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Foed 211
Foed 211
EDUCATION
Agencies of Education
c
✓ Has always been a social process wherein ✓ Home – No formal agency for education,
a community , society or nation has sought the family was the center for practical
to transmit to the emergent question, those training.
traditional aspects of its culture which were ✓ Environment – is the good place for
considered fundamental and vital for its learning (Catching fish through a wooden
own stability and survival. pointed object, making fire using stones
and wood)
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
✓ Trial and Error Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians and
✓ Conscious Imitation Egyptians
✓ Indoctrination ✓ Mathematical Education – There was a little
arithmetic most likely include counting and
Agencies of Education operations of low digit numbers.
✓ Pagoda
✓ Temple EDUCATION FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRA-
✓ Under the trees TION (EGYPTIAN EDUCATION)
✓ Covered sheds
History
The Effects ✓ It is the birthplace of one of the world’s first
✓ Has influenced the inclusion of liberal civilizations
education in all levels ✓ One of the longest lasting civilizations in
✓ Stressed the complimentary development history
of the human person for the social ✓ Ancient Egypt was called by their citizens
transformation of the state. as “Kemet” or black land after the fertile
✓ Intertwined the holistic integration of dark soil.
human personality for his cultural ✓ Herodutus called Egypt as the “gift of the
improvement Nile” because of the water used for
✓ The concept of education for individuality irrigation purposes and as the main
furnished the first real conception of life transport route.
✓ Stability was achieved but lacking in
progressiveness Aims of Egyptian Education
✓ To train scribes – it was the most coveted
EDUCATION FOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT profession that time.
(SUMERIAN EDUCATION) ✓ Religion – to inculcate to the learner’s
c proper respect for the gods.
✓ Sumerians were Indo-European, they ✓ Utilitarian – Transferring skills from parents to
reclaimed swamps around the mouth of their children
the rivers. Their priest were commercial ✓ Preservation of culture patterns – to
people. Their King called patesi was their preserve the Egyptian way of life.
temporal as well as spiritual leader.
Types of Education
Aims of Sumerian Education ✓ Religious Education - respect for the gods,
✓ Train the scribes to do ecclesiastical work moral conducts, and prepare for the
in the temple afterlife
✓ Train bookkeepers to record their ✓ Vocational-professional education -
multifarious business transactions. perpetuate artistic skills, engineering and
architecture
Types of Education ✓ Military Education - given only to sons of
✓ Writing Education – Their system of writing is nobles
called the cuneiform. This form of writing
were later used by the Akkadians,
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
✓ Education of Public Administration - ✓ Built great cities in which many skilled
aspiring for government position in the architects, doctors, engineers, painter and
implementations of the pharaoh's desire sculptors worked.
✓ Priesthood Education - aspiring priest ✓ Built pyramids as tombs for the rulers.
✓ Home Arts Education - vocational and
offered to women The Downfall of Egypt
✓ Egypt declined due to the refusal of the
Agencies of Education priestly class to change accepted rules
✓ Temple School - higher education: and practices. The old prevented the
Engineering, architecture, medicine, young from learning further because of
dentistry, surveying, etc. apprenticeship. The incapacity of
✓ Military School - for the purpose of defense Egyptian mind to ascend from practical
against aggression and empirical to the scientific and
✓ Court School - taking law, and partly universal was the chief cause. Conceptual
priesthood thinking, reasoning, creative imagination,
✓ Vocational School – Arts and Trades and intellectual curiosity were foreign to
them. They saw knowledge only as a
Methods of Instruction means of practical advancement and
✓ Apprenticeship love knowledge for its own.
✓ Dictation, Memorization, Copying,
Imitation, Repetition EDUCATION FOR DISCIPLINE (JEWISH
✓ Observation and participation EDUCATION)
✓ Flogging – was used to penalized failure to c
learn ✓ Aim of Education was Ethical and Religious.
This was taught by the parents whose goal
Effects/Contribution is the performance and observance of the
✓ Made outstanding contributions to the “Mosaic Law”
development of civilization ✓ Method of Instruction was Oral and
✓ Created the first national government, Learning by Practice. Corporal punishment
basic forms of arithmetic, and a 365-day was regarded as an essential element in
calendar training.
✓ Develop geometrical measurement and
surveying
✓ Invented a form of picture writing called
the Hieroglyphics
• From the Greek word “Hieros” – Sacred
and “glypho” – to carve
• Later simplified to hieratic (sacred) and
into the form called demotic
✓ Invented the papyrus paper
✓ Developed the first religion to emphasized
life after death
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS ✓ Interests
OF EDUCATION (1) ✓ Family and cultural background
✓ Attitudes and values
THE LEARNER
c Principles of Human Growth and Development
✓ A person who is trying to gain knowledge ✓ Development is Continuous
or skill in something by studying, practicing, ✓ Development is Gradual
or being taught. An adult learner. An ✓ Development is Sequential
advanced learner. ✓ Rate of Development Varies Person to
Person
Cognitive Faculties ✓ Development Proceeds from General to
✓ Senses Specific
✓ Instinct (tendency to respond to ✓ Most Traits are Correlated in Development
environment stimuli) ✓ Growth and Development is a Product of
✓ Imagination (to build mental scenes, Both Heredity and Environment
events or objects) (to build mental scenes, ✓ Development is Predictable
events or objects) ✓ Development brings about both structural
✓ Memory (recalling) and functional changes.
✓ Intellect (conceptualize, modified, and ✓ There is a Constant Interaction Between All
engage ideas) Factors of Development
✓ Rational Will
• The learner’s will serves as guiding force
and the main integrating force in his
character.
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
three broad categories (cognitive, AFFECTIVE DOMAIN
affective, and psychomotor) and c
ranking the desired outcomes in a ✓ The affective domain may be the least
developmental hierarchy from least understood, and in many ways, the most
complex to most complex important of the learning domains. A
similar system for specifying attitudinal
COGNITIVE DOMAIN objectives has been developed by D.R.
c Krathwohl. Like the Bloom taxonomy,
✓ The cognitive domain, described by Dr. Krathwohl's hierarchy attempts to arrange
Benjamin Bloom, is one of the best-known these objectives in an order of difficulty.
educational domains. It contains ✓ Since the affective domain is concerned
additional levels of knowledge and with a student's attitudes, personal beliefs,
understanding and is commonly referred and values, measuring educational
to as Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives in this domain is not easy. For
objectives. example, how is a positive attitude toward
✓ In aviation, educational objectives in the safety evaluated? Observable safety-
cognitive domain refer to knowledge related behavior indicates a positive
which might be gained as the result of attitude, but this is not like a simple pass/fail
attending a ground school, reading about test that can be used to evaluate
aircraft systems, listening to a preflight cognitive educational objective levels.
briefing, reviewing meteorological reports, Although a number of techniques are
or taking part in computer-based training. available for evaluation of achievement in
The highest educational objective level in the affective domain, most rely on indirect
this domain may also be illustrated by inferences.
learning to correctly evaluate a flight
maneuver, repair an airplane engine, or
review a training syllabus for depth and
completeness of training.
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN
c
✓ There are several taxonomies which deal
with the psychomotor domain (physical
skills), but none are as popularly
recognized as the Bloom and Krathwohl
taxonomies. However, the taxonomy
developed by E.J. Simpson also is generally
acceptable.
✓ Psychomotor or physical skills always have
been important in aviation. Typical
activities involving these skills include
learning to fly a precision instrument
approach procedure, programming a GPS
receiver, or using sophisticated
maintenance equipment. As physical tasks
and equipment become more complex,
the requirement for integration of
cognitive and physical skills increases.
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
c
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS ✓ Cultural changes affect human
OF EDUCATION (2) development.
✓ There are social expectations for every
THE LEARNER stage of development.
c ✓ There are traditional beliefs about people
✓ The center of the educative process in a of all ages.
school
Stages of Human Development
Growth 1. Prenatal Period (Conception to Birth)
✓ Quantitative change in an individual as he 2. Infancy/ Babyhood (Birth to 2year old)
progress in chronological age which 3. Early childhood (2 to 6year old)
includes increase in size, height, or weight. 4. Late childhood (6 to 12year old)
5. Adolescence (13 to 19year old)
Development 6. Early Adulthood (19 to 40year old)
✓ The gradual and orderly unfolding of the 7. Middle Age (40 to Retirement)
characteristics of the successive stages of 8. Old Age (Retirement to Death)
growth involving the emerging and
expanding capacities of the individual. Theories of Human Development
✓ Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
Heredity ✓ Vygotsky’s Theory of Mental Development
✓ transmission of genetic characteristics from ✓ Erikson’s Psychological Theory of
parent to the offspring Development
✓ Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Environment ✓ Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
✓ nurture, which includes all the conditions
inside and outside the organism that in any PIAGET’S COGNTIVE DEVELOPMENT
way influence its behavior, growth, and THEORY
development c
✓ Believes that a child enters the world
Basic Principles of Human Development lacking virtually all the basic cognitive
✓ Early foundations of human development competencies of the adult, and gradually
are critical. develops these competencies by passing
✓ No two individuals are alike. through a series of stages of development.
✓ Maturation and learning play important
roles in development. Adaptation
✓ Development follows a definite and ✓ assimilation and accommodation
predictable pattern.
✓ Every phase of development has Organization
characteristic behavior. ✓ process of creating a new scheme by
✓ Every phase of development has hazards. modifying an existing scheme after an
✓ Stimulation plays an important role in individual’s interaction with the
development. environment.
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
4 Stages of Cognitive Development ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF
1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2year old) DEVELOPMENT
2. Preoperational Stage (2 until about 6 or 7 c
years old) ✓ Believes that personality emerges from a
3. Concrete Preoperational Stage (between series of inner and outer conflicts that, if
7 and 11 years of age) resolved, result in a greater sense of self.
4. Formal Operational Stage (11 to 12 years
through adulthood)
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
• Stage One: Punishment and • Law of Exercise
Obedience • Law of Effect
• Stage Two: Obey rules but only for pure
self-interest OPERANT CONDITIONING
✓ Level 2 - Conventional Morality (10- c
13years) ✓ Expanded the importance of positive
• Stage Three: Approval reinforcement which is a powerful tool in
• Stage Four: Decides based on the shaping and control of behavior, both
established rules and laws in and out of the classroom.
✓ Level 3 - Postconventional Morality (13
Years and Over) Positive Reinforcers
• Stage Five: Moral decision is ✓ Events that are presented after a been
legalistically or contractually response has been performed and that
• Stage Six: Informed conscience defines increase the behavior or activity they
what is right follow.
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
4 Processes ✓ Readiness
✓ Attention ✓ Development of the independent learner
✓ Retention ✓ Motivation
✓ Motor Reproduction Processes
✓ Motivational Processes INFORMATION-PROCESSING THEORY
c
Basic Theories of Learning ✓ A way of conceptually thinking about how
✓ Cognitive Learning Theories information is taken in from the outside
• Kurt Lewin's Field Theory world, how it’s Information stored in
• Kohler's Insight Theory memory, and how it is retrieved when
• Ausubel's Meaningful Learning Theory needed.
• Bruner's Cognitive Theory
• Information Processing Theory 3 Major Assumptions
✓ Information is processed in steps or stages.
KURT LEWIN'S FIELD THEORY ✓ There are limits to how much information
c can be processed at each stage.
✓ The behavior of the individual at a given ✓ The human information-processing is
moment is the result of existing forces interactive which means that learning
operating simultaneously in his life space. occurs, or is likely to occurs, when there is
an interaction between an environmental
KOHLER'S INSIGHT THEORY input and a learner who processes or
c transforms the information.
✓ Believed that animals and human beings
are both capable of seeing relationship 3 Stages
between objects and events and act ✓ Sensory Memory
accordingly to achieve their ends. ✓ Short-Term Memory
✓ Long-Term Memory
AUSUBEL'S MEANINGFUL LEARNING THEORY
c Metacognition
✓ Meaningful learning occurs when the ✓ the process of knowing about knowing.
material to be learned is related to what
students already know. Transfer of Learning
✓ the facility in learning subject matter due
BRUNER'S COGNITIVE THEORY to a previously learned one.
c
✓ Put more effort on discovery learning, a Theories of Transfer of Learning
learning that involves the rearrangement ✓ Theory of Mental Discipline
and transformation of material that leads ✓ Theory of Identical Elements
to insight. ✓ Theory of Generalization
✓ Theory of Configuration
4 Significant Concerns
✓ Understanding of basic relationships in the
structure of a subject matter
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
THEORY OF MENTAL DISCIPLINE ✓ The Catalyst of Change
c ✓ The Role Model (External Parent)
✓ The skill or training gained in the study of ✓ The Manager
one subject will improve the performance ✓ The Planner
of the skill in the study of another subject. ✓ The Motivator
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
✓ Others: Linguistics
• Naturalistic – The ability to make ✓ Language is any set or system of symbols
consequential distinctions in the world used in a more or less uniform fashion by a
of nature as, for example, between number of people who are thus enabled
one plant and another, or one cloud to communicate intelligently with one
formation and another. Sometimes another.
called nature intelligence. • Elements of Language
• Existentialist – tackling the questions of o Phonology
why we live and why we die o Grammar
o Vocabulary
➢ The idea behind multiple intelligence • Functions of Language
theories is not that people learn in only one o Nationalism
way, but that people are stronger. o Communication
o Peace
o Enculturation
o Cooperation
ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND o Knowledge
SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS • Children's Acquisition of Language
OF EDUCATION o Children's acquisition of the
structure and meaning of language
has been called the most difficult
ANTHROPOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
intellectual achievement in life.
c
✓ A discipline of infinite curiosity about ✓ Relationships Between Language and
human beings. The term comes from the Culture
Greek anthropos for "man, human" and • If culture can affect the structure and
logos for study. content of its language, then it follows
• Biological/Physical that linguistic diversity derives in part
• Cultural from cultural diversity.
• Archaeology
• Linguistics Cultural
✓ Philippine Cultural Heritage
Anthropology and Sociology • Scientists claim that there is evidence
are very closely related in the sense that both to show that about ½ million years ago,
study man and his social environment. the Philippines was a part of mainland
Asia.
Biological/Physical ✓ Early Man
✓ Theory of Evolution • The first Filipino is believed to have
• Charles Darwin's theory holds that man existed 22,000 years ago.
descended from simple forms of ✓ Ancient Cultural Influences
organism. • Before The Spaniards Came
o Philippines had own Languages,
Arts, Painting and Sculpture, and
Music
• Contemporary Culture
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
SOCIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
c
Education and Culture Change Education and Socialization
✓ Education and Society ✓ The Socialization Process
• Education is a social institution and the • Socialization is a process by which
goal is to change man to be better individuals acquire modes of thinking,
mentally, physically, socially, morally feeling, and acting necessary to
and spiritually. participate actively in society.
• Society refers to people. It is a group of
individuals with well-defined limits Agencies of Socialization
which persists in time, thus enabling ✓ Family
them to develop a set of common ✓ School
ideas, attitudes, interaction and ✓ Church
techniques for living and fitting ✓ Neighborhood
together. It is a collection or people ✓ Media
who feel bound together, who abide
by the special patterns for the group Language and Socialization
and who interact overtime. ✓ Without language, people cannot
communicate with each other.
Concepts of Group
✓ Group is a unit of interacting personalities Status and Role as Key to Socialization
with interdependence of roles and status ✓ Social status may be viewed as a position
existing between the members. in a social group or grouping, in relation to
• Involuntary (like family) other positions held by other individuals, in
• Voluntary (like organizations and social the same group or grouping.
groups we intentionally belong to)
Social Mobility
Education and Social Stratification ✓ Social mobility is the process of moving
✓ ranking of individuals and groups in any from one social status to another within a
given society social structure.
✓ Social mobility may also be accomplished
Effects of Social Stratification on Learning by moving vertically which involves an
✓ Children belonging to a poor upward or downward movement.
disadvantaged family do not aspire much ✓ Social mobility may also be movement up
for higher education. or down the Socio-economic ladder that
✓ Children coming from lower class families changes a person's status in society.
have very little exposure to the influence of
mass media such as newspapers, Factors Affecting Social Mobility
magazines, books and other learning ✓ Hard Work
materials, radio, television and computers. ✓ Level of Education
✓ The educational attainment of a child ✓ Marriage
matches the socio-economic status of the ✓ Luck
family.
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FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
Social Order and Social Control
✓ Social control is the means by which
people are led to fulfill their expected roles.
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