Pedagogy

MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY
PEDAGOGY
(CTS)
Prepared by:
Nirmala Devi Rajoo
MSc HRD, BEd TESL
Senior Lecturer
School of Education and Social Sciences(SESS)
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TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE
CONTENT
1. What is Pedagogy
2. Role of Teacher/ Educator
3. Goals of Education
4. Introduction to Learning Theories
5. Communication Strategies
6. Classroom Management
7. Reinforcement Strategies
8. 21st Century Teaching and Learning
9. Designing Teaching Plans
10. Assessment Strategies
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WHAT IS PEDAGOGY
PEDAGOGY
3
INTRODUCTION
•Pedagogy is the art (and science)
of teaching.
•Effective teachers use an array of
teaching strategies because there is
no single, universal approach that
suits all situations.
•Different strategies used in
different combinations with
different groupings of students
will improve learning outcomes.
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Framework
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The Constructivist Approach

• This approach puts the student at the center of the learning process.
• The student develops new ideas and concepts on the basis of their
existing and past knowledge.
• The instructor merely facilitates the process by developing activities.
• Students discover and learn by solving problems.
• Learning might happen at a slower pace owing to limited
conversations between the student and instructor.
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The Reflective Approach

• Under the reflective approach, instructors keep a regular check on
their teaching pedagogy.
• They observe and check the suitability of their pedagogy in a
teaching-learning set-up.
• Reflection provides the opportunity to learn through the action
of articulating thoughts.
• Strategies such as writing in journals, reporting orally in front of
the class, or writing an essay describing the experience.
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The Collaborative Approach

• The collaborative approach requires students to work together in small
teams.
• The students may have different levels of ability.
• The reason: isolated learners do not learn as much as students working
together in a team.
• In a research-oriented set-up, this small team may also comprise a
teacher and a researcher.
• Example of activities -Pair or group discussions, completing shared
tasks in a pair or group, activities or games with a competitive
element, e.g. bingo, drama and role play.
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The Integrative Approach

• The integrative approach relates classroom education with real-world
applications.
• The students, thus, find the classroom teaching more meaningful and
relevant.
• The students learn with a goal to improve their knowledge in a subject.
• Thus, this approach kindles the interest of students in subjects such as,
mathematics and science.
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Inquiry-Based Approach
• This approach puts the student at the center of the learning process.
• So, it requires that students ask questions and use reasoning and
problem-solving skills to reach a solution.
• Inquiry based approach may be of four types: confirmation, structured,
guided and open.
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Discussion
Choose a subject that you teach, suggest one
teaching strategy / activity for any ONE (1) of
the five (5) types of pedagogical approaches
discussed.
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ROLE OF TEACHERS
PEDAGOGY
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Who are Teachers?
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Discussion
1. What do you think is your role as
a Teacher or Educator?
(Activity 1)
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What is a Teacher’s Role?

• Delivering knowledge
• Creating classroom environment
• Role modelling
• Mentoring
• Managing student behaviour
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st
Traditional teacher VS 21 century teacher
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Characteristics of Effective Teachers
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AIMS, GOALS & OBJECTIVES

PEDAGOGY
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Aims, Goals & Objectives

Aims- long term vision/ mission
Goals – broad statements of intent,

purpose and direction.
Objectives- describes specific things to

be accomplished to achieve the goals.
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• Aims are general statements that provide direction or intent to educational

action. Aims are usually written in general terms using words like: learn, know,
understand, appreciate, and these are not directly measurable. (PEO)
• Goals are statements of educational intention which are more specific than aims.
Goals too may encompass an entire program, subject area, or multiple grade
levels. They may be in either general language or in more specific behavioral
terms. (PLO)
• Objectives are usually specific statements of educational intention which
delineate either general or specific outcomes. Written in behavioral terms.
Behavioral objectives usually employ observable verbs and can be divided into
specific domains — cognitive (head), affective (heart), and physical (hand).
(CLO)
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Discussion
Explain how do the objectives of your subject
relates to the goal and aim of the related
program.
(Activity 2)
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INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING
THEORIES
PEDAGOGY
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Video
What is Pedagogy? | 4 Essential Learning Theories | Satchel – YouTube
Learning Theories:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qc16ofuNN8
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Main Learning theories
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Behaviourism
• B.F. Skinner
• Operant Conditioning
• Learner – blank slate who needs to be provided
with experiences.
• Learning = change in behaviour = stimuli + responses.
Application:
✔ Drills
✔ Repetition
✔ Reinforcement/ rewards
✔ Establishing rules
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Cognitivism
• Jean Piaget
• Theory- humans process information and not just respond to stimuli.
• Changes in learner’s behaviour indicates knowledge and skills that has
been acquired by the mind.
• Cognitive information processing happens when learner is actively seeks
ways to understand information received by relating to information already
learned and stored in memory.
Application:
✔ Classifying information
✔ Linking concepts
✔ Discussion
✔ Problem solving
✔ Real world examples
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Constructivism
• John Dewey
• Learning is based on how learner constructs or interprets meaning based on his/
her experiences = learning can be different for each individual learner.
• Individuals construct new ideas/ concepts based on prior knowledge or
experience.
• Problem solving- need base knowledge to construct learning.
Application:
✔ Case studies
✔ Problem based learning
✔ Brainstorming
✔ Discovery learning
✔ Collaborative learning
✔ Simulations
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Task
joinquizizz.com
(Online quiz about theories of learning)
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Task
Prepare ONE (1) activity each for the learning theories
discussed earlier based on any of your chosen subject.
Describe how you would carry out the activities in your
classroom.
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References
• Bates,B. (2019) Learning Theories Simplified : ...and how to apply
them to teaching. Sage Publications Ltd. UK
• Learning theories Behaviorism, Cognitive and Constructivist
(thepeakperformancecenter.com)
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COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
PEDAGOGY
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Introduction
Effective classroom
practice depends on
sound planning ,
effective
communication and
effective
management of the
learning
environment.
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• Communicating with the

Class
• A vital part of the
teaching-learning process.
• Teachers are constantly
communicating with the
students (through
interaction).
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Verbal Communication
• Comprises of the verbal and
vocal aspects
• Verbal- actual words the teacher
uses
• Vocal – voice firmness,
modulation, tone, pitch and
loudness
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Classroom meta language • Rate, tone, inflection, pitch –

• Give instructions affect the message
• Ask questions • Teacher’s voice varies depending
on:
• Explain
❖ The number of people you are
• Praise speaking to
The language you use has to be: ❖ The size of the room
• Clear ❖ The purpose of your message
• Precise
• Simple
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Non-verbal Communication
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Eye contact
• The most effective means of • Eye contact can be used to:
controlling interaction with • get students to respond to a
class. question you have asked
• Essential way to maintain • hold the attention of other
rapport with your students students encouraging them to
• Essential way to get feedback listen
• change behaviour by gaining
attention of misbehaving
students
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Facial Expression
Voluntary
• Deliberate
• E.g: the nod of approval, frown
of disapproval
Involuntary
• Reaction to sudden anger,
disgust, or pleasure
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Gestures
• Help to get across the message to
the students
• A teacher can develop his/her own
set of gestures
• Physically communicating some
kind of information to the students
• As a support to what you are saying
• As a reinforcement
• Emphasizing a point
• Gaining attention
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Position and Movement

• A teacher’s position or movement
communicates message to the
students
• Posture: used to determine
• - degree of attention or involvement,
• - the difference in status between
communicators,
• - the level of fondness a person has for
the other communicator.
• Posture is understood through such
indicators as direction
• of lean, body orientation, arm
position, and body openness.
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Feedback to Learners
Reinforcement
• Increase students’ attention
• Maintain motivation
• Encourage independent thinking
• Improve students’ behaviour
Positive or negative
• A teacher can vary the type of reinforcement you use in the classroom
• A teacher has to decide what type of reinforcement would be most
effective.
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Verbal and Non-verbal Feedback

VERBAL GESTURES & MOVEMENT
• Words and phrases • A smile, nod of the head,
• Teacher should say it in a warm, friendly eye contact, a thumbs
encouraging tone and not too up sign, clapping etc
overuse it • A teacher can show interest and
• Teacher can also use words and reinforce students by moving
phrases from students’ closer to the students and
responses which shows that showing interest
what the students say is
important
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ACTIVITY TOKEN
• Give students a task that the • Young students especially will be
students might enjoy as a treat. very proud to receive symbolic
• Eg: music, games, etc symbols such as stars, ticks and
points.
• A teacher can use written
comments and progress charts
for individual students or the
whole class to record their
performance.
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Task
Online quiz on the topic of verbal and non-verbal
communication.
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Task
You are required to conduct classroom teaching for 5
minutes, demonstrating application of various
communication strategies.
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CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
PEDAGOGY
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Definition
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Components of Classroom Management
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Motivation
• Essential to success. • Some kind of internal drive
• Are all students motivated in the which pushes people to do
same way? things in order to achieve
something.
• What is the teacher’s role in a
student’s motivation? • Extrinsic motivation – pass
exam, financial reward, future
• How can motivation be travel, etc.
sustained?
• Intrinsic motivation –
enjoyment, feel better.
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Motivation Strategies
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Questioning
Techniques
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Sample
Questions
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Discussion
State the motivation strategies that you have
applied in your classroom. Post your answers in
the Jamboard link given below:
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Problematic Behaviour
• Disruptive talking Why problems occur:
• Failure to do homework • Family
• Cheating in tests • Education
• Insulting or bullying other • Self esteem
students • Boredom
• Damaging school property • External factors – noise,
• Refusing to accept punishment, tiredness
etc • What the teacher does
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Preventing problematic behaviour

1. Creating a code of conduct.
2. Teachers and students
3. Interest and enthusiasm
4. Professionalism
5. Rapport between teachers and
students
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Discussion
State some of the problematic behaviour that you have
encountered among your students in classroom.
Explain how you overcame those issues. Post your
answers in the padlet link provided:
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REINFORCEMENT STRATEGIES
PEDAGOGY
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Case Study
• Class begins on a Tuesday morning following a long weekend. The students are working to get back
into their routines, and you are wishing that you had used that extra day to catch up. A grammar
exercise is written up on the board for all the students to see. “Alright class, raise your hand when
you know the answer.” Five or six hands go shooting up in the air instantly, but you inevitably hear
that one student’s voice shout the answer, “the adjective is blue”
• In this moment you have several options:
o Do you reprimand the student who spoke out?
o Do you praise the student for answering correctly?
o Do you praise the students who have their hand up quietly?
o Do you move on to the next question?
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Introduction • Reinforcement can be both

positive and negative.
• Positive reinforcement
means presenting or
providing a stimulus
immediately following a
behavior that increases the
occurrence of that behavior
in the future.
• This basic principle suggests
that a behavior will occur
more frequently if it is
immediately followed by the
presentation of a reinforcer.
TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 61

• Minimal lost
Benefits of using positive instructional time
due to behavioral
reinforcement in the classroom concerns
• Increased student
engagement
• Improved student
confidence
• Positive classroom
environment
• Increased
motivation

• Reinforcers should be
presented to the
Reinforcers student immediately
upon the
demonstration of
positive behavior, such
as following classroom
expectations.
• The reinforcer is the
stimulus you are
presenting. A reinforcer
is typically an item or
activity that the student
enjoys.

MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE•UNIVERSITY
Reinforcement increases the
frequency of a behavior.
• Punishment decreases the frequency
of a behavior.
• Take a moment to consider this
difference. Once again, punishment
decreases the occurrence of a
behavior, but what you see as
punishment may actually be
reinforcement.
• For that reason, it is critical that you
never assume to know what is
reinforcing your student’s
behaviors. Instead, take the time to
conduct a brief preference
assessment or a miniature
observation to determine what your
The Difference Between students like, such as preferred
activities, toys, or people your
Reinforcement and Punishment students gravitate towards.

A positive reinforcer is something that increases the probability
of the behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement must follow the desired behavior, not
precede it.
The reinforcement should follow the student’s response
immediately or very shortly afterward.
Tips At first, the positive reinforcement should be given for every
correct response, then less frequently.
The reinforcement must be omitted when the desired behavior
does not occur.
Negative and extinguish reinforcement techniques are not
recommended for reinforcing adult learners.
Use both verbal and nonverbal cues to reinforce student
behavior.
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Discussion
Suggest reinforcement strategies that you could apply
during physical and online classes.
Post on the jamboard link given:
Reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b97u7aJcyvM
66
ST
21 CENTURY TEACHING AND
LEARNING METHODS
PEDAGOGY
67
TH ST
20 VS 21 Century Teaching Strategies
68
st
21 Century Teacher VS Learner
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Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFbmU9ooOWk
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Blended Learning
• An approach that combines online
educational materials and opportunities
for interaction online with traditional
place-based classroom methods.
• It requires the physical presence of both
teacher and student, with some elements
of student control over time, place, path,
or pace.
• Eg: Google Classroom, Zoom, Blendspace,
Padlet
71
Mobile Learning
• Education via the Internet or network
using personal mobile devices, such as
tablets and smartphones to
obtain learning materials
through mobile apps, social interactions
and online educational hubs.
• It is flexible, allowing students access to
education anywhere, anytime.
• Eg: whatsapp, messenger, social media
72
Gamification
• Educational approach to motivate
students to learn by using video game
design and game elements in learning
environments.
• The goal is to maximize enjoyment and
engagement through capturing the
interest of learners and inspiring them to
continue learning.
• Eg: Kahoot, Quizizz, Wordwall, Classtools
73
Embodied Learning
• Constitutes a contemporary pedagogical theory
of learning, which emphasizes the use of the
body in the educational practice and the
student-teacher interaction both inside and
outside the classroom and in digital
environments as well.
• Embodied Learning is closely related to
constructivist models and to modern educational
theories
• Eg: Drama, Theatre, Art, Role play
74
Inquiry Based
Learning
• Inquiry-based learning is
an approach to learning that emphasizes
the student's role in the learning process.
• Rather than the teacher telling students
what they need to know, students are
encouraged to explore the material, ask
questions, and share ideas.
• Inquiry-based learning is a form of active
learning that starts by posing questions,
problems or scenarios.
• Eg: Jumbled words/ sentences, idioms,
puzzles
75
Digital Learning
• Digital learning is any type of learning
that is accompanied by technology or by
instructional practice that makes effective
use of technology.
• It encompasses the application of a wide
spectrum of practices including: blended
and virtual learning.
• Eg: Blogs, Storyboardthat, Youtube,
Edpuzzle
76
• A flipped classroom is a type of
blended learning where students are
introduced to content at home and
practice working through it at school.
• This is the reverse of the more
common practice of introducing new
content at school, then assigning
homework and projects to
completed by the students
independently at home.
• Aims to increase student
engagement and learning by having
students complete readings at their
home and work on live
problem-solving during class time.
• Eg: Think-Pair-Share, Gallery Walk,
Flipped Classroom Concept Maps

Hybrid Learning
• Hybrid learning is an educational
model where some students
attend class in-person, while
others join the class virtually
from home. Educators teach
remote and in-person students
at the same time using tools like
video conferencing hardware
and software.
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Definition
Blended Learning
Strategies for Hybrid
Classrooms
•1. Flipped Classroom
•2. Station Rotation
•3. Playlist model
Flipped
Classroom
• Short teacher-led lectures are
pre-recorded for students to view
in advance, shifting explanations,
instruction, and/or modeling to
video. During synchronous
sessions, teachers answer
questions, facilitate group
activities, and monitor
assignments.
Station Rotation
• Teacher has a series of learning

activities that students rotate
through, which could include a
teacher-led session as well as
individual and/or small group
activities for both in-person and
virtual students, utilizing a set
schedule.
Playlist Model
• Teacher provides each student

with an individualized set of
instructional activities that they
complete at their own pace.
Tips
• Use asynchronous learning to maximize

synchronous learning
• Learn how to project and share your
screen.
• Have every student log onto a video call.
• Share a daily plan as class begins.
• Make time for remote students.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFRLzQ
Vxa6Q
Spend 10 mins to watch this video!

Discussion
Share strategies that you used in classroom to
deliver your subjects.
92
DESIGNING TEACHING PLANS

PEDAGOGY
93
Why do we need a teaching plan?
94
Purpose of Teaching Plans

1. USED AS GUIDE FOR THE TEACHER
They dont have to think on their feet.
Gives the teacher a starting point
They build on previous teaching and prepare for coming lessons
2. PROVIDES DIRECTION
They are clear on the procedure to follow.
3. GIVES TEACHER A SENSE OF SECURITY AND CONFIDENCE
They dont lose face in front of their learners.
4. PROVIDES RECORD
95
5. HELPS KEEP GOOD CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT

When a lesson works well, students not only learn— they behave.
Classroom management + Well-designed lesson = Higher Achieving
Student
96
MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY 97
Content of Teaching Plan

A written guide used to aid teachers in their lessons.

Good Teaching Plans

• Interests and abilities of
students
• Your own interests and
strengths
• Your beliefs about teaching
and learning
• Your own openness to
change your plan
98
Stages in a
Teaching
Plan
99
Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iE0Um3LeQUU
100
Task
Prepare an MTP for a lesson of your selected subject, incorporating 21st
century teaching strategies. Describe in detail activities you would
carry out for the 9 stages as proposed by Gagne, in a teaching plan.
101
MTP
•Set induction Indicate the following in your
MTP:
•Presentation (Lecture) • Approach
•Practice (Task) • Questions
•Production (Assessment) • Reinforcement strategies
•Closure • 21st century skills (4Cs)
• 21st century techniques/
methods
• Assessment strategies
102
ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
PEDAGOGY
103
Definition
So……… Assessment is the systematic
gathering and analyzing of information
(excluding course grades) to inform and
improve student learning or programs of
student learning in light of goal-oriented
expectations.
104
Purpose of Assessment
105
ST
21 Century Skills
106
Principles in Assessment
107
Formative and Summative Assessment
108
109
Formative VS Summative Assessment
110
111
Formative Assessment/ Assessment for Learning
112
Formative Assessment Tools

• Rubrics • Logs
• Checklists • Anecdotal records
• Student Contracts • Concept maps
• Self reflection/ assessment • Journals
• Peer review • Questioning
• Observation • Conferences
• Portfolio review
113
Online Tools
114
115
Discussion
Besides the Formative assessment tools discussed in
this topic, list the tools that you have used in your
classroom in the mentimeter link below:
https://www.menti.com/pkzp9sojuw
116
Task
Prepare an MTP for your subject, incorporating at least
THREE (3) formative assessment tools. Post your MTP
in the padlet link given:
117
Einstein said “ We cannot solve problems using

the same kind of thinking that we used when we
created them.” Applied to education, we cannot
educate today's children using the same methods
we used yesterday.
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MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

The Constructivist Approach

The Reflective Approach

The Collaborative Approach

The Integrative Approach

Who are Teachers?

What is a Teacher’s Role?

Characteristics of Effective Teachers

AIMS, GOALS & OBJECTIVES

Aims, Goals & Objectives

Goals – broad statements of intent,

Objectives- describes specific things to

• Aims are general statements that provide direction or intent to educational

Main Learning theories

• Communicating with the

Classroom meta language • Rate, tone, inflection, pitch –

Position and Movement

Verbal and Non-verbal Feedback

Components of Classroom Management

Preventing problematic behaviour

Introduction • Reinforcement can be both

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 61

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 62

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 63

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 64

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 77

• Teacher has a series of learning

• Teacher provides each student

• Use asynchronous learning to maximize

Spend 10 mins to watch this video!

DESIGNING TEACHING PLANS

Why do we need a teaching plan?

Purpose of Teaching Plans

5. HELPS KEEP GOOD CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT

Content of Teaching Plan

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE

Good Teaching Plans

Formative and Summative Assessment

Formative VS Summative Assessment

Formative Assessment/ Assessment for Learning

Formative Assessment Tools

Einstein said “ We cannot solve problems using

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