Speech Culture as a Subject

There is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.
What is culture? Culture may be defined as an integrated pattern of human behaviour
that includes thoughts, communications, languages, beliefs, customs, manners of roles
and relationships of any group of people. This means that language also reflects
culture. Through the study of languages people gain knowledge and understanding of
the cultures using languages. And people have to understand that in order for
communication to be successful language use must be associated with culturally
appropriate behaviour.

Speech culture is a set of language means which in the certain case of

communication provide the greatest effect in reaching tasks of communication. Modern
language norms and ethics of communication should be kept here.

Speech culture takes place in the context when language gives the opportunity
of choice and various organization of its means for the best way of communication
purpose achievement. Ethical, grammatical, lexical, phonetical norms are of great
importance in speech culture formation. Speech culture aims at reaching only one goal-
communication effectiveness. Normative lexis is the top issue here. Speeches of top
officials or popular political figures can serve an example.

Society does not require anyone to be a poet or painter, nor does it require anyone to
be an orator. But the cultural speech, or the culture of speech, is required from
everyone. In fact, it is a divine duty imposed on people, a divine command given to
them. The culture of speech is a quality that a person may strive for, and oratory is an
innate ability given by God. The speech culture is the education of heart and morality. If
the speech culture is not reflected in a person’s speech, then this is similar to the non-
observance of the Law, and we can hardly to hope that such a situation will benefit the
society.

Culture of speech - what is it? The personal culture of the speech of the individual
is characterized by how well he owns the norms of the language. It is implied by
its ability to be expressed by a larger, specifically, it is accessible, clean,
competently, expressed and clear. The culture of human speech is directly
connected with the spiritual wealth and the holistic internal culture of the person,
with its horizons, aesthetic perception and views on the world. In the general sense
- This is a section of linguistics aimed at improving the main social tool -
communications. He explores language problems, establishes the rules of the word,
determines the strict boundaries of cultural communicative behavior and promotes
language regulations. In addition to cultural vocabulary, the section of speech
culture explores the integral forms, casual simplified words, jargonisms, youth
slang and borrowing. Speech culture is an important requirement for determining a
person as a developed, highly educated, cultural and noble.
 Rhetorical devices

1. Asyndeton consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or

clauses. In a list of items, asyndeton gives the effect of unpremedi
She likes pickles, olives, raisins, dates, pretzels tated multiplicity, of an
extemporaneous rather than a labored account:

2. Polysyndeton is the use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause,

and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton. The rhetorical effect of polysyndeton,
however, often shares with that of asyndeton a feeling of multiplicity, energetic
enumeration, and building up.

They read and studied and wrote and drilled. I laughed and played and talked
and flunked.

3. Litotes, a particular form of understatement, is generated by denying the opposite or

contrary of the word which otherwise would be used. Depending on the tone and
context of the usage, litotes either retains the effect of understatement, or becomes an
intensifying expression.:

Heat waves are common in the summer.

He's not the friendliest person.

It wasn't a terrible trip.
4. Zeugma includes several similar rhetorical devices, all involving a grammatically
correct linkage of two or more parts of speech by another part of speech. Thus
examples of zeugmatic usage would include one subject with two (or more) verbs, a
verb with two (or more) direct objects, two (or more) subjects with one verb, and so
forth. The main benefit of the linking is that it shows relationships between ideas and
actions more clearly. A zeugma is a literary term for using one word to modify two other
words, in two different ways.

“She broke his car and his heart ...

He opened his mind and his wallet every time he went out with her

5. Oxymoron is a paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adjective-noun.

Oxymoron usually refers to a set of contradictory words such as :

Small crowd”
“Old news”
“Open secret”
“Living dead”
“Pretty ugly”
“Awfully good”
6. Metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t
literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison.

Laughter is the music of the soul.

America is a melting pot.
Her lovely voice was music to his ears.
7. Synecdoche is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole
for a part, In the phrase, "Check out my new wheels," "wheels" is an example of
synecdoche used to refer to a "car." In this example, a part of a car (its wheels) is used
to represent the car as a whole.
The phrase "hired hands" can be used to refer to workers. ...
The word "head" can refer to counting cattle or people. ...
The word "bread" can be used to represent food. ...
The word "wheels" refers to a vehicle. ...
8. Metonymy is another form of metaphor, very similar to Synecdoche.It is a
figure of speech in which the name of an object or concept is replaced with a
word closely related to or suggested by the original, as “crown” to mean “king”
(“The power of the crown was mortally weakened”)

9. Parallelism refers to using similar words, clauses, phrases, sentence structure,

or other grammatical elements to emphasize similar ideas in a sentence. It makes
the sentence concise, clear, and easy to read. In English grammar, parallelism (also
called parallel structure or parallel construction) is the repetition of the same
grammatical form in two or more parts of a sentence.

I like to jog, bake, paint, and watching movies. I like to jog, bake, paint, and watch
movies

10. Antithesis, (from Greek antitheton, “opposition”), a figure of speech in which

irreconcilable opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp
juxtaposition and sustained tension, as in the saying
“Art is long, and Time is fleeting.”
Man proposes, God disposes.

Antithesis is the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel

arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences (as in "action, not
words" or "they promised freedom and provided slavery")

11. Juxtaposition- the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with
contrasting effect.

Juxtaposition in literary terms is the showing contrast by concepts placed side by side.
An example of juxtaposition are the quotes

"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country", and
"Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate", both by John F .

12. Diction- the manner in which words are pronounced: style of speaking or writing
as dependent upon choice of words
Good diction
Generally awful English diction is one reason.
13. Rhetorical questions are questions that do not expect an answer. A rhetorical
question is a question asked to make a point, rather than get an answer.

Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South,
East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for mankind?

14. Repetition is the simple repeating of a word, within a short space of words
(including in a poem), with no particular placement of the words to secure emphasis.

Time after time. Heart to heart. Boys will be boys. Hand in hand. Hour to hour.
Sorry, not sorry.
15. Anaphora- is a rhetorical device that features the repetition of a word or phrase at
the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses.

“Go big or go home.” “Be bold. Be brief. Be gone. “Stay safe. Stay well. Stay happy.”

“So many places, so little time.”

16. Epistrope – repetition of the same word at the end of a phrase, clause, verse, or
sentence. This type of rhetorical device is also refe problem rred to as epiphora

There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern

problem. There is only an American problem.

17.Alliteration - the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more

neighboring words or syllables (such as wild and woolly, threatening throngs) — called
also head rhyme, initial rhyme.

To lead the land we love

18.Polysyndeton - Polysyndeton is a rhetorical and literary technique in which a

conjunction appears over and over again to join different thoughts in one sentence.

Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers.

19.Anastrophe- unusual word order : United, there is little we cannot do…, Divided,
there is little we can do.

20. Metaphor -a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one
kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness
or analogy between them .

Iron tyranny, the glow from the fire

Rhetorical questions are questions that do not expect an answer. A rhetorical question
is a question asked to make a point, rather than get an answer. If you have ever been
late, someone might say: 'What time do you call this? ' This person doesn't want an
answer to the question. They are making the point that you have arrived at an
unacceptable time. The rhetorical questions are not designed to be answered instead
they emphasise the idea that all humans are created equal. One of the best ways to
include the audience in your speech is to ask a rhetorical question. It opens up the floor
to them, without actually having to open up the floor and let everyone speak. It simply
serves as an opportunity to pique their interest and then continue to emphasize your
points. For example: Are we a nation that accepts the cruelty of ripping children
from their parents' arms? Or are we a nation that values families, and works to
keep them together?” – B.Obama

Stylistic Devices of Speech

The ways in which aspects of texts (such as words, sentences, images) are arranged
and how they affect meaning. Stylistic Devices
Alliteration.Allusion.Anaphora.Antithesis.Hyperbole.Litotes.Metaphor.

Stylistic features. The ways in which aspects of texts (such as words, sentences,
images) are arranged and how they affect meaning.

Examples of stylistic features are narrative viewpoint, structure of stanzas,

juxtaposition, alliteration, metaphor, and lexical choice.