A1

1. Weather and climate are related but distinct concepts. Weather refers to the atmospheric
conditions in a specific place at a particular time, including temperature, humidity, precipitation,
wind speed, and atmospheric pressure. It describes the day-to-day variations in conditions, such as
sunny, rainy, hot, or cold. Climate, on the other hand, refers to the long-term patterns and average
weather conditions of a region over a more extended period, usually spanning decades or centuries.
Climate takes into account factors like temperature range, precipitation patterns, and atmospheric
circulation. While weather can change rapidly, climate represents the overall trends and
characteristics of a region's weather.

2. An ecosystem is a biological community of organisms (including plants, animals, and

microorganisms) interacting with each other and their physical environment. It encompasses the
living organisms, their habitats, and the interactions between them. Ecosystems can be small, such as
a pond or a forest, or large, like a coral reef or a grassland. They include both the biotic (living) and
abiotic (non-living) components, such as soil, water, air, nutrients, and sunlight. Ecosystems can be
diverse and complex, with various species relying on each other for food, shelter, and other
resources.

3. Equatorial climate is typically found near the equator and is characterized by high temperatures,
heavy rainfall throughout the year, and relatively little seasonal temperature variation. Some of the
main features of equatorial climate include:

- High temperatures: Equatorial regions generally experience high temperatures throughout the year,
with little variation between seasons. Average temperatures often range between 25°C to 30°C (77°F
to 86°F).

- High humidity: Equatorial areas tend to have high levels of humidity due to the abundant moisture
from the consistent rainfall and proximity to warm ocean currents.

- High precipitation: Equatorial regions receive substantial rainfall, often exceeding 2,000 millimeters
(80 inches) annually. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, with no distinct dry season.

- Dense vegetation: The combination of high temperatures and abundant rainfall supports the
growth of lush tropical rainforests in equatorial regions. These forests are characterized by a diverse
range of plant and animal species.

4. The tropical rainforest is a type of biome found in equatorial regions with high rainfall and
temperatures. It is characterized by dense vegetation, including tall trees that form a continuous
canopy, diverse plant and animal species, and high levels of biodiversity. Some key features of
tropical rainforests are:

- High rainfall: Tropical rainforests receive abundant rainfall, typically exceeding 2,000 millimeters (80
inches) per year. The consistent rainfall supports the growth of a wide variety of plant species.

- Warm temperatures: Tropical rainforests experience high temperatures year-round, with average
temperatures ranging from 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F). The climate remains relatively stable, with
minimal seasonal temperature variations.

- Canopy layer: The forest is characterized by a dense canopy formed by tall trees that interconnect
their branches and leaves. This canopy limits the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floor,
creating a shaded and humid environment below.

- Biodiversity: Tropical rainforests are known for their exceptional biodiversity. They support an
incredible array of plant and animal species, including a multitude of insects, birds, mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians. Many species found in tropical rainforests are unique and not found
anywhere else in the world.

5. Mediterranean climate is typically found in regions bordering the Mediterranean Sea, as well as
other areas with similar climatic patterns. Its main features include:

- Mild, wet winters: Mediterranean climate experiences mild winters with temperatures typically
ranging between 10°C to 15°C (50°F to 59°F).
A2

Rainforests 101

1. Rainforests are home to over half of the world's plant and animal species.

2. Tropical rainforests are found near the equator, while temperate rainforests are found in more
temperate climates.

3. Rainforests play an important role in regulating the Earth's climate.

4. Rainforests are under threat from deforestation, climate change, and pollution.

5. We need to protect rainforests to ensure the survival of the planet.

The Amazon Rainforest

1. The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world.

2. It covers an area of over 2 million square miles.

3. The Amazon Rainforest is home to an incredible diversity of life.

4. It is also a major source of oxygen for the planet.

5. The Amazon Rainforest is under threat from deforestation and climate change.