Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10 Trong Diem Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi Mon Toan 10 Le Hoanh Pho
10 Trong Diem Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi Mon Toan 10 Le Hoanh Pho
10 Trong Diem Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi Mon Toan 10 Le Hoanh Pho
p,,i=1, 2, ... n do dé p khong phai la nguyén
té nén p la bdi 86 cla sé nguyén té p, nao dé.
Ma 1 = p = pipz...px nén 1 la bOi clia px => Pe = 1: vO ly.
Bai toan 1. 14:
Cho 100 sé ty nhién a, a . yoo thod man diéu kién:
vee Nie
1a
Chteng minh rang trong 100 sé ty nhién do, tdn tai hai sé bang nhau.
Huong dan giai
Gia str trong 100 sé ty nhién d4 cho khéng c6 hai sé nao bang nhau.
Khéng mat tinh tang quat, gia sth:
ay < a2 <... < Ayo => ay 2 1, AD 2,.., An 2 100
supra GMa Ty
Var Ja ao | VI V2 400
Prae2 1
Tacé * ae 2(vk -vk=1)
nén: oe oD
FE Ft vn
< 2 (V2 Vi) +( V3 - V2)+...+ (Va-vn=1)]
= 2(vn-v1)=2vn-2ty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Viet
1
a
“ees Wi v2 100
< oi =1=19 trai voi gid thiét.
Bai toan 1. 15: Chting minh: Néu 2 phan giéc BM = CN cila tam gidc ABC thi
tam giac can.
Huong dan gidi A
Ta chting minh g6c B = C. Gid sivB ¥C, 7
chang han B > C nén t6n tai diém | M
thudc doan ND dé géc IBM = ICM eS
Tur dé tir gidc BIMC néi tiép duoc trong LaRXRY
dung tron. Vi géc IBM = ICM yp
= géc IBC > BCM
= day Cl > BM = CN > BM: vo ly.
Bai toan 1. 16: Ching minh: Néu n duéng thang déi mot cat nhau nhung
khéng clng di qua mét diém thi tdn tai it nhat mot diém la giao cila hai va
chi hai trong sé n dung thang do.
Hwong dan giai
Goi a1, a, ..., aq Ia n dung thang da
cho. Ky hiéu giao ctia hai duéng A2
thang aj, a a A\,
Xét cac khodng cach tu méi diém Ai,
toi dung thang a, khéng di qua nd.
Vi sé cdc khodng cach dé la hiu han
nén phai tim duoc 3 duong thang ‘Ai; H Ai Aa3
(chang han a;, a2, a3) sao cho khodng
cach tir diém A; toi duong thang a3
la ngan nhat (hoac mét trong nhirng
khoang cach ngn nhat)
Ta chirng minh rang khéng con mét dudng thang thir ba nao (khac ar, a2)
lai di qua diém A;». Truéc hét ta nhan thay rang néu goi H la chan duong
vuéng géc ha tiv A;.2 toi as thi H phai thudc doan thang néi Ais va Azs.
That vay néu H nam ngoai doan thang do va Az3 gan H hon A\.3 thi r6 rang
khodng cach ty Ap toi A; con nhé hon A; 2H. Bay gid’ gid sir rang qua A;
con cé dong thang as. Khi do a, phai cat a3 tai mot diém Ags, diém nay phai
nam trén mét trong hai tia cé géc H ctia duong thang as. Gia str no nam trén
tia chira diém Ags thi r6 rang khodng cach tl Az; t6i ay nhd hon Ay 2H. Vo ly !.
Bai toan 1. 17: Ching minh rang voi moi sé nguyén dung n:
n(n+1)
2
a)1+2+3+..4n=
.o10 trong diém b6i dung hoc sinh gibi mén Todn 10 - Lé Hodnh Phd
2. n(n+1)(2n+1)
= moe
Hwéng dan giai
a) Ta chteng minh bang phuong phap quy nap
12
b) 17+ 27+ 374... +n
Khin = 1 thi VT = 1, VP =4© = 4: aang thirc ding
Gia st dang thtrc ding khin=k2>1: 142434 +k Med
Ta cht’ng minh dang thie ding Khin = k + 1
1H24+94 tke (k+ t= KEM?)
That vay, tlr gid thiét quy nap ta co:
142434 skeen e MODs Qe = Mr?)
Vay dang thtre ding voi moi sé nguyén durong.
b) Khin=1 thi VT=1, VP= 18 = 4: dung,
Gia str dng thtrc dling khi n = k > 1. Ta chteng minh dng thirc khin =k + 1.
That vay, tir gia thiét quy nap ta co:
K(k + nek +1)
124274374 4+ (ke 1 = +(k+1)7,
= (K+ (2K? +k + 6K +6) _ gence as de
6 6
= (KA D[2K(k + 2)+ 3k+2)) _ (k +k + 2k +3) , pom
6 6
Bai toan 1. 18: Chteng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén dong n, ta luén co:
Zina ty?
ae 2s enes COED (1)
2
b) 124+.3%+ + Qn—1ye= MAD (2)
Huwéng dan giai
Paty?
a) Khin = 1, taco: 19 = TUE" Do a6, (1) ding Khin = 1.
Gia st (1) dung khin =k, k & N’
Ta sé ching minh no cing dung khin =k + 1.
That vay, tir gia thiét quy nap, ta co’
K(k +1)?
4
P+ P+ +e (kts +#(k+1)°Cty TINHH MTV DWH Khang Viét
: dpem.
= (k+4? (C+ 4k +4) = (k+ 1% (k +2"
4 4
=) Do dé (2) dung khin = 1
2
b) Khin=4,taco 12212 SAE=9
Gia sir (2) ding khi n= k, k e N’, ta sé ching minh (2) cling dung khin =k + 1.
Thar vay, tir gid thiét quy nap ta cd:
2
124324. + (Qk-1)? + [2(k+1) — 1 = a
+(2k +1)?
AR 12K? 4 T+ 3 _ (K+ (4K? + 8K +3) _ (k+1[ 4k +1)? ~1]
3 3 3
Vay (2) ding voi moi ne N’.
Bai toan 1. 19:
Chwng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén duong n, ta cd:
n(n +1)(n-+2)
—ee a
3 (1)
a) 124234... 4¢n(n+1)=
3 4 n+2 dl
+ +t NS _ 2 4-___
d2i2) 213i n(n +1).2" (n+1).2"
Huong dan giai
a) Khin = 1 thi VT = VP = 2: ding
Gia si (1) dling khin =k, k N’, ta sé cheng minh (1) ding khin =k + 1.
That vay, theo gid thiét quy nap ta co:
124234... +k +1) + (K+ 1)(k +2)
= K+ (kK +2) K(k + 1)(k + 2)(k +3)
ae ae ape.
b)
(2)
+(k+ 1)(k +2) =
b) Khin = 4 thi VT = 3=ve dung.
Gia si (2) dung khi n = k, k nguyén duong
Ta ching minh (2) dung khin = k + 1. That vay, theo gid thiét quy nap:
3 k+2 k+3
ee ES
1.2.2 0° kK) (K+ 1K +2)2"
a k+3 __2(k +2)~(k+ 3)
k412* (k+1)(k +2)2"1 (k+)(k + 2)2"7
1
= 1-——___, : dpem
(key *
Bai toan 1. 20:
1
Ching minh céng thre Nhi thee voi té hop n chap k: Cf ara10 trong oiém b6i duéng hoe sinh gidi mén Todn 10 ~ lé Hodnh Phd
a
(VEX Ch + Chx et CP IKE COX = CR (1)
ms
Hw6ng dan giai
Khin=1thi (1+x)'= C2+Cl.x=1 +x: dung.
Gia str khang dinh (1) dung véi n nguyén dong. Ta chtrng minh (1) dung.
voin + 1. That vay:
0 .
(14x) (14x) (149)" = YCkxE + Yok xt
ca cad
0 a a B
Tacd: YChxt =14 2 CRxE, Yk xtt = pk txt att
i ia P=) mn
Thay vao dang thtrc trén'ta duoc:
n
(ey 244 x(ch 408 am
a
fl nit ‘
= ChasX? + CR AXE CR = SCR x cdpom
im @
Bai toan 4. 21:
Chteng minh voi moi sé. nguyén duong n thi:
a) n° + 2n chia hét cho 3.
b) n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) chia hét cho 24.
Hwéng dan g
a) Khin = 1 thi 1°+2.1=3: 3: dung
Gia str ménh dé ding khi , K nguyén durong tirc la k° + 2k : 3.
Ta cheng minh ménh dé dung khin =k + 1. That vay:
(k + 1)° + 2k + 1) = ko + 3k? + 3k 414 2k 42.
Hk + 2k +3 (+k 41): 3
Vik® + 2k : 3 va 3(k? +k +1) ! 3nén suya ra pom.
b) Khin = thi 1.2.3.4 = 24 chia hét cho 24: dung.
Gia str ménh dé dung khi n = k, k nguyén dong. Ta chteng minh ménh a
ding khin = k + 1. That vay:
(k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3) (k +4)
= K(k +1) (k +2) (k +3) + 4(k + 1) (k +2) (k +3).
Theo gid thiét quy nap thi k(k + 1) (k + 2) (k +3) 3 24vavik+1,k+2,k+31a
3 sé nguyén duong lién tiép nén cé 1 sé chia hét cho 2 va c6 1 sé chia hét
cho 3 nén:
(k #1) (K+ 2) (k +3) | 6 do d64(k + 1) (k + 2) (k+3) 3.24
Do dé ménh dé ding khin =k + 1 => dpcm.
Bai toan 4. 22:
Chtng minh tich n sé nguyén duong lién tiép chia hét cho n!.
12ty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Viét
Hung dan giai
Khi n = 1 thi tich mét sé la chinh né thi chia hét cho 1: dung.
Gia sir ménh dé duing khi n = k, k nguyén duong. Ta chteng minh ménh dé
diing khin = k + 1. That vay:
+ 1+ 2)... G+KG+K +1), N
i+ 2) (i+ 3)... (+k +2)
i+ 2)(i+ 3)... @ +k +1) [+k +2-i-4].
+ 2) + 3)... G+ + 1)(K +1)
Theo gia thiét quy nap voi k sé thi
(i+ 20 +3)... +k +1) i kK!
=> Ui — Uy; | KK + 1) => Uy — Uy E (K+ 1)!
Va ta 06 Up = 1.2...k(k + 1) = (k + 1)! nén
Ui) = (Ui — Uns) + (Ur — Ung) +... + (Ur — Ua) + Up chia hét cho (k + 1)!: dpem
Bai toan 4. 23: Ching minh rang voi moi sé nguyén dong n:
a) Day un = 7.27? + 3°" chia hét cho 5.
b) Day u, = 67" + 3°? + 3" chia hét cho 11.
Huong dan giai
a) Ta chtyng minh u, : 5 (1) bang phuong phap quy nap.
Khin = 1 taco: uy = 7.27? + 37 =7 +3 = 10: dung.
Gia si (1) dung khin = k, k ¢ N’, ta sé cheng minh (1) cing dung khin =k +4
That vay,
Uner = 7.2202 4 g2tkend 1
247.22 4.93%) = 47.2? 4 31) 45.97"! = 4, 45,91
Vi ux } 5 (theo gid thiét quy nap) nén ux ? 5 (dpem).
b) Khin = 1 thiu, = 67+ 3°+3=66 : 11 (dung).
Gia sty ménh dé Ging khin = k, k nguyén dong
Ta ching minh ménh dé dung khi n = k+1. That vay:
Uke = 6"? + 3h + Blt = 36.6% + 3.307 + 3.3
= 36(6% + 32 + 99) — 332 4 34)
= 36u, — 33(3"*? + 3°) | 14 (dung).
Bai toan 1. 24:
| gos
2
duong n, ta cé S, = a" + b" la mot sé nguyén khong chia hét cho 715.
Hwéng dan giai
27+ 673 27-673
2 2
Sp =(a+b)*-2ab = 701
Ss = (a + b)(a? + b’) — ab(a + b) = 18549.
Vay ménh dé ding khin = 1,2,3. Gid si S, dling voi moi sé nguyén n 2 3.
13
27 ~J673
2
Cho Chteng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén.
Ta cé ab = =14, S;=a+b=27,10 trong diém béi duéng hoc sinh gidi mén Todn 10 - lé Hodnh Pho
Ta c6: Spe: = (a + b)(a” + b") — ab(a™! + b™")
7S = 1489-4 = 715.Sq 1 — 378.Sp-2.
Theo gia thiét S, _,, S, 2 1 sé nguyén khéng chia hét cho 715. Vi 378 va
715 nguyén té ciing nhau, do dé 378.S,-, cing khéng chia hét cho 715. Do
d6 Sys; l& 86 nguyén khéng chia hét cho 715.
Bai toan 1. 25: Chrng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén duong:
a) 2°>2n+1voin>3. b) 2°2n? voi n=4.
Hwéng dan giai
a) Khin = 3, taco: 2"= 8 va 2n+1= 7: dung
Gia sr BDT dung khin = k, k < N’ va k > 3, tire la: 2" > 2k + 1. Ta s& ching
minh no cing dung khin = k + 1, ttre la: 2*** > 2(k + 1) +4
That vay, tur gid thiét quy nap, ta cd:
2122.2" >2(2k +1)=4k +2 =2k +34 (k-1)
> 2k +3= 2k +1) +1: dpom.
b) Khin = 4 thi BOT: 16 > 16.Do do BDT dung khin=4
Gia sw BOT dung khin = k, k < N', k > 4. Ta sé ching minh BOT dung
khin =k + 1. That vay, theo gia thiét quy nap ta co:
21a 22> 2K aK + 2k +1 +k —2k—1
=(k +1)? +k(k—2)—1>(k + 1)?: dpem
Bai toan 1. 26: Ching minh rang voi moi sé oe duong n, ta cé:
1 1
<2vh O ata aT?
Huong dan giai
a) Khin = 1, tacd BBT 1 <2 V1-dung.
Gia st’ BBT dung khin =k, k < N’, ta sé cheng minh BDT cling ding khi
n=k+1. That vay, i gid thiét quy i taco
a) 1+
teen ee os vk +
v2 vk Vk +1 res
Ta chung minh: 2k +———= < Vk +4 @ 2k +1—vk)>
vk+t ket
2 < vk+1> Vk: ding.
eS Oo eS
vk +14 Vk a
b) Khin = 1 thi BDT: — So dung
dee 1
tt
ket k+2 3k+1
Ta ching minh BBT dung khin=k + 1
Ud 1 1 1 1
toe ttt +—— 1
k+2 k+3 3K+1 3K42° 3k4+3 3k 44
Gia str BET dung khin =k, k eN >1__@ty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Viét
That vay, ti gid thiét quy nap ta cé:
1 dae 1 il 1
VT =| ttt | —— + -
tex 2 3k) 3k ka" 3k mm)
i 2 1 2
i eos tas * te ee?!
3k+2 3k+3° 3k44 (3k + 2)(3k + 3)(3k + 4)
Bai toan 1. 27:
Chtrng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén duong n:
a) (1+x)"> 1+ nx voi sé thu x >-1
b) (1 +x)" + (1 x)" < 2" voi sé thye |x] <1
Huong dan giai
a) Khin = 1: BBT: (1+x)' = 14x: dung.
Gia sty BOT dung khin =k, k < N’, ta sé chtrng minh BDT cing ding khi
n=k +1. That vay, tt gid thiét x > —1 va gid thiét quy nap, ta cé:
(ex = (1 x(t + x) 2 (1 + x)(1 + kx),
= 1+ (k + 1)x + kx? > 1+ (kK + 1)x: dpem.
b) Khin = 1: BBT 22: Dung
Gia str BT dung khin = k, k nguyén duong.
(1+ xt + (1—x)h = 2k (1)
Ta ching minh BOT dung khin =k + 1. That vay:
(A) (1 +x) + (1 - x1 + x) + (1 - x) 2 2.2"
(1+ xh + (1x) + (1x1 x + (1 x(t xs 27
Vilx! $1nén1+x20,1-x 0, dodo
(1+ xy! + (1 -x)) = 2" dpom.
Bai toan 1. 28:
Cho a + b > 0. Chung minh voi moi s6é nguyén duong n:
(a+b) a®sb
(1)
Hwéng dan giai
a+b arb
Khin = 1: (1) > mod
in = 1: (Noe <= dung
a+
Gia str (1) dung khin = k, k nguyén duong
Ta ching minh (1) ding khin =k + 1. That vay, via +b>010 trong diém béi dudng hoc sinh gidi mén Todn 10- (6 Hodnh Pho
Ta ching minh; BB+ abt + ab | at sb
4 2
abs +atb< al! +b" (3)
Khéng mat tinh téng quat, gid str a > b.
Via+b>Onéna>-b, dodo a2 |b|
= a™> |b|™> b™ voi moi m nguyén duong.
Ta 06 (3) a*(a— b) + b'(b— a) = 0 <> (a —b)(a* — b’) > 0: dung.
Bai toan 1. 29: Ching minh rang voi moi sé nguyén dong n > 3, ta cé:
nh! > (n+)!
Huéng dan giai
Khin = 3 thi BDT: 81 > 64: dung.
Gid s@ BDT dung khin=k,k ¢ Nk 23:k!>(k+4)*.
Ta sé chteng minh BDT dung khi n = k + 1:(k + 1)? > (k + 2)*7
That vay, theo gia thiét quy nap ta co:
KTS (kK + 1K (k + 1)? kT > (k + 1)? (ke + 1k
(kaye? (eae
eet = |e
Do dé: (k +1)? >
k
Bai ton 1. 30: Chting minh véi moi s6 nguyén duong n:
ceo (1)
59° 4n41 Jn+i
Huong dan giai
; ket _
. ee et -(keaed) > (k +2)": apem.
Khin = 1: (1) 2 <1: ding. Gia st (1) dung khi n = k, k nguyén dong:
37 ak-1
59 4k41 Jk +t
Ta chtrng minh (1) duing khin =k +1
37 ak-1 ak+3 4
5°97 4k+14k+5 Jka2
37 4k-1 4k+3 1 4k 43
That vay, tte (2 ==. ¥
BN Co akat aka 8 © MR ET ako 5
Ta cdn ching minh a a. aS < (4k +3)Vk+2 <(4k + 5\Vkvd
<= (4k + 3)? (k + 2) < (4k +5)? (kK + 1)
= (16k? + 24k + 9) (k +2) < (16k? + 40k + 25) (k + 1).
= 18 < 25: dung
(2)Cty TNH MTV DWH Khang Viet
Bai toan 1. 31: Chox < Z,n e Nthod manx>0,x#1,n21
sy” 1xt=4
2) 7
Hwong dan giai
Chung minh ring: 2%
1+x™
y yet
oa (= ee 2x (14x) (14%)
1+x'
nt
Taco: 1+#x>2Jx>(1+x)"12 2x
st
> 2x2 = (dpcem)
yt nae
(4s 1 xt-4
vat+x""
| Sa n(tee xy s 271 + x + #1)
) “ne x-1
Khin = 1: dung, Gid st? bat dang thre ding dén n
m1 + xy" (1 # x) 2K Xt YT EX)
> (n+ 1)(1 + x)= (1 + x)™1 + (1 +x)"
SPT eX e+ AT EX) (1 +x)"
Ta chteng minh:
QP + 2 + 1) (T#X) + (14x) < 20x + XT +t 1)
DPN + xT + Ox + OK HY (TE XY”
<2 (xT exh + +1) ?
(x+y?
x44
Ta chtrng minh bang quy nap. Khang dinh nay dé suy ra dpcm.
Bai toan 1. 32: Chon sé dwong 0