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Part I Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics 1
Part I Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics 1
Part I Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics 1
V1
A1
pg p
= and =
RT RT
a.2 For Incompressible fluid (liquid), equation of continuity is
reduced to,
A1V1 = A2V2 (m3/s)
since ρ and γ may be assumed constants.
For any section:
A V = Q = cons tan t Q is discharge or volume flow rate
D1 V1 =
2 2
D2 V2
4 4
2
D2
or V1 = V2
D1
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
(b) ENERGY EQUATION: The energy of the flowing stream of fluid per unit
time passing any upstream section is the same as the energy per unit time
passing any downstream section plus the loss of energy between the two
sections.
b.1 For incompressible fluid (liquid), the equation is,
2 2
V1 p V p
+ 1 + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + H L ,1− 2
2g 2g
V2
Where: - Velocity head ( m or N-m/N)
2g
p
- Pressure head (m or N-m/N)
Z - Elevation head (m or N-m/N)
V 2 - The kinetic energy per unit weight
2g
p
and Z - Constitute the potential energy per unit weight
HL - The head loss between sections 1 and 2
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
b.2 For compressible fluid (gas) under isothermal conditions, the equation is,
2 2
V1 p V p
+ 1 ln p1 + Z1 = 2 + 1 ln p2 + Z 2 + H L ,1−2
2g 1 2g 1
2 2 2
Where: p = pressure Note: In the Bernoulli’s concept, it is clear that if
v = velocity velocity increases at one end, it must be
ρ = density matched by a decrease in pressure.
2 2
V1 p1 V2 p2
+ + Z1 + E p = + + Z 2 + H L ,1− 2
2g 2g
Energy
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
( e ) IMPULSE-MOMENTUM EQUATION : The impulse of a force is
equal to the change in the momentum of the mass.
Ft = M (V f − Vo ) = M (V )
Where: Ft – impulse
MVf – final momentum
MVo – initial momentum
(a) Streamline: an imaginary line within the flow for which the
tangent at any point gives the direction of flow at that point.
V2
V1 • •
V6
P2 • V3 V5
• P3 P6
P1 •
V4 •
P4 P5
Q = AV
(f) Head Loss: the energy per unit weight lost due to friction (major
loss) or total disturbances (minor loss).
Q E
H .P =
746 Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
Example 1. A fluid in a pipe 200 mm in diameter with a mean velocity of
3.05 m/s. The pressure at the center of the pipe is 35 kPa, and the
elevation of the pipe above a reference datum is 4.60 m. Compute
the total head in meters if the liquid is (a) water, (b) molasses (s =1.50),
( c) gas (γ=6.54 N/m3).
Solution: p= 35 kPa
V2 p
(a) E = + +Z
2g
E=
(3.05m / s )2
+
35 x10 3 N / m 2
+ 4.60 m
( )
4.60 m
2 3
2 9.81m / s 9810 N / m
E = 8.642m (water)
Datum
E=
(3.05m / s )2
+
35 x10 3 N / m 2
+ 4.60m
(
2 9.81m / s 2
)
1.5 x9810 N / m 3
E = 7.453m (molasses)
E = 5,356.76m (gas)
V2 p
(a) E= + +Z
2g
3.0 m V2 65.5 x10 3 N / m 2
7.47 m = + + 3.0m
(
2 9.81m / s 2
) 2(9810 N / m ) 3
V = 4.712m / s
Datum
Q= (0.050m)2 (4.712m / s )
4
Q = 9.252 x10 −3 m3 / s
Q E
( c) H .P =
746 watts / HP
H .P =
(9.252 x10 −3
)( )
m3 / s 2 x9810 N / m3 (7.47 m)
746 watts / HP
H .P = 1.82horsepower
Solution:
Datum
1.20 m
A•
0.030 m 3 / s
(a) V =
Q
= = 3.82m / s
A
(0.10m )
2
V 2
p (3.82m / s ) + − 24.015 x10 N / m − 1.20m
2 3 2
(b) E = + +Z = = −3.33N − m / N
2g 2 x9.81m / s 2 (
0.85 x9810 N / m 3 )
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
Example 4. A vertical circular stack 30 m high converges uniformly from a diameter
of 6 m at the bottom to 5.0 m at the top. Coal gas with a unit weight of 4.71
N/m3 enters at the bottom of the stack with a velocity of 3.05 m/s. The unit
weight of the gas increases uniformly to 6.59 N/m3 at the top. Compute the
mean velocity every 7.5 m up the stack.
1
6m
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
(b) The Change in specific weight =
(6.59 − 4.71)N / m3
=
1.88 N / m3
30m 30m
0.47 N / m3
=
7.5m
Therefore for every 7.5 m height, the specific weight changes by 0.47 N/m3
γ1 = 4.71 N/m3
γ2 = 5.18 N/m3
γ3 = 5.65 N/m3
γ4 = 6.12 N/m3
γ5 = 6.59 N/m3
( c) Using the CONTINUITY EQ.
1 A1V1 = 2 A2V2 = 3 A3V3 = 4 A4V4 = 5 A5V5
4.71 x6 2 (3.05) = 5.18 x5.75 2 V2 = 5.65 x5.50 2 V3 = 6.12 x5.25 2 V4 = 6.59 x52 V5
4 4 4 4 4
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
4.71 x6 2 (3.05) = 5.18 x5.75 2 V2 = 5.65 x5.50 2 V3 = 6.12 x5.25 2 V4 = 6.59 x52 V5
4 4 4 4 4
V2 = 3.02m / s
V3 = 3.026 m / s
V4 = 3.066m / s
V5 = 3.139 m / s
Solution:
300 mm dia.
100 mm dia.
•1 2• Datum
V1 V2
Q 0.028 m3 / s p
(a) V1 = = = 0.396m / s (b) H L,1−2 =
A1 (0.30m )2
4
20.68 x103 N / m 2
Q 0.028 m 3 / s H L,1−2 =
V2 = = = 3.565m / s 0.80 x9810 N / m3
A2 (0.10m ) 2
4
= 2.635m
2 2
V1 p1 V2 p2
+ + Z1 = + + Z 2 + H L ,1− 2
2g 2g
N kN
p2 = 181,299.56 2 or p2 = 181.299 2 orkPa
m m
p1
= 30m
jet
• • Datum
1 2
25 mm dia.
75 mm dia.
Solution
(a) Using the continuity equation:
A1V1 = A2V2 1
V1 = V2
9
(0.075) V1 = (0.025) V2
2 2
4 4
2
0.025
V1 = V2
0.075
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
(b) The energy equation (1 – 2)
2 2 0 (atm.)
V1 p1 V2 p2
+ + Z1 = + + Z 2 + H L ,1− 2
2g 2g
2
1
V2 2 2
9 + 30 = 2 + 0.05 2
V V
2g 2g 2g
2 2
1 V2 V2
− 1.05 = −30
81 2 g 2g
2
V2
− 1.0376 = −30
2g
2
V2
= 28.913m
2g
Example 7. In the figure, a 50 mm pipe line leads downhill from a reservoir
and discharges into air. If the loss of head between A and B is 44 m,
compute the discharge.
W.S A Elev. 46 m
50 mm dia.
Solution:
B
Elev. 0 (Datum)
Energy equation (A – B) jet
2 2
VA pA VB pB
+ + ZA = + + Z B + H L , A− B
2g 2g VB
2
= 2m
negl. 0 (atm.) 0 (atm.) 2g
2
VB m
46 m = + 44 m VB = 6.264
2g s
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
Then, Q = ABVB
m
Q = (0.050 m ) 6.264
2
4 s
m3
Q = 0.012
s
2
Note: V A is negligible since the water surface in the large reservoir
2 g will drop down very slowly.
W.S A Elev. 46 m
50 mm dia.
B
Elev. 0 (Datum)
jet
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
Example 8. A pump draws water from a 200 mm suction pipe and
discharging through a 150 mm pipe in which the velocity is
3.658 m/s. The pressure is -34.47 kPa at A. The 150 mm pipe
discharges into the air at C. To what height h above B can the water
be raised, If B is 1.80 m above A and 20 HP is delivered to the
pump? Assume that the pump operates at 70% efficiency and the
frictional loss between A and C is 3.0 m.
•
C Solution
s
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
•
C
Q = AAVA = ABVB
= x0.20 2 (2.058 ) 150 mm h
4
m3
= 0.065 200 mm
s B•
1.80 m
A • Datum
(b) Using the energy equation (A – C)
0 (atm.)
2 2
VA pA VC pC
+ + Z A + Ep = + + Z C + H L , A−C
2g 2g
Q Ep
% eff. (HP of pump) =
746
(0.065 )(9810 )E p
0.70(20 ) =
746
E p = 16.38m ( Energy added by the pump
to the system)
therefore
h = −8.78 + 16.38
h = 7.60m
From A – 1 : 5V2/2g
From 2 – B : 0.2V2/2g
W.S A Elev. 46 m
610 mm dia.
610 mm dia.
B Elev. 0 (Datum)
W.S
610 mm dia.
610 mm dia.
Q E
HP =
746
m 3 N
0.708 9810 3 (58.444 m )
s m
HP =
N −m
746 s
hp
HP = 544.131hp
N −m J
Note : = = Watts
s s
Solution:
50 mm dia.
H2O 12 mm
• •
1 2
W
Hg 360 mm Qact. =
t
3100 N
3
Qact. 9810 N / m
(a) Meter coefficient, C = Qact. =
Qth. 5 min x60 s / min
3
Volume m
(b) Actual Discharge, Qact. = Qact. = 1.053 x10 −3
time s
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
50 mm dia.
H2O 12 mm
• •
1 2
Hg 360 mm
2 2
V1 p1 V2 p2
+ + Z1 = + + Z 2 + H L ,1− 2
2g 2g
(0.050 ) V1 = (0.012 ) V2
0 2 2
2 2
V2 V1 p1 p2 4 4
− = −
2g 2g 0.012
2
V1 = V2
where : 0.015
A1V1 = A2V2
V1 = 0.0576V2
+ (0.360 )(1.0) − (0.360 )(13.6) =
p1 p2
and
+ (0.360 )(1.0) − (0.360 )(13.6) =
p1 p2
p1 p2
− = 4.536 m
So, Qth = A2V2
Therefore,
Qth = (0.012 ) (9.45)
2 2
V2 V1 2
− = 4.536 m
2g 2g 4
3
V2
2
−
(0.0576V2 )
= 4.536 m
2
Qth = 1.069 x10 −3
m
s
2g 2g Finally,
2 1.053 x10 −3
0.997
V2
= 4.536 m C=
2g 1.069 x10 −3
m C = 0.985
V2 = 9.45
s Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
Example 11. A pitot tube in a pipe in which air (γa = 12 N/m3) flows ,
connected to a manometer containing water as in the figure shown.
If the difference in water levels in the manometer is 90 mm, what is the
velocity of flow in the pipe, assuming a tube coef. Cp = 0.99?
90 mm
H2O
air
• • •
1 2 3
Solution:
(a) Energy equation (1 – 2), HL = 0 ( for theoretical values)
2 2
V1 p1 V2 p2
+ + Z1 = + + Z 2 + H L ,1− 2
2g 2g
0 0
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
90 mm
H2O
air
• • •
1 2 3
2 2
V1 p1 V2 p2
+ + Z1 = + + Z 2 + H L ,1−2
2g a 2g a
0 0
2
V1 p2 p1
= −
2g a a
Considering the manometer reading starting from point 2 proceeding to point 3
p2 0.090 w p3 p1
−0− +0 = =
a a a a
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
90 mm
2
V1 p2 p1
H2O then, = −
2g a a
air
• • • 2
1 2 3 V1
= 73.575
2g
p2 0.090 w p3 p1
−0− +0 = = m
a a a a V1 = 37.994
s
p2 p1 0.090 w Finally,
− =
a a a Vact = C p xV1
Assuming the specific weight of air, γa = 12 N/m3 m
Vact = 0.99 x37.994
0.090 (9810 )
s
p2 p1
− = = 73.575m m
a a 12 Vact = 37.614
s
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
Example 12. Air flows from 20 cm pipe in which the temperature and pressure
are 5 ˚C and 275 kPa gage, respectively, into a 10 cm pipe in which the
pressure is 140 kPa gage. Calculate the velocity and discharge in each pipe,
assuming isothermal conditions, standard atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa)
and no losses. The gas constant for air is 287 N-m/kg-˚K.
20 cm air •
v1 Datum
• v2 10 cm
plane
1 2
i. Determine the specific weights at section 1 and 2 ,
pg
= where T = 5 + 273 = 278 ˚K (absolute temp.)
RT
then
1 = =
( )
p1 g (275 + 101.3) 103 (9.81) N
= 46.268 3
RT 287 (278 ) m
1 2
1 A1V1 = 2 A2V2
46.268 (0.20)2V1 = 29.669 (0.10)2V2
4 4
2
29.669 0.10
V1 = V2
46.268 0.20
V1 = 0.160V2
2 2
V1 p V p
+ 1 ln p1 + z1 = 2 + 1 ln p2 + z2
2g 1 2g 1
( ) = 12.838
ln p1 = ln (275 + 101 .3) 10 3
Then we obtain,
2 2
V2 V1 p p
− = 1 ln p1 − 1 ln p2 + z1 − z2
2g 2g 1 1
V2 (0.160V2 )
2 2
− = 8,133 .051(12.838 ) − 8,133 .051(12.394 ) since V1 = 0.160V2
2g 2g
V1 = 0.160(269.649 ) = 43.144
m m
V2 = 269.649 and
s s
Professsor: Engr. R.B. Pulmano
iv. Finally, we determine the discharge or volume flow rate at each section
m3
Q1 = A1V1 = (0.20) (43.144 )
2
= 1.355
4 s
m3
Q2 = A2V2 = (0.10) (269.649 ) = 2.118
2
4 s
5. A pipe line consists of three successive lengths of 500 mm, 400 mm,
and 300 mm pipes. With continuous discharge of 300 liters/s of oil
(0.75) compute the mean velocity in each pipe.
7. Compute the velocity of the jet if the larger diameter is 100 mm and the
smaller diameter is 30 mm. The pressure head at point 1 is 30 m of the
flowing water and the head lost between points 1 and 2 is 5 % of the
velocity head of the jet.
100 mm • V1 30 mm • V2
8. In figure, 40 liters/s of sea water (s=1.03) is flowing from 1
to 2, and the pressure at 1 is 95 kPa while at 2 the pressure
is – 20 kPa. Point 2 is 6 m higher than 1. Compute the
energy lost in kPa between 1 and 2 if D1 = 300 mm and
D2 = 100 mm.
V2
2•
D2
6m
V1
1•
D1