Bridge Course (After SEE)

Unit -2
Classification of Matters
Matter
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space possess mass and the presence of which can
be felt by any one or more of our five senses.
Examples: water, air, rock, wood, glass, metals, etc.
Matters exist in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous.

Classification of matter

Physical classification of matter

Based on physical state under ordinary condition of temperature and pressure, matter is
classified into following three types:
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas

1) Solid
- Solid is the matter having definite shape and definite volume.
- Solid is rigid and incompressible
- Constituent particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) are closely packed and having very
small intermolecular space.
- Intermolecular force of attraction is strong.
- Density of solid is greater than those f liquid and gas.
- When solid is heated, it changes into liquid. This process is known as melting.

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- Example: NaCl, CuSO4.5H2O, glass, wood, rubber, etc.

Types of solids

On the basis of physical properties, solid are of two types.

a. Crystalline solid
b. Non-crystalline or amorphous solid.

a. Crystalline Solid
- The solids which have certain geometrical shape are called crystalline solids.
- They can form crystals
- They have sharp melting points and boiling points.
- Example: NaCl, CuSO4.5H2O, oxalic acid crystal, Cu etc.
b. Amorphous solid
- The solids which do not have certain geometrical shape are called amorphous solids.
- They cannot form crystal
- They do not have sharp melting and boiling points.
- Example: CaCO3, soda ash, glass (a supercooled liquid) rubber, plastic etc.

2) Liquid
- Liquid is a matter having definite volume but not definite shape. It takes the shape of
container.
- Liquid is more compressible than solid and less compressible than gas as there is little
space to be compressed.
- Constituent particles (molecules) are not closely packed as solid and have more
intermolecular space than solid.
- Intermolecular force of attraction is weaker than solid and stronger than gas.
- Density of liquid is less than solid and more than gas.
- When liquid is heated, it changes into vapour. This process is called boiling.
- Example: milk, alcohol, mercury, water, oil, etc.

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3) Gas
- Gas is the matter having neither definite shape nor definite volume. It takes the shape
and volume of vessel in which it contained.
- Gas is highly compressible substance and con expand infinitely.
- Gas has large intermolecular space.
- Intermolecular force of attraction is weak.
- Density of gas is very low
- Example: air, smoke, water-vapor, hydrogen oxygen, CO2 etc.

Chemical classification of matter

The chemical classification of matter is based upon its composition. On the basis of chemical
composition, matters are of two types.

1) Pure substance
- A sample containing only one substance and cannot be split physically into more than
one kind of substance is called pure substance.
- A pure substance shows following characteristics
1. It contains only one kind of atom or molecules.
2. It is perfectly homogeneous
3. It has definite composition, which does not change with time.
- Pure substance is further divided into two types:
a) Element
An element is defined as a pure substance, which can neither be decomposed into
nor be built from simpler substances by ordinary physical or chemical methods.
1. It consists only one kind of atom.
2. Element may be metal, non-metal or metalloid.
3. The number of elements known to date is 109.

Out of these 92 occurs in nature and the remaining has been prepared artificially in
laboratories through nuclear reactions.

Example: carbon, Sulphur, iron, lead, gold, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.

Composition of different element in earth crust.

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Element Percentage
Oxygen 47%
Silicon 28%
Aluminum 8.1%
Iron 5%
Calcium 3.6%
Others 8.3%
b) Compound
Compound is defined as a pure substance containing two or more than two elements
combined together into a fixed proportion by weight and which can be decomposed
into its constituents by suitable chemical methods.
1. It contains more than one kind of atom.
2. Compound may be organic or inorganic
Examples: water, carbon dioxide, sugar, etc.

2) Impure substance
- A sample containing more than one substance and can be separated into two more pure
substances by ordinary separation technique is called impure substance.
- They are also called mixture.
- There are two types of mixture. They are:
a) Homogeneous mixture
- A mixture is called homogeneous if its components (particles) are uniformly mixed.
- The particles of this mixture are not visible with naked eye or even under a microscope.
- The particles of this mixture have the size less than or equal to 10-7 cm (or 10A0)
- The particles of this mixture cannot be separated by filtration process because these
particles can pass through filter paper.
- The particles of this mixture scattered light.
- Examples: Air is homogeneous mixture of different gasses.
Petrol is homogeneous mixture of different hydrocarbons.
Alloy is homogeneous mixture of different metals.
Salt solution is homogeneous mixture of salt and water.
Sugar solution is homogeneous mixture of sugar and water.

Note: Solution is the homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

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b) Heterogeneous mixture
- A mixture is called heterogeneous mixture if the components (particles) are not
uniformly mixed.
- The particles of the mixture are visible with naked eye or at least under a microscope.
- The particles of the mixture have the size greater than or equal to 10-5 cm (1000A0).
- The particles of this mixture can be separated by filtration process because the particles
cannot pass through filter paper.
- The particles of this mixture do not scattered light.
Example: muddy water, sand water, mixture of iron filings, common salt and water

Note: suspension is the heterogeneous mixture of solid and liquid.

Colloid

- This mixture is intermediate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture.

- The particles of the mixture are not visible with naked eye but visible under ultra-
microscope.
- The particles of the mixture have size 10-5 cm to 10-7 cm
- The particles of the mixture cannot be separated by filtration method because the
particles cannot pass through filter paper.
- The particles of the colloid scattered light.
Example: blood, smoke, milk, was, tooth paste etc.

Separation of mixture
Mixture can be separated into the constituent component by various methods. Some of them
are:
1) Filtration
It is used for separation insoluble solid present in liquid by passing mixture through filter
paper or muslin cloth.
Example: muddy water is separated into mud and water by this method.

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2) Sublimation
It is used for separating mixture of two solids in which one component of mixture
undergoes sublimation (sublimation is the process in which substance in solid state directly
convert into vapor state without going to liquid state and vice versa)
Example: NH4Cl, camphor, iodine, dry ice, naphthalene benzoic acid salicylic acid
corrosive sublimate, arsenic oxide, red phosphorous, etc. are separated from their mixture
by the process of sublimation.

3) Evaporation
It is used for separating the soluble components of the mixture by heating the mixture
Examples: Separation of salt from salty water, separation of sugar from sugar solution etc.
Note: Evaporation only can separate soluble components (solute) but cannot separate
solvent as in distillation

4) Distillation
This process is the combination of evaporation and condensation. It is used for separating
liquid form a solution with soluble impurities.
Examples: Pure water from the sea water, separation of water and salt from salt solution,
separation of water and sugar from sugar solution, etc.

5) Fractional distillation
It is used for separating two miscible liquids having different boiling points.
Example: refining of crude petroleum from their mixture, separation of benzene and
toluene from their mixture etc.

6) Steam distillation
It is used for separating water insoluble liquid form their mixture.
Example: Aniline, nitrobenzene etc. is separated from their mixture by this process.

7) Crystallization
It is used for separating dissolved crystalline solids from their solutions.
Example: separation of CuSO4 crystal from its aqueous solution.

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8) Fractional crystallization
It is used for separating two solids that differs int their solubility in a solvent present in
solution.
Examples: Potassium chlorate (kclo3) is separated from the mixture of KCl+KClO3 by
fractional crystallization method.

9) Chromatography
This process was introduced by Ts. Wett. Solids or liquids having same colour can be
separated by using various technique of chromatography.
Examples: Mixture of ink, mixture of paints, mixture of iron and sulphur etc. can be
separated by this method.

10) Centrifuging
It is used for separating suspended solid particles or semi-solid from the mixture by rotating
the mixture centrifuging machine at high speed.
Example: separation of cream from milk in dairies, separation of platelets from blood in
hospitals, separation of molasses from crude sugar in sugar industries etc.

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