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Matter and composition

Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Properties: 1. they are made up of small particles. 2. They have space between them 3. Particles are continuously moving 4. Particles
attract each other

Energy: Capacity to supply heat or to do work

Physical classification:

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Same shape and volume Takes shape of the container but volume is No definite shape and
same volume
Force is strong Force is weak Very weak force
Can’t be compressed Can be compressed Highly compressible
Solids can’t flow Can flow Can flow
High density, BP & MP Low density, BP & MP Very low
KE is min. KE is more than solid Very high KE
Thermal energy is very low Higher than solid Very high thermal energy
Particles vibrate in its fixed Particles slide over one another Particles move freely
position
Crystallin Amorpho
e solid us
Regular Not having
arrangeme regular
nts of arrangeme
particles nts of
particles
True solids Super
cooled
Solid to liquid: meltingsolids
MP is MP
Liq to solid: freezing
sharp depends
Gas to liq: condensation on range of
Liq to gas: vaporization temp.
Anisotropi
Solid to gas: sublimationIsotropic
c in nature
Gas to solid: deposition in nature
PLASMA: Super excited and energetic particles. Occurs when heated at high temp. Produce magnetic and
electric field.

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDESATION STATE: discovered in 1920. Formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density. Atoms join together
and form super atom. Very low KE and high force and attraction.

BOLING POINT: VAPOUR PRESSURE= ATM PRESSURE MELTING POINT: TEMP. AT WHICH SOLID CHANGES INTO A
LIQUID.

KELVIN SCALE: DEGREE +273 FAHRENHEIT: 9/5*DEGREE+32

NOTE: -40 is the temp. Same at both degree and Fahrenheit. Lowest possible temperature: -273.1 C

ROOM TEMP: 25-27 C NORMAL BODY TEMP. = 37C DENSITY OF ICE IS MORE THAN WATER

LATENT HEAT: Energy absorbed or released by a substance during change in physical state without change in its temp.

L= QUANTITY OF HEAT [Q]/ MASS OF SUBSTANCE [S]

DIFFUSION: Movement of any substance from high conc. To lower conc. Region. It occurs in all directions.

PURE SUBSTANCE: Contains single type of particles. Same in their chemical nature. Matter cannot be separated by any physical process.

TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCE:

ELEMENT: Simple and basic form of pure substance which cannot be broken into simpler substances by any physical or chemical
method. Made up of only one kind of atom.

METALS NON METALS

Which have 1,2,3 electron in outermost shell
Malleable and ductile [gold and silver most ductile]
Generally solid and hard in nature [except Na, K, Zn, Hg, Na, K, Cs & Ga]
Have luster [except lead]
High MP& BP [except Ga, Hg, Li, Na, K &Cs]
Have 4,5,6,7 electron in outermost shell
Non malleable and non ductile
Exist in all 3 states
Do not have luster[except Iodine, diamond and graphite]
Low MP&BP [except diamond and graphite]
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Sonorous Non-sonorous
Good conductors of heat and electricity [best: silver & poor: lead] Poor conductors of heat and electricity [ except graphite]
Produce basic oxide when dissolved in water Produce acidic oxide when dissolved in water
Form cation and are good reducing agent Form anion and are good oxidizing agent
Have high density [except Na&K] Low density [except diamond]
Non brittle [except Zn] Brittle [except gases]
In vapour state are monoatomic Polyatomic in vapour state

METTALOID: Materials which posses both metal and non metals. Ex: boron, germanium, silicon antimony, arsenic, tellurium and
pollanium.

AMPHOTERIC: Oxides which shows both acidic and basic behaviors to produce salt and water. Ex: ZnO, PbO, Cr2O3, Fe2O3 etc.

Reaction of Metal with Oxygen

Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides

Whenever sodium or potassium is exposed to air it catches fire. Hence, they are kept in kerosene.

Reaction of Metal with Water

Some metals react with water to form metal hydroxide whereas some of them do not react. Reactivity with water differs from metal to
metal.

Metals like sodium and potassium are highly reactive. They react with water to form alkalis such as sodium hydroxide and potassium
hydroxide. Calcium also reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen. Whereas, magnesium and zinc do not react with
cold water. They form their respective oxides when reacted with hot water. Iron reacts with steam to form magnetic oxides.

Reaction with Dilute Acids

Metals like sodium, potassium, lithium and calcium react vigorously with dilute HCl and H 2SO4 to form their metal salt and hydrogen.

While magnesium, zinc, irons, tin and lead do not react vigorously with acids.

Reaction of Metal with Other Metal

Metals that are more reactive will readily with less reactive metals. More reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its oxides,
chlorides or sulphides.

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Reaction of Non Metal with Oxygen Reaction of Non metals with bases

Non metals + O2  Non metallic oxide / Acidic oxide Form salts when reacted with bases

Reaction of Non Metal with Water

Do not react with water to produce h2 gas because they cannot reduce hydrogen ions of water to h2 gas. Except highly reactive non

metals.

Reaction with Dilute Acids

Do not react with dil. acids because they act as electron acceptor and can’t supply to H+ ions of acid to reduce them to hydrogen acid. But

on heating form oxides or salt with conc. Acids.

Reactivity of Non metal

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As we go down the reactivity of non metal decreases due to the increase on the number of shells and tendency to lose electrons. Also the

nuclear force of attraction decreases.

IONIC BONDS: Are formed due to the transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals. Ions with opposite charges attract each other to

form ionic bonds.

Properties: 1. Solid compounds due to strong force of attraction. 2. Compounds are brittle 3. Compounds have high MP&BP

4. Compounds dissolve in water 5. Insoluble in organic solvents 6. Do not conduct electricity in solid state
ORE: Impurities from which metal is extracted.

CALCINATION: Carbonate ores heated in absence of oxygen. CO2 gas will be released.

ROASTING: Sulphide ores heated in presence of oxygen. SO2 gas will be released

ALLOYS: uniform mixture of 2 or more metals and non-metals.

TYPES OF ALLOYS:

1. FERROUS ALLOYES: Alloys in which ion is present as one of its constituents.

Example: Manganese steel [Fe- 86%, Mn- 13% & C- 1%]
Nickel steel [Fe- 96-97% & Ni- 3-4%] Stainless steel- Iron + Nickel + Chromium
2. NON-FERROS ALLOYES: Alloys which doesn’t contain iron.
Example: Brass [Cu- 80% and Zn- 20%] Bronze [Cu-88% and Sn-12%] Solder [Pb- 50% and Sn-50%]
3. AMALGAM: Contains mercury as one of its constituents.
Example: Zn amalgam [Zn (Hg)], Sodium amalgam [Na (Hg)]

CORROSION: Metals het corroded when exposed o moist air for long period of time

RUSTING: 4Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O  Fe2O3 + 2Fe (OH) 3

FORMULA OF RUSTING: Fe2O3. XH2O

COMPOUMDS: Pure substances that are composed of 2 or more different elements in fixed proportion by mass.

Organic: which are obtained from living sources? Inorganic: obtained from non-living sources.

Properties: Compounds are homogenous in nature.

Compounds are formed by the chemical reaction between 2 elements. Constituents cannot be separated by physical or mechanical
means.

They have fixed MP&BP.

MIXTURE: Combination of more than one kind of pure substances in any ratio. Constituents can be separated by physical methods.

HOMOGENOUS HETEROGENOUS
Uniform composition Non-uniform composition
Single phase and no physical separation 2 or more phases and physical separation is possible.
Size of particle is small Size of particle is very large and can be visible by naked eye

SOLUTION COLLOIDS SUSPENSION

Homogenous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous
Has a solute and solvent Has solute and dispersed medium[solution] Has suspended particles and medium
Very small in size Particle size is 10^-9 m to 10^-7m Large in size
Particles can be separated by filtration Cannot be separated Cannot be separated
Transparent Translucent Opaque
Ex: sugar solution in water Ex: milk, muddy water Ex: sane water, milk of manganese

Tyndall effect can be observed when a fine beam of light enters a room through a small hole. This happens due to scattering of light by
the particles of dust and smoke in the air.

CONCENTATION OF A SOLUTION:

MASS BY MASS PERCENT: Mass of solute / mass of solvent * 100

MASS BY VOLUME PERCENT: Mass of solute / volume of solution * 100