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The Early History of

Communication
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By Tuan C. Nguyen
Updated on January 31, 2021

Humans have communicated with one another in some shape or form ever
since time immemorial. But to understand the history of communication, all we
have to go by are written records that date as far back as ancient Mesopotamia.
And while every sentence starts with a letter, back then people began with a
picture.

The BCE Years

 Ancient hieroglyphics show an Egyptian man making an offering to the god Horus.

powerofforever / Getty Images

The Kish tablet, discovered in the ancient Sumerian city of Kish, has
inscriptions considered by some experts to be the oldest form of known writing.
Dated to 3500 B.C., the stone features proto-cuneiform signs, basically
rudimentary symbols that convey meaning through its pictorial resemblance to
a physical object. Similar to this early form of writing are the ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphs, which date back to around 3200 B.C.

Written Language
Elsewhere, written language appears to have come about around 1200 B.C. in
China and around 600 B.C. in the Americas. Some similarities between the
early Mesopotamian language and the one that developed in ancient Egypt
suggests that a writing system originated in the Middle East. However, any kind
of connection between Chinese characters and these early language systems is
less likely since the cultures don’t seem to have had any contact.

Among the first non-glyph writing systems not to use pictorial signs is the
phonetic system. With phonetic systems, symbols refer to spoken sounds. If this
sounds familiar, it’s because the modern alphabets that many people in the
world use today represent a phonetic form of communication. Remnants of
such systems first appeared either around 19th century B.C. thanks to an early
Canaanite population or 15th century B.C. in connection with a Semitic
community that lived in central Egypt.

Phoenician System
Over time, various forms of the Phoenician system of written communication
began to spread and were picked up along the Mediterranean city-states. By the
8th century B.C., the Phoenician system reached Greece, where it was altered
and adapted to the Greek oral language. The biggest alterations were the
addition of vowel sounds and having the letters read from left to right.

Around that time, long-distance communication had its humble beginnings as

the Greeks—for the first time in recorded history—had a messenger pigeon
deliver results of the first Olympiad in the year 776 B.C. Another important
communication milestone from the Greeks was the establishment of the first
library in 530 B.C.

Long-Distance Communication
And as humans neared the end of the B.C. period, systems of long-distance
communication started to become more commonplace. A historical entry in the
book “Globalization and Everyday Life” noted that around 200 to 100 B.C:
"Human messengers on foot or horseback (were) common in Egypt and China
with messenger relay stations built. Sometimes fire messages (were) used from
relay station to station instead of humans."

Communication Comes to the Masses

 Gutenberg is acknowledged to be the father of moveable type. Getty Images

In the year 14, the Romans established the first postal service in the western
world. While it’s considered to be the first well-documented mail delivery
system, others in India and China had already long been in place. The first
legitimate postal service likely originated in ancient Persia around 550 B.C.
However, historians feel that in some ways it wasn’t a true postal service
because it was used primarily for intelligence gathering and later to relay
decisions from the king.

Well-Developed Writing System

Meanwhile, in the Far East, China was making its own progress in opening
channels for communication among the masses. With a well-developed writing
system and messenger services, the Chinese would be the first to invent paper
and papermaking when in 105 an official named Cai Lung submitted a proposal
to the emperor in which he, according to a biographical account, suggested
using “the bark of trees, remnants of hemp, rags of cloth, and fishing nets”
instead of the heavier bamboo or costlier silk material.

First Moveable Type

The Chinese followed that up sometime between 1041 and 1048 with the
invention of the first moveable type for printing paper books. Han Chinese
inventor Bi Sheng was credited with developing the porcelain device, which was
described in statesman Shen Kuo’s book “Dream Pool Essays.” He wrote:

“…he took sticky clay and cut in it characters as thin as the edge of a coin. Each
character formed, as it were, a single type. He baked them in the fire to make them
hard. He had previously prepared an iron plate and he had covered his plate with a
mixture of pine resin, wax, and paper ashes. When he wished to print, he took an
iron frame and set it on the iron plate. In this, he placed the types, set close
together. When the frame was full, the whole made one solid block of type. He
then placed it near the fire to warm it. When the paste [at the back] was slightly
 melted, he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface, so that the block of
type became as even as a whetstone.”

While the technology underwent other advancements, such as metal movable

type, it wasn’t until a German smithy named Johannes Gutenberg built
Europe’s first metal movable type system that mass printing would experience a
revolution. Gutenberg’s printing press, developed between 1436 and 1450,
introduced several key innovations that included oil-based ink, mechanical
movable type, and adjustable molds. Altogether, this allowed for a practical
system for printing books in a way that was efficient and economical.

World's First Newspaper

Around 1605, a German publisher named Johann Carolus printed and
distributed the world’s first newspaper. The paper was called "Relation aller
Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien,” which translated to “Account of
all distinguished and commemorable news.” However, some may argue that the
honor should be bestowed upon the Dutch “Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt,
&c.” since it was the first to be printed in a broadsheet-sized format.

Photography, Code, and Sound

 The world's first photograph, taken by Nicephone Niepce in 1826 from his window in France. It was made on
a sensitized pewter plate. This is the un-retouched photograph.

Bettmann / Getty Images

By the 19th century, the world was ready to move beyond the printed word.
People wanted photographs, except they didn’t know it yet. That was until
French inventor Joseph Nicephore Niepce captured the world’s first
photographic image in 1822. The early process he pioneered, called
heliography, used a combination of various substances and their reactions to
sunlight to copy the image from an engraving.

Color Photographs
Other notable later contributions to the advancement of photography include a
technique for producing color photographs called the three-color method,
initially put forth by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 and the
Kodak roll film camera, invented by American George Eastman in 1888.

The foundation for the invention of electric telegraphy was laid by inventors
Joseph Henry and Edward Davey. In 1835, both had independently and
successfully demonstrated electromagnetic relay, where a weak electrical signal
can be amplified and transmitted across long distances.

First Commercial Electric Telegraph System

A few years later, shortly after the invention of the Cooke and Wheatstone
telegraph, the first commercial electric telegraph system, an American inventor
named Samuel Morse developed a version that sent signals several miles from
Washington, D.C., to Baltimore. And soon after, with the help of his assistant
Alfred Vail, he devised the Morse code, a system of signal-induced indentations
that correlated to numbers, special characters, and letters of the alphabet.

The Telephone
Naturally, the next hurdle was to figure out a way to transmit sound to far off
distances. The idea for a “speaking telegraph” was kicked around as early as
1843 when Italian inventor Innocenzo Manzetti began broaching the concept.
And while he and others explored the notion of transmitting sound across
distances, it was Alexander Graham Bell who ultimately was granted a patent in
1876 for "Improvements in Telegraphy," which laid out the underlying
technology for electromagnetic telephones.

Answering Machine Introduced

 But what if someone tried to call and you weren't available? Sure enough, right
at the turn of the 20th century, a Danish inventor named Valdemar Poulsen set
the tone for the answering machine with the invention of the telegraphone, the
first device capable of recording and playing back the magnetic fields produced
by sound. The magnetic recordings also became the foundation for mass data
storage formats such as audio disc and tape.

Sources
“Cai Lun.” New World Encyclopedia.

“Dream Pool Essays by Shen Kuo by Kuo Shen.” Goodreads, 24 June 2014.

Ray, Larry J. Globalization and Everyday Life. Routledge, 2007.

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