BLACK HOLES

• Introduction of Black Holes

• What are Black Holes?
• How are Black Holes formed?
• Types of Black Holes
• Parts of Black Holes
INTRODUCTION

The first time the idea of a black hole was suggested was in the late 1790’s by John Michell of England and
Pierre- Simon Laplace of France. They both proposed the idea of the existence of an “invisible star” by
applying the first Newton Law.
They calculated its mass and size, which is now called the “event horizon” that an object would need in
order to be faster than even the speed of light.
Later , in 1915, Einstein predicted the existence of black holes with his general relativity theory. After that ,
In 1967, John Wheeler , an American theoretical physicist, applied the term of black holes to what it means
now.
WHAT ARE BLACK HOLES?

A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. Rather, it is a
great amount of matter packed into a very small area.
The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star
is dying. Because no light can get out, people can’t see black holes. They are invisible. Scientists can't
directly observe black holes with telescopes that detect x-rays, light, or other forms of electromagnetic
radiation. We can, however, infer the presence of black holes and study them by detecting their effect on
other matter nearby. As the attracted matter accelerates and heats up, it emits x-rays that radiate into
space, emitting powerful gamma ray bursts, devouring nearby stars.
Structure : The singularity constitutes the center of a black hole, hidden by the object’s “surface,” the
event horizon. Inside the event horizon, the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light so that not even
rays of light can escape into space.
HOW IS A BLACK HOLE FORMED?

The most well-understood black holes are created when a massive star reaches the end of its life and
implodes, collapsing in on itself. It can be formed by the death of a massive star. At the end of a massive
star's life, the core becomes unstable and collapses in upon itself, and the star’s outer layers are blown
away. The crushing weight of constituent matter falling in from all sides compresses the dying star to a
point of zero volume and infinite density called the singularity.
TYPES OF BLACK HOLES

There a four different types of black holes, and each type is a mysterious beast.
1. Stellar - mass black holes
2. Intermediate - mass black holes
3. Supermassive black holes
4. Primordial black holes
PARTS OF BLACK HOLES
 The Event Horizon
This is the part of the black hole where nothing can get out. It is usually defined as a big sphere that surrounds the black hole, and which
absorbs any material including light.
 The Singularity
This is the part of a black hole in which all the mass of the black hole has been compressed to a very small space. As a result, this has
almost infinite density.
 The Accretion Disk
This is s disk that is composed by stellar material, which goes around the black hole, forming a spiral.
 The Ergosphere
If a black hole is rotating, as it spins, its mass causes the space and time to rotate a round it.
 The Photon Sphere
The photon sphere is place in which gravity is so high that photons have to travel around the black holes’ orbit.
 The Schwarzschild Radius
This is the event horizon’s radius. It is the radius at which the escape velocity is equal to the speed of light. Its formula is,
R = 2GM/C2