DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL IIT Ropar

ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROPAR

RUPNAGAR-140001, INDIA

DESIGN LABORATORY-I (ME205) REPORT

For

Experiment 5: Material Testing (UTM and Impact testing)

Submitted by

Name - Gursimer Singh

Entry Number - (2021MEB1285)
Group No -: F_C

Date of Experiment Performed – 10/02/2023

Date of File Submission – 17/02/2023

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PART A – “UTM” (UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE)
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
 In this experiment, we need to verify the stress-strain graph
for a particular material. In this experiment we used steel
and plastic material and analysed their stress-strain relation
by applying strain change to the sample using the UTM
machine.
 From the derived stress-strain graph we acknowledged
various properties of the material like young’s modulus,
toughness, fracture point and ultimate tensile stress. We
also analysed the necking effect in the sample.
THEORY RELATED EQUIPMENTS:
Universal testing machine (UTM) is Electromagnetically powered
and Hydraulic powered machine that is used to test the tensile
and compressive strength of materials. It works by applying load
to sample of the material and measuring the resulting
deformation.
The equipment of a universal testing machine (UTM) includes
various components that work together to apply loads to a
material and measures response. Some of the equipment of UTM
machine are:
1. LOAD FRAME – The Load frame is the main component of
the UTM and it provides the structural support for the testing
process. It is typically made of steel and consist of 2 vertical
columns connected by a crosshead. The load frame houses
hydraulic or electromechanical actuator that applies the
load to the sample.

2. ACTUATOR – The actuator is a device that applies load to

the sample. It can be hydraulic, pneumatic or
electromechanical. The actuator is usually controlled by
computer or manual control panel.

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3. LOAD CELL – The Load cell is the device that measures the
amount of force applied to the sample. It converts the
mechanical force into an electrical signal that is processed
by the UTM’s computer. Load cells are typically made of
strain gauges, which are devices that change resistance in
response to mechanical strain.

Structure of UTM machine

4. EXTENSOMTER – The extensometer is the device that

measures the deformation of the sample. It is typically
attached to the sample and measures the change in length
or diameter as a sample is subjected to a load. The
extensometer is also typically equipped with strain gauges.

5. GRIPS – The grips are the devices that hold the sample in
place during the testing process. They are typically made of
steel and can be designed to hold various types of samples
such as round or flat samples. The grips are attached to the
load frame and the cross head and they can be adjusted to
apply different types of loads.

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 6. CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM – The control
and data acquisition system are a computer and software
that control the UTM and collect and analyse data from the
load cell and extensometer. The software can be used to set
the testing parameters such as load rate and to plot and
analyse the data collected during the testing process.

By working together, these components allow the UTM to

accurately and reliably test the tensile and compressive
strength of materials.
SPECIFICATIONS:

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OBSERVATIONS:
TENSILE TEST FOR STEEL -:

TENSILE TEST FOR RED POLYMER -:

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COMPRESSION TEST FOR RED POLYMER -:

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COMPRESSION TEST FOR PCB -:

ABAQUS SIMULATIONS:

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FOR STEEL BEAM –

FOR RED POLYMER –

CALCULATIONS:
FOR THE STEEL BAR –

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 1. Gauge length – 63.9mm
2. Width – 12.85mm
3. Thickness – 2.97mm
4. The load cell – 50KN
5. Strain rate – 1mm/min
6. Young’s modulus = stress/strain, stress=Force/Area,
strain=ΔL/L, here force is the resistive force offered by
sample against the external load.
FOR THE RED POLYMER –
1. Gauge length – 30.28mm
2. Width – 3.74mm
3. Thickness – 4.6mm
4. The load cell – 5KN
5. Strain rate – 5mm/min
6. Young’s modulus = stress/strain, stress=Force/Area,
strain=ΔL/L, here force is the resistive force offered by
sample against the external load.
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS:
 In this experiment, we see that how can we use the UTM to
determine the properties of a material, such as its tensile
strength, yield strength, and elongation. We analysed that
hoe UTM can be used to test the structural integrity of
different materials and components.
 We also acknowledged that how the data collected from the
experiments performed on UTM can be used to optimize
materials and products for specific applications. This can
lead to more efficient and cost-effective designs. Overall, we
see that UTM is a valuable tool in many industries and can
provide important insights into the properties and
performance of materials and components.
PART B – “IMPACT TESTING”
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

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 In this experiment, our aim is to find the dependence of the
breaking force with the temperatures. The amount of energy
absorbed by the material during fracture is measured. We
also analysed the broken surface of the material at different
temperatures.
We basically perform the experiment in two different
configurations one is Charpy and Izod. We acknowledged
the difference between analog and digital reading and
hence find the required properties of the material.
THEORY RELATED EQUIPMENTS:
A high force or shock applied over a short time period is known as
Impact. In impact testing we determine the toughness or impact
strength of the material in the presence of a flaw or notch and
fast loading conditions. The impact strength of test specimens at
a series of temperatures is measured with a swinging pendulum.

We used V notch or U notch test specimens in this experiment.

The amount of energy absorbed by the material during fracture is
measured. This energy may be used to determine the toughness,
impact strength, fracture resistance, impact resistance or fracture
resistance of the material depending on the test that was
performed and the characteristic that is to be determined. There

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are several key components of an impact testing machine, each
of which plays an important role in the testing process.
A) Pendulum: The pendulum is a crucial component of the impact
testing machine, as it is responsible for generating the impact
force that is applied to the material being tested. The pendulum
is released from a predetermined height, and the energy of the
falling pendulum is transferred to the material being tested.
B) Striker: The striker is a small, hardened steel rod that is
attached to the end of the pendulum. When the pendulum strikes
the sample, the striker delivers a sharp blow to the surface of the
material.
C) Sample Holder: The sample holder is a fixture that holds the
material being tested in place during the impact test. The sample
holder must be designed to securely hold the material in place, so
that it does not move or shift during the impact.
D) Data Acquisition System: The data acquisition system is a
computerized system that records and analyses the data
collected during the impact test. The system typically includes
sensors that measure the force and displacement of the
pendulum during the impact, as well as software for analysing
the data.

SPECIFICATIONS:

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Impact speed 3.4m/s
Impact energy 5.5J,4.0J
Pendulum angle 150°
Impact centre distance 0.332m
Pendulum power distance Pd5.5=2. 8355N.m
Distance between impact blade and jaw 22mm±0.2mm
R=0.8mm±0.2mm
Blade filleted radius

Energy loss 4.0J ≤0.05J;5.5J ≤0.10J

Temperature 15—35°C
Power 220V/50Hz/200W

OBSERVATIONS:
FOR CHARPY TEST –
CHARPY TEST
ENERGY (JOULES)
TEMPERATURE DIGITAL READING (J) ANALOG READING (J)
(CELSIUS)
-10 58.4 59

0 162.2 166

25 195.5 200

FOR IZOD TEST –

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 IZOD TEST
ENERGY (JOULES)
TEMPERATURE DIGITAL READING (J) ANALOG READING (J)
(CELSIUS)
-10 96.3 112

0 118.4 122

25 149.7 150

CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS:

 In conclusion, the impact testing machine is a complex
piece of equipment that requires careful design and
construction to ensure accurate and repeatable results.
Each component of the machine must be carefully selected
and integrated into the system, and safety features must be
carefully considered to ensure that the test can be
performed safely.
 We see that how the results of an impact test can vary
depending on factors such as the temperature of the
material and the speed of the impact. It is important to
control these factors in order to obtain accurate and
consistent results.
 The fracture surface of a broken specimen can provide
insights into the mechanism of failure and the behaviour of
the material under stress. This can be useful for identifying
weaknesses in the material and developing strategies to
improve its performance.

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