NGHIEN ciiu-TRAODOI

^ Nghien cuU chd tao tie truySnflongkeo

Clio 6 to dien diing dong od mot ohl6u idiong c6 gdp

(*) TS. NGUYEN VAN THUAN

(**) ThS. LE VAN LQfl
(***) KS. TO KIM KHOI

TOM TAT
Odng eg mdt chieu kiidng co gdp liien nay ddgc dung trong hau
het cac d td dien vl mgt sd du diem cua nd. Bai bao gidi thieu khai quat
ve nguyen ly lam viec va mgt so tinh du diem cua loai ddng eg nay
trong truyen ddng keo va gidi thieu ve mgt so ke't qua nghien cdu ve he
truyen dgng nay cho xe hai chay dien ac quy.

l.DATVANDE
Hien nay, xe hai chay dien dang dugc nhieu qudc
gia va cac hang san xuat old quan lam phat trien, vi nd
la mdt trong nhung giai phap hieu qua de giai quyet van
dc can kicl dan eiia ngudn nang lugng hda thach va bien
ddi khi hau loan eau.
Xe hai chay dien mac dii da dugc bau bet cac
nha ehe tao dtd dua ra thi trudng nhung van chua that
phd bien va dang ddi hoi dugc nghien euu hoan thien
hon. Cac nghien cuu na\ dang lap trung vao hai hudng
chinh; (1) nang eao hieu suat va kha nang tuong thich
vdi cac nguon nang lugng tai tao; (2) giam kich thudc,
khoi lugng trong khi nit ngan thdi gian nap va keo dai
thdi gian su dung binh dien.
Hieu suat va kha nang tuong thich vdi cac ngudn
nang lugng lai lao phu thudc chu >eu vao eau tnic he
truyen dgng va ddng ea keo, trong dd. dgng ea keo cd
vai trd ca so. Hicn nay, ddng ca mdt chieu khdng cd
gdp (BLCD) lo ra kha phu hgp vdi cac >eu cau nay.
Ddng CO dicn mdt chicu khdng cd gdp dugc cap
dien va cd tinh chat dieu khien gidng ddng ea dicn mdt
chieu truyen thdng nhung khdng ed cd gdp va chdi than.
Ngoai ra, nd cd mat do cdng suat ldn. cd hieu suat va
do lin cay cao, do dd, dugc su diing trong hau bet eac
xc hai chay dicn.
He truy en dgng keo cd the dugc xay dung theo cau
tnic mdt ddng co chu ddng hoac theo cau tnic ddng ca
chu dgng. eau tnic thir nhat lien diing cho cac than xe cd
san cua old truyen thdng, cau tnic thu hai phii hgp vdi
than xe ehe tao mdi.
: Phu tai dien klzq DC-DC ^
Hop giam toe
Batili xe
Hinli 1: He thong dien cua xe mpt dpng co chu dona

(•*) Hoc vien Ky thuat Quan su Cau tnic thd hai cd ket cau ea khi dan gian, cd
(*•) Trucmg Cao dang Cong nghiep va Xay dung kich thudc va khdi lugng nho ban, thuan lgi cho vice
(**')Viettel

TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM V So 6 - Tliang 6 nam 2011

NGHIEN ciiu - TRAO 00!

giai bai loan khi ddng hgc gam xe. Do dd, ed hieu
suat eao ban va tinh nang dieu khien tdl ban cau tnic
thir nhat.
He thong dien cua xe gdm hai phan; phan dien than
xe hay he thong dien than xc va phan dieu khien chuyen
dgng hay he thong truyen dgng keo. He thong dien than
xe thuc hicn eung cap dien va dieu khien cac den ehieu
sang, eac den bao hieu xin dudng va ehi thi trang thai
binh dien. Cae phan lu nay dugc gdp ehung thanh nhdm
phu tai dien va ed dien ap dinh muc deu bang 12V nhan
dugc tir cua ra cua bd bien ddi DC-DC. He thdng truy en Hinh 3b: So do cap dien dong thai
dgng keo thirc hien cung cap dien va dieu khien loan
bg ehuyen ddng cua xe. nd bao gdm bg dieu khien va Vi tri rdto cua BLDC dugc phat hien nhd cam bien
dgng ca dien. Vi he thdng dien cua hai loai xe khac vi tri, thudng dugc xay dung tren ea sd cac cam bien
nhau khdng dang ke nen a day chi minh bga sa dd khdi Hall hoac quang dien gan tren slato (d day la ba cam
chirc nang he thong dien (hinh 1) eua xe mdt ddng ca bien Hall; HA, HB, HC va duge bieu dien bang ba mui
chu dgng. ten net dam trong hinh 2a).
Theo Vl tri eua rdto, bg ehuyen mach se ndi cac pha
2. DONG CO MOT CHIEU KHONG vao ngudn dien mdt chieu theo trinh lu hay quy luat mong
CO GOP mudn. De de hinh dung va lam rd nguyen ly lam viec ciia
BLDC, cd the quan sat each cap dien ea ban, trong dd, tai
Ddng CO mgt chieu khdng cd gdp (BLDC) ed cau
mdi thdi diem, chi mdt pha dugc cap dien. So dd mach
tao va do dd duge phan loai gidng dgng ca ddng bd
cap dien hay bg chuyen mach cho each cap dien nay co
Imyen thdng kich tir bang nam cham vTnh ciru, hinh 2a
dang trong hinh 2b, trong dd cac Iranzista trudng MA,
md la cau lao cua BLDC ba pha mdt cap cue. Hai loai
MB va MC lac ddng nhu cac chuyen mach.
ddng CO nay khac nhau d each cap dien, neu nhu cac
pha cua ddng ca ddng bd truyen thdng dugc cap dien Gia sir rdto dang d vi tri minh hga trong hinh 2a va
xoay chieu ba pha khdng phu thudc vi tri cua rdto thi cap dien ap U^ cho pha A (day mau do) bang each md
cac pha cua BLDC dugc cap dien mdt ehieu theo vi tri tranzisla MA, trong khi MB va MC dang khda thi rdto se
tuong ddi giua chiing vdi rdto. quay theo chieu kun ddng hd. Khi gde 0j^ giiia true tir B^
cua rdto va true tir B ^ cua pha A bing 3 0° chuyen sang cap
dien cho pha B (day mau den), bang each khda MA va md
MB, thi rdtotieptuc quay theo chieu cu. Den khi gdc giira
Bj^ va true tir B^ cua pha B b^ng 30° ehuyen sang cap dicn
cho pha C (day mau xanh), bgng each khda MB va md
MC thi rdto van tiep tire quay theo chieu eir. Tiep theo,
khi gde 0^ giua B^ vdi true tir B^, cua pha C ciing bang 30°
lai chuydn sang cap dien cho pha A, bang each khda MB
va md MC, rdto tiep tuc quay va qua trinh se lap lai. Neu
tiep tue duy tri trinh tu cap dien nay, rdto se quay dugc
mdt vdng ca khi sau mdt chu ki cap dien, va trong khoang
tiidi gian nay, tu trudng trong may hay tir trudng long, ma
a moi thdi diem do mdt pha day quan too ra. cung quay
dugc mdt vdng ca khi. Nhu vay, ldc do quay cua roto
bang toe do cua hi trudng, va neu ddi thu tu cap dien thi
tir trudng, va do dd rdto quay theo chieu ngugc lat.
Trinh tu cap dien tren cho thay BLDC dugc cap
Hinh 3a: Trinh tir cap dien co ban dien hoan loan luong tu each cap dien eho cac phan

TAP CHi c a KHi VIET NAM *l* So 6 - Thang 6 nam 2011

 NGHIEN Ciiu - TRAO OOI

tu day quan phan irng ciia ddng co mdt chi^u truyen
thdng, trong dd vi tri rdto va ebuy en mach ciing dugc
thuc hien nhd be thdng chdi than va cd gdp. Neu so
pha cua BLDC bang sd phan lu day quan phan img
ciia ddng ca truyen thdng thi hai ddng ca nay lam viec
gidng nhau, luy nhien, vi mgt sd ban ehe nen so chuyen
mach dien tu khdng the qua ldn, do dd so ba pha eua
BLDC thudng ban ehe d mirc khdng qua ba [ 1].
r- : ; 1 1
0
1 cua BLDC, cd the duge xae dinh theo luat can bang
2TK
Nhirng phan tich tren cho thay nguyen ly lam \ iec
cua BLDC gidng nguyen ly lam viec cua ddng co mdt
chicu truy en thdng, do do, dae tinh ca cua hai loai dgng
CO nay eiing luong tu nhau, va de cd mdmen ldn, BLDC
thudng dugc cap dien ddng tbdi cho hai pha bing each
md ddng tbdi hai tranzisla cua bd chuyen mach theo so
dd trong hinh 3b. Trinh tu cap dien theo vi tri cua rdto.
tuang irng vdi trang thai eua ba cam bien Hall, dugc
minh hga bang cac bieu dd trong hinh 3a.
1 Khdng phu thudc each cap dien mdmen dien tir T
nang lugng, a he don vi chuan
eja+e,ii,+ej^
(1)7;,
CO..
Trong dd;

3T,r e^, e^ va e^ tuong irng la sire dien ddng cam irng cua
cae pha A. B vaC;
Hinh 3a: Trinh tu cap dien co ban i^ va 1, tuong iing ddng dien eac pha A, B va
C;

- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^m la van tdc gdc cua tnic Rotor

Tiep theo bieu dien cac sire dien ddng theo lde do
gdc va ket cau ddng co, tir dd, xac dinh ddng dien theo
Uo
so dd mach tuong duong ciia mdi pha, va thay chiing
vao (1) sc nhan duge bieu thirc dac tinh co. Dac tinh
M4 M5 CO ciia BLDC vdi hop sd mdt cap dugc minh hga ciing
^ ^ ^ ^ vdi dac linh co cua ddng ca ddt trong vdi hop sd 4 cap
trong hinh 4 [2], va cho thay kha phii hgp vdi Imyen
Hinh 3b: So do cap dien dong thai ddng keo.

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Tine
Hinh 4: Dac tinh ca ciia dpng co keo oto

So vdi dgng ea mdt chieu truyen thdng, BLDC
cd nhieu uu diem. Mdt la, cd do tin cay va ludi thg
cao, chdng chay nd tdt va khdng gay nhieu vd tuyen,
it ddi hoi bao dudng trong qua trinh lam viec vi
khdng cd licp xuc ca khi. Hai la, ed mat do cdng
suat, vi the kich thudc va khdi lugng nho dc tan nhict
do eac phan lu sinh nhiet deu nam a slato. Ba la, cd
hieu suat cao vi khdng cd tdn hao kich tir do su dung
nam cham vTnh cuu.
eg"

TAP CHi c a KHi VIET NAM V So 6 - Thang 6 mini 2011

NGHIEN Ciiu - TRAO 00!
3. HE THONG DIEU KHIEN TRUYEN
DONG KEO
De cd hieu suat cao, ket eau don gian va de ehe
tao, phan ea khi hop sd dugc chgn loai 1 cap, va de
giam dau tu ban dau cung nhu thuan lgi cho viec tnen
khai nghien ciru, chiing ldi chgn he thdng truyen ddng
mgt ddng ca chii ddng, tren ca sd sir dung than xe eua
old diing dgng co xang truyen thdng. Tren ca sd eac
ket qua nghien ciru d giai doan nay, chiing tdi da trien
khai nghien ciiu he thdng theo eau tnic hai ddng co
chu dgng. Cau tnic thir hai nay eho phep don gian hda
dang ke ket eau than xe, de thue hien bai toan khi dgng
bgc, nhd do, giam gia thanh va lang hieu suat hon niia.
Nhuge diem eiia cau tnic nay la ddi hdi dicu chinh tdc
do cac banh xe khi quay vi khdng diing dugc hop vi sai
ca, luy nhien, da dugc khae phue tren ea sd irng dung
vi dieu khien.
Sa dd khdi chirc nang cua he truyen dgng theo
cau tnic mdt ddng ca chu ddng cd dang trong hinh 5.
He dugc thiet ke theo nguyen ly dieu khien hai vdng,
d trong la vdng ddng dien va d ngoai la vdng tdc dd.
Ddng ca dugc cap dien nhd bg ehuyen mach CM
theo sa dd va chu trinh trong hinh 3, va ddng dien
cac pha dugc dieu chinh theo nguyen ly dieu ehe be
rgng xung.
Trong dieu che ca be rgng xung dien ap pha dang
xung chii nhat Uj,, vdi bien do U^ dugc thay bang dien
ap dang ehiim xung chii nhat Up, cung bien do ed ehu ky
Tj. khdng ddi va be rgng t^dieu ehinh dugc (hinh 5b).
Viec nay dugc thuc hicn nhd bd dieu ehe PWM, trong
dd t^ ty le thuan vdi dien ap mdt chieu Uj^ dua den cua
vao bd dieu che.
t,=kpn'M>^Uf,xT^-
Hinh 5a; So d6 khoi chiic nang bo diSu khien
TAP CHi c a KHi VIET NAM *X* So 6-Thang 6 nam 2011
3TK
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2TK
1 =
tx A : /k i /k i / \
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Hinh 5b; Bieu do dien ap dieu che be rong xung
Ddng dien pha lire thdi ij, va trung binh Ij, cd dang
minh hga bang bieu do thir ba trong hinh 5b. Ggi ly sd
giira l^ va Tj. la he sd dien hay do rdng xung va ky hieu
la D thi tri trung binh cua ddng dien pha trong thdi gian
cap ap duac xac dinh theo bieu tbire;
( 2 ) / , = ; t „ , , , x^^ X ^ ^ •k.U 'K' k.
v.
' "p«,i/ ^
K R
Trong dd, dien ap vao eiia bd dieu che U^. ehinh la
dien ap ra ciia bd dieu ehinh ddng.
Tin hieu phan hdi ddng la dien ap tren dien trd RS
mac ndi tiep giiia cue am cua binh dien AQ vdi cue
ngudn chung cua cae Iranzista trudng, va ldc do thyc te
cua ddng ca dugc xac dinh tir dien ap ra eua cam bien
Vl tri CBH nhd khoi TTD.
He truy en dgng theo so do khdi nay da dugc
kiem tra va danh gia chat lugng bang md phong va
sau dd duge che tao, hieu chinh va thu nghiem thirc
te. Cae ket qua thue nghiem trong phdng thi nghiem ^
va trong dieu kien thirc le eho thay. he thdng dap
ling dugc cae yeu cau thuc te va cd do lin cay tdt.
Cac ket qua nghien ciiu he truyen ddng tren eung da
dugc chung ldi phat trien cho cau tnic hai dgng co
chu dgng. Trong hai nam vira rdi, chung ldi da che
lao va chay thu dai ban hai mau xe du lich hai ngudi
va ba xe lam san khau di ddng eho Cdng vien Nudc
Ho Tay cua Ha Ndi.
4. MOT SO THONG TIN B 6 SUNG
De kiem tra va hieu chinh cac khdi chire nang.
chiing tdi diing phan mem PSpice dugc lich hgp san
trong bg cdng eu phan lich va thiet ke dicn tu OrCAD
cua hang Cadence. Phan mem nay ed kha nang mo
 NGHIEN ciiu-TRAO00!

phong mach dien tu va dien lu cdng suat dua tren md
hinh Spice eua cac phan tu.
Bieu dd trong hinh 6. minh hga ddng dien (mau
tim) va sire dien ddng (mau vang chanh) pha cua ddng
CO, nhan duge bang md phong trong Pspice.
So dd khdi ddng hgc ciia he truyen ddng dugc xay
dung eho tin hieu bien thien nho va cd dang trong hinh
7a, va thuc hien md phong trong Matlab nhan dugc do
thi bien thien lde do, khi mdmen toi dot bien tir khdng
den 50% dinh mirc. Hinh 8a. Hinh 8 la anh chup mau
did du lich hai ngudi, cdn hinh 8b la anh dtd diing lam
san khau di ddng da trang tri dugc ehe too va dua vao
su dung d Cdng vien Nudc Hd Tay, Ha Ndi.

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Hinh 6; Sire dien dong cam irng va dong dien pha

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Tai lieu tham khao:

[ 1 ] H. E. OBHHHUKOB; BeriMKnbHBie 3]ieKTpMHecKHeflBHrarenHH npHBoa ua HX ocHOBe, Can - HerepOypr Kopona - BCK, 2006,
[2] Mehrdad Ehsam, Timin Gao, Ali Eniadi: Modem Klectnc, H>bnd Electncand Full cell Vehicles; Taylor Francis Group LLC 20.
(Dac tinh co)

TAP CHi c a KHi VIET NAM V So 6 - Tliang 6 nam 2011