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1 Metal Wire Giuseppe C4-DT input parameter WAAM, WAAM The establishment of common t
Additive Casalino, titanium 27.6 V average voltage, WLAM, standards for metal WAAM wo
Manufacturing: Mojtaba alloy 5 m/min wire feed speed, WLAHM valuable initiative to ensu
A Comparison Karamimoghad diameter of 9.8 mm welding width, consistency and repeatability o
between Arc am, Nicola 0.6 mm 194 A current, and prints.
Laser and Contuzzi 600 mm/min welding
Laser/Arc Heat (2023) speed
Sources

2 The influence of Anna ER70S-6 - Shielding gas Ar + 20 % - X-ray - X-ray - The best CFCG life enhance
laser shock Ermakova , ER100S-1 CO2 diffraction diffraction both materials was observed in
peening on Jarryd - Gas flow rate 15 L/min method method specimens, increasing the life
corrosion- Braithwaite, - Robot travelling speed - Neutron - Neutron ER70S-6 specimen by 45.8
fatigue Nima Razavi, 7.33 mm/s diffraction diffraction ER100S-1 by 40.5 %.
behaviour of Supriyo -Wire diameter 1.2 mm measureme measuremen - Neutron and X-ray di
wire arc Ganguly, -Wire feed speed 7.5 nts ts measurements revealed th
additively Filippo Berto, m/min introduces compressive residual
manufactured Ali -Dwell time 120 s at the outer surface of the
components Mehmanparast specimen within the treated are
(2023) subsequently slows down the
rates and prolongs the lifespan
surface treated specimens.

3 Laser Metal R. Rumman, Al-Bronze -WAAM WAAM, WAAM Between the two additive manuf
Deposition and D.A. Lewis, Al 5356 Current, A: 156-96 LMD technologies, WAAM clearly
Wire Arc J.Y. Hascoet, Ti-6Al-4V Voltage, V: 13.4-9.8 in terms of deposition ef
Addition J.S. Quinton SS 316L Feed speed, m/min: 6-7 whereas LMD takes advantag
 Manufacturing (2019) Al-12Si Travel speed, mm/min: capability to ensure better
of Materials 700 between layers. It was also fo
Wave pulse, Hz: 50-60 the presence of homog
Wire diameter, mm: 1.2 distributed columnar and
Shield gas flow rate, structures throughout the surfac
l/min: 18 samples can offer me
-LMD consistency and high strength
Laser power (W): 650- LMD and WAAM-ed products
690
Scan speed (mm/min):
2000-2500
Powder flow rate (g/min):
1.6-1.7
Vertical
ncrement Δ
(mm): 0.16
Number of layers:
Variable
Workspace (mm):
900*900*900

4 A LCA and LCC Samruddha raw material -Wire feed speed 3 m/min pure CNC Waam WAAM is more beneficial sinc
analysis of pure Kokare, J.P. -Travel speed 360 milling, raw material in the form of wire
subtractive Oliveira, Radu mm/min selectie produce complicated componen
manufacturing, Godina -Layer height 1.3 mm laser time, whereas subtractive te
wire arc additive (2023) -Interlayer cooling time melting, require billets of specific dimen
manufacturing, 120 s Waam raw material.As a result, when a
and selective -Preparation time 30 industrial production, the
laser melting min technique can facilitate improv
approaches -Printing time 15 min management.
-Cooling time 46 min
-Total WAAM time 91
min
5 Laser Jonas The 1.2 mm -timeaveraged wire feed only arc, The arc with -For leading laser, excessive m
enhancement of Näsström, 316L-Si rate of 6.7 m/min The arc leading the wire can change the geometr
wire arc additive Frank stainless - average current of 170 A with leading laser, tip conditions and cause p
manufacturing Brueckner, and steel -average voltage of 18.5 laser, arc with droplet deposition. This can r
Alexander F. V arc with trailing greater than expected deposition
H. Kaplan - laser power 3.5 kW trailing laser. and wider/higher tracks, but can
(2019) 1070 ± 5 nm IPG Yb‐fiber laser. disruptive to the CMT pro
laser power source affecting pulse timing an
- precitech YW50 laser potentially cause solid wire col
focal length of 250 mm the previously deposited track
- the optics tilted at a 30° -For trailing laser, controlle
- welding gun and optics melting of the wire tip can ex
were moved at 35 mm/s melt bridge during the sho
phase and reduce arc force
disturbances. Lateral top
irregularities may be decrease
compared to the arc-only
Decreased sloping has als
observed. Together a >50%
cuboid volume can remai
postmachining.
6 Laser opto- Yuyang Ma, Wire YAG laser LOUD LOUD The results showed that the LOU
ultrasonic dual Zhenlin Hu, (ER4043) f = 150 mm detection detection consistent with the conventi
detection for Yun Tang, Wire (Beamtech, Nimma-400, detections. In addition, LOUD
simultaneous Shixiang Ma, (ER2319) wavelength: 532 nm; saving, cost-effective, an
compositional, Yanwu Chu, pulse energy: 60 mJ; pulse nondestructive, showing great p
structural, and Xin Li, Wei duration: for replacing the conventional
stress analyses Luo, Lianbo 8 ns; repetition rate: 10 detection methods to
for wire + arc Guo, Xiaoyan Hz monitor WAAM in industr
additive Zeng, and ultrasound probe applications
manufacturing Yongfeng Lu (Olympus
(2019) V313-SU, frequency: 15
MHz
 -heat input of 150 J/mm
7 MÉTODOS André Luiz AWS para cada valor de -Processo GMAW Dentre os processos pulsados, o
PARA Brito Novelino ER70S-6, velocidade de GMAW é mais utilizado por permitir ma
MANUFATUR com deslocamento da tocha -Processo de deposição e GTAW é sele
Guilherme
A ADITIVA DE diâmetro de (0,41, 0,36, 0,30 m/min) TIG pois permite maior controle,
METAIS A Caribe de 1,2 mm de arame de 1,52 m/min, -Processo tendo o ônus de possuir equi
ARCO Carvalho , com uma tensão de 10,1 V Plasma mais complexo e menor t
ELÉTRICO Ruham Pablo e corrente de 66 A -Processos deposição. O uso de processos
(Bồ Đào Nha) Reis, Maksym alternativos apresenta, em geral, melhor
Ziberov para comparação aos convencionais
WAAM com maior complexidade de op
(2021) custo mais alto.
8 Determination of Jun Xiong, carbon steel The deposition power WAAM WAAM A 15-layered straight wall with 1
Surface Yan-Jiang Li, supply was a Panasonic long was deposited in GMAW-b
Roughness in YD-500FR. ER50-6 wire additive manufacturing with an a
Zi-Qiu Yin &
Wire and Arc electrode with 1.2 mm
Hui Chen current of 150 A (wire feed spee
Additive diameter was fed into the
Manufacturing (2018) molten pool for depositing m/min), travel speed of 5 mm/s,
Based on Laser layers. The shielding gas voltage of 22 V. The inter-layer
Vision Sensing was a mixture of Ar temperature was controlled at 12
(95%) and CO2 (5%) gas
with a flow rate of 18 The scanning length was appro
L/min. The deposition 120 mm, and scanning area w
process was conducted on from both ends of the wall. To
a substrate made of low noises, the surface profile of t
carbon steel with walled part was scanned for thre
dimensions of 250 mm × By using Eq.average surface rou
75 mm × 10 mm. the mean value of the surface ro
was calculated as 0.136 mm.
9 A comparative Blanka A. A 40 layers of WAAM WAAM The highest distortion was meas
study of additive Szost, Sofiane commercial approximately 250 mm And CLAD the
manufacturing Terzi, Ti alloy, Ti– long, 5.9 mm wide and specimen produced by the WAA
6Al–4V
techniques: Filomeno 1.0 mm high were technique (~7.2 mm) while the
Residual stress Martina, Didier deposited CLAD sample showed ~3.5 mm
and Boisselier, on a 250 × 60 × 7 mm positive bending. For technical r
microstructural Anastasiia baseplate with a travel the wall were printed on Ti-base
analysis of Prytuliak, speed of 4.5 mm s−1 slightly different thickness (8 mm
CLAD and Thilo Pirling, ; the CLAD sample and 7 mm for the
WAAM printed Michael wire feed speed was 1.6 sample).
Ti–6Al–4V Hofmann, m min−1 Lower thickness gives weaker st
components David J. Jarvis ; the average current was rigidity and therefore should
(2015) 110 A with lead to greater distortion. Howev
a pulse duration of 0.05 s minute difference is unlikely
and a frequency of 10 Hz. to be the main reason of discrepa
a local trailing shield between the bending distortion
which blew argon gas observed (more than two times h
for the WAAM sample). The WA
sample shows the
greater distortion but also the hig
tensile stress peak
1. Distortion, sample shape and
In the WAAM sample ~7.2 mm
plane distortion was measured w
sample produced by CLAD proc
showed ~3.5 mm
2. Microstructure
(*heat-affected zones (HAZs))
- The CLAD sample showed a H
approximately 8.5 mm in width
mm in depth, while the WAAM
specimen showed HAZ of ~9.3 m
 wide and ~2.7 mm deep.
- The microstructure of the CLA
sample showed narrow columna
of 100 to 300 μm width and 1 m
mm length
- In the sample manufactured by
process the first few layers of the
consist of a mixture of elongated
ranging from ~500 μm to 5 mm.
3. Neutron residual microstrain a
stress measurements
The higher value
was obtained for the WAAM sam
with a peak at 480 MPa while th
maximum reached in the CLAD
was about 280 MPa.
10 Investigation of Xiangfang Xu, Inconel 718 the WAAM setup for WAAM WAAM Results showed that oxides form
process factors Jialuo Ding, IN718 deposition. during deposition had no effect o
affecting Supriyo Cold metal transfer mechanical properties since a 0.5
mechanical Ganguly, (CMT) thick passivation layer consisting
properties of Stewart The wire used for this Cr2O3 and Al2O3 formed upon
INCONEL 718 Williams study is labelled Wire A deposition and prevented further
superalloy in (2019) (1.2mm, conforming to from forming inside the bulk. W
wire+ arc AMS5832E). Deposition: from different suppliers resulted
additive contact tip-to-work around 50 MPa difference in UT
manufacture distance (CTWD)=14mm, possibly due to the slight compo
process wire feed speed variation and uncertainties in TiN
(WFS)=7m/min, inclusion. Standard heat treatme
deposition torch travel improved the strength from 824
 speed (TS)=6mm/s, layer 1110 MPa in the horizontal direc
height=2.8mm, shielding but the average strength was 105
gas flow rate=15l/min, lower than the wrought alloy. Th
and interpass cooling deposited WAAM INCONEL 71
time=3mins. featured large columnar grains a
Wire B (1.2mm, numerous Laves phase, as comp
conforming to AMS 5832) the fine grains of laser powder b
with identical process fusion and wrought INCONEL 7
parameters.
starting microstructure led to les
favourable and less numerous
precipitates forming during heat
treatment, which is the main reas
the strength mismatch. A differen
treatment would not help due to
starting microstructure.
11 Influence of the Kai Biester, a structural - The shielding gas WAAM WAAM - The values for height were dete
laser position in Marius steel coverage is ensured with in a range from 3.46 to 3.90 mm
laser-assisted Lammers, Jörg substrate a gas mixture of 82% highest bead was measured at a w
WAAM process Hermsdorf, with a argon and 18% CO2. The direction of 0° and the lowest at
on weld bead Stefan Kaierle thickness of welding process is Width
shape and (2022) 15 mm performed with a wire values were found to range from
surface made of with a diameter of 1.2 8.89 mm, with the
properties S355J2 and mm. narrowest bead found at a weld d
G3Si1 as - WAAM: of 270° and the widest
wire Laser power: 400W at 45°.
material Welding speed: 250 - The beads at 0°, 90° and 270° a
coated with mm/min relatively
copper. Welding current: 163 A uniform and have approximately
Wire feed rate: 4.6 m/min flank angles, whereas
 Welding voltage: 16.6 V the beads at 45°, 135°, 180°, 225
Shielding gas flow rate: 315° have different flank
19 l/min Stickout length: angles on the left and right side o
10 mm bead.
- The laser beam is - the waviness along the weld be
arranged at an angle of increases steadily from the 0° di
30° to the welding torch, to the 180° direction.
which is aligned From the 180° direction to the 31
perpendicular to the direction, a trend of steady
substrate decrease can be seen, whereby th
direction with the
highest waviness.
- For the claddings, the lowest w
orthogonal to the
welding direction was measured
direction of 270°, with the
next highest waviness found at 0
12 Mechanical Reyazul Warsi, ER70S-6 An arc voltage of 20 V, GMAW GMAW - Dimensional accuracy: heights
properties of Kashif Hasan low carbon wire feeding rate of 10 almost equal in all points with li
wire and arc Kazmi, Mukesh mild steel m/min, Arc current 120 A, fluctuation.
welding and shielding gas flow
additive Chandra - Hardness: The applied force is
wire and rate of 10 L per minute.
manufactured (2021) Mild steel kilogram-force and the diameter
component (A36) indentation is 10 mm. The variat
deposited by a the hardness value along the buil
CNC controlled direction from 149 to 159.
GMAW - Effect of preheating the base pl
dimensional accuracy and stabili
bead: The average bead height o
bead deposited at preheated base
 varied from 3.1712 mm to 3.182
while the average bead height fo
bead deposited at the normal bas
varied from 3.1791 mm to 3.201
upon preheating the base plate, t
phenomenon of humping
gets reduced to some extent and
produces a smoother surface
when compared to bead depositi
normal plates.
13 Study of Arc- A. Ayed, G. Ti-6Al-4V The 120 mm long WAAM- WAAM- - Influence of the operating para
wire and Laser- Bras, H. deposits were made on CMT CMT on the dimensions of the deposit
wire processes Bernard, P. 150 x 30 x 10 mm3 Ti- WLAM- The size of the deposits made by
for the Michaud, Y. 6Al-4V substrate. LMD WLAM process is much smaller
realization of Ti- Balcaen, J. those obtained by the WAAM pr
6Al-4V alloy Alexis WAAM-CMT: Print 10 In fact, for travel speed values be
parts (2020) seams from 0.4 to 1.3 0.2 and 0.7 m.min-1, the width a
cm.s-1 for travel speed of height of the deposits decrease b
the robot (keeping WFS 6 mm and 6 to 3 mm, respective
constant at 8.5 m.min-1) width of the deposits made of W
and 10 seams from 6 to decreases by 2,75 to
10.5 m.min-1 for the wire 2.5 mm and the height from 2.1
feed speed (keeping TS mm. These differences are expla
constant at 0.6 cm.s-1). the higher energy density of the
WLAM-LMD: The ranges process.
of variation are between 1 The wetting angles (α) are all gre
and 3.25 kW for the laser than 100° (for WAAM and WLA
power, 0.8 processes) (figure 7). Except for
and 6.4 m.min-1 for the WLAM deposit elaborated at a p
 wire flow and between 1.2
0.3 and 2.35 m.min-1 for kW, a wire feed speed of 2 m.mi
the robot speed. a travel speed of 0.78 m.min-1, t
wetting angle is of the order of 6
- Influence of the operating para
on themacrostructure of the depo
The depths of the re-melted and
thermally affected areas are muc
greater for the WAAM process. T
depth of the re-melted zone is gr
than the depth of the thermally a
zone for the deposits obtained by
WAAM process, and vice versa
obtained by the WLAM process.
14 Seong- SUS304L -The maximum laser LMD, WAAM In this study, the advantages of t
Effect of Won Yoo, với kích power was 1 kW at a WAAM processes were utilized by minim
Functionally Choon- thước 30 wavelength of 980 nm. the LMD process time by deposi
Graded Material mm × 60 -The laser focus was
Man Lee, FGM layer as a thin intermediate
(FGM) mm × 50 calibrated with a lens with
Dong-Hyeon mm a focal length of 198 mm and fabricating the remaining pa
Interlayer in Kim WAAM, with a high deposition
and a laser beam diameter
Metal Additive (2023) of 3 mm.
Manufacturing - Argon Gas
of Inconel-
Stainless
Bimetallic
Structure by
Laser Melting
Deposition
(LMD) and Wire
 Arc Additive
Manufacturing
(WAAM)

15 Design and T.Artaza, titanium and 150 ≤ Intensity ≤ 250; 200 SLS, WAAM The signals acquired by both, ex
integration of M.Murua, T. nickel ≤ Feed WAAM and internal devices, have enable
WAAM alloys Rate ≤ 350 and 1≤ Wire be aware of the process characte
Gorrotxategi,
Feed Rate ≤4.5782 T
technology and J.Frias, The analysis of these figures has
in situ G.Puerrtas, to demonstrate the utility of mon
monitoring M.A.Melchor, the
system in a D.Mugica, process and the achieved good
gantry machine A.Suarez performance of the control syste
(2017)
16 Micro wire and J.P. Oliveira ASTMA -wire WAAM, μ-WAAM The higher amount of
arc additive 228 steel diameter of 250 μm and μ-WAAM power required in WAAM is re
manufacturing about 2 mm two major effects: (i) need to me
(μ-WAAM) -wire feed speed ranging (or remelt) a significant part
from 75 to 90 mm/s, substrate (or a previously deposi
travel speed from 7 to 10 layer), which requires more ene
mm/s, a current intensity the longer distance between
of 16 A RMS the tip of the wire to be deposit
and power of ≈ 35 W substrate requires that more
RMS. heat is introduced to the ma
compensate the heat losses durin
travelling upon droplet detachm
μ-WAAM there is almost no
melting of the substrate or pr
deposited layers, and the distanc
between the tip of the wire
substrate is below the millimeter
 scales, which prevents signific
losses upon the detachment of
the molten material.
17 Printability, Felix Benna, Pure Mg, -Argon 5.0% atmosphere, Laser Laser found best printability for Mg1Z
mechanical and Francesco ZN enabling an oxygen level by density behavior analysis, but
degradation D’Elia Kerstin below 50 ppm improved repeatability of mecha
properties of -Laser power and scan properties for Mg0.5Zn
van
Mg-(x)Zn speed varied between 50-
elemental Gaalenc, ,Muzi 140 W and 400-1800
powder mixes Li, Savko mm/second, respectively
processed by Malinova ,
laser powder bed Alexander
fusion Koppc
18 Crack mitigation Emma Molobi, FeCr and Laser power (W) 200 Laser Laser For laser cladding, substrate pr
in laser Natasha Sacks, Nialloy Traverse speed (mm/s) 3.2 is the most popular
engineered net Maritha butter layers Powder feed rate (g/min) and studied crack restraining me
shaping of WC- Therond 12.2
10wt%FeCr (2022) Z-increment (mm) 0.2
cemented Stand-off distance (mm) 8
carbides Laser spot size (mm) 1.4

19 Marcel Graf, Steel wire feed (2.5–5.0 m/min) WAAM WAAM the welding orientation has a crit
Thermo- Andre Halsig, Magie influence on the temperature fiel
Mechanical Kevin Hofer, well as on the component geome
Modelling of Birgit Awiszus The aim was the experimental, b
Wire-Arc and especially the numerical, investi
Peter Mayr of welding parameters and their
Additive
Manufacturing influence on temperature develo
(WAAM) of For realistic numerical simulatio
Semi-Finished temperature-dependent material
Products were first determined without da
material but with samples, which
 comparable microstructure to the
WAAM process.
20 Effects of William AISI H13 wire feed speed = 5.0 WAAM WAAM The additive manufacturing via W
different Hackenhaar tool steel m/min; deposition speed applied to AISI H13 steel proved
WAAM current = 240 mm/min; contact- viable with the different modes o
(2022)
deposition tip-to-work-piece = 18
transfer, CMT, LSC and PS. All
modes on the mm at first and the torch
mechanical was moved 3.5 mm up deposition modes produced depo
properties of after each deposit; without discontinuities.
AISI H13 tool shielding gas Ar + 2%
steel CO2 with 15 l/min flux;
number of layers = 30

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