The diploid sporophyte is dominant,
photosynthetic, independent phase of the plant Sporophyte
(2n)
(c) The gametophytic, phase is represented by the Zygote (2n)
single to few-celled haploid gametophyte
Syn
(d) All of the above ga m I
y
182 Haplo-diplontic life cycle is followed by Meiosis
(a) bryophytes and pteridophytes Gametogenesis
(b) algae and bryophytes II
C Spores
(c) angiosperms and gymnosperms (n )
(d) bryophytes and gymnosperms
183 Life cycle of Ectocarpus and Fucus, respectively Gametophyte
are NEET 2017 (n)
(a) haplontic, diplontic (a) A–Haplontic, B–Diplontic, C–Haplo-diplontic
(b) diplontic, haplo-diplontic (b) A–Diplontic, B–Haplontic, C–Haplo-diplontic
(c) haplo-diplontic, diplontic (c) A–Haplo-diplontic, B–Diplontic, C–Haplontic
(d) haplo-diplontic, haplontic (d) A–Diplontic, B–Haplo-diplontic, C–Haplontic
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom
NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason
Direction (Q. No. 185-194) In each of the following
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed
by corresponding statement of Reason (R).
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) If A is true, but R is false.
(d) If A is false, but R is true.
185 Assertion (A) Artificial system of classification
separated closely related species.
Reason (R) Artificial system gave equal weightage
to vegetative and sexual characteristics.
186 Assertion (A) Algae are the primary producers of
many food cycles.
Reason (R) Half of the total carbon
dioxide-fixation on earth is carried out by algae.
187 Assertion (A) Red algae contributes in
development of coral reefs.
Reason (R) Red algae secrete and deposit calcium
carbonate over their walls.
188 Assertion (A) Bryophytes are the amphibians of
plant kingdom.
Reason (R) They are found in swamps and the
areas, where water and land meet.
189 Assertion (A) Bryophytes are a class of
kingdom–Plantae.
Reason (R) Algae, fungi, lichens and mosses are
included in bryophytes.
190 Assertion (A) The life cycle of Funaria is called
diplo-haplontic.
Reason (R) In Funaria, there is alternation of
haploid gametophytic and diploid sporophytic
phases, one becoming parent of the other.
191 Assertion (A) Lycopodium and Selaginella are
heterosporous.
Reason (R) In heterosporous condition, two kinds
of spores are produced by the plant.
59
192 Assertion (A) Production of two types of spores is a
pre-requisite of seed habit. AIIMS 2019
Reason (R) In pteridophytes, Lycopodium is precursor
of seed habit.
193 Assertion (A) Heterospory and retention of female
gametophyte are responsible for origin of seed habit in
Selaginella. AIIMS 2019
Reason (R) Psilotum is a living fossil.
194 Assertion (A) Fertilisation in Cycas is called
zooidogamy.
Reason (R) Fertilisation in Cycas takes place by the
formation of pollen tube.
II. Statement Type Questions
195 Identify the correct statement for artificial system of
classification.
(a) Artificial system was based on natural affinities present
among the organisms
(b) It was proposed by Engler and Prantl
(c) The artificial system gave equal weightage to the
vegetative and sexual characteristics
(d) It considers both the external features and internal features
like anatomy, embryology, etc.
196 Read carefully the given statements about algae and
identify the incorrect option.
(a) The plant body is simple and thalloid
(b) Mainly aquatic, i.e. both freshwater and marine
(c) Reproduction may be vegetative, asexual and sexual
(d) Volvox and Ulothrix are the colonial form of algae
197 Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
NEET 2016
(a) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the
immediate environment
(b) Algin is obtained from red algae and carrageenan from
brown algae
(c) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria
(d) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food
198 Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(a) Algin and carrageenan are products of algae
(b) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria
(c) Chlorella and Spirulina are used as space food
(d) Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae
60
199 Which of the statements given below are correct
about green algae?
(a) Green algae are green due to the presence of
chlorophyll-a and b pigments localised in chloroplast
(b) Algae store food in the form of starch in a specialised
structure called pyrenoids located in chloroplast. Food
may be stored in the form of oil droplets
(c) Vegetative reproduction occurs through cell division,
fragmentation, stolons and tubers
(d) All of the above
200 Identify the statement that correctly explains why
rhodophytes exhibit a red colour.
(a) Most rhodophytes grow at great depths, chlorophyll can
only absorb light specifically in the red area of the
spectrum
(b) The wavelengths of light that are absorbed by
chlorophyll are passed to phycoerythrin (a red pigment)
present in algae
(c) Phycoerythrin absorbs all the light waves
(d) Light reaching the greatest depth in water is in the blue-
green region of the spectrum, which is absorbed by
phycoerythrin
201 Which of the statements given below are correct
about brown algae?
(a) The largest kelps are Nereocystis and Macrocystis
(b) Brown algae have gelatinous coating outside the
cellulosic cell wall called algin
(c) Food obtained from Laminaria saccharina is known as
‘kombu’
(d) All of the above
202 Which of the following statements about bryophytes
are incorrect?
(a) The sperms are biflagellate
(b) The sperms are released into water and fuse with the
egg to produce the zygote outside the body
(c) Zygotes undergo reduction division immediately
(d) Both (b) and (c)
203 Which of the statements is incorrect about
Marchantia?
(a) Plant body is a thallus-like structure, closely attached to
substrate
(b) Sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule
(c) Gemma cup located on the thalli
(d) None of the above
204 Which of the statements given below are correct
about protonema?
(a) Juvenile stage of moss is protonema
(b) It consists of slender, green, branching system of
filaments
(c) Develops directly from a spore
(d) All of the above
Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )
205 Which one of the following is a correct statement?
NEET 2013
(a) Pteridophyte’s gametophyte has a protonemal and leafy
stage
(b) In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is free-living
(c) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present in
pteridophytes
(d) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes
206 Which of the statements given below are incorrect
about pteridophytes?
(a) They are called vascular cryptogams
(b) They produce seeds rather than spores
(c) They are used for medicinal purposes
(d) They are used as soil binders
207 Identify the incorrect statement with regards to the
gymnosperms.
(a) In gymnosperms, ovules remain exposed, before and
after fertilisation
(b) The giant redwood tree Sequoia is tallest
gymnospermic tree
(c) The gymnosperms are homosporous
(d) Leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand
extreme environmental conditions
208 Select the correct statement. NEET 2016
(a) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms
(b) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees
(c) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well-adapted to
extremes of climate
(d) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and heterosporous
209 Which one of the following statements is correct ?
NEET 2018
(a) Horsetails are gymnosperms
(b) Selaginella is heterosporous, while Salvinia is
homosporous
(c) Ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall in gymnosperms
(d) Stems are usually unbrancned in both Cycas and Cedrus
210 Read the following statements (I-IV) and answer the
question, which follows them.
I. In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes are
free-living.
II. Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous.
III. Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo is
oogamous.
IV. The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than
that in mosses.
How many of the above statements are correct?
NEET 2013
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom
211 Consider the following statements.
I. Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from
Gelidium and Gracilaria is used to grow microbes and
in preparations of ice-creams and jellies.
II. Chlorella and Chlamydomonas are used in sewage
disposal ponds.
III. Some species of marine algae like Porphyra,
Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.
IV. Volvox forms spherical colonies made of non-motile
cells.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) I, II and III
212 Consider the following statements regarding
reproduction in class–Chlorophyceae.
I. Asexual reproduction is mainly by flagellated
zoospores produced in zoosporangia.
II. The sexual reproduction shows considerable variation
in the type and formation of sex cells and it may be
isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous.
Choose the correct option.
(a) I is true, but II is false (b) I is false, but II is true
(c) Both I and II are true (d) Both I and II are false
213 Consider the following statements about sexual
reproduction in brown algae.
I. Sexual reproduction may be oogamous, isogamous or
anisogamous.
II. Union of gametes takes place in water or within the
oogonium.
III. The gametes are pear-shaped and bear two laterally
attached flagella.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) II and III (d) I, II and III
214 Consider the following statements.
I. In red algae, vegetative reproduction takes place by
fragmentation.
II. In red algae, the food is stored as floridean starch,
which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen in
structure.
III. Cell wall of red algae consists of chitin.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these
215 Consider the following statements.
I. They reproduce asexually by non-motile spores and
sexually by non-motile gametes.
II. In this class, sexual reproduction is oogamous and
accompanied by complex post-fertilisation
developments.
61
III. The common members are Polysiphonia, Porphyra,
Gracilaria and Gelidium.
The above characteristics belong to which class of
algae?
(a) Chlorophyceae (b) Phaeophyceae
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Rhodophyceae
216 Choose the correct statements for the sporophyte of
bryophytes.
I. Sporophyte is multicellular, not free-living, but
attached to the gametophyte for nourishment.
II. Some cells of the sporophyte undergo meiosis to
produce haploid spores.
III. These spores germinate to produce gametophyte.
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) II and III (d) I, II and III
217 Consider the following statements.
I. The liverworts grow usually in moist, shady habitats
such as banks of streams, marshy ground, damp soil,
bark of trees and deep in the woods.
II. The leafy members of liverworts have tiny leaf-like
appendages in two rows on the stem-like structures.
Choose the correct option.
(a) I is true, but II is false (b) I is false, but II is true
(c) Both I and II are true (d) Both I and II are false
218 Choose the correct statements about liverworts.
I. In liverworts, sexual reproduction occurs by the fusion
of antherozoids and egg, which are produced in
antheridium and archegonium, respectively.
II. Both male and female sex organs may be present on
same thallus or different thalli.
III. Zygote gives rise to sporophyte, which is
differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.
IV. Some cells of capsule undergo meiosis and give rise to
haploid spores.
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
(c) I, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
219 In mosses, the second gametophytic stage is leafy
stage. Consider the following statements about leafy
stage.
I. Leafy stage is produced from the secondary protonema
as a lateral bud.
II. They consist of upright, slender axis bearing spirally
arranged leaves.
III. They are attached to the soil through multicellular
rhizoids.
IV. This leafy stage bears the sex organ.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV
(c) II, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
62 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

220 Read the following five statements (I-V) and select 224 Consider the following statements regarding
the option with all correct statements. heterospory.
CBSE-AIPMT 2015 I. Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia, which produce
I. Mosses and lichens are the first organisms to colonise a two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small)
bare rock. spores, are known as heterosporous.
II. Selaginella is a homosporous pteridophyte. II. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give
III. Coralloid roots in Cycas have VAM. rise to female and male gametophyte, respectively.
IV. Main plant body in bryophytes is gametophytic, III. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained
whereas in pteridophytes, it is sporophytic. on the parent sporophytes for variable periods.
V. In gymnosperms, male and female gametophytes are IV. The development of the zygotes into young embryos
present within sporangia located on sporophyte. takes place within the female gametophytes.
(a) I, III and IV (b) II, III and IV V. This event is a precursor to the seed habit and is
(c) I, IV and V (d) II, III and V considered an important step in evolution.
221 Read the following statements carefully. Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Funaria possesses unicellular and unbranched (a) I, II and III (b) II, IV and V
rhizoids. (c) III, IV and V (d) I, II, III, IV and V
II. Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from small 225 Consider the following statements regarding
receptacles called gemma cups. gymnosperms and choose the correct statements.
III. The Sphagnum plants have magnificant property of I. In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes
retaining water. have an independent existence.
Which of the statements given above are correct? II. The multicellular female gametophyte is retained
(a) I, II and III (b) I and III within the megasporangium.
(c) II and III (d) I and II III. The gymnosperms are heterosporous.
222 Consider the following statements. Of these statements
I. The plants have magnificant property of retaining (a) I and II are true, but III is false
water. They can withhold water two hundred times (b) I and III are true, but II is false
more than their own weight. Hence, they are widely (c) II and III are false, but I is true
used by gardeners to keep cut plant parts moist during (d) II and III are true, but I is false
transportation and propagation. 226 Angiospermic plants are characterised by
II. They grow as semiaquatic or submerged plants in I. Double fertilisation
acidic marshes. The older portions of plants die, but do
II. Triploid endosperm
not decay due to peculiar germicidal properties.
III. Diploid endosperm
The above statements belong to which of the
following bryophytic plant? Choose the correct option from the following
(a) Pogonatum (b) Funaria regarding above statements.
(c) Sphagnum (d) Marchantia (a) I and II are correct
(b) I and III are correct
223 Consider the following statements about bryophytes. (c) II and III are correct
I. The tea prepared from Polytrichum commune is used (d) I, II and III are correct
to dissolve kidney and gall bladder stones.
227 Consider the following statements about the
II. Many chemical products such as alcohol, ammonium
gametophytic stage.
sulphate, paraffin, brown dye, etc., can be obtained
from peat. I. Generation that produces the gametes.
II. Generation that produces the spores.
Choose the correct option.
(a) I is true, but II is false III. Generation that produces vascular tissue.
(b) I is false, but, II is true IV. The diploid generation.
(c) Both I and II are true Choose the correct statements given above.
(d) Both I and II are false (a) Only I (b) I and II
(c) II and III (d) I, II, III and IV
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 63

III. Matching Type Questions 232 Match the following columns.

228 Match the following columns. Column I Column II
(Types of chloroplast) (Algae)
Column I Column II A. Cup-shaped 1. Ulothrix
(Classification system) (Given by)
B. Girdle-shaped 2. Oedogonium
A. Natural system of classification 1. Bentham and Hooker
C. Stellate 3. Chlamydomonas
B. Artificial system of classification 2. Linnaeus
D. Reticulate 4. Zygnema
C. Phylogenetic system of 3. Englar and Prantl
classification Codes
A B C D A B C D
Codes
(a) 2 4 3 1 (b) 3 1 4 2
A B C A B C
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 3 1 2
(a) 2 1 3 (b) 3 1 2
(c) 2 3 1 (d) 1 2 3 233 Match the following columns about classification of
229 Match the following columns. Pteridophyta.
Column I Column II
Column I Column II
(Pteridophyte class) (Examples)
(Algae) (Body structure)
A. Ulothrix 1. Kelp A. Psilopsida 1. Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum

B. Volvox 2. Filamentous B. Lycopsida 2. Equisetum

C. Chlamydomonas 3. Colonial form C. Sphenopsida 3. Selaginella
D. Some giant marine forms 4. Unicellular D. Pteropsida 4. Psilotum

Codes Codes
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 4 1 2 (a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 2 3 4 1 (c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 3 1 2 4
230 Match the following columns. 234 Match the following columns.
Column I Column II Column I Column II
(Reproduction type) (Characteristics) (Products) (Gymnosperm)
A. Isogamous 1. Fusion between male (small) and A. Sagopalm 1. Ephedra
female gamete (large)
B. Chilgoza 2. Pinus gerardiana
B. Anisogamous 2. Both gametes are dissimilar in size
C. Ephedrine drug 3. Cycas revoluta
C. Oogamous 3. Both gametes are similar in size and
non-motile D. Cedar wood oil 4. Juniperus virginiana

Codes Codes
A B C A B C A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 (a) 4 2 1 3 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 3 1 2 (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 2 3 1 4
231 Match the following columns. 235 Match the following columns.
Column I Column II Column I Column II
(Products) (Algae) (Plant group) (Examples)
A. Algin 1. Chlorella A. Red algae 1. Marchantia
B. Carrageenan 2. Gracilaria B. Liverwort 2. Pinus
C. Agar 3. Red algae C. Walking fern 3. Polysiphonia
D. Protein supplement 4. Brown algae D. Gymnosperm 4. Adiantum

Codes Codes
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 1 4 3 (a) 1 2 4 3 (b) 2 4 3 1
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 2 1 4 (c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 3 1 4 2
64 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

236 Match the following columns. 237 Match the following columns.
Column I Column II Column I Column II
(Plant life cycle) (Plant groups)
A. Polar nuclei + male gamete 1. Double fertilisation
A. Haplontic life cycle 1. Bryophytes and pteridophytes
B. Ovule 2. Fruits
B. Diplontic life cycle 2. Gymnosperms and angiosperms
C. Ovary 3. Seed C. Haplo-diplontic life 3. Volvox, Spirogyra and
cycle Chlamydomonas
D. Syngamy + triple fusion 4. Endosperm
Codes
Codes
A B C A B C
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 1 2 (b) 1 2 3
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 2 3 1 (d) 3 2 1
(c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 4 3 1 2

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
NCERT 242 The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of
238 The group of plants that bear archegonia is /are (a) 8 cells (b) 7 cells and 8 nuclei
(a) mosses (b) liverworts (c) 8 nuclei (d) 7 cells and 7 nuclei
(c) pteridophytes (d) All of these 243 If the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36. What
239 Match the following columns and choose the correct would be the chromosome number in its endosperm?
option. (a) 36 (b) 18 (c) 54 (d) 72

Column I Column II
244 Fusion of two motile gametes, which are dissimilar in
(Plants) (Categories) size is termed as
A. Chlamydomonas 1. Moss (a) oogamy (b) isogamy (c) anisogamy (d) zoogamy
B. Cycas 2. Pteridophyte 245 Identify the correct statements from those given
C. Selaginella 3. Algae
below.
I. The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than
D. Sphagnum 4. Gymnosperm
that in mosses.
Codes II. Life cycle of all seed bearing plants is diplontic.
A B C D A B C D III. Life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant has
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 4 2 1 alternation of generations between haplontic, diplontic
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 2 4 or intermediate.
IV. In angiosperms, male sex organ (stamen) and female
NCERT Exemplar sex organ (pistil) are borne in a flower.
(a) I and II (b) II, III and IV
240 Holdfast, stipe and frond constitute the plant body in
(c) I, III and IV (d) All are correct
case of
(a) Rhodophyceae (b) Chlorophyceae 246 A prothallus is
(c) Phaeophyceae (d) All of these (a) a structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus
develops
241 Plant shows thallus level of organisation. It shows (b) a sporophytic free-living structure formed in
rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete its pteridophytes
life cycle because the male gametes are motile. (c) a gametophytic free-living structure formed in
Identify the group to which it belongs. pteridophytes
(a) Pteridophyta (b) Gymnospermae (d) a primitive structure formed after fertilisation in
(c) Monocotyledonae (d) Bryophyta pteridophytes
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom 65

247 Plants of this group are diploid and well-adapted to 248 Protonema is
extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls in (a) haploid and is found in mosses
compact structures called cones. The group in (b) diploid and is found in liverworts
reference is (c) diploid and is found in pteridophytes
(a) monocots (d) haploid and is found in pteridophytes
(b) dicots 249 The giant redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) is a/an
(c) pteridophytes (a) angiosperm (b) free fern
(d) gymnosperms (c) pteridophyte (d) gymnosperm

Answers
❯ Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (b) 13 (d) 14 (c) 15 (c) 16 (d) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (b)
21 (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24 (b) 25 (c) 26 (b) 27 (c) 28 (c) 29 (d) 30 (c)
31 (a) 32 (c) 33 (c) 34 (c) 35 (c) 36 (d) 37 (a) 38 (d) 39 (c) 40 (b)
41 (b) 42 (b) 43 (b) 44 (c) 45 (a) 46 (a) 47 (c) 48 (b) 49 (b) 50 (d)
51 (a) 52 (a) 53 (c) 54 (c) 55 (b) 56 (d) 57 (c) 58 (a) 59 (c) 60 (c)
61 (b) 62 (b) 63 (d) 64 (b) 65 (d) 66 (d) 67 (b) 68 (d) 69 (b) 70 (d)
71 (c) 72 (d) 73 (a) 74 (b) 75 (b) 76 (b) 77 (d) 78 (a) 79 (a) 80 (a)
81 (b) 82 (a) 83 (b) 84 (d) 85 (b) 86 (d) 87 (c) 88 (a) 89 (c) 90 (c)
91 (c) 92 (a) 93 (b) 94 (b) 95 (d) 96 (d) 97 (d) 98 (c) 99 (d) 100 (a)
101 (b) 102 (b) 103 (b) 104 (b) 105 (c) 106 (a) 107 (c) 108 (a) 109 (a) 110 (b)
111 (d) 112 (b) 113 (a) 114 (b) 115 (b) 116 (b) 117 (d) 118 (a) 119 (b) 120 (b)
121 (d) 122 (b) 123 (c) 124 (b) 125 (c) 126 (b) 127 (d) 128 (b) 129 (d) 130 (d)
131 (c) 132 (c) 133 (a) 134 (c) 135 (d) 136 (a) 137 (b) 138 (a) 139 (b) 140 (a)
141 (b) 142 (c) 143 (b) 144 (b) 145 (b) 146 (a) 147 (b) 148 (b) 149 (d) 150 (c)
151 (c) 152 (b) 153 (a) 154 (b) 155 (d) 156 (c) 157 (c) 158 (a) 159 (b) 160 (c)
161 (d) 162 (b) 163 (b) 164 (d) 165 (b) 166 (a) 167 (d) 168 (c) 169 (d) 170 (a)
171 (c) 172 (b) 173 (c) 174 (c) 175 (c) 176 (d) 177 (c) 178 (a) 179 (b) 180 (c)
181 (d) 182 (a) 183 (c) 184 (a)

❯ NEET Special Types Questions

185 (a) 186 (b) 187 (a) 188 (a) 189 (c) 190 (a) 191 (d) 192 (c) 193 (b) 194 (b)
195 (c) 196 (d) 197 (b) 198 (d) 199 (d) 200 (b) 201 (d) 202 (d) 203 (d) 204 (d)
205 (d) 206 (b) 207 (c) 208 (b) 209 (c) 210 (c) 211 (d) 212 (c) 213 (d) 214 (a)
215 (d) 216 (d) 217 (c) 218 (d) 219 (d) 220 (c) 221 (c) 222 (c) 223 (c) 224 (d)
225 (d) 226 (a) 227 (a) 228 (d) 229 (d) 230 (a) 231 (c) 232 (b) 233 (a) 234 (b)
235 (d) 236 (b) 237 (d)
❯ NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions
238 (d) 239 (b) 240 (c) 241 (d) 242 (b) 243 (c) 244 (c) 245 (b) 246 (c) 247 (d)
248 (a) 249 (d)

Answers & Explanations

2 (c) Carolus Linnaeus proposed the artificial system of
classification. It was based on assessment of only gross
superficial morphological characters like habit, colour,
shape, etc., and vegetative characters.
5 (a) Phylogenetic system of classification was given by
Engler and Prantl for the first time. It was based on
evolutionary and genetic relationships of organisms.
6 (b) Phylogenetic system of classification is also known as
Hutchinson’s system of classification. John Hutchinson was
a botanist in Kew Botanical Garden. He gave more detailed
phylogenetic system of classification after Engler and
Prantl, thus this system of classification is also known
Hutchinson’s system of classification (1926-1934).
66
9 (b) Numerical taxonomy, is based on all observable
characteristics of an organism. Number and codes are
assigned to all the characters and then the data is
processed using computers.
In this way, each character is given equal importance
and at the same time hundreds of characters can be
considered together.
10 (c) Algae are chlorophyll bearing, simple, thalloid and
autotrophic organism. Their body is thalloid, i.e. it is
not differentiated into root, stems or leaves. Algae are
photoautotrophic, i.e. perform autotrophic mode of
nutrition by performing photosynthesis due to the
presence of chlorophyll in their chloroplast.
11 (d) Option (d) is correct. Algae are predominantly
aquatic and occur in both marine as well as freshwater
habitats. Some are terrestrial and grow in moist places
like moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also
occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals
(e.g. on sloth bear).
12 (b) Volvox is a freshwater, green, hollow ball-like
colonial alga. Its colony has a fixed number of cells
(500-60,000) and is called coenobium.
14 (c) In algae, vegetative reproduction mainly takes place
by fragmentation where the parent body breaks into
multiple, small-sized fragments. Each of these
fragments then grows and develops into new
organisms. Algae also perform asexual and sexual
modes of reproduction. Asexually algae reproduce by
means of motile or non-motile spores. Sexual
reproduction occurs through fusion of two gametes.
15 (c) Algae produce different types of spores, the most
common being the zoospores. These are motile,
flagellated and give rise to new plants on germination.
17 (b) Anisogamous means fusion of two morphologically
dissimilar gametes, which may be motile or non-motile,
e.g. in Eudorina.
18 (c) Oogamous means fusion of a large non-motile
(static) female gamete or ovum with a smaller motile
gamete (except in Rhodophyceae), e.g. in
Chlamydomonas, Fucus, Chara and Volvox.
19 (b) The correct option is (b).
A– Volvox– Colonial algae with parent and daughter
colony.
Answers & Explanations
B– Ulothrix–Filamentous algae.
C– Laminaria–Brown algae having frond, stipe and
holdfast.
20 (b) The correct option is (b). As A and B are Fucus and
Polysiphonia, respectively. These are brown algae. C
and D are Porphyra and Dictyota, respectively. These
are red algae.
22 (c) Agar is a jelly-like substance, commercially
obtained from algal species, like Gelidium and
Gracilaria. Agar is used to grow microbes in vitro and
in the preparation of ice-creams and jellies.
24 (b) Chlorella is a potential food source because it is
high in protein and other essential nutrients. When
dried, it contains about 45% protein, 20% fat,
Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )
20% carbohydrate, 5% fibres and 10% minerals and
vitamins.
25 (c) Chlorella is used for purifying air in space ships. It is
also used as food supplements by space travellers.
26 (b) Spirulina (a blue-green alga) is a rich source of
protein, many vitamins, especially B-complex and
minerals. Hence, doctors often advise the patients to take
Spirulina in their diet for recovery.
27 (c) The members of class–Chlorophyceae are commonly
called green algae due to the dominance of chlorophyll
pigment localised in chloroplast in their cells which
gives them greenish appearance.
29 (d) In class–Chlorophyceae, the cells possess one or
more chloroplasts. The shape of chloroplasts may be
Cup-shaped — Chlamydomonas
Spiral — Spirogyra
Reticulate — Chlamydomonas reticulata
Disc-shaped — Chara
30 (c) The chloroplast of Ulothrix is girdle-shaped,
containing one or more pyrenoids. Ulothrix is a
freshwater alga growing on substratum like rocks, sand,
etc.
32 (c) Most of the members of Chlorophyceae have one to
many storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the
chloroplasts. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch.
33 (c) Pyrenoids are proteinaceous bodies present within
the chloroplast. These mainly synthesise and store
starch. In members of Chlorophyceae, pyrenoid has a
central protein and a surrounding starch sheath.
34 (c) The members of class–Chlorophyceae usually have a
two layered rigid cell wall made up of cellulose and
pectose. Inner layer of cell wall is made up of cellulose,
while outer layer is made up of pectose.
36 (d) Isogamy with non-flagellated gametes is seen in
Spirogyra. It can reproduce both by sexual and asexual
(vegetative) means.
37 (a) Eyespot is seen in Chlamydomonas. It is a
microscopic, eukaryotic, unicellular, pyriform,
biflagellate alga. The alga possesses a cup-shaped
chloroplast with a red eyespot or stigma and a pyrenoid
for storing starch.
38 (d) Zygotic meiosis is represented in the haplontic life
cycle of many algae including Chlamydomonas. In such
a life cycle, all cells are haploid except zygote. This is
because meiosis occurs in the zygote itself, resulting into
four haploid cells that give rise to haploid plants.
Other options like Fucus exhibit diplontic cycle, while
Marchantia and Funaria both exhibit haplo-diplontic
cycle.
39 (c) Plamella stage is present in Chlamydomonas, as a
means of asexual reproduction. During adverse
condition, parent Chlamydomonas forms a colony of
hundreds and thousands of daughter cells in an
aggregate, which are immobile and non-flagellated. All
cells of such palmella stage develop flagella and become
mobile and escape from the colonial aggregate when
favourable conditions arise.
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom
40 (b) Most of the members of brown algae are marine,
except three–Pleurocladia, Heribaudiella and
Bodanella, which are found in freshwater habitats.
41 (b) Brown algae show great variation in size and form.
They range from simple branched, filamentous forms
(Ectocarpus) to profusely branched forms as
represented by kelps, which may reach a height of
100 metres.
43 (b) Brown algae vary in colour from olive green to
various shades of brown depending upon the amount of
the xanthophyll pigment, fucoxanthin present in them.
44 (c) In brown algae, food is stored as complex
carbohydrates, which may be in the form of laminarin
or mannitol.
45 (a) Types of pigments present in the cell impart distinct
colours to the algal body hence, it is the most important
character for classification of algae.
47 (c) Laminaria is an example of class–Phaeophyceae
(brown algae). Their plant body is usually attached to
the substratum by a holdfast and has a stalk, the stipe
and leaf-like photosynthetic organ, the frond. Other
examples, i.e. Volvox, Chara and Chlamydomonas are
green algae.
49 (b) A heterotrichous thallus is one which is
differentiated into a well-developed prostrate and an
upright (erect) regions. It is shown by Ectocarpus, a
filamentous marine brown alga.
Unilocular sporangium
Plurilocular
sporangium
Erect system
Prostate system
Rhizoid
Ectocarpus
52 (a) Phycoerythrin is present in Polysiphonia (red algae),
which is the characteristic red colour pigment present in
them. Laminaria is brown algae, kelps and
Chlamydomonas are green algae.
54 (c) Option (c) is wrongly matched. This can be
corrected as
Polysiphonia is a red algae. There gametes are
non-motile, i.e. without flagella.
Rest of the options are correct.
67
55 (b) Cephaleuros is a parasitic thalloid green alga. Its
common name is red rust. This alga is parasitic on some
economic important plants of the tropics and subtropics,
e.g. tea, guava, mango, coffee, etc. It damages the area
with algal growth on leaves, kills the new shoots and
disfigure fruit.
56 (d) Option (d) is wrongly matched and this can be
corrected as
Volvox is a freshwater green alga. It occurs in colonies or
coenobium (in definite number or group), surrounded by
a pellicle (gelatinous glycoprotein) layer. Each pyriform-
shaped cell has two long, similar and smooth flagella, i.e.
flagellated.
58 (a) Bryophytes are the oldest (most primitive) plant type
in terms of evolution, these include liverworts and
mosses. The fossil records of these plants, so far been
found dated back to almost 500 million years ago.
Among bryophytes liverworts appeared first and mosses
appeared later.
61 (b) Mosses grow in moist and humid places because
they require water for fertilisation. The antherozoids
(male gametes) are released into water where they swim
and reach the archegonium (female sex organ). An
antherozoid then fuses with the egg to produce the
zygote which later forms a multicellular body called
sporophyte.
62 (b) The plant body of bryophytes is multicellular,
thallus- like, prostate or erect and fixed to soil by
unicellular or muticellular rhizoids. These rhizoids are
extensions of lower epidermal cells and are similar in
function like of root hairs in vascular plants.
63 (d) True roots, stem and leaves having vascular supply
are absent in bryophytes, but root-like, non-vascular
rhizoids leaf-like and stem-like structures are present.
65 (d) Bryophytes show vegetative and sexual
reproductions. Vegetatively, they reproduce by
fragmentation of thallus and sexually by gametes.
66 (d) The life cycle of bryophytes consists of two distinct
phases.
(i) The gametophytic phase (n)
(ii) The sporophytic phase (2n)
The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived green
and independent, whereas the diploid sporophyte is
Answers & Explanations
short lived and dependent upon the gametophyte.
68 (d) The only positive evidence for aquatic ancestry of
bryophyte is ciliated sperms. Each sperm usually
consists of minute, slender, spirally curved body
furnished with two long, terminal whiplash type
flagella.
69 (b) Option (b) is incorrect and can be corrected as
Antheridium is multicellular male sex organ in
bryophytes. It produces biflagellated male gametes, i.e.
antherozoids.
70 (d) The older dead parts of Sphagnum are slowly
carbonised, compressed and fossilised over thousands of
years to produce a dark spongy moss called peat.
68
71 (c) Sphagnum, a moss, provides peat that has been long
used as fuel. It is also used as packing material for trans
shipment of living material, because of its capacity to
hold water.
72 (d) Bryophytes show considerable economic
importance. They colonise barren rocks along with
lichens and decompose rocks (ecological succession).
When they grow on rocks, they help in soil formation.
Some bryophytes also work as soil binders when they
grow in aggregations forming dense mats on the soil.
This reduces the impact of rainfail thus, preventing soil
erosion.
73 (a) Mosses prevent soil erosion. Mosses are
ecologically important as they serve as significant soil
cover and prevent soil erosion by binding soil with their
tiny rhizoids. Their carpet like growth particularly in
slopy areas also facilitate easier percolation of water.
74 (b) In the given figure, the labels are as follows
A–Capsule–It is a pear-shaped structure situated at the
top of seta. Its function is production and dispersal of
spores.
B–Seta–It is a long slender stalk-like structure bearing
capsule at top.
C–Sporophyte–It is the plant body bearing spores
producing structure.
D–Gametophyte–It is the plant body on which male and
female gametes producing structures are borne.
76 (b) The given figure is of Marchantia (thallus).
The correct labels are as follows
A–Archegoniophore–A stalk-like structure on which
archegonium are borne.
B–Antheridiophore–A stalk-like structure
(gametophore) that bears antheridia.
C–Gemma cup–These are special vegetative, small cup
shaped structures borne along the midrib on the dorsal
surface of gametophyte of some bryophytes.
77 (d) The given plant body with antheridia, rhizoids and
stalk-like sporophyte shows that it is a bryophyte. In a
bryophyte, sporophyte is diploid (2n) formed from
zygote. Antheridium is male sex organ which is haploid
(n). It produces haploid male gametes. Rhizoids are
haploid as they are the part of main plant body which is
haploid in bryophytes.
Answers & Explanations
78 (a) Liverworts constitute lower bryophytes. Bryophytes
include liverworts and mosses. Out of these two
liverworts are very small plants. The body is thallus-like
dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substratum.
Whereas, mosses are also small plants, but are have
creeping and branched.
Thus, liverworts are called lower bryophytes not
mosses.
79 (a) Marchantia is a liverwort with dorsiventral lobed
thallus-like plant body. Rest options are mosses.
80 (a) Liverworts reproduce asexually by the formation of
specialised structure called gemmae or through
fragmentation of thalli. Gemmae are asexual buds,
Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )
which originate from small receptacles called gemma
cups located on the thalli.
82 (a) The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is
the gametophyte, which consists of two stages. The first
stage is (A) protonema stage, which develops directly
from a spore. The second stage is (B) leafy stage, which
develops from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.
83 (b) The protonema is a stage in the life cycle of
Funaria. Protonema is the creeping green branched and
frequently filamentous juvenile stage of moss. It results
from the germination of spores. Other options like
Pinus is a gymnosperm and all bryophytes do not show
protonema. This stage is only found in mosses. Thus,
Riccia (liverwort) does not have protonema stage.
84 (d) Primary protonema is formed by spore germination
whereas secondary protonema is formed by other
vegetative part of plant like leaf, stem, rhizoids rather
than spores. The secondary protonema is developed into
the leafy gametophytes as the part of vegetative
reproduction in mosses.
85 (b) The main plant body of Funaria is gametophyte
which is haploid. The leafy stage and protonema stage
are the part of gametophytic plant body, therefore will
have same ploidy. Thus, if the leaf of Funaria has
5 chromosomes, the primary protonema will also have 5
chromosomes.
87 (c) Rhizoids are meant for the purpose of attachment or
anchorage to the substratum in mosses. On the lower
portion of leafy gametophore of moss, numerous
branched multicellular rhizoids with oblique septa are
present.
89 (c) In moss, the sporophyte is differentiated into foot,
seta and capsule. Capsule bears spores, which give rise
to gametophyte after meiosis, e.g. Funaria, Polytrichum
and Sphagnum.
90 (c) In bryophytes, the sex organs (gametangia) are
multicellular and jacketed. The jacket constituted by
sterile cells around the sex cells (i.e. sperm and an egg)
is an adaptation towards the life on land.
92 (a) In mosses, the sporophyte developing from the
embryo is a simple structure without rhizoids and is
differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. It is parasitic
(partially or wholly) on the gametophyte as it is
attached and is nutritionally dependent upon the
gametophyte.
93 (b) In mosses, the haploid gametophyte is dominant,
long lived, green and independent, whereas the diploid
sporophyte is short lived and attached to the
gametophyte as it is dependent on it for nutrition.
94 (b) Buxbaumia aphylla is a saprophytic bryophyte as it
does not produce abundant chlorophyll for
photosynthesis. Its nutritional needs are met by fungi
that grow within the plant.
96 (d) Option (d) is incorrect and can be corrected as
Bryophytes are autotrophic, but their sporophyte is
dependent on gametophyte.
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom
97 (d) All the statements are true. Bryophyta is a group of
embryo producing plants, which do not bear fruits, seeds
and any vascular tissue. Plant body is thalloid and green
(due to the presence of chloroplast). Male sex organ is
antheridium and female sex organ is archegonium.
98 (c) Cells of sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce
haploid cells called spores. As these spores are haploid
in nature, it means each spore further divides to develop
into the multicellular haploid generation of a plant.
Thus, the number of chromosomes in leaf as well as in
the spore will be same, i.e. n = 20.
100 (a) Pteridophytes mostly occur in cool, damp and shady
places. Pteridophytes are fundamentally terrestrial
plants, but they are dependent on an external source of
water for completion of their life cycle.
101 (b) Pteridophytes are considered as first terrestrial plants
to possess vascular tissues, xylem and phloem. All their
vegetative parts possess vascular tissues (i.e. xylem and
phloem) organised in definite groups.
102 (b) Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogams
because among cryptogams, (i.e. the non-seed bearing
plants) the vascular strands are present only in
pteridophytes.
103 (b) Dominant phase in ferns is sporophyte ( 2n ), which is
differentiated into root, stem and leaf.
104 (b) In pteridophytes, the sporophyte consists of leaf-like
appendages called sporophylls. Sporophylls in cluster
forms a distinct compact structure called strobili or
cones, e.g. Selaginella and Equisetum.
105 (c) The leaves in pteridophytes are small (microphylls)
as in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
107 (c) In several primitive simple plants–like algae,
bryophytes and pteridophytes, water is the medium
through which male gametes are transferred to the
female reproductive organ or gamete to bring about
fertilisation.
108 (a) In pteridophytes (ferns), the haploid spores
germinate to form an inconspicuous, small but
multicellular, free-living and mostly photosynthetic
prothallus. It is monoecious, i.e. bears both the
antheridia or male sex organ ( O ) and archegonia or
female sex organ (O+ ) .
110 (b) Prothallus of the fern produces gametes. In ferns,
spores germinate to give rise to thalloid gametophyte
called prothallus. These gametophytes bear sex organs
which produce gametes. Therefore, prothallus produces
gametes.
111 (d) Lycopodium, Equisetum, Psilotum are homosporous.
Those plants which produce only one kind of spores are
called homosporous.
112 (b)The spores are homosporous and germinate to
produce independent cushion-like monoecious
gametophyte.
113 (a) Salvinia and Selaginella are example of
heterosporous plants that produce two kinds of spores,
i.e. a macrospore and microspore.
69
114 (b) Heterospory is the production of two kinds of
spores, large (mega) and small (micro) spores in some
pteridophytes.
116 (b) From the evolutionary point of view, pteridophytes
were the first to show the retention of female
gametophyte with young embryo on the parent
sporophyte for some time. It also represents the origin
of seed habit during the course of evolution of seed
plants.
119 (b) The given figure is of Equisetum. Its correct labels
are as follows
A–Strobilus–Reproductive structure bearing many
sporophylls.
B–Node–The place on which branches arises.
C-–Branch
121 (d) Ferns exhibit alternation of dominant sporophyte
generation with an inconspicuous gametophyte
generation (heteromorphic).
122 (b) Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams. They
generally produce spores, but do not produce seeds or
flowers.
123 (c) Adiantum is called walking fern. The name is
derived from the fact that new plantlets grow wherever
the arching leaves of the parent plant body touch the
ground, creating a walking effect.
124 (b) Gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are not
enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed. Thus,
the seeds that develop post-fertilisation are not covered
or are naked. This is a characteristic feature of
gymnospermic plants.
125 (c) Conifers are gymnosperms. Their leaves show
xerophytic adaptations. The leaves are like needle with
thick-walled, single-layered epidermal cells covered
with thick cuticle. This enables them to tolerate extreme
climatic conditions.
127 (d) In Pinus (Gymnosperms), the gametophyte does
not have an independent free-living existence. They
remain within the sporangia retained on the
sporophytes.
128 (b) Coralloid roots are developed in Cycas. It contains
an algal zone in the cortex region of roots. This algal
zone contains N2 - fixing cyanobacteria like Nostoc,
Answers & Explanations
Anabaena, which grow in symbiotic association with
the coralloid roots.
129 (d) The stems are unbranched in Cycas. In Cycas,
leaves are reduced and pinnate, the male or female
cones or strobili are borne on different trees. In Cycas,
the archegonia are embedded in the female
gametophytes and open into the archegonial chamber.
130 (d) The leaves of gymnosperms are well-adapted to
withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind.
Their xeric adaptations include a thick cuticle,
sclerified epidermal cells, needle-like leaves, sunken
stomata, a sclerotic hypodermis, tightly packed
mesophyll, an endodermis, few or no lateral veins and
centrally located vascular tissue.
70
131 (c) Cycads are heterosporous and dioecious. Dioecious
plants are unisexual, having male and female
reproductive organs on different individuals (plants).
132 (c) Zooidogamy is found in Cycas. It is a type of plant
reproduction in which male gametes called
antherozoids, reach the female gametes called
archegonium, by swimming in a path of water. It is also
found in algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and some
gymnosperms.
133 (a) Among the given options, option (a) is mismatched.
Pinus is a monoecious plant as it bears male and female
cones on the same plant.
134 (c) In Pinus, each male cone consists of an elongated
axis, bearing a number of spirally arranged
microsporophylls. On the underside of which two
microsporangia develop and get filled with microspores
(pollen grains).
135 (d) Microsporangia are produced at the extreme tip of
microsporophyll. Microsporangia is a sporangium that
produces spores that give rise to male gametophyte.
136 (a) In gymnosperms, microspores develop into a male
gametophytic generation, which is highly reduced and
is confined to only a limited number of cell. This
reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain. Its
development takes place in microsporangia.
139 (b) The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules are
called female strobili or megasporangia or
macrosporangiate.
140 (a) In gymnosperms, the nucellus is protected by
envelops and this composite structure is called ovule.
Each ovule is actually the female spore-producing
organ surrounded by a protective envelope called
integuments.
142 (c) In gymnosperms, megaspores develop into
multicellular structure called female gametophyte that
bears two or more archegonia or female sex organs.
144 (b) Option (b) is correct. Gymnosperms are
heterosporous, i.e. they produce haploid microspores
and megaspores. The two kinds of spores are produced
within sporangia that are borne on sporophylls which
are arranged spirally along an axis to form lax or
compact strobili or cones. Two types of sporophylls,
microsporophylls and megasporophylls are usually
Answers & Explanations
aggregated to form distinct cones or strobili, pollen
cones (male cones) and seed cones (female cones),
respectively. Thus, option (b) correctly represents the
arrangement of reproductive structures in gymnosperm.
145 (b) In gymnosperms, pollen grains are released from
microsporangium and carried with the help of air
currents. It comes in contact with opening of ovule
borne on megasporophylls.
146 (a) In gymnosperms, the dominant phase is sporophyte.
Gymnosperms are heterosporous plants that produce
haploid megaspores and microspores. These spore
bearing plants are called sporophytes.
149 (d) Sago is a kind of starch obtained from cortex and
pith of stem and seeds of Cycas.
Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )
Wood of Taxus is heaviest amongst softwood and is
used in making bows of archery. Resins are obtained
from many species of Pinus. Essential oils are obtained
from Cedrus, Tsugo, Juniperus, Dicea, etc.
150 (c) Division/Phylum–Angiospermae is sometimes called
division–Anthophyta (Anthe–flower; phyto–plant)
because the common name for this group is the
‘flowering plants’.
153 (a) Angiosperm seeds are enclosed by fruits whereas
gymnosperms have naked seeds. Thus, angiosperms
differ from gymnosperms in having fruits.
154 (b) The smallest flowering plant in the plant kingdom is
aquatic plant called Wolffia. It is commonly known as
watermeal or duckweed.
155 (d) The tallest tree species among the given is
Eucalyptus, which is approximately 100 metres high.
156 (c) Angiosperms are divided into two classes
Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons based on the number
of cotyledons in their seeds. Dicotyledons have two
cotyledons in their seed and monocotyledons have one.
157 (c) In angiosperms, flower bears male and female sex
organs. Male sex organ is stamen. Anther produces
pollen grains. Female sex organ is carpel, also known as
pistil/gynoecium.
160 (c) Embryo sac is the female gametophyte in the
angiosperms. It is 7-celled and 8-nucleate structure.
161 (d) An ideal embryo sac contains 7-celled and 8-nuclei.
3 cells are present at the micropylar end and form egg
apparatus, middle cell forms egg cell and rest two
laterally occurring cells forms the synergids. One cell is
present in the centre of embryo sac, known as central
cell and contains two nuclei. The rest three cells are
present at chalazal end and known as antipodal cells.
163 (b) Option (b) is incorrect. This can be corrected as
Megaspore also called macrospores, are a type of spore
that is present in heterosporous plant. Megaspores are
haploid cells which produce female gametophyte after
division.
165 (b) Pollen grains from anther after dispersal reach to the
stigma of ovary with the help of various agents like
wind, insects, etc. This process is known as pollination.
166 (a) Pollen tube carries two male gametes and discharges
them into the embryo sac. In angiosperms, pollen grain
reaches to embryo sac through pollen tube after its
germination on stigma.
167 (d) As the anther in angiosperm grows each of its cell
goes through meiotic divisions, forming a tetrad. These
cells are called microspores. Each one of these
microspores eventually becomes a pollen grain.
169 (d) Double fertilisation is the fusion of two male
gametes to two different cells of the same female
gametophyte. It consists of following two events
(i) Syngamy Fusion of the egg nucleus with one male
gamete is called syngamy.
(ii) Triple fusion It is the fusion of second male gamete
and secondary nucleus.
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom
172 (b) Endosperm in angiosperms develops as a fusion
product of secondary nucleus with male gamete.
Secondary nucleus is a diploid structure formed by the
fusion of haploid chalazal polar nucleus and haploid
micropylar polar nucleus. Zygote is formed by the
fusion of a male gamete with egg.
173 (c) In the angiosperm ovule, central cell of the embryo
sac prior to the triple fusion, contains two haploid
polar nuclei. Triple fusion in angiosperm is the fusion
of second sperm with two polar nuclei or the
secondary nucleus, which results in the formation of a
triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
174 (c) After fertilisation, the ovules develops into seeds
while ovary develops into fruits.
177 (c) Lilium (angiosperm) possesses the male
gametophyte with least number of cells.
The number of cells in male gametophyte shows the
pattern of reduction from bryophytes to angiosperms.
In angiosperms, it is reduced to about 2-3 celled and
called as pollen grains. The number of cells in male
gametophyte decreases in the following order
Funaria > Pteris > Pinus > Lilium
178 (a) In the alternation of generations, the sporophytic
generation is 2n (diploid) and the gametophytic
generation is n (haploid).
179 (b) In plants with haplontic life cycle, the dominant,
photosynthetic phase is represented by the free-living
gametophyte while sporophyte generation is
represented by a single-celled zygote only.
180 (c) Option (c) is incorrect. It can be corrected as
Meiosis in the zygote results in the formation of
haploid spores.
182 (a) Haplo-diplontic life cycle is an intermediate
condition followed by bryophytes and pteridophytes.
In this case, sporophytic as well as gametophytic
phase are multicellular.
184 (a) A–Haplontic–The dominant multicellular phase is
gametophytic or haploid.
B–Diplontic–The dominant multicellular phase is
diploid or sporophytic.
C–Haplo-diplontic–The gametophytic (multicellular)
and sporophytic (multicellular) both phases are
dominant.
185 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Artificial system separated the closely related species
since they were based on a few characteristics like
habit, colour, number and shape of leaves. They were
based mainly on vegetative characters or on the
androecium structure.
It gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual
characterstics of an organism. This is not acceptable
since we know that often the vegetative characters are
more easily affected by environment.
71
186 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Algae are of paramount important as primary producers
of energy rich compounds which form the basis of the
food cycles of all aquatic animals. Many species of
Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are among the 70
species of marine algae used as food.
Algae also perform CO2 -fixation on earth through
photosynthesis. They increase the level of dissolved
oxygen in their immediate environment.
187 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
Coral reefs are formed by the accumulation of calcareous
exoskeletons of coral animals, calcareous red algae and
molluscs. In some species of red algae (coralline algae),
cell walls become hardened with calcium carbonate.
These are important for coral reef formation.
188 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
Bryophytes are the dwellers of transitional habitat
between the aquatic and terrestrial habitats. It is
represented by the swamps and the areas where water and
land meet. It is also called as amphibious zone where
mosses, liverworts and hornworts collectively called
bryophytes are inhabiting. Since, bryophytes usually
grow in amphibious situation and cannot complete their
life cycle without external water, are called the
amphibians of plant kingdom.
189 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
Bryophytes are a class of kingdom–Plantae. It includes
various mosses and liverworts, that are found in moist
shaded areas in hilly regions.
Reason can be corrected as
Algae, fungi, lichens are not included in bryophytes.
190 (a) Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
In the life cycle of Funaria, two distinct phases occur.
One of these is represented by a haploid, independent,
leafy moss plant (gametophyte) which alternates with the
other, represented by diploid, leafless sporogonium
(short-lived sporophyte), which is totally or partially
dependent on the leafy gametophyte for its nutrition.
191 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can be
Answers & Explanations
corrected as
Lycopodium is homosporous pteridophyte, i.e. they
produce similar kind of spores, while Selaginella, Stylies,
Isoetes, Salvinia, Azolla, Pilularia, Regnellidium and
Marsilia are heterosporous pteridophytes, i.e. the spores
produced by them one of two kinds macro (large) and
micro (small) spores.
192 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and it can be
corrected as
Production of two different types of spores is called
heterospory. It is an important pre-requisite of
evolutionary development in the vascular plants. It
72
ultimately leads to seed development. In pteridophytes,
Selaginella plant (not Lycopodium) is the precursor of the
seed habit, as it is well-marked in them. In Lycopodium,
homosporous spores are produced, i.e. all spores are of
similar kind.
193 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Selaginella is a pteridophyte. In them two kinds of spores,
macro (large) and micro (small) spores are produced. This
phenomenon is called heterospory. The megaspores and
microspores germinate and give rise to female and male
gametes, respectively. The female gametophytes in these
plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable
periods. The development of the zygotes into young
embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This
event is a precursor to the seed habit and considered an
important step in evolution.
Psilotum is a pteridophytic plant also known for having
primitive pteridophytic characters, so is known as living
fossil.
194 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Cycas is a gymnospermic plant in which fertilisation
process is called zooidogamy as male gemetes or sperms
swim through thin film of water to reach egg cell.
Fertilisation in Cycas may also take place by
siphonogamy, i.e. pollen tube is formed through which
male nucleus passes.
195 (c) Statement in option (c) is correct. Other options are
incorrect and can be corrected as
●
Artificial system of classification was given by
Linnaeus.
●
It was based on only gross superficial morphological
characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of
leaves, etc.
●
Natural system was based on natural affinities present
among organisms also considering both external and
internal features.
196 (d) Statement in option (d) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Ulothrix is a filamentous alga and Volvox is a colonial
form.
Rest of the statements are correct.
Answers & Explanations
197 (b) Statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Algin is extracted from brown algae, e.g. Laminaria, etc.,
is a hydrocolloid used in shaving creams, jellies,
flameproof plastic, etc. Carrageenan is extracted from red
algae like Chondrus and used as emulsifier and clearing
agent.
Rest of the statements are correct.
198 (d) Statement in option (d) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Mannitol is stored food in Phaeophyceae (not in
Rhodophyceae). The floridean starch is stored
carbohydrate of red algae.
Rest of the statements are correct.
Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )
202 (d) Statements in options (b) and (c) are incorrect
with respect to bryophytes. These statements can be
corrected as
●
In bryophytes, each sperm usually consists of
minute, slender, spirally curved body furnished
with two long, terminal whiplash type flagella.
The sperms are liberated from antheridia, swim in
a film of water and attracted towards the
archegonium.
●
They enter into the archegonia and fertilise the
egg and form zygote. Zygotes do not undergo
reduction division immediately. They produce a
multicellular body called a sporophyte in which
meiosis occurs to form haploid spores.
Rest of the statements are correct.
205 (d) Statement in option (d) is correct. Other
statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
●
In mosses (bryophytes), protonema and leafy
stage is present.
●
In gymnosperms, gametophytes are not
free-living.
●
Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are
present in bryophytes.
206 (b) Statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
Pteridophytes are spore forming, non-seed bearing,
non-flowering vascular plants.
Rest of the statements are correct.
207 (c) Statement in option (c) is incorrect. It can be
corrected as
The gymnosperms are heterosporous, they produce
haploid microspores and megaspores.
Rest of the statements are correct.
208 (b) Statement in option (b) is correct. Sequoia is one
of the tallest tree species, known as red wood tree. It
is a gymnospermic plant.
Other statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
Salvinia is an angiosperm, but Ginkgo and Pinus are
gymnosperms. Gymnosperms leaves are well-adapted
to extremes of climate and are heterosporous.
209 (c) Statement in option (c) is correct. Other
statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
●
Horsetail is the common name of Equisetum.
●
Pteridophytes like Selaginella and Salvinia are
heterosporous and possess two types of spores, i.e.
microspores and megaspores.
●
Cycas has an unbranched columnar stem while
Cedrus possess branched stem.
210 (c) Statements I, II and III are correct. Statement IV
is incorrect and can be corrected as
The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than in
liverworts.
211 (d) Statements I, II and III are correct. Statement IV
is incorrect and can be corrected as
Volvox is a colonial green alga with motile cells.
CHAPTER 03 > Plant Kingdom
214 (a) Statements I and II are correct. Statement III is
incorrect and can be corrected as
In red algae, the cell wall is made up of cellulose,
pectic compounds and certain mucopolysaccharides
called phycocolloids.
220 (c) Statements I, IV and V are correct. Other
statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
●
Selaginella species are creeping or ascendant
plants and produce heterospores (megaspores and
microspores).
●
Coralloid roots are developed in Cycas. It
develops as cluster at base of stem. It is
dichotomously branched and greenish-brown in
colour. It contains Nostoc and Anabaena, which
grow in symbiotic association with coralloid root.
221 (c) Statements II and III are correct. Statement I is
incorrect and can be corrected as
The rhizoids in Funaria arise from the basal region of
the stem, which function as roots. These are
multicellular and branched.
225 (d) Statement I is incorrect and can be corrected as
In gymnosperms, the sporophytic phase is dominant
and the gametophytic phase is dependent on
sporophyte.
Rest of the statements are correct.
226 (a) Angiospermic plants are characterised by double
fertilisation and triploid endosperm. This can be
explained as
In angiosperms, one male gamete fuses with ovum to
form diploid zygote and the second male gamete fuses
with diploid secondary nucleus to form the triploid
primary endosperm nucleus, which develops into
endosperm. This process is called double fertilisation.
The endosperm provides nutrition to the developing
embryo.
227 (a) Statement I is correct. Gametophyte is gamete
bearing, haploid, multicelled stage of many plants.
Other statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
●
Gametophytic stage is haploid generation.
●
Sporophytic stage produces spores.
●
Gametophytic stage is not related with vascular
tissue production.
238 (d) All the three groups of plants, i.e. mosses,
liverworts and pteridophytes bear archegonia as their
female sex organ.
73
240 (c) Option (c) is correct as
In the members of class–Phaeophyceae, the plant body is
usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast and has a
stalk called stipe and a leaf-like photosynthetic organ
called frond.
241 (d) Bryophyta is a group of plants, which have
gametophytic haploid thalloid body. The motile male
gametes are produced in special male reproductive
structure called antheridia.
These gametes need thin film of water to move and reach
to the female reproductive organ called archegonia.
Whereas, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and monocots
show division of labour and their body shows higher level
of organisation.
242 (b) The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of
7 cells and 8 nuclei. These 7 cells include two synergids,
three antipodal cells, one egg cell and one central cell.
The 8 nuclei are of each mentioned cell except two polar
nuclei of central cell.
243 (c) Endosperm is a product of triple fusion. One male
nucleus ( n =18 ) fuses with diploid secondary nucleus
( 2n = 36 ), so it becomes triploid structure ( 3n = 54 ). So,
ploidy of endosperm is ( 3n ) and chromosomes will be 54.
245 (b) Statements II, III and IV are correct. Statement I is
incorrect and can be corrected as
The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in
liverworts.
246 (c) Prothallus is a gametophytic free-living structure in
the life of a pteridophytes. Spores of pteridophyte
germinates to give rise to a short-lived inconspicuous,
small but multicellular, heart-shaped, free-living, mostly
photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus.
247 (d) Gymnosperms include medium sized trees or tall trees
and shrubs. Leaves of these plants are well-adapted to
withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind.
Reproductive organs are usually in the form of cones or
strobili.
The plant body is diploid with dominant sporophytic
phase. They show diplontic life cycle.
248 (a) A protonema is a thread-like chain of cells that forms
the first stage (the haploid phase) of the life cycle of
mosses.
Answers & Explanations
249 (d) Sequoia sempervirens is a gymnospermic plant. It is a
group of giant redwood trees having thick, woody,
branched stems. These plants also have some xeric
adaptations, which help them to survive in adverse
climatic conditions.