Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter_8
Chapter_8
Quadrilaterals
Exercise 8.1
T IO S
angles will be 3x, 5x, 9x, and 13x respectively
I
As the sum of all interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360° .
NO A D
CO N
A
3x + 5x + 9x + 13x = 360°
PY
30x = 360°
DO U A
T
x = 12°
ED PR
3x = 3 × 12 = 36°
©
5x = 5 × 12 = 60°
9x = 9 × 12 = 108°
13x = 13 × 12 = 156°
T IO S
AC = DB (Given that the diagonals are equal)
I
ΔABC ≅ ΔDCB (By SSS Congruence rule)
NO A D
CO N
∠ABC = ∠DCB
A
It is known that the sum of the measures of angles on the same side of
PY
DO U A
transversal is 180°
T
∠ABC + ∠DCB = 180° (AB || CD)
ED PR
∠ABC = 90°
©
T IO S
OA = OC (Diagonals bisect each other)
I
∠AOD = ∠COD (Given)
NO A D
CO N
A
OD = OD (Common)
PY
ΔAOD ≅ ΔCOD (By SAS congruence rule)
DO U A
T
AD = CD ..................(1)
ED PR
Similarly,
C
AD = AB and CD = BC ..................(2)
©
Question: 4 Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect
each other at right angles.
Solution: Let ABCD be a square. Let the diagonals AC and BD
intersect each other at a point O.
To prove that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at
right angles,
We have to prove: AC = BD, OA = OC, OB = OD and ∠AOB = 90°
T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
In ΔABC and ΔDCB,
T
ED PR
BC = CB (Common side)
AC = DB (By CPCT)
OB = OD (By CPCT)
AO = CO
T IO S I
AB = CB (Sides of a square are equal)
NO A D
CO N
BO = BO (Common)
A
ΔAOB ≅ ΔCOB (By SSS congruency)
PY
DO U A
T
∠AOB =∠ COB (By CPCT)
ED PR
However,
C
2∠AOB = 180°
∠AOB = 90°
T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
To prove: ABCD is a square,
A
PY
Proof:
DO U A
T
we have to prove that ABCD is a parallelogram with all of its sides
ED PR
or,
C
©
However, these are alternate interior angles for line AB and CD and
alternate interior angles are equal to each other only when the two lines
are parallel
AB || CD ............................eq (2)
T IO S I
(Theorem: Quadrilateral with any of opposite sides equal and
NO A D
parallel is a parallelogram.)
CO N
A
In ΔAOD and ΔCOD,
PY
DO U A
OD = OD (Common)
©
AD = DC (3)
However,
AD = BC and
AB = BC = CD = DA
Therefore, all the sides of quadrilateral ABCD are equal to each other.
AC = BD (Given)
DC = CD (Common)
However,
T IO S I
∠ADC + ∠BCD = 180° (Co-interior angles)
NO A D
CO N
∠ADC + ∠ADC = 180°
A
PY
2 ∠ADC = 180°
DO U A
T
∠ADC = 90° One of the interior angles of quadrilateral ABCD is a right
ED PR
angle.
C
T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A
(i) ABCD is a parallelogram.
PY
DO U A
T
∠DAC = ∠BCA (Alternate interior angles) ... (1)
ED PR
And,
C
that AC bisects A
∠DCA = ∠BCA
Hence, AC bisects C
However,
AB = BC = CD = DA
T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
Question: 7 ABCD is a rhombus. Show that diagonal AC bisects ∠ A as
A
well as ∠ C and diagonal BD bisects ∠ B as well as ∠ D.
PY
DO U A
Solution: T
ED PR
C
©
To Prove: ∠1 = ∠4, ∠2 = ∠3
Proof:
In ΔABC,
However,
Therefore, AC bisects ∠C
Also,
∠1 = ∠4
Therefore,
T IO S I
AC bisects ∠A
NO A D
CO N
Hence, Proved.
A
PY
Similarly, it can be proved that BD bisects B and D as well.
DO U A
T
ED PR
∠A = ∠C
∠A = ∠C
However,
T IO S I
AB = BC = CD = DA
NO A D
CO N
ABCD is a rectangle and all of its sides are equal.
A
PY
Hence, ABCD is a square
DO U A
Hence, Proved.
T
ED PR
In ΔBCD,
However,
∠CBD = ∠ABD
BD bisects B
Also,
∠CBD = ∠ADB (Alternate interior angles for BC || AD)
∠CDB = ∠ABD
BD bisects D.
T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
T
(i) Δ APD ≅Δ CQB
ED PR
(ii) AP = CQ
C
(iv) AQ = CP
Solution:
DP = BQ (Given)
Two sides and included angle (SAS) Definition: Triangles are congruent
if any pair of corresponding sides and their included angles are equal in
both triangles.
T IO S I
(ii) As we had observed that,
NO A D
CO N
ΔAPD ≅ ΔCQB
A
PY
AP = CQ (CPCT)
DO U A
T
ED PR
BQ = DP (Given)
Two sides and included angle (SAS) Definition: Triangles are congruent
if any pair of corresponding sides and their included angles are equal in
both triangles.
ΔAQB ≅ ΔCPD,
AQ = CP (CPCT)
AQ = CP and AP = CQ
Since,
T IO S I
Opposite sides in quadrilateral APCQ are equal to each other,
NO A D
CO N
APCQ is a parallelogram.
A
PY
DO U A
T
Question: 10 ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are
ED PR
(ii) AP = CQ
Solution:
T IO S I
ΔAPB ≅ ΔCQD, we obtain
NO A D
CO N
CPCT: Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent
A
PY
AP = CQ (By CPCT)
DO U A
T
ED PR
(iii) AD || CF and AD = CF
(v) AC = DF
I
NO A D
(i) Given that: AB = DE and
CO N
A
AB || DE
PY
DO U A
If two opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel to each
T
other, then it will be a parallelogram.
ED PR
(ii) Again,
BC = EF and BC || EF
Therefore,
AD = BE and AD || BE
BE = CF and BE || CF
AD = CF and AD || CF
(iv) As we had observed that one pair of opposite sides (AD and CF) of
T IO S
quadrilateral
I
NO A D
ACFD are equal and parallel to each other, therefore, it is a
CO N
parallelogram
A
PY
DO U A
T
(v) As ACFD is a parallelogram, therefore, the pair of opposite sides
ED PR
AC || DF and AC = DF
©
AB = DE (Given)
BC = EF (Given)
AC = DF (ACFD is a parallelogram)
(i) ∠ A = ∠ B
(ii) ∠ C = ∠ D
T IO S
[Hint: Extend AB and draw a line through C parallel to DA intersecting
I
AB produced at E.]
NO A D
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
However,
AD = BC (Given)
Therefore,
BC = CE
Consider parallel lines AD and CE. AE is the transversal line for them
T IO S I
∠A + ∠CEB = 180° (Angles on the same side of transversal)
NO A D
CO N
∠A + ∠CBE = 180° (Using the relation CEB = CBE) ...(1)
A
PY
However,
DO U A
T
∠B + ∠CBE =180° (Linear pair angles) ...(2)
ED PR
∠A = ∠B
©
(ii) AB || CD
Also,
∠A + ∠D = ∠C + ∠B
However,
∠A = ∠B [Using the result obtained in (i)
∠C = ∠D
AB = BA (Common side)
BC = AD (Given)
T IO S I
∠B = ∠A (Proved before)
NO A D
CO N
ΔABC ≅ΔBAD (SAS congruence rule)
A
PY
DO U A
T
(iv) We had observed that,
ED PR
ΔABC≅ ΔBAD
C
AC = BD (By CPCT)
©
Exercise 8.2
T IO S
(ii) PQ = SR
I
NO A D
(iii) PQRS is a parallelogram.
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
Solution:
©
T IO S
equal
I
NO A D
Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
Question: 2 ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of
T
the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral
ED PR
PQRS is a rectangle.
Solution: The figure is given below:
C
©
T IO S
1
PQ = AC ... (1)
I
2
NO A D
CO N
A
Also, R and S are the mid-points of CD and AD respectively
PY
DO U A
∴ From the mid-point theorem,
T
ED PR
RS || AC
1
& RS = AC ... (2)
2
C
©
Therefore,
From equations (1) and (2), we obtain
PQ || RS and PQ = RS
Since in quadrilateral PQRS, one pair of opposite sides is equal and
parallel to each other
So it is a parallelogram.
Let the diagonals of rhombus ABCD intersect each other at point O
In quadrilateral OMQN,
MQ || ON (Because PQ || AC)
QN|| OM (Because QR || BD)
Therefore,
OMQN is a parallelogram
∠MQN = ∠NOM
∠PQR = ∠NOM
T IO S I
However, NOM = 900 (Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each
other)NO A D
CO N
A
So, PQR = 900
PY
DO U A
Clearly, PQRS is a parallelogram having one of its interior angles as 900
T
ED PR
T IO S
1
SR || AC and SR = AC (Mid-point theorem) (2)
I
2
NO A D
Clearly,
CO N
A
1
PQ || SR and PQ = SR
PY
2
DO U A
T IO S
Solution:
I
NO A D
Let EF intersect DB at G
CO N
A
By converse of mid-point theorem, we know that a line drawn through the
mid-point of any side of a triangle and parallel to another side, bisects the
PY
DO U A
third side
T
ED PR
C
©
In ΔABD,
EF || AB and E is the mid-point of AD
Therefore,
G will be the mid-point of DB
EF || AB and
AB || CD
EF || CD (Two lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other)
In ΔBCD,
GF || CD and
G is the mid-point of line BD. Therefore, by using converse of mid-point
theorem, F is the mid-point of BC
T IO S
and EC trisect the diagonal BD.
I
NO A D
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
Solution:
C
©
ABCD is a parallelogram.
So, AB || CD
⇒ AE || FC
Also AB = CD (Opposite sides of parallelogram ABCD)
⇒ AE = FC (Since E and F are midpoints of AB and CD)
In quadrilateral AECF, one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel.
∴ AECF is a parallelogram.
Then,
AE || FC
Again,
AB = CD (Opposite sides of parallelogram ABCD)
AB = CD
AE = FC (E and F are mid-points of side AB and CD)
In quadrilateral AECF, one pair of opposite sides is parallel and equal to
each other
Therefore, AECF is a parallelogram
AF || EC (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)
T IO S
In ΔDQC,
I
NO A D
F is the mid-point of side DC and FP || CQ
CO N
A
Therefore, by using the converse of mid-point theorem, it can be said that
PY
P is the mid-point of DQ
DO U A
T
DP = PQ (1)
ED PR
1 1
AB = CD
2 2
C
Similarly,
©
In ΔAPB,
E is the mid-point of side AB and EQ || AP
Therefore, by using the converse of mid-point theorem, it can be said that
Q is the mid-point of PB
PQ = QB (2)
From equations (1) and (2),
DP = PQ = BQ
Hence, the line segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.
Question: 6 Show that the line segments joining the mid-points of the
opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.
Solution: Midpoint theorem: The line segment joining the mid-points of
two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half the
third side.
Let ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R, and S are the mid-points of
sides AB, BC, CD, and DA respectively. Join PQ, QR, RS, SP, and BD.
T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
1
SP || BD and SP = BD (1)
©
Similarly, in ΔBCD,
1
QR || BD and QR = BD (2)
2
Solution:
T IO S
(i) In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
I
NO A D
CO N
A
PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©
(iii) Join MC
In ΔAMD and ΔCMD,
T IO S
AD = CD (D is the mid-point of side AC)
I
∠ADM = ∠CDM (Each 90° )
NO A D
CO N
DM = DM (Common)
A
Two sides and included angle (SAS) Definition: Triangles are congruent
PY
DO U A
if any pair of corresponding sides and their included angles are equal in
T
both triangles.
ED PR
Therefore,
©
AM = CM (By CPCT)
However,
1
AM = AB (M is the mid-point of AB)
2
Therefore,
1
CM = AM = AB.
2