KC INTERNATIONAL YOUTH

CONCLAVE
2024

UNITED NATIONS SECURITY

COUNCIL
(UNSC)

AGENDA: INSURGENT CONFLICTS

IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN AND
NORTH AFRICAN (MENA) REGION
WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE
ISRAELI - PALESTINIAN CONFLICT
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Letter From The Executive Board

2. About the Executive Board
3. Introduction to the Committee
4. Procedural Guidelines
5. About the Agenda
6. Marking Scheme
7. Addendum
Letter from Executive Board

Greetings Delegates,

We extend a warm welcome and congratulate you on your successful

registration for the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) committee
simulation at KCIYC 2024.

This is an expansive background guide which serves more than just as a

nutshell for the committee, rather it is a detailed retelling of the events
that shape the state of the MENA region today. The aim of this document
is also to provide you with all the sufficient knowledge about the
committee, it’s mandate and the proceedings.

Since, the UNSC is the zenith of UN committees, the executive board

expects certain things from you. First, is a degree of high decision-making
skills. Secondly, we expect a level of diplomatic courtesy in even the most
destitute of situations and the gravest of crises.

The Executive Board eagerly anticipates hearing your perspectives,

supported by robust arguments and incorporating novel dimensions into
the agenda.

While this guide delineates certain expectations outlined by the Executive

Board for this committee, we implore you not to perceive them as
burdensome constraints. They are inherent to the learning process. With
that being said, please do not hesitate to reach out to any member of the
Executive Board for further assistance or clarifications.

May the force be with you!

Note: The executive demands a position paper from all

delegates, details of which are outlined below. Deadline for the
position paper shall be 20th July.

PLEASE DO NOT MISS THE ADDENDUM.

About the Executive Board

Vanshika Sharma, Chairperson

Vanshika Sharma is a graduate from Lady Shri Ram College for women
and is currently pursuing her Masters in Political Science at Jamia Millia
Islamia University. She holds a keen interest in International Relations
and feels deeply for the community of women. Her feminist sensibilities
thereby enable her to identify and rectify male dominated rhetorics.

+91 96826 64168

Sudaksh Raina, Vice-Chairperson

Sudaksh is an 11th grader from GD Goenka Public School pursuing the

humanities stream with a deep passion for cinema. Boasting a speaking
style of one part Machiavelli and one part Teddy Roosevelt. He has been a
part of the debating and MUNing circuit for 5 years now, leaving a trail of
fierce debates. With tremendous temperament for the job and a penchant
for crises. Sudaksh’s presence promises an engaging and informative
simulation.

@sudakshyorkefr
@mun.cipality
+91 70065 49079

Advay Sharma, Rapporteur

Advay, a 10th grader who has been doing MUNs for the past five years, is
known for his straightforward and candid approach. Eschewing
traditional diplomacy, he stands out for speaking truth to power, earning
respect and leadership roles. His distinctive style reflects his strong
commitment to honesty and integrity.

@4dvay_
+91 97974 03637
Introduction to the Committee

History of the committee:

The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at

Church House, Westminster, London. Since its first meeting, the
Security Council has taken permanent residence at the United
Nations Headquarters in New York City. It also traveled to many
cities, holding sessions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1972, in Panama
City, Panama, and in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1990. A representative
of each of its members must be present at all times at UN
Headquarters so that the Security Council can meet at any time as
the need arises.

Mandate of the Committee:

The United Nations Charter established six main organs of the

United Nations, including the Security Council. It gives primary
responsibility for maintaining international peace and security to
the Security Council, which may meet whenever peace is
threatened.
According to the Charter, the United Nations has four purposes:
● to maintain international peace and security;
● to develop friendly relations among nations;
● to cooperate in solving international problems and in
promoting respect for human rights;
● to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

All members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out
the decisions of the Security Council. While other organs of the
United Nations make recommendations to member states, only
the Security Council has the power to make decisions that
member states are then obligated to implement under the
Charter.
Functions and Powers:

When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before

it, the Council’s first action is usually to recommend that the
parties try to reach agreement by peaceful means. The Council
may:
● set forth principles for such an agreement;
● undertake investigation and mediation, in some cases;
● dispatch a mission;
● appoint special envoys; or
● request the Secretary-General to use his good offices to
achieve a pacific settlement of the dispute.

When a dispute leads to hostilities, the Council’s primary

concern
is to bring them to an end as soon as possible. In that case, the
Council may:

● issue ceasefire directives that can help prevent an

escalation of the conflict;
● dispatch military observers or a peacekeeping force to
help reduce tensions, separate opposing forces and establish a
calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought.

Beyond this, the Council may opt for enforcement measures,

Including:

● economic sanctions, arms embargoes, financial penalties

and restrictions, and travel bans;
● severance of diplomatic relations;
● blockade;
● or even collective military action.
A chief concern is to focus action on those responsible for the
policies or practices condemned by the international community,
while minimizing the impact of the measures taken on other
parts
of the population and economy.

Member States:

There shall be three types of member states in this simulation of

the Security Council. These include, Permanent Members,
Non-Permanent Members and Observer States.

Permanent Members:

There are five permanent members in the Security Council. They

have a special ‘veto’ power where their refusal can strike down
resolutions. However, to ensure the functioning of the
committee and to put all delegates at an equal foot, we shall not
be keeping the ‘veto’ power.

These consist of:

1. United States of America

2. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3. The French Republic
4. People’s Republic of China
5. The Russian Federation

Non-Permanent Members:

There are 10 non-permanent members of the Security Council.

They are voted to be a part for a cycle of 2-3 years.
These shall include:
 1. Algeria
2. Ecuador
3. Guyana
4. Japan
5. Malta
6. Mozambique
7. South Korea
8. Sierra Leone
9. Slovenia
10. Switzerland

Observer States:

There shall also be several observer states that are relevant to the
agenda which have been brought upon.

All members shall have an equal voting right to ensure equality

and transparency.
Procedural Guidelines

The committee shall follow the basic structure of the UNA-USA

ROPs with several modifications.

Quorum:

Quorum is a prerogative necessity for a committee to formally

start committee proceedings. The presence of 2/5th of all
members is the required quorum for the committee.

Formal Debate:

The formal debate shall comprise motions (GSL) points and

yields.

Verbatim:

General Speaker’s List :

This speech shall include an overview of the country’s stance and

policies on the agenda as well as possible and pragmatic
solutions to the agenda. There will be a set time limit on the
speeches in the speaker’s list.

If a speaker has not exercised the entirety of their set time limit,
then that speaker may yield their remaining time. Yields come in
three forms:

Yield to another delegate: Their remaining time shall be

given to another delegate.
Yield to Executive Board: If the delegate does not wish to be
subject to questions or comments, they can yield the time to the
executive board. The usage of the time left shall be the executive
board’s decision.

Yield to questions: If the delegate wishes to be subject to

questions from the rest of the committee, the chair shall choose
the delegates who then shall ask questions. Answers to questions
are limited to the time remaining in a delegate's speech. While
conversing, the delegate asking the question can ask for a Plea
to follow – up to the chairperson and vice versa the delegate
answering can ask for a Right to Reply.

Points:

During the course of the committee sessions, the delegates shall

be allowed to exercise the following four types of points:

Point of Personal Privilege: A point of personal privilege

addresses matters of personal comfort and safety.

Point of Inquiry: A point of inquiry allows the delegates to ask

the executive board any queries about the present procedures of
the committee.

Point of Information: A point of information follows a speech

and allows the delegate to ask a point of information (question)
to the speaker about their speech/resolution.

Point of Order: A point of order allows any delegate to

point-out any factual inaccuracy made by a speaker in their
speech. The delegates are required to quote the speaker’s exact
words. It may also be used to point out procedural errors on the
part of the executive board.
Documentation:

Chits:

POI Chits

POI 001

VIA EB
To:
From:

-----------Body---------------------

Substantive Chits

SC 001

To: EB
From:

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Position Paper:

The position paper is a document to be sent before the formal

debate begins. It shall contain your portfolio’s perspective on
the agenda and possible solutions and your country’s analysis
of the situation.

Working Paper:
The working paper is a document containing short-term
solutions to be sent in the middle of a committee, usually after
the conclusion of a moderated caucus.

Draft Resolution:

It is a document which is passed (unanimously) by the

committee at the end. A UNSC resolution is binding on all
member states.

Press Release:

Press Release is submitted by your government to the media in

order to spread (mis)information and change the public opinion
on matters.

Directives:

Directives are sent privately to the executive board. Directives

contain actions taken by your committee and strategies to gain
advantage in or from the conflict.

Communique:

Communiques can be sent to bodies outside the confines of the

committee.

Presidential Address:

Presidential Address is a statement made by the president or the

head of state of your country. It is used to change country
policies or announce new developments regarding the conflict.
Joint Statement:

A joint statement is made between two or more states to declare

collaborative ventures.
About the Agenda

I. Definitions

For the purposes of the committee, we shall define MENA as:

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

The following countries shall be considered as part of the MENA

region include:

Algeria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Cyprus
Djibouti
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Somalia
Sudan
Syria
Tunisia
 UAE
Yemen

II. Introduction to Conflicts in MENA

The MENA region has been one of the most conflict-prone

regions throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. These conflicts
have been between multiple countries, a country and the
indigenous people/tribe or between countries and terrorist
groups. The most important of these conflicts are :

1. Syrian Civil War -

Background

The Syrian Civil War began in 2011 as an uprising against the

authoritative regime of President Bashar al-Assad. The Syrian
civil war was initially a peaceful protest which later turned into a
violent civil war. It was the result of the excessive use of force by
the Assad regime. Security forces were deployed to suppress
protests. The Assad regime, supported by loyalist military units,
received backing from allies such as Russia, Iran, and
Hezbollah. Meanwhile, the opposition received varying degrees
of support from Western and regional powers, leading to a
protracted and devastating conflict that continues to impact
Syria and the broader region profoundly.

Belligerents

Government forces, led by Bashar al-Assad, received significant

support from Russia, which provided aviation support through
airstrikes and deployed ground forces. Iran also played a crucial
role, deploying military advisors and supporting Hezbollah
forces from Lebanon.

On the opposing side, rebel groups initially comprised a diverse

range of factions but later consolidated into Western-backed
moderate rebels, Islamist and jihadist groups, and Kurdish
Forces. The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), led by the Syrian
People's Protection Units (YPG), emerged as key players in the
northeast, primarily focusing on combating ISIS.

ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) took advantage of the

chaos to seize significant territory and declare a caliphate,
becoming a major belligerent in the conflict.

Kurds in Syria

The Kurdish population of Syria was a marginalized group who

were discriminated against under the Assad regime. They were
denied citizenship, had limited political representation, and
faced restrictions on cultural and linguistic rights.

When the Syrian Civil War erupted in 2011, Kurdish groups,

particularly the Democratic Union Party (PYD) and its military
wings like the People's Protection Units (YPG) and Women's
Protection Units (YPJ), seized the opportunity to assert control
over Kurdish-majority areas in northern Syria. These groups
created a governance structure called the Rojava.

The Syrian Kurds were the most helpful in neutralizing ISIS

(Islamic State of Iraq and Syria). They received aid from the
USA and played a major role in liberating territories from isis.
They were most helpful in the city of Raqqa.

International Involvement
The Syrian Civil War evolved beyond a domestic conflict into a
proxy war, with various regional and global powers providing
support to different factions. The United States and its allies
initially supported moderate rebel groups but shifted focus to
combating ISIS as the conflict progressed.

Turkey intervened to combat Kurdish groups and supported

rebel factions opposed to Assad. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Gulf
States supported various rebel groups in their efforts to
overthrow the Assad regime, contributing to the complexity of
the conflict.

Terrorists in Syria

The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has been responsible for

numerous attacks in Turkey since its formation in 1978, aiming
to achieve Kurdish autonomy or independence. Attacks include
bombings, ambushes on security forces, and targeted
assassinations of government officials. The Revolutionary
People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C), a Marxist-Leninist
organization, has also conducted militant operations, targeting
Turkish security forces, government buildings, and foreign
diplomatic missions. These attacks have contributed to ongoing
security challenges and counter-terrorism efforts within Turkey.

The Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C),

a Marxist-Leninist organization founded in the late 1970s, has
been involved in numerous militant attacks in Turkey. These
attacks have targeted Turkish security forces, government
officials, and foreign diplomatic missions. Some notable
incidents include the assassination of Turkish businessmen and
politicians, bombings of government buildings, and attacks on
police stations. DHKP/C's actions have contributed to its
designation as a terrorist organization by Turkey, the United
States, and the European Union.
The Fethullah Terrorist Organization (FETÖ) has been accused
by the Turkish government of orchestrating the failed coup
attempt in 2016. It is allegedly linked to the network of Fethullah
Gülen, a Turkish cleric residing in the United States. FETÖ is
designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey due to its role in
the attempted coup and its broader activities aimed at
undermining the Turkish state and its institutions.

International peace talks and resolutions

Geneva Communique (2012): The Geneva Communique

outlines a framework for political transition in Syria, calling for
the establishment of a transitional governing body with full
executive powers. This body's formation is to be based on mutual
consent.

UN Security Council Resolution 2254 (2015): UN Security

Council Resolution 2254 endorses the Geneva Communique and
lays out a roadmap for a political process in Syria. This includes
ceasefire efforts, negotiations between the Syrian regime and
opposition, and a nationwide ceasefire.

Astana Process (2017): The Astana Process, initiated by

Russia, Iran, and Turkey, aims to establish de-escalation zones
and monitor ceasefires in Syria. It complements the UN-led
Geneva Process and has facilitated peacekeeping operations in
certain regions and the provision of humanitarian aid.

UN Security Council Resolution 2401 (2018): UN Security

Council Resolution 2401 mandates a 30-day ceasefire across
Syria to facilitate humanitarian aid access and medical
evacuations. It underscores the protection of civilians and the
facilitation of humanitarian assistance.

UN Security Council Resolution 2504 (2020): UN

Security Council Resolution 2504 is significant for allowing
cross-border humanitarian aid deliveries into Syria. This enables
essential supplies such as water, electricity, and food to reach
over a million Syrians in need.

2. Yemen Civil War -

Background

Before 1990, Yemen was divided into two separate countries,

South Yemen and North Yemen. These two were entirely
different, North Yemen was more tribal while South Yemen was
more of a marxist state. Both Yemeni states engaged in brief but
intense conflicts over territorial disputes and political
differences. These wars were a result of the Cold War dynamics,
with the North receiving support from Saudi Arabia and Western
countries, while the South was backed by the Soviet Union and
its allies. Efforts to unify the two states were often seen with
skepticism. Both sides were wary of losing their distinct
identities and control. The South feared domination by the more
populous North, while the North was concerned about the
South’s socialist agenda.

The first civil war happened in 1994 when the South Yemen
region tried to secede and establish the independent South
Yemen. South Yemen was rich in oil and North Yemen was more
populous. The unity agreement promised equal sharing of
power, but southern leaders felt increasingly sidelined by the
northern-dominated government led by President Ali Abdullah
Saleh. The assassination of prominent southern leaders and the
growing influence of northern military and political figures in
the south heightened suspicions and animosities.

In April 1994, clashes erupted between northern and southern

forces. By May, full-scale war had broken out as southern leaders
declared secession and the establishment of the Democratic
Republic of Yemen. Northern forces, better equipped and more
numerous, quickly gained the upper hand. Key battles took place
in southern cities like Aden and Mukalla. By early July 1994,
northern forces had captured Aden, the stronghold of southern
separatists. The secessionist movement collapsed, and the
Republic of Yemen was restored under northern control.

Rise of Houthis

The Houthis, officially known as Ansar Allah, originate from the

Zaydi Shia sect, primarily based in northern Yemen, particularly
in the Saada province. The movement began in the early 1990s
as a revivalist group aiming to preserve Zaydi traditions and
identity in the face of perceived marginalization by the Yemeni
government and the growing influence of Saudi-backed
Wahhabism. Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, a prominent Zaydi
cleric and former parliament member, became a central figure in
the movement, advocating for the defense of Zaydi culture and
religion. The group's name, "Houthis," comes from Hussein
al-Houthi, who played a significant role in shaping their early
ideology.

Major Terrorist Attacks

The Houthis have been involved in various attacks that have

been classified as terrorist activities by several entities, although
their supporters often view them as acts of resistance. Some of
the most notable incidents include:

● 2014 Sana'a Takeover: The Houthis orchestrated a

well-planned assault on Yemen's capital, Sana'a, in
September 2014, effectively seizing control of the city and
key government institutions. This event marked a
significant escalation in their campaign and directly
contributed to the subsequent Saudi-led intervention.
● 2015 Presidential Palace Attack: In January 2015, the
Houthis stormed the presidential palace in Sana'a, leading
to the resignation and eventual flight of President
Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi. This act was pivotal in the
breakdown of Yemen's transitional government and further
entrenched the country in conflict.
● 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais Attack: The Houthis claimed
responsibility for a coordinated drone and missile attack on
Saudi Arabia's oil processing facilities at Abqaiq and
Khurais in September 2019. The attack temporarily
disrupted about half of Saudi Arabia's oil production
capacity and highlighted the Houthis' ability to strike deep
within Saudi territory.
● Attacks on Civilian Infrastructure: Throughout the
conflict, the Houthis have conducted numerous attacks on
civilian infrastructure, including airports, ports, and urban
centers in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. These attacks have
often targeted populated areas, resulting in civilian
casualties and significant property damage.

Ideology

The Houthis' ideology is rooted in their Zaydi Shia beliefs, which

distinguish them from both Sunni Islam and the Twelver Shia
Islam predominant in Iran. The Zaydis historically ruled parts of
Yemen for nearly a thousand years until the 1962 revolution. The
movement's initial focus was on preserving Zaydi religious and
cultural identity, which they felt was under threat from the
Yemeni government's centralization efforts and the spread of
Saudi-backed Wahhabism.

Over time, the Houthis' ideology has evolved to encompass

broader political and socio-economic grievances. They advocate
for:

● Defending Yemeni Sovereignty: They oppose foreign

interference, particularly from Saudi Arabia and the United
States.
● Social Justice: They emphasize addressing inequality,
corruption, and the marginalization of various groups
within Yemen.
● Redistribution of Wealth: They call for fairer
distribution of the country's resources.
● Anti-Imperialism: Their rhetoric often includes criticism
of Western policies in the Middle East, portraying
themselves as part of a broader struggle against
imperialism and for self-determination.

Funding and Support

The Houthis have secured funding and support from various

sources, both domestic and international.

Domestic Sources

● Taxation and Extortion: The Houthis have established a

system of taxation in the areas they control. They also levy
fees on businesses and individuals, sometimes through
coercion.
● Control of State Institutions: By controlling the capital
Sana'a and other key regions, they have access to state
revenues, including customs duties and other forms of
public income.
 ● War Economy: The ongoing conflict has created a war
economy where the Houthis benefit from smuggling, black
market activities, and the sale of fuel and other goods.

International Support

● Iran: The most significant external supporter of the

Houthis is Iran. This support includes:

Military Assistance: Iran has provided weapons,

training, and logistical support. This includes advanced
weaponry such as drones and ballistic missiles, which have
been used in attacks against Saudi Arabia and other targets.

Financial Aid: Iran has funneled money to the Houthis to

support their military campaigns and governance efforts.

Diplomatic Support: Iran has provided political backing

for the Houthis in international forums, positioning them
as part of the "Axis of Resistance" against Western and
Saudi influence.

● Hezbollah: The Lebanese militant group Hezbollah, which

is closely aligned with Iran, has also been involved in
training and advising the Houthis. This includes providing
expertise in guerrilla warfare and media operations.

Important resolution and accords

United Nations Security Council Resolutions

1. UNSC Resolution 2014 (2011):

○ Adopted on October 21, 2011, this resolution called for
a peaceful transition of power from President Ali
Abdullah Saleh in response to the widespread protests
and violence during the Arab Spring. It supported the
 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) initiative for a
political transition in Yemen.
2. UNSC Resolution 2051 (2012):
○ Adopted on June 12, 2012, this resolution emphasized
the importance of implementing the GCC initiative
and the political transition process. It condemned acts
of violence and called for all parties to engage in
dialogue and reconciliation.
3. UNSC Resolution 2140 (2014):
○ Adopted on February 26, 2014, this resolution
established a sanctions regime targeting individuals
and entities undermining the peace, security, and
stability of Yemen. It imposed travel bans and asset
freezes on those obstructing the political process.
4. UNSC Resolution 2216 (2015):
○ Adopted on April 14, 2015, this resolution imposed an
arms embargo on the Houthis and forces loyal to
former President Saleh. It also called for the Houthis
to withdraw from all seized areas and relinquish arms
seized from military and security institutions.

Key Accords and Agreements

1. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Initiative (2011):

○ This initiative facilitated the resignation of President
Ali Abdullah Saleh in exchange for immunity from
prosecution. It established a framework for a
transitional government, led by Vice President
Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi, and called for a National
Dialogue Conference (NDC) to address Yemen's
political future.

2. National Dialogue Conference (NDC) (2013-2014):

 ○ The NDC, held between March 2013 and January
2014, involved various Yemeni political factions,
including the Houthis. It aimed to create a new
constitution and establish a federal system. While it
achieved some consensus, it failed to resolve all key
issues, leading to further tensions.

3. Peace and National Partnership Agreement (PNPA)

(2014):
○ Signed in September 2014, following the Houthi
takeover of Sana'a, this agreement aimed to form a
new inclusive government and address political and
economic grievances. Despite its initial promise, it
failed to prevent the escalation of conflict.

4. Stockholm Agreement (2018):

○ Brokered by the UN and signed in December 2018,
this agreement aimed to ease the humanitarian crisis
and build confidence between the warring parties. It
included three main components: a ceasefire in the
port city of Hodeidah, prisoner exchanges, and
discussions on the city of Taiz. Implementation has
been slow and partial, with numerous violations
reported.

5. Riyadh Agreement (2019):

○ Signed in November 2019 between the Yemeni
government and the Southern Transitional Council
(STC), this agreement aimed to resolve infighting
between the two factions, which are both part of the
Saudi-led coalition. It called for power-sharing, the
integration of military forces, and the return of the
Yemeni government to Aden. Implementation has
faced significant challenges and delays.
Humanitarian Resolutions

UNSC Resolution 2286 (2016):

○ Adopted on May 3, 2016, this resolution condemned

attacks on medical facilities and personnel in conflict
zones, including Yemen. It called for compliance with
international humanitarian law and the protection of
healthcare in conflict.

UNSC Resolution 2451 (2018):

○ Adopted on December 21, 2018, this resolution

endorsed the Stockholm Agreement and called for its
full implementation. It also emphasized the need for
unhindered humanitarian access and the flow of goods
into Yemen.

3. Nagorno - Karabakh conflict

Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus

that has been a focal point of conflict between Armenia and
Azerbaijan for decades. Predominantly populated by ethnic
Armenians, the region is internationally recognized as part of
Azerbaijan. The roots of the conflict trace back to the early 20th
century, but tensions escalated significantly in the late 1980s
when the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, within Soviet
Azerbaijan, sought to join Armenia. Following the collapse of the
Soviet Union, Nagorno-Karabakh declared independence,
leading to a full-scale war between Armenia and Azerbaijan from
1991 to 1994. This war resulted in significant casualties and the
displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, with
Armenian forces gaining control over Nagorno-Karabakh and
surrounding Azerbaijani territories.
The 1994 ceasefire, brokered by Russia, led to a frozen conflict
with intermittent skirmishes and failed peace negotiations. The
OSCE Minsk Group, co-chaired by Russia, the United States, and
France, has been the primary mediator, proposing various
resolutions aimed at achieving a peaceful settlement. Key
proposals have included returning territories surrounding
Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan, granting interim status to
Nagorno-Karabakh, and determining its final status through a
legally binding expression of will.

In 2020, the conflict erupted again in a six-week war, resulting

in significant territorial gains for Azerbaijan. The ceasefire
agreement, brokered by Russia on November 9, 2020, required
Armenia to withdraw from several districts and allowed for the
deployment of Russian peacekeepers along the new line of
contact and the Lachin Corridor, which connects
Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia. This ceasefire also stipulated the
reopening of all economic and transport links in the region,
aiming to foster stability and cooperation.

Despite these efforts, the conflict remains unresolved, with

periodic clashes continuing to undermine peace efforts. The
international community, including the European Union and the
United Nations, continues to advocate for a comprehensive and
lasting resolution based on mutual compromise and respect for
international law. The situation in Nagorno-Karabakh remains a
complex and sensitive issue, reflecting broader geopolitical
tensions in the South Caucasus and involving regional powers
like Russia, Turkey, and Iran, each with vested interests in the
outcome.
4. Sudanese Crisis

The Sudanese crisis refers to the protracted and multifaceted

conflicts that have plagued Sudan for decades, marked by civil
wars, ethnic tensions, and political instability. A key part of this
crisis was the Darfur conflict, which began in 2003 when ethnic
African rebel groups accused the Arab-dominated Sudanese
government of oppression. This led to a brutal
counterinsurgency campaign, resulting in widespread atrocities,
displacement, and a humanitarian disaster, with millions
affected and hundreds of thousands killed.

Another significant aspect is the conflict between the north and

south of Sudan, driven by religious, ethnic, and economic
differences. This culminated in two civil wars (1955-1972 and
1983-2005), eventually leading to the independence of South
Sudan in 2011. Despite the secession, tensions and conflicts have
persisted in both countries.

In recent years, Sudan has faced severe political turmoil. In

2019, long-time dictator Omar al-Bashir was overthrown
following widespread protests against his rule. This led to a
fragile power-sharing arrangement between the military and
civilian leaders, which was disrupted by a military coup in
October 2021, sparking further protests and international
condemnation.

The crisis in Sudan is characterized by deep-seated issues,

including governance challenges, economic hardships, and
ongoing violence, with efforts at peace and stability remaining
tenuous. The international community continues to call for
dialogue, humanitarian aid, and support for democratic
governance to address the root causes of the conflict and
promote lasting peace.
ISRAEL - PALESTINE CONFLICT

History:

In the 20th century, Jewish movement to the Israel-Palestine

region was considerably high, this movement was further
increased during WW2 due to the holocaust. Meanwhile the
Arab population was settled there for a long time .Israel -
Palestine conflict originated mainly due to the Balfour
Declaration of 1917, under which majorly the Jewish community
was favored. The United Kingdom was inclined towards creating
an Independent Jewish state. The Arab population in Palestine
and the broader Arab world reacted negatively to the
declaration. They viewed it as a betrayal by the British, who had
previously promised Arab independence in return for their
support during World War I. In 1922, the League of Nations
granted the UK the mandate for establishment of Palestinian
State under the terms of the Balfour declaration. The UK
established institutions and tried to balance out the demands of
Arabs and Jews which often led to dissatisfaction.

In 1936, the United Kingdom faced a revolt from the Arab

Palestinians. Once the Arab revolt of 1936 was settled, the Peel
Commision was formed, it introduced the idea of two states, one
for the arabs and one for the palestinians along with a small
british controlled area. This proposal was rejected both by Arabs
and jews.

Frustrated by the unmanageable situation, Britain referred the

issue to the United Nations in 1947, which proposed the
Partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. This
plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency but rejected by Arab
leaders.
In May 1948, Britain ended its mandate and withdrew from
Palestine. The immediate declaration of the State of Israel by the
Jewish leadership led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, as
neighboring Arab states invaded the newly declared state.

Post Israeli Independence:

On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the establishment

of the State of Israel. Following Israel's declaration, neighboring
Arab states, including Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq,
immediately invaded Israel, viewing its establishment as
illegitimate. By 1949, Israel had occupied foreign territory and
also established an armistice with the arabs.

In May 1967, Egypt, under President Gamal Abdel Nasser,

blockaded the Straits of Tiran, cutting off Israel's access to the
Red Sea and its southern port of Eilat. On june 5, Israel launched
airstrikes on Egyptian air force bases which weakened Egyptian
air force giving Israel air superiority. Within six days of fighting,
Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt,
the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan
Heights from Syria. This significantly expanded Israel's territory.

After 1964, PLO i.e. Palestine Liberation Organization was

formed which later became the representative of Palestine and is
currently recognized as the representative of the Palestinian
people.

Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to drive out PLO and establish a

safety zone. Israel ended up capturing a major chunk of south
lebanon and played a major role in the civil wars that took place
in Lebanon. This mission in Lebanon was called Operation Peace
for Galilee.
The Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East
Jerusalem following the 1967 Six-Day War fueled growing
Palestinian resentment and resistance. Two major uprisings,
known as intifadas, erupted in 1987 and 2000 to challenge the
occupation through civil disobedience, strikes, demonstrations,
and violence. While failing to end the occupation, the intifadas
brought the Palestinian cause to global attention and pressured
Israel to engage in peace talks, even if they ultimately did not
resolve the underlying conflict.

First Intifada (1987-1993)

The first intifada began on December 9, 1987 in the Jabaliya
refugee camp in Gaza, sparked by an incident where an Israeli
military vehicle collided with a civilian car, killing four
Palestinian workers. Rumors spread that the collision was
intentional, igniting protests that quickly spread to the West
Bank and East Jerusalem. The uprising involved widespread civil
disobedience, strikes, demonstrations, and some violence by
Palestinian youths against Israeli troops and settlers.
● Palestinian protesters used stones, Molotov cocktails, and
later firearms to attack Israeli military vehicles and
outposts
● Israel responded with rubber bullets, tear gas, beatings, and
live ammunition, leading to the deaths of over 1,000
Palestinians and 164 Israelis
● Coordinated by the Unified National Leadership of the
Uprising, an underground coalition of Palestinian political
factions
● Organized strikes, boycotts, demonstrations, and the
establishment of alternative Palestinian institutions
● Saw the rise of the First Intifada graffiti art movement to
express Palestinian nationalism and resistance
 ● Brought the Palestinian cause to global attention and
pressured Israel to engage in peace talks
● Led to the 1993 Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO,
granting Palestinians limited self-governance

Second Intifada (2000-2005)

The second intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, began
on September 28, 2000 after the failure of the Camp David
peace talks and Ariel Sharon's provocative visit to the Temple
Mount/Haram al-Sharif. The uprising involved more organized
violence by Palestinian groups like Hamas and Palestinian
Islamic Jihad, including a wave of suicide bombings in Israeli
cities. In response, Israel reoccupied Palestinian cities in the
West Bank in 2002 and began constructing a separation barrier.
● Over 1,000 Israelis and 3,000 Palestinians were killed
during the intifada
● Included the assassination of Israeli Tourism Minister
Rehavam Ze'evi by the PFLP in 2001
● Saw the death of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat in 2004
● Ended in 2005 after the election of Mahmoud Abbas as
Palestinian Authority president
● Brought the Palestinian cause to international attention but
hardened positions on both sides
● Led to the rise of more militant groups and further
undermined prospects for a two-state solution

Oslo Accord of 1993

By 1993. Israel had control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai
Plateau and the Golan heights. The arbitrary power of Israel in
the conflict led to the development of the Oslo Accords. The Oslo
accords emerged from the secret negotiations facilitated by
norway. Under the Oslo accords, there was mutual recognition of
PLO as the representative of the palestinian people and
recognition of Israel by PLO as a nation.
In September the Declaration of Principles (DOP) was signed
which outlined the principles for establishing an Palestinian
interim self government in the west bank and gaza for 5 years.
Legislative elections were held and Israeli forces were also
moved out.

Oslo II, or the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza
Strip, was signed on September 28, 1995, building on the initial
Oslo I agreement of 1993. It focused on-

Territorial Division:

Area A: Full Palestinian Authority control (18% of the

West Bank, including major cities).

Area B: Palestinian civil control with joint

Israeli-Palestinian security (22% of the West Bank).

Area C: Full Israeli control (60% of the West Bank,

including settlements and military areas).

Elections and Political Process:

Creation of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC).

Establishment of an executive authority, with Yasser Arafat

as the PA President.

Security Arrangements:

Joint Israeli-Palestinian security patrols.

Security coordination mechanisms.

Civil Affairs:

Transfer of various civil responsibilities to the PA.

 Provisions for economic cooperation and development.

Further Redeployments:

Phased Israeli military withdrawals from additional West

Bank areas, contingent on Palestinian security compliance.

Post 2005 conflict

After the Second Intifada and the 2005 Gaza

disengagement, the Palestinian territories experienced
significant political upheaval. The 2006 Palestinian
legislative elections resulted in a surprising victory for
Hamas, an Islamist political and militant organization, over
Fatah, the secular nationalist party that had long
dominated Palestinian politics.Hamas won a majority in
the Palestinian Legislative Council, securing 74 out of 132
seats.Throughout 2006 and early 2007, violence between
Hamas and Fatah supporters increased, including street
battles, kidnappings, and assassinations.In June 2007,
violent clashes erupted in Gaza, culminating in a full-scale
conflict between Hamas and Fatah forces.Over a period of
several days, Hamas fighters systematically took control of
key security installations, government buildings, and
strategic points in Gaza.By mid-June, Hamas had
effectively seized control of the entire Gaza Strip, forcing
Fatah forces to retreat or surrender.In response to the
Hamas takeover, Israel and Egypt imposed a blockade on
Gaza, severely restricting the movement of goods and
people.

The Hamas takeover set the stage for several major

conflicts with Israel, including Operation Cast Lead
(2008-2009), Operation Pillar of Defense (2012), and
Operation Protective Edge (2014).

Trigger: The Israeli operation was caused as a reaction to

the current rocket fire from Gaza into southern Israel,
which got more intensified only after Hamas supporters
stopped a six-month ceasefire on December 19, 2008.

Key Events:

These are the first: Airstrikes took place: During those days,
Israel directed a massive air strike campaign to the targets
of Hamas' military infrastructure, police stations, and
government buildings in Gaza.Stage of the Ground
Invasion: On January 3, 2009, a massive massacre was
committed by the Israeli ground units when they entered
Gaza for the purpose of destroying Hamas's tunnel
networks and rocket-launching sites.Ceasefire: It was set by
Israel at the beginning and then, after it, Hamas also set it.
The tragic part of the story actually was with the reported
casualties in the war. More than 1400 Palestinians and 13
Israelis lost their lives.

Airstrikes which Came First: On December 27,

2008, Israel showed the full force of the military by
starting a large air campaign with the intention of
destroying Hamas military infrastructure, police stations,
and government buildings in Gaza.

Invasion of the Ground: On January 3, 2009, Israeli

troops invaded Gaza to eliminate the tunnel networks and
rocket-launching sites of Hamas.

Ceasefire: By January 18, 2009, a unilateral ceasefire was

declared by Israel, followed by a ceasefire declared by
Hamas. The conflict resulted in heavy casualties, with more
than 1,400 Palestinians and 13 Israelis killed.

Operation Pillar of Defense (2012)

Trigger: The mission began to get revenge for the

assassination of Ahmed Jabari, the head of the military
wing of Hamas, and it was launched on November 14, 2012.
This action comes from the next outbreaks of rocket fire
from Gaza.

Key Events:Israel launched an aerial attack, namely a

series of high-rise missiles targeting Hamas' rocket
launchers and its stock of arms. This attack of Hamas has
ended in a rather gunfight against Israelis whose homes
were located in southern Israel and Tel Aviv and Jerusalem
city areas. Coming from Gaza, these missiles reached Tel
Aviv and Jerusalem as they did onto the inhabitants of the
small country of Israel. Ceasefire: After eight days of
fighting, a ceasefire was brokered by Egypt on November
21, 2012. The clash occurred between Syria-enabled (t)
Hamas Palestinians, and Israelis alike (with unhealed
wounds)--to the tune of 167 Palestinians and 6 Israelis
slaughtered in just a few days.

Air Campaign: Israel launched a series of airstrikes

targeting Hamas' rocket launchers and ammunition storage
facilities.

Rocket Fire: Hamas and other militant groups in Gaza

responded with intense rocket fire into southern Israel,
reaching as far as Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.
Ceasefire: After eight days of fighting, a ceasefire was
brokered by Egypt on November 21, 2012. The conflict
resulted in around 167 Palestinian and 6 Israeli deaths.

Operation Protective Edge (2014)

The operation was unauthorized and was done by Hamas

agents in the West Bank, they kidnapped and killed three
Israeli teenagers. They killed a Palestinian teenager, which
led to the immediate escalation of the situation. They
suffered wildly and a rocket was fired from there.

Initial Airstrikes: On July 8, 2014, Israel launched

Operation Protective Edge, starting with an air campaign
targeting Hamas' rocket infrastructure.Ground Invasion:
On July 17, 2014, the Israeli ground troops entered Gaza to
destroy a network of tunnels built by Hamas to infiltrate
Israel.Ceasefire: The war lasted 50 days, ending with a
ceasefire on August 26, 2014. The conflict in Gaza Cove
caused catastrophic damage, with more than 2,200
Palestinians and 73 Israelis dead.

Initial Airstrikes: On July 8, 2014, Israel started

Operation Protective Edge with their air campaign,
knocking down Hamas' rocket infrastructure.

Ground Invasion: On July 17, 2014, the Israeli ground

forces entered Gaza to attend to the task of destroying the
network of tunnels that had been used to carry on by
Hamas and infiltrate Israel.

Ceasefire: The conflict lasted 50 days, ending with the

open-ended ceasefire on August 26, 2014. The war brought
a massive destruction in Gaza, of which over 2,200
Palestinians and 73 Israelis' lives were casualties of.
May 2021 Conflict

The clashes at the Al-Aqsa Mosque brought tensions at the

East Jerusalem then the situation worsened leading to
protests about the eviction of Palestine families from the
Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood. Here was Iraq with Jerusalem
Day and it was a time full of clashes between Palestinians
and Israeli police.

Key Events:Initial Clashes: Clashes at the Al-Aqsa

Mosque compound and in Sheikh Jarrah escalated, with
hundreds of Palestinians injured.Rocket Fire: On May 10,
2021, Hamas began firing rockets towards Jerusalem and
southern Israel in response to the violence in
Jerusalem.Israeli Airstrikes: Israel launched a series of
airstrikes targeting Hamas and Islamic Jihad infrastructure
in Gaza.Intense Fighting: Over the next 11 days, intense
fighting ensued, with thousands of rockets fired into Israel
and widespread airstrikes in Gaza.Ceasefire: A ceasefire,
brokered by Egypt, came into effect on May 21, 2021. The
conflict opened the gates to a mortality that is very high,
and somewhat unbelievable at present resulted in the death
of over 250 Palestinians and only 13 Israelis. The
destruction in Gaza was widespread.

Initial Clashes: Clashes at the Al-Aqsa Mosque

compound and in Sheikh Jarrah escalated, with hundreds
of Palestinians injured.

Rocket Fire: On 10th of May 2021, Hamas started to

attack Jerusalem and southern Israel with missiles, this is
their way of retaliation to the tension that was in
Jerusalem.
 Israeli Airstrikes: Israel conducted a wave of airstrikes
that included the Hamas and Islamic Jihad infrastructure
in Gaza.

Intense Fight: The following 11 days violent clashing was

characterized, thousands of rockets were launched into
Israel and Gaza endured many airstrikes.

Ceasefire: A ceasefire between Israel and Palestine was

brought in by Egypt and on May 21, 2021 became effective.
The war itself has been a bad time for lots of people who
were directly affected by it and who witnessed ove. 250
thousand lives were lost while 13 Israelis were killed. Also,
the destruction of Gaza was extremely extreme.

Terrorism in Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and surrounding nations

● Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya also called

HAMAS is the major terrorist group that has been working
in the west bank and gaza strip region. It became the ruling
party of Palestine after winning the 2006 elections under
the name change and reform. It defeated the Fatay party of
palestine. The international community, particularly Israel,
the United States, and the European Union, responded by
imposing sanctions and cutting off aid to the PA,
designating Hamas as a terrorist organization due to its
refusal to renounce violence, recognize Israel, and accept
previous Israeli-Palestinian agreements. They have done
major attacks in the conflicted regions and the independent
regions.

1. March 28, 2002 - Park Hotel, Netanya: A Hamas

suicide bomber killed 30 people during a Passover seder.
This attack targeted civilians celebrating a religious holiday,
causing significant casualties.

2. June 18, 2002 - Bus in Jerusalem: Another Hamas

suicide bomber killed 19 people on a bus in Jerusalem, part
of a series of attacks during the Second Intifada aimed at
Israeli civilians.

3. August 19, 2003 - Bus in Jerusalem: A Hamas

suicide bomber killed 23 people on a bus in Jerusalem,
continuing the pattern of targeting public transportation
hubs.

4. September 9, 2003 - Cafe in Jerusalem: A Hamas

suicide bomber killed 7 people at a cafe, highlighting the
indiscriminate nature of such attacks on civilian areas.

5. October 4, 2003 - Restaurant in Haifa: A Hamas

suicide bomber killed 21 people at a restaurant in Haifa,
demonstrating the organization's ability to strike different
types of targets across Israel.

6. August 31, 2004 - Bus stops in Beersheba: Two Hamas

suicide bombers killed 16 people at bus stops in Beersheba,
illustrating coordinated attacks on multiple locations.

7. 2006 Kidnapping of Gilad Shalit: In June 2006,

Hamas militants tunneled into Israel and kidnapped Israeli
soldier Gilad Shalit, holding him captive for over five years.
This incident led to significant tensions and a prisoner
exchange in 2011.

8. 2014 Gaza War: In July 2014, Hamas launched over

4,000 rockets and mortars into Israel, resulting in the
deaths of 6 civilians. This escalation led to a prolonged
conflict and extensive Israeli military operations in Gaza.
 9. 2021 Gaza War: In May 2021, Hamas and
Palestinian Islamic Jihad fired over 4,300 rockets into
Israel, killing 13 people. This conflict, triggered by tensions
in Jerusalem and other factors, resulted in significant
casualties and destruction on both sides.

Hamas relies on a variety of funding sources to sustain its

activities:

Firstly, Iran provides extensive financial and military

support, bolstering Hamas' operational capabilities
significantly.
Secondly, Qatar offers substantial financial assistance,
contributing to Hamas' funding base.
Private donations from individuals and organizations
globally also play a crucial role in financing Hamas'
activities.
Additionally, Hamas generates revenue through smuggling
goods and taxing businesses in Gaza, further supporting its
operational needs and infrastructure. These funding
streams collectively enable Hamas to maintain its presence
and influence within the Palestinian territories and beyond.

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

(PFLP) is a Palestinian nationalist and Marxist-Leninist
organization founded in 1967. Originally Marxist-Leninist,
advocating for the liberation of Palestine through armed
struggle and the establishment of a socialist state. It
advocates armed struggle and revolutionary tactics against
what it perceives as Israeli imperialism and colonialism.

1. 1972 Lod Airport Massacre:

 Coordinated with the Japanese Red Army, the attack
at Israel's Lod Airport (now Ben Gurion International
Airport) killed 26 people and injured 80. It was a
significant international incident.

2. 2001 Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi:

The group claimed responsibility for the assassination

of Rehavam Ze'evi, an Israeli politician and the
Minister of Tourism at the time, in Jerusalem.

3. 2004 Karni Crossing Attack:

Involved a bombing and shooting attack at the Karni

crossing between Israel and Gaza, resulting in the
deaths of six Israeli civilians.

Iran and Syria have been providing Alleged support

to pflp in the form of financial and logistical aid.

The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, originating during the

Second Intifada as an armed faction of the Fatah
movement, operates primarily in the West Bank, with
strongholds in cities like Nablus and Jenin. Their activities
include armed attacks against Israeli military and civilian
targets, aiming to resist Israeli occupation and retaliate
against perceived injustices towards Palestinians. The
group operates under local commanders within Fatah, with
decentralized decision-making structures. Funding sources
reportedly include support from elements within Fatah and
the Palestinian Authority, private donations from the
Palestinian diaspora and sympathizers, and revenue
generated through illegal activities such as extortion and
involvement in criminal enterprises.
 2002 Karnei Shomron Mall Bombing:

● Location: Karnei Shomron, Israel

● Details: A suicide bomber detonated explosives inside a
mall, targeting civilians. The attack killed three Israeli
teenagers and injured 30 others.

2002 Tel Aviv Central Bus Station Bombing:

● Location: Tel Aviv, Israel

● Details: A suicide bomber struck the Tel Aviv Central Bus
Station, a critical transportation hub. The bombing resulted
in six fatalities and 104 injuries, causing significant
disruption and fear among civilians.

2003 Kiryat Menachem Bus Bombing:

● Location: Jerusalem, Israel

● Details: A suicide bomber attacked a bus in Kiryat
Menachem, Jerusalem. The explosion killed seven
passengers and injured 20 others, highlighting the group's
targeting of public transportation.

Capture of Gilad Shalit:

In 2006, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, along with other

Palestinian militant groups, captured Israeli soldier Gilad
Shalit in a cross-border raid near Gaza. Shalit was held
captive for over five years until his release in a prisoner
exchange deal in 2011, involving the release of over 1,000
Palestinian prisoners.

Hezbollah

Hezbollah, founded in the early 1980s with support from

Iran during Lebanon's civil war, is a Shia Islamist group
based in Lebanon. It operates in a dual role as both a
 militant organization and a political party. Initially formed
to resist Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon,
Hezbollah's military wing, known as the Islamic Resistance,
became renowned for its guerrilla warfare tactics. The
group engaged in a month-long war with Israel in 2006,
involving combat in southern Lebanon and launching
rocket attacks into Israel.

In addition to its military activities, Hezbollah wields

significant political influence in Lebanon, holding seats in
parliament and participating in government coalitions. It
also provides extensive social services, including health care
and education, primarily in Shia communities.
Internationally, Hezbollah supports the Syrian government
in the civil war and collaborates with Iranian-backed
militias in Iraq. Designated as a terrorist organization by
several countries due to its involvement in attacks and
conflicts outside Lebanon, Hezbollah impacts regional
dynamics and contributes to ongoing tensions in the Middle
East.

1. 1983 Beirut barracks bombings: Two truck bombs

targeted the U.S. Marine and French barracks in Beirut,
Lebanon, killing 241 American and 58 French servicemen.
2. 1985 TWA Flight 847 hijacking: Hezbollah operatives
hijacked TWA Flight 847, resulting in the death of one
passenger, U.S. Navy diver Robert Stethem.
3. 1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires: A
suicide bomber linked to Hezbollah attacked the Israeli
Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 29 people and
injuring over 240.
4. 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires: Another suicide
bombing, attributed to Hezbollah and possibly Iranian
 operatives, targeted the Argentine Israelite Mutual
Association (AMIA) building, killing 85 people and injuring
hundreds.
1. 2006 Lebanon War: Hezbollah engaged in conflict with
Israel, launching rockets into northern Israel and
participating in cross-border skirmishes.
2. 2008 Co1nflict in Lebanon: Hezbollah militants
clashed with Lebanese government forces in Beirut and
other areas, resulting in casualties and unrest.
3. 2012 Burgas bus bombing: A suicide bombing in
Burgas, Bulgaria, targeting Israeli tourists was attributed to
Hezbollah, resulting in the deaths of 6 civilians and the
perpetrator.
4. Involvement in Syrian Civil War: Hezbollah
intervened in support of the Syrian government,
participating in battles against rebel groups and ISIS,
significantly influencing the conflict.
5. Rocket attacks and cross-border skirmishes:
Hezbollah has periodically engaged in rocket attacks and
clashes along the Lebanese-Israeli border.

Resolutions passed by the UN -

1. UNSC Resolution 242 (1967):

Calls for the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories

occupied during the Six-Day War and emphasizes the right of all
states in the region to live in peace within secure and recognized
boundaries.

2. UNSC Resolution 338 (1973):

Calls for a ceasefire and implementation of Resolution 242 to

end the Yom Kippur War, urging negotiations between the
parties concerned to achieve a just and lasting peace in the
Middle East.
3. UNGA Resolution 194 (1948):
Affirms the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes
and live at peace with their neighbors, while calling for
compensation for those choosing not to return.

4. UNSC Resolution 478 (1980):

Condemns Israel's "Basic Law" on Jerusalem, declaring it null

and void, and calls upon all member states to withdraw their
diplomatic missions from the city.

5. UNSC Resolution 2334 (2016):

Condemns Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian
territories as illegal under international law and calls for
distinguishing between Israeli territory and occupied territories
in all relevant dealings.
Marking Scheme

GSL (15)

Point of Information (Verbal) (5)

Point of Information (Chit) (5)

Substantive Chits (10)

Point of Order (5)

Moderated Caucus (10) x n*

Documentation (20)

Draft Resolution (10)

Decorum and Diplomatic Courtesy (10)

Foreign Policy (5)

Research & Analysis (5)

Lobbying (10)

Mandate (5)

Position Paper (10)

(n:
Addendum

The Gospel said at 2661 Hours

The sky bleeds with a deep crimson hue,

The dead pass through the gate of lamentation.

Hoping to find a glimpse of sea of reeds

While they await judgment day;

Think of all the lies they were told

God is greatest, God has healed.

The southern queen rushes on to meet her beloved

Jedidiah

Supporters of god march from their little fire,

The sea bleeds red as light from god (RTX) devours

the undead.

Across the 7 seas ‫ هاليايتوس ليوكوسيفالوس‬stands atop the

blue shield

Flying towards the third pillar from the clouds

Established inside Eve’s Meal away from her grave

Note: .. ..-. / -.-- --- ..- / -.-. .- -. .----. - / ..- -.

-.. . .-. ... - .- -. -.. / ... --- -- . - .... .. -. --.
--..-- / .. - / .. ... / .--. .-. --- -... .- -... .-.. -.-- /
-... . -.-. .- ..- ... . / --- ..-. / --.. .. --- -. .-.-.-