Crop Prediction Based on Characteristics of Agricultural Environment

1Ms. MB. Bhavani, 2T. Vinay Kumar Reddy, 3P. Arif, 4R. Raju, 5D. Sathish Nayak
1Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (AIML),
Samskruti College of Engineering and Technology, Kondapur
2,3,4,5B.
Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning), Samskruti College of Engineering and
Technology, Kondapur

Abstract: India, the second most populous I. INTRODUCTION

country in the world, has a large segment of
its population engaged in agriculture. Many
farmers in India grow the same crops
repeatedly and apply fertilizers in random
quantities without understanding the specific
needs of the soil. This practice negatively
impacts crop yield and causes soil
acidification, damaging the topsoil layer. To
address these issues, we have designed a
system using machine learning algorithms to
assist farmers. Our system suggests the most
suitable crops for specific land based on soil
content and weather conditions. It also
provides information on the necessary types
and quantities of fertilizers and the required
seeds for cultivation. By utilizing our system,
farmers can cultivate new varieties of crops,
potentially increase their profit margins, and
reduce soil pollution.
Keywords: Crop yield, Machine learning
algorithms, Crop suggestion,Crop
variety,Profit margin,Soil pollution
Agriculture forms the cornerstone of life for
numerous individuals across India,
particularly in rural regions. With over 60%
of the nation's land dedicated to agriculture,
the sector plays a vital role in sustaining the
needs of its 1.3 billion inhabitants.
Consequently, the adoption of new
agricultural technologies is imperative. Often
referred to as the backbone of the Indian
economy, agriculture not only fulfills the
nation's food requirements but also serves as
a crucial source of raw materials for various
non-agricultural industries. Despite its
significance, the agricultural sector's
contribution to India's economy has
gradually declined to less than 15% in recent
years, primarily due to the rapid growth of the
industrial and services sectors. Moreover, the
increasing population exacerbates the
challenge of meeting the rising demand for
agricultural products. Previously, crop
cultivation relied heavily on the expertise and
traditional methods employed by
farmers.The adverse effects of climate
change are increasingly impacting crop
yields, posing challenges for farmers in
selecting the most suitable crops based on
soil and environmental conditions.
Addressing this issue effectively is crucial to
ensure farmers' livelihoods and optimize
agricultural production. Crop prediction,
which relies on soil, geographical, and
climatic data, plays a pivotal role in this
endeavor. In recent years, machine learning
algorithms have emerged as valuable tools
for crop prediction in agriculture. However,
predicting the optimal crop for cultivation is
a complex task, necessitating the exploration
and testing of multiple models. Given that
crop cultivation is influenced by both biotic
and abiotic factors, diverse datasets are
required to develop accurate prediction
models.
Biotic factors encompass various
environmental components resulting from
the influence of living organisms, including
microorganisms, plants, animals, parasites,
predators, and pests, both directly and
indirectly impacting other living beings. This
category also encompasses human-induced
factors such as fertilization, plant protection,
irrigation, and various forms of pollution (air,
water, and soil). These factors can lead to
diverse changes in crop yield, including
internal and shape defects, as well as
alterations in chemical composition. The
interplay of biotic and abiotic factors
significantly influences environmental
conditions, plant growth, and overall plant
quality. Abiotic factors can further be
categorized into physical, chemical, and
other dimensions. Physical factors involve
mechanical vibrations, various forms of
radiation (such as ionizing, electromagnetic,
ultraviolet, and infrared), climatic variables
(such as atmospheric pressure, temperature,
humidity, air movements, and sunlight), soil
characteristics, topography, soil rockiness,
atmospheric conditions, and water chemistry,
particularly salinity. Chemical factors
include environmental pollutants like sulfur
dioxide and its derivatives, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrogen
oxides and their derivatives, fluorine and its
compounds, lead and cadmium compounds,
nitrogen-based fertilizers, pesticides, and
carbon monoxide. This project streamlines
the process of collecting datasets and
employing suitable algorithms for predicting
crop yield. By leveraging this initiative,
farmers can gain insights into which crops to
cultivate on their land to maximize yield and
profitability. Furthermore, the project aims to
enhance the nation's economy by increasing
crop production rates. Through the
implementation of innovative technological
solutions in the agricultural sector,
significant improvements in crop production
can be achieved. The paper explores various
classifier algorithms, including SVM
(Support Vector Machine), K-NN (K-Nearest
Neighbors), Decision Tree, Random Forest,
Gradient Boosted Decision Tree, and
Regularized Greedy Forest.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Doshi, Z., Nadkarni, S., Agrawal, R., &
Shah, N. (2018, August). AgroConsultant:
intelligent crop recommendation system
using machine learning algorithms. (pp. 1-
6). IEEE.
This paper presents a two-part approach to
crop prediction. The first subsystem focuses
on crop recommendation, involving
preprocessing steps and the selection of
various machine learning algorithms based
on their accuracies. The second subsystem
predicts rainfall, and its output is utilized by
the first subsystem. In the experimental
analysis, the decision tree classifier emerged
as the most accurate among the other
classifiers evaluated. Specifically, Random
Forest achieved the highest accuracy at
90.43%.
S. P. Raja, B. Sawicka, Z. Stamenkovic
and G. Mariammal, "Crop Prediction
Based on Characteristics of the
Agricultural Environment Using Various
Feature Selection Techniques and
Classifiers," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp.
23625-23641, 2022.
The focus of this paper is on exploring
different feature selection methods within
wrapper methods and classification
algorithms for crop prediction. The dataset
utilized is the Felin dataset, and the paper
follows a systematic approach comprising
Dataset Collection, Pre-processing, Feature
Selection, and Classifiers. Among the
classifiers examined, the random forest
classifier exhibited the highest accuracy of
87.43% on the Felin dataset, outperforming
others in terms of performance metrics.
Particularly noteworthy was the Modified
Recursive Feature Elimination with random
forest, which demonstrated high-level
performance metrics.
Kulkarni, N. H., Srinivasan, G. N., Sagar,
B. M., & Cauvery, N. K. (2018, December).
Improving crop productivity through a
crop recommendation system using
ensembling technique. In 2018 3rd
International Conference on
Computational Systems and Information
Technology for Sustainable Solutions
(CSITSS) (pp. 114-119). IEEE.
The aim of this paper is to develop a
recommendation system for precise crop
selection based on various soil, rainfall, and
surface temperature parameters. The
objective is to enhance crop productivity by
offering highly accurate and efficient
predictions using ensemble techniques.
Initially, the collected data undergoes
preprocessing. Following preprocessing, the
dataset is split into training and test sets. Each
sample is then trained and tested using
Random Forest, Naive Bayes, and Linear
SVM algorithms. A Voting Technique is
employed as a combination method to
achieve optimal accuracy. The average
accuracy achieved for crop classification into
Kharif and Rabi crops is 99.91%.
Liying Yang (2011), ‘Classifiers selection
for ensemble learning based on accuracy
and diversity’ Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under
responsibility of [CEIS].
The paper addresses the challenge of
selecting classifiers for ensemble learning,
aiming to enhance accuracy and
performance. It introduces a method called
Selection by Accuracy and Diversity (SAD)
to identify the best classifier set from a pool
based on accuracy and performance metrics.
Using Q statistics, the interdependency
between the most relevant and accurate
classifiers is determined. Those not chosen
are combined to form the ensemble, ensuring
improved performance and diversity.
Dąbrowska-Zielińska et al. evaluated plant
biophysical parameters derived from satellite
data to forecast crop yields in Poland. Ground
measurements were conducted in arable
fields as part of the GEO Joint Experiment of
Crop Assessment and Monitoring (JECAM).
Crop classification utilized optical and radar
images from Sentinel-1 and RadarSat-2. The
PROtotypical model of Biomass and
Evapotranspiration (PRO) simulated winter
wheat growth, achieving a high accuracy of
94% in biomass estimation compared to real
biomass.
Suruliandi, A., Mariammal, G., & Raja, S.
P. (2021). Crop prediction based on soil
and environmental characteristics using
feature selection techniques.
Mathematical and Computer Modelling of
Dynamical Systems, 27(1), 117-140
This paper focuses on crop prediction by
evaluating various feature selection methods
and selecting the best classifier algorithms
based on accuracy. The feature selection
techniques explored include wrapper
methods like Recursive Feature Elimination
(RFE), BORUTA, and Sequential Forward
Floating Selection (SFFS). Prediction is
based on soil and environmental
characteristics. Experimental analysis reveals
that RFE combined with the bagging
classifier applied to KNN, Naïve Bayes,
Decision Tree, SVM, and Random Forest
achieves superior accuracy (0.9272)
compared to other combinations.
III. METHODOLOGY
Agriculture plays a vital role in India's
economy, yet challenges such as crop
failures, low yields, and farmer suicides
underscore the need for sustainable
agricultural practices. Addressing these
issues is crucial for both economic and
agricultural prosperity worldwide. The
project's objective is to predict crop yields in
India considering diverse climatic conditions
and attributes. By aiding farmers in selecting
suitable crops for optimal yield and profit, the
project aims to meet the pressing need for
accurate crop yield prediction.Agriculture is
a predominant occupation for many Indians,
yet farmers often face challenges due to
repetitive planting practices and inadequate
fertilizer management, leading to diminished
crop yields and soil fertility. To address these
issues, we propose a machine learning-based
system for crop and fertilizer prediction. This
system will recommend suitable crops based
on soil characteristics and climatic
conditions, ensuring optimal yield.
Additionally, it will provide guidance on
fertilizer content and quantity, as well as seed
requirements. By leveraging our system,
farmers can diversify crop varieties and adopt
appropriate techniques, thereby enhancing
their potential for maximizing profits.
Traditionally, farmers relied on their
experience to predict crop yields, but this
approach is not always reliable. Our proposed
system aims to improve accuracy by utilizing
various parameters provided by the farmers,
such as their location, season, land area, and
crop type. By employing machine learning
techniques like Multiple Linear Regression
and considering past production data, the
system predicts crop yields for the upcoming
harvest year. It is essential for the application
to gather and communicate relevant
information effectively. The system's
primary objective is to assist farmers in
selecting the most suitable crops for optimal
yield. A user-friendly interface will be
developed to ensure ease of use for farmers.
Fig.1: System Architecture
Service Provider Module:
Within this module, the service provider must
authenticate themselves using a valid
username and password. Upon successful
login, they gain access to various
functionalities including browsing and
training/testing crop datasets, viewing
accuracy results in bar charts, accessing
prediction results for crop types,
downloading predicted datasets, and viewing
crop type ratios. Additionally, the service
provider can view and authorize users.
View and Authorize Users Module:
This module is designed for the admin to
oversee the list of registered users. The admin
can review user details such as usernames,
email addresses, and locations. Furthermore,
the admin has the authority to authorize
users.
Remote User Module:
Within this module, numerous users are
registered. Users are required to complete
registration before engaging in any activities.
Once registered, user details are stored in the
database. Upon successful registration, users
can log in using authorized credentials to
perform operations such as registration/login,
crop type prediction, and viewing their
profiles.
Fig.2: Sequence Diagram
The methodology introduced in this study
enhances existing procedures in several key
ways. Firstly, a remote detecting network is
employed to propose an operational
methodology. Secondly, a novel
dimensionality reduction technique is
introduced, utilizing a Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN) coupled with long-term
memory. Thirdly, a Gaussian process is
utilized to analyze and evaluate the spatial-
transient structure of the data, thereby
improving its accuracy. Anantha et al.
devised a recommendation system
employing an ensemble model with majority
voting, utilizing random tree, CHAID, KNN,
and Naive Bayes (NB) as learners to suggest
the most suitable crop based on soil
parameters, achieving high accuracy and
efficacy. The classified image produced by
these methods incorporates ground truth-
applied mathematics data, alongside
parameters such as weather conditions, crop
yield, and state/district-wise crop production,
enabling the prediction of specific crop yields
under varying circumstances. Rale et al.
developed a forecasting model utilizing
default settings and RF regression for crop
yield estimation. Fernando et al. analyzed
data on annual coconut production from 1971
to 2001 in a specific region, revealing an
economic impact of approximately US $50
million due to crop shortages. Ji et al.
proposed an estimation technique for rice
yield prediction, evaluating the effectiveness
of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
compared to biological parametric variations
and multiple bilinear regression models.
Boryan et al. introduced a decision tree-based
method to delineate state-level crop cover
groups using data from the Cropland Data
Layer (CDL) and National Agricultural
Statistics Service (NASS), incorporating
ground truth data from the June Agricultural
Survey. This work outlines the NASS CDL
program.The system does not incorporate
Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE). The
system does not utilize sampling techniques
during preprocessing to balance the dataset
and optimize prediction performance.
In the 21st century, it has become
commonplace to explore new technological
approaches across various sectors. The
implementation of novel techniques not only
streamlines processes but also yields superior
results. Factors such as wind patterns, water
availability, soil quality, and unexpected
fluctuations in rainfall often lead to crop
failures, resulting in reduced agricultural
output, food shortages, and economic
setbacks for both farmers and countries. A
single crop failure can inflict significant
losses. Hence, there is a pressing need for a
system that can accurately predict crop yield
rates. To address these challenges, we
propose a new system that selects high-
yielding crops based on influential
parameters, thereby assisting farmers in
achieving optimal crop yields and
minimizing the risk of crop failure. In this
proposed system, machine learning
techniques such as Random Forest Regressor
and Decision Tree Regressor are employed to
forecast crop yield production, considering
input parameters such as state name, season,
area, and crop type.The Recursive Feature
Elimination (RFE) technique serves as a
wrapper feature selection method, initially
utilizing the complete dataset. Its ranking
mechanism, pivotal to the RFE process,
arranges the dataset in descending order of
importance, facilitating the selection of
prominent features. One significant
advantage of RFE compared to other
methods lies in its systematic assessment of
each feature's contribution to the model's
output, allowing for the elimination of
features solely based on their performance.
The input and output framework for crop
prediction, focusing on agricultural
environmental characteristics, involves
specifying the data inputs necessary for
prediction and the anticipated outputs from
prediction models. Drawing from the
provided sources, which explore the furnishing actionable insights for farmers and
utilization of machine learning policymakers. Feature Importance:
methodologies, feature selection techniques, Recognizing the significance of diverse input
and classification algorithms for precise crop features in the prediction model bolsters
prediction, here is a synthesis of the input and interpretability and reliability of predictions.
output framework:
IV. RESULTS
Input Framework:
Output screens for Crop Prediction systems
Soil Parameters: Essential inputs for crop play a crucial role in presenting the prediction
results in a clear and understandable manner,
prediction models encompass soil attributes
aiding farmers and agricultural experts in
such as type, pH levels, moisture content, and making informed decisions about crop
nutrient availability. Environmental selection and cultivation.
Conditions: Predicting crop yields relies
heavily on factors like rainfall patterns,
temperature variations, humidity levels, and
other agro-climatic indicators. Geographic
Features: Information related to the
geographical location of the land and its
topographic characteristics are influential in
crop selection and yield prognostication.
Historical Data: Past performance data of Fig.3: Home & Login Page
crops and environmental patterns serve as
foundational elements for training machine
learning models and achieving accurate
predictions. Feature Selection: Employing
feature selection methodologies aids in
identifying the most pertinent attributes from
datasets to enhance prediction accuracy.

Output Framework:

Predicted Crop: The primary outcome of Fig.4: Farmer Registration Page

prediction models entails recommending the CROP YIELD PREDICTION:
most suitable crop(s) for cultivation based on
input parameters. Yield Estimation: Some
models may furnish projections of crop yield
predicated on chosen features and
environmental factors. Classification
Results: Classification algorithms assist in
categorizing land into appropriate crop types,

Fig.5: Crop Yield Prediction Page
Fig.6: Crop Yield Prediction Result
CROP PREDICTION:
Fig.7: Crop Prediction Page
Fig.8: Crop Prediction Result
V. CONCLUSION
Forecasting crop cultivation poses significant
challenges in agriculture. This study employs
various feature selection and classification
methodologies to forecast the yield of plant
cultivations. The findings reveal that
employing an ensemble technique yields
superior prediction accuracy compared to
conventional classification methods.
Predicting the cultivation areas of cereals,
potatoes, and other energy crops enables
strategic planning of their sowing, both at the
farm and national levels. Embracing modern
forecasting techniques can lead to tangible
financial gains in agricultural practices.
VI. REFERENCES
1. R. Jahan, ‘‘Applying naive Bayes
classification technique for classification of
improved agricultural land soils,’’ Int. J. Res.
Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 6, no. 5, pp.
189–193, May 2018.
2. B. B. Sawicka and B. Krochmal-Marczak,
‘‘Biotic components influencing the yield
and quality of potato tubers,’’ Herbalism, vol.
1, no. 3, pp. 125–136, 2017.
3. B. Sawicka, A. H. Noaema, and A.
Gáowacka, ‘‘The predicting the size of the
potato acreage as a raw material for
bioethanol production,’’ in Alternative
Energy Sources, B. Zdunek, M. Olszáwka,
Eds. Lublin, Poland: Wydawnictwo
Naukowe TYGIEL, 2016, pp. 158–172.
4. B. Sawicka, A. H. Noaema, T. S. Hameed,
and B. Krochmal-Marczak, ‘‘Biotic and
abiotic factors influencing on the
environment and growth of plants,’’ (in
Polish), in Proc. Bioróżnorodność
Środowiska Znaczenie, Problemy,
Wyzwania. Materiały Konferencyjne,
Puławy, May 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://bookcrossing.pl/ksiazka/321192.
5. R. H. Myers, D. C. Montgomery, G. G.
Vining, C. M. Borror, and S. M. Kowalski,
‘‘Response surface methodology: A
retrospective and literature survey,’’ J. Qual.
Technol., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 53–77, Jan. 2004.
6. D. K. Muriithi, ‘‘Application of response
surface methodology for optimization of
potato tuber yield,’’ Amer. J. Theor. Appl.
Statist., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 300–304, 2015, doi:
10.11648/j.ajtas.20150404.20.
7. M. Marenych, O. Verevska, A.
Kalinichenko, and M. Dacko, ‘‘Assessment
of the impact of weather conditions on the
yield of winter wheat in Ukraine in terms of
regional,’’ Assoc. Agricult. Agribusiness
Econ. Ann. Sci., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 183–188,
2014.
8. J. R. Olędzki, ‘‘The report on the state of
remotesensing in Poland in 2011–2014,’’ (in
Polish), Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 53, no.
2, pp. 113–174, 2015.
9. K. Grabowska, A. Dymerska, K. Poáarska,
and J. Grabowski, ‘‘Predicting of blue lupine
yields based on the selected climate change
scenarios,’’ Acta Agroph., vol. 23, no. 3, pp.
363–380, 2016.
10. D. Li, Y. Miao, S. K. Gupta, C. J. Rosen,
F. Yuan, C. Wang, L. Wang, and Y. Huang,
‘‘Improving potato yield prediction by
combining cultivar information and UAV
remote sensing data using machine
learning,’’ Remote Sens., vol. 13, no. 16, p.
3322, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/rs13163322.