LINEAR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS:METHOD OF SOLUTION:

A first-order linear differential equation has the

form
y¢ + p ( x ) y = q ( x )
An integrating factor for the equation is
I ( x) = e ò p ( x ) dx

which depends only on x and is independent of y.

When both sides are multiplied by I (x )
the resulting equation
I (x) y¢ + p ( x) I ( x) y = I ( x)q ( x)
is exact. This equation can be solved by the
method described in Chapter 4.
A simpler procedure is to rewrite
I (x) y¢ + p ( x) I ( x) y = I ( x)q ( x)
d ( yI )
as = Iq( x)
dx
integrate both sides of this last equation
with respect to x, and then solve the
resulting equation for y.
 REDUCTION OF BERNOULLI
EQUATIONS:
A Bernoulli differential equation has
the form
y¢ + p ( x ) y = q ( x ) y
n

where n is a real number.

The substitution z=y 1- n

transforms into a linear differential

equation in the unknown function z (x)
Solve
dy
(x - 2) = y + 2(x - 2)3

dx
or
dy 1
y = 2( x - 2 )
2
-
dx x - 2
 dx
ò P( x)dx = -ò x - 2 = - ln( x - 2)
and an integrating factor is

- ln( x - 2 ) 1
e =
x-2
Then
æ 1 ö 1
÷ = 2ò (x - 2)
2
yç dx
è x-2ø x-2

= 2 ò ( x - 2 ) dx = ( x - 2 ) + C
2

y = (x - 2) + C (x - 2)
3
Solve
dy
+ y cot x = 5e cos x

dx
Find the particular solution, given the
initial conditions: x=p/2 , y=-4
an integrating factor is

e ò cot x dx
=e ln sin x
= sin x

y sin x = 5ò e = - +C
cos x
cos x
sin x dx 5e
p
æ pö
(- 4)ç sin ÷ = -5e
cos
2
+C
è 2ø
(- 4)(1) = -5(1) + C C =1

y sin x + 5e cos x
=1
Solve

x3dy
dx
( 2
)
+ 2 - 3x y = x 3

dy 2 - 3 x 2
+ 3
y =1
dx x
 2 - 3x 12

ò x3 dx = -
x 2
- 3 ln x
and an integrating factor is 1
3 1/ x 2
xe
y dx 1
3 1/ x 2
=ò 3 1/ x 2
= 1/ x 2
+ C1
xe xe 2e

3 1/ x 2
2 y = x + Cx e
3
 Solve
dy
- 2 y cot 2 x = 1 - 2 x cot 2 x - 2 csc 2 x
dx

e ò
- 2 cot 2 xdx
= e
- ln sin 2 x
= csc 2 x

( )
y csc 2 x = ò csc 2 x - 2 x cot 2 x csc 2 x - 2 csc 2 2 x dx
= csc 2 x + cot 2 x + C

y = x + cos 2 x + C sin 2 x
Solve y ln ydx + (x - ln y )dy = 0
dx 1 1
+ x=
dy y ln y y

e ò dy /( y ln y )
=e ln(ln y )
= ln y
dy 1 2
x ln y = ò ln y = ln y + K
y 2
2 x ln y = ln y + C
2
 dy
Solve + y = y (cos x - sin x)
2

dx
-2 dy -1
y + y = cos x - sin x
dx
-1 -2 dy dv
y =v -y =
dx dx
dv
- v = sin x - cos x
dx
 -x
and an integrating factor is e

ve - x = ò (sin x - cos x )e - x dx

= -e - x sin x + C

1
= - sin x + Ce x
y
Solve {
xdy - y + xy (1 + ln x ) dx = 0
3
}
-3 dy 1 - 2
y - y = 1 + ln x
dx x
-3 dy dv
y -2
=v - 2y =
dx dx
dv 2
+ v = -2(1 + ln x )
dx x
and an integrating factor is e ò 2 dx / x
= x2
 2
(
vx = -2 ò x + x ln x dx
2 2
)
4 3 2 3
= - x - x ln x + C
9 3

2
x 2 3æ 2 ö
2
= - x ç + ln x ÷ + C
y 3 è3 ø
 dy
Solve sin y = cos y (1 - x cos y )
dx
sin y dy 1
2
- = -x
cos y dx cos y

1 dv
v= - v = -x
cos y dx
1
= x + 1 + Ce x

cos y
Solve (4r s - 6)dr + r ds = 0
2 3

6
(rds + sdr ) + 3sdr = 2 dr
r

dt 3 6
rs = t + t= 2
dr r r
3 C
s= 2 + 4
r r
 Solve yy '- xy + x = 0
2

y =z
2

dz x2
- 2 xz = -2 x y = 1 + Ce
2

dx
 Solve yy '- xy + x = 0
2

y =z
2

dz x2
- 2 xz = -2 x y = 1 + Ce
2

dx