Cs With Python Cbse Class 11 Preeti Arora 2020 Chapter 1 (1)

PREETI ARORA
DOEACC ‘A’ level, M.Sc–IT, M.Tech–IT

Sr. Computer Science Teacher
Educational Publishers
SULTAN CHAND & SONS (P) LTD
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ISBN: 978-93-89174-77-9
First Edition 2019

Second Thoroughly Revised Edition 2020
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PREFACE
This thoroughly revised edition of Computer Science with Python for Class XI
students aims at providing an in-depth understanding of the CBSE curriculum. It
focuses on teaching Python language to help students learn programming concepts
and develop problem-solving skills. With easy-to-understand examples, flow charts
and other such tools in the book, the student will learn to design the logic of a
program and then implement that program using Python. The book contains ample
concise and practical example programs along with diagrams and instances from
real-life situations. Each chapter contains tested, debugged and error-free codes
with screenshots.
Based on the CBSE curriculum, this book has been divided into four units:
• Unit 1: Computer Systems and Organization—Chapters 1 & 2
• Unit 2: Computational Thinking and Programming—Chapters 3 to 10
• Unit 3: Data Management (DM–1)—Chapters 11 & 12
• Unit 4: Society, Law and Ethics (SLE–1)—Chapter 13
The book also includes ample Viva Voce Questions. Installation Guide to MongoDB
and Python in QR Code, CTM (Commit To Memory) and Points To Remember
for easy recall of important terms and concepts are other notable features of
the book.
Besides, Presentation on Python, Chapter-wise Program Codes, Practical

File, Sample Papers, Model Test Papers for practice and Python and
MongoDB Software Dump are available online and can be easily accessed at
sultan-chand.com/ws/python11
We are sure this book will prove to be of immense help to the students and teachers
alike. Constructive feedback for the improvement of the book will be highly
appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.
My special thanks are due to Mrs Rinku Kumari for her value additions to the
book.
Last but not the least, I take this opportunity to thank my esteemed publishers,
Sultan Chand & Sons (P) Ltd, for their patience, encouragement and assistance
in bringing out this book.
AUTHOR
Syllabus
COMPUTER SCIENCE (NEW)
CLASS XI Code No. 083 (2020–2021)
Distribution of Marks and Periods:
Unit No. Unit Name Marks Periods
Theory Practical
1. COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATION 10 10 2
2. COMPUTATIONAL THINKING AND PROGRAMMING 35 60 45
3. DATA MANAGEMENT - 1 15 30 23
4. SOCIETY, LAW AND ETHICS - 1 10 10 --
Total 70 110 70
Unit 1: COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATION

• Basic computer organization: Description of a computer system and mobile system, CPU, memory, hard
disk, I/O, battery.
• Types of software: Application, system, utility.
• Memory units: bit, byte, MB, GB, TB and PB.
• Boolean logic: OR, AND, NAND, NOR, XOR, NOT, Truth tables, De Morgan’s laws
• Information representation: Numbers in base 2, 8, 16, binary addition
• Strings: ASCII, UTF8, UTF32, ISCII (Indian Script Code), Unicode
• Basic concepts of flow chart
• Concept of Compiler & Interpreter
• Running a program: Notion of an operating system, how an operating system runs a program, idea of
loading, operating system as a resource manager.
• Concept of cloud computing, cloud (public/private), introduction to parallel computing.
Unit 2: COMPUTATIONAL THINKING AND PROGRAMMING

Basics of Computational Thinking: Decomposition, Pattern Recognition/Data Representation, Generalization/
Data Abstraction and algorithm.
Familiarization with the basics of Python programming: a simple “hello world” program, process of writing a
program (Interactive & Script mode), running it, and print statements; simple data types: integer, float, string.
• Features of Python, Python Character Set, Token & Identifiers, Keywords, Literals, Delimiters, Operators.
• Comments: (Single line & Multiline/Continuation statements), Clarity & Simplification of expression.
• Introduce the notion of a variable and methods to manipulate it (concept of L-value and R-value even if
not taught explicitly).
• Knowledge of data types and operators: accepting input from the console, assignment statement,
expressions, operators and their precedence.
• Operators & types: Binary operators—Arithmetic operators, Relational operators, Logical operators,
Augmented Assignment operators.
• Conditional statements: if, if-else, if-elif-else; simple programs: e.g.: absolute value, sort 3 numbers and
divisibility.
• Notion of iterative computation and control flow: for(range(), len()), while, flow charts, suggested programs:
interest calculation and factorials, etc.
• Idea of debugging: errors and exceptions; debugging: pdb, break points.
• Lists, tuples and dictionary: finding the maximum, minimum, mean; linear search on list/tuple of numbers
and counting the frequency of elements in a list using a dictionary. Introduce the notion of accessing
elements in a collection using numbers and names.
• Sorting algorithm: bubble and insertion sort; count the number of operations while sorting.
• Strings: Traversing, compare, concat, substring.
• Introduction to Python modules: Importing math [sqrt, cell, floor, pow, fabs, sin, cos, tan, random (random,
randint, randrange), statistics (mean, median, mode)] modules.
Unit 3: DATA MANAGEMENT
• Relational databases: Concept of a database, relations, attributes and tuples, keys—candidate key, primary
key, alternate key, foreign key; Degree and cardinality of a table.
• Use SQL—DDL/DML commands to CREATE TABLE, INSERT INTO, UPDATE TABLE, DELETE FROM, ALTER TABLE,
MODIFY TABLE, DROP TABLE, keys, and foreign keys; to view content of a table: SELECT-FROM-WHERE-
ORDER BY along with BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, (Queries only on single table).
• Aggregate functions—MIN, MAX, AVG, COUNT, SUM
• Basics of NoSQL databases.
Unit 4: SOCIETY, LAW AND ETHICS — CYBER SAFETY

• Cyber safety: safely browsing the web, identity protection, confidentiality, social networks, cyber trolls and
bullying.
• Appropriate usage of social networks: spread of rumours and common social networking sites (Twitter,
LinkedIn and Facebook) and specific usage rules.
• Safely accessing websites: adware, malware, viruses, Trojans.
• Safely communicating data: secure connections, eavesdropping, phishing and identity verification.
Unit 5: PRACTICAL
S. No. Unit Name Marks (TOTAL=30)
1. Lab Test (12 Marks)
Python program (60% logic + 20% documentation + 20% code quality) 8
SQL program (at least 4 queries) 4
2. Report File + Viva (10 Marks)
Report file: Minimum 20 Python programs and 8 SQL commands 7
Viva voce (based on the report file) 3
3. Project (that uses most of the concepts that have been learnt) 8
(See CS-XII for the rules regarding the projects)
5.1: Programming in Python: At least the following Python concepts should be covered in the lab sessions:
expressions, conditionals, loops, list, dictionary and strings. The following are some representative lab
assignments:
• Find the largest and smallest numbers in a list.
• Find the third largest number in a list.
• Test for primarily.
• Find whether a string is a palindrome or not.
• Given two integers x and n, compute xn.
• Compute the greatest common divisor and the least common multiple of two integers.
• Test if a number is equal to the sum of the cubes of its digits. Find the smallest and largest such numbers.
5.2: Data Management: SQL Commands — At least the following SQL commands should be covered during
the labs: create, insert, delete, select and join. The following are some representative assignments:
• Create a student table with the student id, name and marks as attributes where the student id is the
primary key.
• Insert the details of a new student in the above table.
• Delete the details of a particular student in the above table.
• Use the select command to get the details of the students with marks more than 80.
• Create a new table (name, date of birth) by joining two tables (student id, name) and (student id, date of
birth).
• Create a new table (order ID, customer Name and order Date) by joining two tables (order ID, customer ID
and order Date) and (customer ID, customer Name, contact Name, country).
CONTENTS
1. Computer System Organization 1.1–1.30
1.1 Introduction . . . 1.1
1.2 Basic Components of a Computer System . . . 1.2
1.2.1 Input Unit . . . 1.3
1.2.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) . . . 1.4
1.2.3 Memory Unit (MU) . . . 1.5
1.2.4 Output Unit . . . 1.7
1.3 Secondary Memory . . . 1.8
1.4 Communication Bus . . . 1.10
1.5 Mobile System Organization . . . 1.10
1.5.1 Mobile Processor . . . 1.11
1.5.2 Camera ISP (Image Signal Processor) . . . 1.12
1.5.3 Display Unit . . . 1.13
1.5.4 Memory Unit . . . 1.13
1.5.5 Power Management/Battery Management . . . 1.13
1.6 Software Concepts . . . 1.13
1.6.1 System Software . . . 1.14
1.6.2 Application Software . . . 1.14
1.6.3 Utility Software . . . 1.15
1.7 Concept of Operating System . . . 1.16
1.8 Program Execution . . . 1.19
1.9 Libraries . . . 1.21
1.10 Cloud Computing . . . 1.22
1.11 Parallel Computing . . . 1.23
2. Data Representation and Boolean Logic 2.1–2.36
2.2 Number System . . . 2.2
2.3 Number System Conversions . . . 2.5
2.3.1 Decimal Number System to Other Base . . . 2.6
2.3.2 Other Base to Decimal Number System . . . 2.9
2.3.3 One Base to Other Base System . . . 2.11
2.4 Arithmetic Operations in Binary System . . . 2.15
2.5 Internal Storage Encoding of Characters . . . 2.16
2.5.1 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) . . . 2.16
2.5.2 ISCII (Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange) . . . 2.18
2.5.3 Unicode (for Multilingual Computing) . . . 2.19
2.6 Boolean Logic . . . 2.20
2.7 Boolean Operators . . . 2.21
2.7.1 AND operator . . . 2.21
2.7.2 OR operator . . . 2.22
2.7.3 NOT operator . . . 2.22
2.8 Truth Table . . . 2.22
2.9 Logic Gates . . . 2.26
2.10 De Morgan’s Theorems . . . 2.28
3. Computational Thinking and Getting Started with Python 3.1–3.22

3.2 What is Computational Thinking . . . 3.2
3.3 Components of Computational Thinking . . . 3.2
3.3.1 Decomposition . . . 3.3
3.3.2 Pattern Recognition . . . 3.4
3.3.3 Abstraction . . . 3.5
3.3.4 Algorithm Writing . . . 3.5
3.4 Integrating Computational Thinking with Academics . . . 3.6
3.5 Python Programming Language . . . 3.7
3.5.1 Features of Python . . . 3.7
3.5.2 Advantages of Python . . . 3.8
3.5.3 Limitations of Python . . . 3.8
3.6 Installing Python . . . 3.9
3.7 Interacting with Python (Python IDLE) . . . 3.9
3.7.1 Python Shell . . . 3.10
3.7.2 Command Line Interaction . . . 3.11
3.7.3 Python Editor Window (Working in Script Mode) . . . 3.14
3.8 Exiting Python . . . 3.17
4. Python Programming Fundamentals 4.1–4.36
4.2 Python Character Set . . . 4.1
4.3 Tokens . . . 4.2
4.4 Variables and Types . . . 4.3
4.4.1 type() . . . 4.9
4.4.2 Multiple Assignments . . . 4.12
4.4.3 Variable Names . . . 4.13
4.5 Keywords in Python . . . 4.15
4.6 Expressions . . . 4.16
4.7 Operators . . . 4.16
4.7.1 Mathematical/Arithmetic Operators . . . 4.17
4.7.2 Relational Operators . . . 4.18
4.7.3 Shorthand Augmented Assignment Operators . . . 4.20
4.8 User Input . . . 4.21
4.9 User-defined Functions . . . 4.23
4.10 Indentation in Python . . . 4.25
4.11 Rules and Conventions for Writing Python Programs . . . 4.26
4.12 Comments . . . 4.27
5. Conditional and Looping Constructs 5.1–5.40
5.2 Introduction to Planning . . . 5.2
5.2.1 Flow Charts . . . 5.2
5.3 Types of Statements in Python . . . 5.4
5.4 Program Control Flow . . . 5.5
5.5 Decision-making . . . 5.6
5.5.1 if Statement . . . 5.6
5.5.2 if-else Statement . . . 5.8
5.5.3 if-elif-else Statement . . . 5.10
5.5.4 Nested if-else Statement . . . 5.12
5.6 Iteration . . . 5.13
5.6.1 for Loop . . . 5.15
5.6.2 while Loop . . . 5.19
5.7 Nested Loops . . . 5.22
5.8 Jump Statements . . . 5.24
5.8.1 break Statement . . . 5.24
5.8.2 continue Statement . . . 5.27
5.8.3 pass Statement . . . 5.29
6. Strings in Python 6.1–6.30
6.2 What are Strings . . . 6.2
6.3 Creating Strings . . . 6.2
6.4 Traversing a String . . . 6.5
6.5 Special String Operators . . . 6.8
6.5.1 Concatenating Strings . . . 6.8
6.5.2 Replicating Strings . . . 6.9
6.5.3 Membership Operators . . . 6.10
6.5.4 Comparison Operators . . . 6.10
6.5.5 String Slicing . . . 6.11
6.6 Strings are Immutable . . . 6.14
6.7 String Methods and Built-in Functions . . . 6.14
6.8 Other Functions . . . 6.22
7. Lists in Python 7.1–7.54
7.2 Lists . . . 7.2
7.2.1 Declaring/Creating List . . . 7.2
7.2.2 Accessing List Elements . . . 7.5
7.2.3 Traversing a List . . . 7.7
7.2.4 Aliasing . . . 7.8
7.2.5 Comparing Lists . . . 7.9
7.3 Operations on Lists . . . 7.10
7.3.1 Concatenation . . . 7.10
7.3.2 Repetition/Replication . . . 7.12
7.3.3 Membership Testing . . . 7.13
7.3.4 Indexing . . . 7.14
7.3.5 Slicing . . . 7.15
7.4 Nested Lists . . . 7.18
7.5 Copying Lists . . . 7.18
7.6 Built-in Functions . . . 7.19
7.6.1 append() . . . 7.20
7.6.2 extend() . . . 7.22
7.6.3 insert() . . . 7.22
7.6.4 reverse() . . . 7.23
7.6.5 index() . . . 7.23
7.6.6 Updating list . . . 7.24
7.6.7 len() . . . 7.25
7.6.8 sort() . . . 7.25
7.6.9 clear() . . . 7.26
7.6.10 count() . . . 7.26
7.7 Deletion Operation . . . 7.27
7.8 Sorting . . . 7.35
7.8.1 Bubble Sort . . . 7.35
7.8.2 Insertion Sort . . . 7.39
8. Tuples and Dictionary 8.1–8.38

8.2 Tuples . . . 8.2
8.3 Tuple Creation . . . 8.3
8.4 Nesting of Tuples . . . 8.5
8.5 Accessing and Traversing a Tuple . . . 8.6
8.6 Common Tuple Operations . . . 8.8
8.6.1 Tuple Slicing . . . 8.8
8.6.2 Tuple Addition/Concatenation . . . 8.10
8.6.3 Tuple Multiplication . . . 8.11
8.6.4 ‘in’ and ‘not in’ Membership Operator (in tuple) . . . 8.11
8.7 Comparing Tuples . . . 8.15
8.8 Deleting a Tuple . . . 8.16
8.9 Dictionary in Python . . . 8.18
8.10 Methods to Create a Dictionary . . . 8.19
8.11 Accessing Elements in a Dictionary . . . 8.20
8.12 Traversing a Dictionary . . . 8.20
8.13 Appending Values in a Dictionary . . . 8.22
8.14 Updating Elements in a Dictionary . . . 8.22
8.15 Removing an Item from Dictionary . . . 8.23
8.16 ‘in’ and ‘not in’ Membership Operator (in Dictionary) . . . 8.23
8.17 Common Dictionary Functions and Methods . . . 8.24
9. Introduction to Python Modules 9.1–9.26

9.2 Module in Python . . . 9.2
9.3 Importing Python Modules . . . 9.3
9.3.1 Retrieving Objects from a Module . . . 9.5
9.4 Module Aliasing . . . 9.7
9.5 Member Aliasing . . . 9.8
9.6 Locating Modules . . . 9.11
9.7 Standard Built-in-Python Modules . . . 9.11
9.7.1 Built-in-Functions . . . 9.12
10. Error and Exception Handling in Python 10.1–10.28

10.2 Errors and Exceptions . . . 10.1
10.2.1 Compile-time Errors . . . 10.2
10.2.2 Runtime Errors . . . 10.4
10.3 What is an Exception . . . 10.5
10.4 Standard Exceptions and their Handling . . . 10.6
10.5 Handling Exceptions in Python . . . 10.12
10.6 Debugging . . . 10.19
10.6.1 Python Debugger . . . 10.20
10.6.2 Python Debugger Commands . . . 10.20
11. Database Concepts 11.1–11.32
11.2 Database Management System (DBMS) . . . 11.2
11.2.1 Need for DBMS . . . 11.3
11.2.2 Components of a Database System . . . 11.4
11.2.3 Advantages of a DBMS . . . 11.4
11.2.4 Data Independence . . . 11.5
11.3 DBMS Models . . . 11.5
11.3.1 Types of Data Models . . . 11.6
11.4 Relational Database . . . 11.9
11.5 Database Keys . . . 11.10
11.6 NoSQL Database . . . 11.12
11.7 MongoDB . . . 11.12
11.7.1 Salient Features of MongoDB . . . 11.13
11.8 MongoDB Components . . . 11.14
11.8.1 Comparison between MongoDB and RDBMS . . . 11.15
11.8.2 Advantages of MongoDB . . . 11.15
11.9 Working with MongoDB . . . 11.15
11.10 CRUD Operations in MongoDB . . . 11.16
12. Structured Query Language (SQL) 12.1–12.56
12.2 Overview of SQL and MySQL . . . 12.1
12.3 Features of SQL . . . 12.2
12.4 Advantages of SQL . . . 12.2
12.5 Classification of SQL Statements . . . 12.3
12.5.1 Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands . . . 12.3
12.5.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands . . . 12.4
12.6 MySQL . . . 12.4
12.6.1 Starting MySQL Database . . . 12.5
12.7 SQL Data Types . . . 12.6
12.8 SQL Commands . . . 12.8
12.9 SQL Query Processing . . . 12.18
12.9.1 SQL SELECT Statement . . . 12.18
12.9.2 SQL Operators . . . 12.22
12.9.3 Comments in SQL . . . 12.27
12.10 SQL Aliases . . . 12.27
12.11 Putting Text in the Query Output . . . 12.29
12.12 SQL Special Operators . . . 12.29
12.12.1 Conditions Based on a Range—BETWEEN...AND . . . 12.29
12.12.2 Conditions Based on a List—IN . . . 12.30
12.12.3 Conditions Based on Pattern—LIKE . . . 12.31
12.13 Sorting in SQL—Order By . . . 12.33
12.13.1 Aggregate Functions . . . 12.33
13. Cyber Safety 13.1–13.22
13.2 Cyber Safety . . . 13.1
13.3 Safely Browsing the Web . . . 13.2
13.4 Identity Protection while Using Internet . . . 13.3
13.4.1 Ways of Tracking your Identity . . . 13.4
13.5 Confidentiality of Information . . . 13.6
13.6 Cybercrime . . . 13.6
13.6.1 Cyber Trolls . . . 13.7
13.6.2 Cyber Bullying . . . 13.7
13.6.3 Cyber Stalking . . . 13.7
13.6.4 Spreading Rumours Online . . . 13.8
13.6.5 Reporting Cybercrime . . . 13.8
13.6.6 Combating and Preventing Cybercrime . . . 13.8
13.7 Cyber Forensics . . . 13.9
13.8 IT ACT, 2000 . . . 13.9
13.9 Appropriate Usage of Social Media . . . 13.9
13.10 Network Security Threats . . . 13.11
13.10.1 Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks . . . 13.11
13.10.2 Malware . . . 13.11
13.10.3 Viruses . . . 13.12
13.10.4 Worms . . . 13.12
13.10.5 Trojans . . . 13.12
13.10.6 Zombie Computers and Botnets . . . 13.12
13.10.7 Spyware . . . 13.13
13.10.8 Phishing and Pharming . . . 13.13
13.10.9 Adware . . . 13.13
13.10.10 Eavesdropping . . . 13.14
13.10.11 Child Pornography . . . 13.14
13.11 Communicating Data Safely—Secure Connection . . . 13.15
13.12 Identity Verification . . . 13.17
13.13 Cyber Safety in a Nutshell . . . 13.17
VIVA VOCE V.1–V.4
To My Parents
Shri Gulshan Kumar Arora

and
Smt. Kamlesh Arora

Computer System
1 Organization
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Today, everything around us involves technology, primarily computers. Be it withdrawal of
money from the ATM, online shopping, e-learning, ticket reservation, payment of telephone
and electricity bills, or searching the internet for information, it has become a necessity for
everyone to know about computers and the latest technology. Even a student’s life revolves
around smartphones, whether it is email, web surfing, downloading or uploading information,
connecting to social networking sites, clicking photos, so on and so forth. In short, computer
has made a great impact on us and has become an integral part of our lives.
A computer’s capability to process, store, and retrieve data and information has made it intrinsic
to all kinds of environment—home, office or business. Widespread use of the computer has
made it imperative for us to have knowledge about it, its advantages and disadvantages, and
its internal structure.
So, technically, a computer is defined as an electronic device that takes input from the user in the
form of data and instructions, processes this data and produces result (output) as information.
Commit To Memory (CTM): A computer is an electronic device that accepts a set of instructions in
the form of a program, executes it and displays the output to the user.
Thus, working of a computer can be expressed as an equation given below—
Data Processing Information
S S Roll_no Marks
106 85 106 85
125 70 125 70
169 97 169 97
Fig. 1.1: Data, Processing and Information
where data is defined as raw facts or figures such as 106, “Shaurya”, “Class 11”. This data
does not have any meaning when presented as such. However, this data can be organized or
processed to transform it into useful information.
Information is defined as a collection of data which is organized in a particular manner to
generate meaningful or processed data. For example, “Shaurya is a Class 11 student with
Enrolment number 106”. This is a processed data which gives some meaningful information.
Therefore, a computer takes input in the form of data and generates output in the form of
information. This process of converting data into some meaningful information is called
Information Processing Cycle, which we will discuss now.
1.2 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer is a combination of hardware and software. Computer System
Hardware is the physical components of a computer
like motherboard, memory device, monitor, keyboard,
etc., while software is a set of programs or instructions. Hardware Software
Both hardware and software together make the Fig. 1.2: Components of a Computer System
computer system function. Let us first have a look at the functional components of a computer.
Every task given to a computer follows an
Input Output
Data Process Information Input-> Process-> Output Cycle (IPO cycle).
It accepts certain input, processes that input
and produces the desired output. The input
Storage
unit takes the input, the Central Processing Unit
(CPU) processes the data and the output unit
Fig. 1.3: IPO Cycle
produces output. The memory unit holds the
data and instructions during the processing.
Fig. 1.4 shows the basic structure of a computer. It is also known as Von Neumann Architecture.
A computer receives data and instructions through “Input Devices” which get processed by
the CPU and the result is shown through “Output Devices”. The “Main/Primary Memory” and
“Secondary/Auxiliary Memory” are used to store data inside the computer.
The main memory holds the input and intermediate output during the processing. Let us
discuss each unit/component in detail.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Control Unit (CU)
Input Arithmetic Output

Unit Logic Unit (ALU) Unit
Computer Science with Python–XI
Registers
Main/Primary Secondary
Memory Memory
Fig. 1.4: Functional Components of a Computer System
1.2
1.2.1 Input Unit
An input unit takes/accepts input and converts it into binary form so that it can be understood
by the computer. The computer input constitutes data and instructions.
The input unit comprises input devices attached to the computer. These devices accept input
from the user and convert it into a form that can be understood by the computer (i.e., binary
code/form). The term “Binary” means two states—ON/OFF or HIGH/LOW—voltage and, in
turn, two bits or symbols, 1 for ON and 0 for OFF.
CTM: An Input unit fetches the input and converts it into binary form which is directly understood by
the computer.
Let us now discuss the most extensively used input devices.

1. Keyboard: The most commonly used input device is a
keyboard which directly enters the data in the form
of letters, digits and commands into the computer.
A computer keyboard possesses additional keys in
contrast to a traditional typewriter, such as function
keys, alphanumeric keys, direction keys, and other keys (Special and lock keys).
2. Mouse: A mouse is a pointing device with a roller at its base, used for
moving a pointer on a computer monitor. It converts the movements of
the user’s hand into a unique set of binary digits representing the position
of the mouse at a particular instant. When a user moves a mouse across a
flat surface, the pointer moves in the direction of the mouse’s movement.
3. Light Pen: A light pen is a pointing device that can be used to
select anything on the computer screen by simply pointing at
it or for drawing figures directly on the screen. It consists of
a Photocell mounted on a pen-shaped tube and is capable of
sensing a position on the screen when its tip touches the screen.
Clicking is performed by pressing the pen on the screen. A light pen is mostly used by
engineers, architects or designers.
4. Optical Mark Reader (OMR): An OMR is capable of recognizing a
pre-specified type of mark made with a dark pencil or ink. Special
pre-printed forms are designed with the boxes that can be marked
with a dark pencil or ink. Such a document is read by an OMR, which
transcribes the marks into electrical pulses that are transmitted to the
computer. This technology is called Optical Mark Recognition.
It is commonly used for grading specially-designed MCQ answer sheets and in areas where
Computer System Organization
one response is chosen from a small number of alternatives and the volume of data to be
processed is very large.
5. Smart Card Reader: A smart card is embedded with a microprocessor
that can hold a certain amount of personal data in its memory. The
special reader machine that is used to read this microprocessor is
known as smart card reader. The card is made of plastic, generally PVC.
Smart cards are used as ATM cards, ID-card, credit and debit cards. They
are used in banking, medical, and in big companies and organizations
for strong security authentication. 1.3
6. Bar Code Reader: A bar code is a collection or a sequence of lines of
different heights and widths that are printed on various types of
products. The machine that reads these bar codes is called a bar code
reader. It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor which
translates optical impulses into electrical signals. Also, it contains
decoder circuitry which analyzes the bar code’s image data and sends
the bar code's content to the scanner’s output port.
7. QR Code Reader: QR Code is an abbreviation for Quick Response Code. It
is a special kind of barcode that anybody can scan with a Smartphone
App that usually directs the user to a website. QR Codes have gained
popularity in commercial marketing because they are very easy to handle.
The advantage of using QR codes is that you don’t have to type an entire
web address, the user merely scans the code which is further directed
for processing to an associated website, or sent through an SMS message, email address or
as an attachment to email message, with a calendar event or even with a location, etc.
8. Biometric Sensor: It is an input device that is used to uniquely identify
a person on the basis of his physical or behavioural traits. Biometric
sensors can scan human characteristics, such as eyes, fingerprints, and
DNA with the help of sensors. It is commonly used to mark attendance
of employees/students in organizations/institutions. It is also popular
as a security device to provide restricted entry to secured areas.
9. Touch Screen: It is a type of display screen which allows interaction with
computer through a touch-sensitive transparent panel covering the entire
screen without any intermediate device. The touch screen uses a technology
that enables the user to touch the screen with their fingers to select objects.
Touch screens are mostly found in systems such as ATMs and mobile
devices where the user needs to choose from a given list. Such systems are
also being used at shopping malls, amusement parks and airports.
10. Microphone: A microphone is an input device used to provide audio

data to a computer. It works with a sound card and is mainly used for
sound recording.
11. Web Camera: A webcam is a camera that is connected to a computer. It

captures still pictures as well as videos and, with the help of software, can
transmit them in real time. Unlike a digital camera and digital camcorder,
a webcam does not have any built-in storage. Instead, it always uses the
computer hard drive as its storage.
1.2.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the control centre/brain of a computer. It guides, directs, controls and governs
all the processing that takes place inside the computer. The CPU consists of two components—
ALU and CU—that perform their specific operation:
A. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): All calculations and comparisons are made in this unit. The
ALU performs the arithmetic (+, -, *, /) and logical (>, <, >=, <=, <>) operations, sent from
1.4 the memory, performs specific operations (addition, subtraction, etc.) and the result is
returned to the memory. The result of the logical operations is either true or false and
helps the computer in decision-making.
B. Control Unit (CU): The CU controls the flow of data from
input devices to memory and from memory to output Learning Tip: Control Unit (CU)
devices. It controls and guides the interpretation, controls all the functions like
input, output, storage and process.
flow and manipulation of all data and information. It
It instructs ALU which operation
does not actually process the data; instead, it sends is to be carried out.
control signals to ALU and memory for carrying out the
required operations.
C. Registers: These are high-speed temporary storage areas found in the CPU. Registers
work as per the instructions given by the control unit (CU), storing instructions and
data, immediately required for performing an operation. The CPU places the highest
priority jobs/data inside registers for faster execution/processing. Registers can be of
different sizes (16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and so on) and each register inside the CPU has a
specific function like storing data, storing an instruction, storing address of a location in
memory, etc.
1.2.3 Memory Unit (MU)

Memory unit (Primary/Main Memory) is used as a storage unit for program as well as data. It
is the computer memory that is accessed directly by the CPU.
The memory can be both primary and secondary depending upon its location in the computer
system. The primary memory, also termed as main memory, is directly accessible to the CPU
since all the work is done in the RAM (primary memory) and later on gets stored on the
secondary storage (hard disk). Hence, there is an indirect contact between CPU and hard disk.
On the contrary, the secondary memory, also known as auxiliary memory or auxiliary storage,
includes magnetic storage devices such as hard disk drives, magnetic drums, etc. The secondary
storage can be accessed by the CPU through input-output controllers or units. The memory of
the computer is like a predefined working space where it temporarily keeps information and
data to facilitate its working. When the task is executed or finished, it clears the memory and this
memory space is available for the next task to be executed or performed. Main memory, i.e., RAM
(Random Access Memory), which is the primary memory of a computer system, is composed
of cells. A memory cell is a device that stores a single symbol selected from a set of symbols.
As shown in the Fig. 1.5, each of these
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 cell 0
cells is further broken down into smaller cell 1
components—bits. A bit stands for Bit cell 2
binary digit, i.e., either 0 or 1, which is 1 Byte :
an elementary unit of computer memory. :

Combinations of these bits together are cell n
used to store the data and instructions. Fig. 1.5: Memory Cells
Eight bits together form 1 byte.

CTM: 8 bits = 1 byte 4 bits = 1 nibble
 Unit of measurement

The memory unit or main memory is divided into:

(a) Random Access Memory (RAM)
(b) Read-Only Memory (ROM) 1.5
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
It is a read/write memory as it is possible to both
read from and write to a location within RAM. It
is used for primary storage in computers to hold
active information of data and instructions. The
RAM is a volatile memory as it loses its contents
when the power is switched off or interrupted. Fig. 1.6: RAM (Random Access Memory)
The RAM chips in a computer can be categorized into two types:
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• SRAM (Static RAM)
Static RAM retains its contents as long as the power
is connected and is easy to interface but uses six CTM: Memory Access Time: The
amount of time taken to retrieve
transistors per bit. On the contrary, Dynamic RAM data required from memory,
is more complicated to interface and control and from the start of access until the
needs regular refresh cycles to prevent its contents data becomes available, is called
from being lost. However, DRAM uses only one memory access time.
transistor and a capacitor per bit, allowing it to
reach much higher densities and, with more bits on a memory chip, be much cheaper
per bit. RAM provides faster access than secondary memory with less memory access
time.
 ROM (Read-Only Memory)
It is a read-only memory, i.e., the data and instructions
are placed in the ROM at the time of its manufacturing
and can’t be changed thereafter.
ROM is slower than RAM and is used to hold certain
essential instructions to check basic hardware
components such as booting, procedures to load Fig. 1.7: ROM (Read-Only Memory)
operating system and frequently needed functions.
 Cache Memory
Cache memory is a small memory that operates
much faster than the primary memory or RAM. RAM
When the CPU requires certain data present

in RAM (primary memory), it first sends the CACHE
CPU
request to the cache [Fig. 1.8(a)], which stores

Fig. 1.8(a): Cache Memory
recently-used values. Since cache memory is
placed between CPU and main memory, it makes this data available to the CPU very
quickly by sending the data to CPU instead of the main memory and thus reduces
access time significantly, thereby improving the overall performance of the computer.
It is also called CPU memory that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly
than it can access regular RAM [Fig. 1.8(b)]. This memory is typically integrated
directly with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus
interconnect with the CPU.
1.6
Cache
Memory RAM Hard disk
CPU
Fig. 1.8(b): Placement of Cache Memory inside CPU
CTM: Cache Memory, also called CPU memory, is a high-speed memory available inside the CPU in order
to speed up access to data and instructions stored in RAM.
• Units of Memory
The elementary unit of memory is a bit. A bit stands for binary digit, i.e., either 0 or 1,
which is an elementary unit of computer memory. Combinations of these bits together
are used to store the data and instructions. Eight bits together form 1 byte and a
group of four bits is called a Nibble.
Table 1.1 shows the computer memory units used till date.
Table 1.1: Computer Memory Units
S. No. Unit Description
1. Binary Digit 1 Bit
2. Byte 1 Byte = 8 Bits
3. Kilo Byte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
4. Mega Byte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
5. Giga Byte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
6. Tera Byte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
7. Peta Byte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB
8. Exa Byte (EB) 1 EB = 1024 PB
9. Zetta Byte (ZB) 1 ZB = 1024 EB
10. Yotta Byte (YB) 1 YB = 1024 ZB
11. Bronto Byte (Brontobyte) 1 Bronto Byte = 1024 YB
12. Geop Byte (Geopbyte) 1 Geop Byte = 1024 Brontobytes
1.2.4 Output Unit

Output unit is formed by the output devices attached to the computer. Output devices produce
the output generated by the CPU in human readable form. These devices can also be used to
store the result for further use.
The commonly used output devices are explained as under:
 Visual Display Unit (VDU)/Monitor: The monitor, popularly known
as screen, is the most common device for displaying the output of

the computer-processed information. It displays information in
the same way as it is seen on a television screen. The monitor is
also called Visual Display Terminal (VDT) or Visual Display Unit
(VDU). Its display may be CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display), Plasma or touch sensitive.
CTM: A Monitor is termed as both an Input as well as an Output device.
1.7
 LCD Screen (Television): A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is
smaller and lighter in weight as compared to a CRT monitor
and, hence, ideal for use in laptops, palmtops and other
portable devices.
 Printer: A printer is an output device which is used to generate hard copies (printout) of the
output generated by the computer system. The printer can generate both text and images
on paper.
Printers are classified as Impact (there is a mechanical contact between printer head and
paper) and Non-impact Printers (no mechanical contact between printer head and
paper). The various types of printers are as follows:
(i) Dot Matrix Printer: A dot matrix printer (also known as Serial
printer) prints one character at a time. It uses dots to create
an image. This printer prints characters by striking an ink-
soaked ribbon against the paper and, hence, is termed as
Impact Printer. These printers have low operating costs and
can be used to generate carbon copies also.
(ii) Inkjet/DeskJet/Bubble Jet Printers: An inkjet printer is the
most common type of low-cost printer. It uses the technique
of spreading quick dry ink on paper. The ink is stored in the
form of cartridges of different colours (red, green, black and
yellow). These printers generate high quality prints and are
ideal for small offices and homes.
(iii) Laser Printers: These printers use laser technology to produce
printed documents. These are very fast printers and are used for
high quality prints.
 Speakers: A speaker is a type of output device that generates sound as an output. For a
speaker to produce sound, a special device called sound card is required to be installed
in the computer system.
 Plotters: Plotters are the output devices that are used for
producing good quality images and drawings. Unlike printers,
they support printing of large-sized papers. They are mainly
used in computer-aided designing (CAD).
1.3 SECONDARY MEMORY

Secondary storage devices are used to store a large amount of data permanently, which is not
possible by using the primary or main memory. The amount of data a disk can hold is defined
as Disk Capacity, which is measured in terms of bytes, kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), and so
on. Some of the common secondary storage devices are as follows:
(a) Hard Disk: A hard disk is a non-volatile, high capacity storage device ranging from 1GB
to several Terabytes. It consists of solid rounded disks, packed on one another, made
up of a magnetic material and sealed inside a case. It does not get lost or damaged by
mishandling, as a hard disk is generally fixed inside the computer.
Data is stored on the platters in tracks, sectors and cylinders to keep it organized and
easier to find.
1.8
Platter Spindle
(Disk driving motor)
Actuator Track
Head
Axis Spindle Platter
Boom
Actuator Sector
Moving
direction of
arm
Cylinder
HDD Case
Read/Write
Actuator head
Arm
Fig. 1.9: Hard Disk and its major components
• Track: Each platter is divided into concentric rings called “Tracks”. There are thousands
of tracks on each platter. A track is divided into segments of sectors which is the basic
unit of storage.
• Sector: Each track is divided into sectors. A sector, as a rule, holds 512 bytes of data.
• Cylinder: A cylinder consists of a set of tracks described by all the heads (on separate
platters) at a single seek position. Each cylinder is equidistant from the centre of the disk.
(b) Blu-Ray Disc: A Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a high-capacity optical disk medium
developed for recording, rewriting and playing back high definition
video. It can store large amounts of data and was designed to supersede
the DVD. Blu-ray discs support higher resolutions and more advanced
video and audio formats as compared to DVDs.
(c) Compact Disk (CD): Capacity of standard 120mm
CD is 700MB. It is a thin optical disk which is commonly used
to store audio and video data. Transfer speed is mentioned as
multiple of 150 KB/s. 4X means 600 KB/s.
(d) Magnetic Tapes: In this, magnetic coatings are stored as data on a thin tape.
Earlier, this medium was used for archival purposes.
(e) DVD: Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc is an optical disc
storage device. It can be recorded on single side or on double side.
Its capacity may range from 4.7 GB to 8.5 GB.
(f) USB Pen Drive: This is a small, portable memory which can be plugged into
a computer with USB Port. They have a capacity lesser than hard disk but
much larger than a floppy or CD. They are more reliable also. They are also
called pen drive.
(g) Memory Cards: These are data storage devices mainly used with
digital cameras, computers, mobile phones, music players, video
game console, etc. They offer high record ability with power-free
storage.
1.9
1.4 COMMUNICATION BUS
A collection of wires that transfer data between computer components, i.e., carry binary
information to or from input/output devices and memory. It usually transmits binary numbers,
one bit per wire. The bus system in computer is made up of three types of buses:
1. Address Bus 2. Data Bus 3. Control Bus
Input and
CPU Memory
Output
Control bus
System bus
Address bus
Data bus
Fig. 1.10: Communication Bus System
1. Address Bus: Address bus system is used to specify address of a data/memory location.
CPU is connected to main memory by a set of parallel wires which is the Address bus,
which carries address to Memory Address Register (MAR). The width of a bus determines
the number of memory locations that can be addressed. Address bus consists of 16 wires;
thus, it consumes 16 bits, i.e., its width is 16 bits. For example, a 64-bit address bus can
transfer 264 memory locations/addresses.
2. Data Bus: Data bus carries data in binary form. It is an 8-bit bus to transfer data from one
place/component to another in a computer system.
The size of data bus from memory to CPU equals the number of bits in an
instruction called CPU word length. Also, number of parallel wires is called bus width as
it depends on the number of bits.
3. Control Bus: Control bus carries instructions to carry out operations such as Read from/
Write to memory and its associated Input-Output (I/O) operations.
Apart from the above described important bus systems, a separate type of bus
called I/O (Input-Output) bus connects the input, output and other external devices to
the system.
1.5 MOBILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

In today’s modern era, hand-held smartphones have replaced the computer system to a great
extent. Although smartphones have greater processing/computing power, it is still much less
than a computer system.
A mobile OS controls the entire functioning of a mobile device through the extensive use of
various mobile applications and supports wireless communication. It is capable of handling
endless applications, be it sending a text message (SMS), making a call through radio
transmission, supporting multimedia formats for sending graphical/audio/video files, offering
camera utilities, handling touchscreen responses and much more.
1.10
Apart from its tremendous working capabilities, mobile OS has a few limitations as well, such
as connectivity problems, mobile CPU speed, memory, battery life, display constraints and size
constraints of input devices. Fig. 1.11 describes the functional components of a mobile system.
Fig. 1.11: Mobile System Organization
Let us discuss each of these components one by one.
1.5.1 Mobile Processor

Just like CPU is the brain of a computer system, mobile processor is the brain of a smartphone.
It receives and executes every command, performing billions of calculations per second. The
effectiveness of the processor directly affects every application you run, whether it’s the camera,
the music player, or just a simple email program. The ability of the processor to coordinate
efficient communication between the wireless data, graphics and memory is essential for
effective communication and smooth operation.
A mobile processor further constitutes three units as described below:
(a) Applications Processing Unit (APU)
(b) Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

(c) Communications Processing Unit
(a) Applications Processing Unit (APU)

The Applications Processing Unit of a mobile processor works the same way as the Control
Unit (CU) of a computer system. It is responsible for controlling and governing the entire
set of tasks and execution that takes place inside a mobile system.
1.11
Application processor executes the user applications and the related OS services which
include audio/video codec and players, games, connecting to other devices, playing music,
saving data, image processing, speech processing, internet browsing, text editing, etc.
Application processor takes help from graphics accelerators as and when needed and works
in association with Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).
(b) Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

The GPU processes graphical and visual data, so is responsible for such things as rendering
web pages and game play. Having a dedicated GPU is much more efficient than letting the
CPU handle it since it allows for lower power consumption while offering such benefits
as better image processing and anti-aliasing and geometric realism. The better the GPU,
the better the visualization of complex websites and 3D video games.
CTM: The GPU assists the APU by handling graphics and visuals. In other words, GPU handles all
graphics-related processing of a mobile CPU.
(c) Communications Processing Unit

The Communications Processing Unit is the unit that controls the call-making and receiving
mechanism on a smartphone. It coordinates with middleware software present inside
a mobile phone and is composed of a digital signal processor that coordinates with
Transceiver/Receiver and Audio subsystem.
 Radio Signal Management Unit: This unit is responsible for connecting SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module) to the base stations through radio signals like in
Cellular networks such as 3G/LTE/4G-based cellular networks.
 Audio Subsystem: This sub-unit converts the voice signals (analog type) into digital
signals and vice versa. The voice signals receive an input through built-in mic and
convert the generated audio output and send it to in-built speaker. The audio system
comprises two sub-parts for carrying out the above conversions.
 DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) converts digital signal into analog audio signal.
 ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) converts analog audio signal received from the
person who is making the call into digital form so that the mobile processor can work
on it.
These components are fabricated on a single chip and, hence, the entire integration is
described as System-on-a-Chip (SoC). Thus, SoC can be described in the expression as:
SoC = CPU + GPU + Display Processor + Radio signal processor + Video processor
The major advantage of SoC architecture for mobile

Learning Tip: Mobile applications are
processor is that SoC chips consume less power as
the software programs developed
compared to their counterparts. for mobile devices. They are also
known as app, web app, online app,
iPhone app or smartphone app.
1.5.2 Camera ISP (Image Signal Processor)
An integrated Image Signal Processor provides the image processing interface. It is designed
to deliver a tightly bound image processing package and enable an improved overall picture
and video experience. It provides a complete set of image processing operations like instant
image capture, high-resolution support, image stabilization and other image enhancements.
1.12
1.5.3 Display Unit
The display unit of a smartphone provides touch interactive screen that activates touch sensors
of the mobile system and responds to the instructions given by the user using this sensor-
enabled screen and display.
1.5.4 Memory Unit

Like a computer system, a smartphone can be effectively used for carrying out various tasks
and running several applications which require memory to work. A mobile system’s memory
is classified into two types:
 RAM (Random Access Memory): No smartphone can function without the use of RAM and
memory (system storage). Whatever applications we are working upon are first loaded
into RAM and acted upon by the mobile processor.
 ROM (Read-Only Memory): As the name suggests, this memory allows the user read
operation only. The smartphone OS resides in ROM and gets loaded into RAM when we
start running the applications inside this internal memory.
1.5.5 Power Management/Battery Management

A mobile phone battery (cellphone battery, accumulator) is the main source of power supply
for this device. Almost all mobile phones are equipped with lithium-ion batteries. A lithium-
polymer battery is the latest type of battery being used for smartphones nowadays. The lithium-
ion batteries allow for a high charge capacity based on the size and weight of the battery.
However, these lithium-ion batteries are slightly expensive and they are not compatible with
the old-generation smartphones.
Battery capacity is a measure that indicates how much electricity a battery can give. For
smartphones, capacity is measured in milliampere-hours (MAh). A larger capacity of battery
provides longer operation time without recharging.
1.6 SOFTWARE CONCEPTS

A computer system has two parts—Hardware and Software. Hardware refers to the physical
or tangible (which can be touched) components while software is the code; in other words, a
set of instructions necessary to operate/run the computer hardware.
We can also say that software is a set of programs which is designed to perform a well-defined
function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem and
to make the hardware run. All the programs used in a computer to perform specific tasks are
called software.
Types of Software
Software can be broadly categorized into three types depending upon their functions and user
requirement:
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software
4. Libraries
1.13
SOFTWARE
System Utility Application

Libraries
Software Software Software
Operating Language General Customized

System Translators Purpose Software
Compiler Interpreter Assembler
Fig. 1.12: Classification of Computer Software
1.6.1 System Software

These programs provide the environment for running application
programs and are designed to control the operation of a computer
system. System software comprises programs which interact with
the hardware at the core or basic level. It directs the computer what
to do, when to do and how to do. Thus, system software serves as
the interface between hardware and the user.
The different functions of system software are:
1. Reading data and receiving information
2. Translating data and instructions
3. Controlling all the peripheral devices
4. Processing and generating output
System software can be further categorized into
• Operating System
• Language Translators
CTM: The software that controls internal computer operations is called System Software.
1.6.2 Application Software

Application software is bought by the user to perform specific applications or tasks,
for example, making a document or making a presentation or handling inventory or managing
the employee database.
Application software are classified into two types—General Purpose Application Software and
Customized Application Software.
 General Purpose Application Software
Some of the application software are made for the common users for day-to-day applications
and uses. These are also referred to as Office Tools. The users may use them in the manner
they want.
For example, Word processing software, spreadsheet software, Database Management System
(DBMS), Integrated Development Environment (IDE), etc.
1.14
 Specific Purpose Application/Customized Software
Customized Software is one which is tailor-made as per the user’s requirement. Such
type of software is customer-specific. It is made keeping in mind the individual needs
of the user and so is also referred to as Domain Specific Tool. Such software cannot be
installed and used by any other user/customer since the requirements may differ. For
example, Banking System, Payroll Management System, Financial Accounting, Inventory
Management Software, Billing System, etc.
1.6.3 Utility Software

Utility software are those application programs that assist the computers by
performing housekeeping functions like scanning, data backup, removing
viruses, etc.
Utility software provides certain tasks that help in proper maintenance of the computer.
The job of utility programs is to help the computer system run smoothly. Nowadays, many
utility software are part of the operating system itself. Even if there are no utility software
on your computer, the computer will work, but with the right kind of utility software loaded,
the computer becomes more reliable and even its processing speed increases. Some of the
commonly used utility software are antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup, compression, etc.
 Antivirus Software
An antivirus is a utility software which detects and removes computer viruses or infected
areas from the computer hardware for smooth functioning. If the software is not able to
remove the virus, it is neutralized. The antivirus keeps a watch on the functioning of the
computer system. If a virus is found, it may alert the user, flag the infected program or kill
the virus.
 Disk Defragmenter
This utility helps to rearrange files and unused space on the hard disk. The memory is used
in small chunks randomly. Sometimes when a memory chunk of appropriate size is not
available, the operating system breaks or fragments the files, resulting in slower access
to files. A disk defragmenter scans the hard disk for fragmented files and brings all the
fragments together.
 Backup Utility
This utility helps in taking backup of the data, i.e., duplicating the disk information. It creates
a copy of the complete or partial data stored in a disk or DVD or CD on any other external
disk attached to it. In case the hard disk crashes or some other system failure occurs, the
files can be restored using backup software.
 Compression Utility
This utility helps in compression of large files. Using compression, files are stored in a
special format that takes less space.
Moreover, these compressed files can be exploded back to their original form when required.
Thus, compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage and reducing the file
size makes file transmission on the network become easier.
1.15
 Disk Cleaner
This utility scans for files that have not been accessed/used since long. Such files might be
occupying a huge amount of memory space. In that case, the Disk Cleaner utility prompts
the user to delete such files so as to create more space on the disk. If the files are important,
the user might take a backup before deleting them.
 Device Drivers
A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of device (usually a peripheral
device) that is externally attached to the computer. There are device drivers for printers,
scanners, displays, web cameras, modems, DVD readers and so on. Nowadays, most of the
device drivers are in built and we don’t have to specially install them.
Fig. 1.13: Utility Software
1.7 CONCEPT OF OPERATING SYSTEM

User 1 User 2 User n
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface
between the user and hardware of the computer as
shown in Fig. 1.14. The OS helps to manage resources
System Application
of the computer and optimize its performance. An OS Software Software
is the first program to be executed on a computer after Software
the BIOS. OS performs all basic tasks such as identifying Operating System
basic input/output devices, accepting input from the
input devices, sending results to the output devices,

keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and Hardware CPU RAM I/O
controlling other peripheral devices such as disk drives
and printers. Fig. 1.14: Operating System
CTM: An operating system is an integrated set of specialized programs that is used to manage the overall
operations of a computer. It acts like an interface between the user, computer hardware and software.
Every computer must have an operating system to run other programs. DOS (Disk Operating
System), UNIX, LINUX and Windows are some of the commonly-used operating systems.
1.16
 Need for an Operating System
Operating system is an essential component of the system software inside a computer
system. An operating system is needed for the following reasons:
1. User Interface: Operating system provides instructions to prepare user interface,
i.e., way to interact with the user either through GUI (Graphical User Interface) or
command prompts.
2. Program Execution: It loads necessary programs into the computer memory which
are required for its proper functioning.
3. Resource Allocation: Operating system controls and allocates the system resources
like CPU time, memory (RAM), etc.
4. Manipulation of File System: It manages the method/format in which information is
stored on and retrieved from the hard disk.
5. I/O Operations: Operating system handles all the input-output (I/O) operations.
6. Error Detection: It performs the crucial function of error detection and handling.
7. Operating system controls the various system hardware and software resources and
allocates them to the users or programs as per their requirement.
Thus, an operating system performs several functions such as Process Management, Memory
Management, File Management and Device Management.
OS as a Resource Manager
Operating system is responsible for allocating resources to the specific programs to complete
their task.
When a computer has multiple users, the need for managing and controlling the resources
(like memory, file, devices, etc.) is even greater. Operating system keeps track of who is using
which resource, grants resource request and handles the same request from different users
and programs.
Thus, operating system as a resource manager manages and protects multiple computer
resources: CPU, Processes, Internal/External memory, Tasks, Applications, Users, Communication
channels, etc.
It handles and allocates resources to multiple users or multiple programs running at the same
time and space (e.g., processor time, memory, I/O devices).
It also decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use (For example,
maximize throughput, minimize response time). Resource management constitutes multiplexing
(sharing) resources. It is carried out in two different manners:
• Time multiplexing
• Space multiplexing
1.17
Computer System
I/O Devices
Memory
Operating I/O Controller Printers,

System Keyboards,
Software Digital camera,
I/O Controller etc.
Programs
and Data
I/O Controller
Processor Processor
Storage
OS
Programs
Data
Fig. 1.15: OS as a Resource Manager
In time multiplexing, CPU time gets shared among different programs, or users use it in
turns. Consider a situation where different programs give command to print at the same time.
Time resource manager manages the task and determines who will go next and for how long.
Programs or users take turns, i.e., only one at a time. Thus, the multiple print commands lined
up on a single printer shall be carried out one by one.
In space multiplexing, instead of completing one by one, each one gets some part of the resource.
Main memory is divided amongst several running programs. OS assumes enough memory to
hold multiple programs, as it is more efficient to hold several programs at once rather than
allocating all the memory to a single user.
Program Loader
A loader is a part of an operating system, i.e., a system software program, that is responsible
for loading programs and libraries from secondary storage devices into the main memory. It is
one of the essential stages in the process of starting a program as it places programs into the
memory and prepares them for execution.
Loading a program involves reading the contents of the executable file containing the program
instructions into memory and then carrying out other required preparatory tasks to prepare
the executable file for running. Once loading is complete, the operating system starts the
program by passing control to the loaded program code.
1.18
Memory
Source Object
Assembler Linker
Program Program
Object
Executable program
Code ready for
execution
Loader
Fig. 1.16: Role of Loader and Linker
1.8 PROGRAM EXECUTION

The basic execution of a program involves loading of a program, the process of compilation,
followed by linking and its execution.
In the previous section, we have learnt about the concept of loading. Now we will look into the
concept of compilation.
Language Translator/Compilation
We know that computer understands instructions in machine code, i.e., in the form of 0s and
1s. It is difficult for us to write a computer program directly in machine code. The programs
are written mostly in high-level languages, i.e., BASIC, C++, Python, etc. A program written in
any high-level programming language (or written in assembly language) is called the Source
Program or Source Code.
The source code cannot be executed directly by the computer. It must be converted into machine
language to be executed. The program translated into machine code is known as Object Program
or Object Code.
The special translator system software that is used to translate the program written in high-
level language (or assembly language) into machine code is called language processor or
translator program. The language processors can be of any of the following three types—
Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter.
(a) Assembler
Assembler is used to translate the program written in assembly language into machine code.
The input of assembler is a source program that contains assembly language instructions.
The output generated by the assembler is the object code or machine code understandable
by the computer.
Assembly CONVERT
Assembler Object Code
Source Code
Fig. 1.17: Working of an Assembler
(b) Compiler
Source Machine
The language processor that translates the complete Compiler
code code
source program as a whole in one go into machine
code is called compiler. Some of the examples are Errors
C and C++ compilers. 1.19
The program translated into machine code is called the object program. The source code is
translated into object code successfully if it is free from errors. If there are any errors in
the source code, the compiler specifies the errors at the end of the compilation with line
numbers. The errors must be removed before the compiler can successfully recompile the
source code again.
(c) Interpreter
The language processor that translates a single statement of source program into machine
code and executes it immediately before moving on to the next line is called an Interpreter.
If there is an error in the statement, the interpreter terminates its translating process at
that statement and displays an error message.
Only after removal of the error does the interpreter move on to the next line for execution.
Source Code Source Code
Statement Statement
Interpretation Execution
Executable program
object
Compiler Interpreter
Fig. 1.18: Compiler vs Interpreter
 Difference between Compiler and Interpreter

1. A compiler debugs the whole program in one go whereas an interpreter debugs it line
by line.
2. Errors traced by a compiler are displayed at the end of the program along with their
respective line numbers. On the other hand, interpreter displays the errors line-wise.
It does not move on to the next line or execute further until the error in the current
line is removed.
3. A compiler program occupies less memory space in comparison to an interpreter
because the program does not reside in the memory once it is compiled in one go. But
in the case of an interpreter, it results in more memory wastage since the program
remains in the memory until all the errors are removed.
4. A compiler takes less execution time in comparison to an interpreter.
Linker
The final stage of compilation process is Linking. When a program gets compiled, the source
code gets converted into object code; this object code is further combined with the necessary
associated files, libraries and built-in object code to convert it into an executable file that
1.20
actually produces the output. This entire process is termed as Linking and the software program
that carries out the task of linking is termed as a Linker. The process of linking comprises
resolving references to external symbols, assigning final addresses to methods/functions
and variables, and revising code and data to reflect new addresses (termed as the process of
Relocation).
Start
Program Code Enter Program
Edit Source
C Compiler Compile Source
Syntax YES
Error
NO
System Library Link System Library
Execute System Code
Logic
YES
&
Data Error
NO
Correct Code
Stop
Fig. 1.19: Basic flow of Compilation and Program Execution
1.9 LIBRARIES
A library is a collection of precompiled routines that a program can use. The routines,
sometimes called modules, are stored in object format. Libraries are particularly useful for
storing frequently-used routines because you do not need to explicitly link them to every
program that uses them. The linker automatically looks in libraries for routines that it does
not find elsewhere.

A library consists of several modules which occupy an independent namespace for a particular
program language operation or particular task. So, in order to work with a particular function
or a specific operation, you must import that particular library into your program. For example,
while working with Python modules/functions, we may require a particular library to be added
to the source code (program).
1.21
To find the power of a number, xy, we need to import math library:
>>> import math #importing math library
>>> print(pow(5,3)) #125 is generated as the output
>>> print(sqrt(25)) # 5 is displayed as the output.
Thus, libraries play a significant role in program compilation and execution. All the available
functions within a software library can just be called/used within the program body without
defining them explicitly. Similarly, a compiler might automatically add a related software library
to a program at run time.
1.10 CLOUD COMPUTING

It is a technology of distributed data processing in which some scalable information resources
and capacities are provided as a service to multiple external customers through the internet
technology. It allows storing, accessing data and programs using the internet.
Server
Application
Laptop
Desktop
Monitoring Content Collaboration Communication Finance
Platform
Object Storage Identity Runtime Queue Database
Infrastructure
Network
Compute Block Storage
Phone Tablet
CLOUD COMPUTING
Fig. 1.20: Concept of Cloud Computing
There are broadly two types of clouds one can access:

(a) Public Cloud
(b) Private Cloud
(a) Public Cloud: It is defined as a public or common cloud service provided to multiple users
on a network. Public cloud services are provided through a common portal or virtual
platform owned and operated by a third-party cloud provider. In a public cloud service,
the resources such as memory, hardware devices and network devices are shared by all
the clients (or organizations that use the same cloud, called subscribers) who are known
as cloud “tenants”.
For example, Google drive, Microsoft OneDrive/OneNote, iCloud, Amazon Cloud Drive, etc.
(b) Private Cloud: Private cloud is a virtual private interface provided by an individual or
owned by one organization. In a private cloud, all the resources such as memory and
services are dedicated solely to an organization.
1.22
The basic concept of cloud computing further consists of:
 IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)—A computer infrastructure, typically presented in
the form of virtualization. It is a service within the concept of cloud hosting.
 PaaS (Platform as a Service)—An integrated platform for the development, deployment,
testing and support of web applications. It is presented as a service on the basis of the
concept of cloud hosting.
 SaaS (Software as a Service)—The business model of software licence which involves
development and support of the software vendor. Customers also have the opportunity
of paid use of it, usually through the internet.
Value Visibility to End Users
End
Saas Users
Paas Application
Developers
laaS
Network
Architects
Fig. 1.21: Implementation of Cloud Computing
 DaaS (Desktop as a Service)—DaaS is another business model of software licence, a

slightly improved version of SaaS, mostly involving simultaneous use of multiple services
necessary to complete a work. It was first introduced in the early 2000s. In addition, it
also implements the concept of cloud hosting technology. Both the above concepts show
that through the World Wide Web using Cloud Hosting, any requirement can be met in
the processing of information. Thus, the main advantage of cloud computing hosting is the
IT-based business solutions that it provides.
CTM: Cloud computing refers to having access to all your applications and data from any network device.
1.11 PARALLEL COMPUTING

Parallel computing is the simultaneous use of multiple computer resources to solve a
computational problem:
• A problem is broken down into discrete parts that can be solved concurrently.
• Each part is further broken down into a series of instructions.
• An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed.

• Instructions from each part gets executed.
1.23
problem instructions
instruc N
instruc 7
instruc 6
instruc 5
instruc 4
instruc 3
instruc 2
instruc 1
do_payroll(emp1) processor
instruc N
instruc 7
instruc 6
instruc 5
instruc 4
instruc 3
instruc 2
instruc 1
instruc N
instruc 7
instruc 6
instruc 5
instruc 4
instruc 3
instruc 2
instruc 1
instruc N
instruc 7
instruc 6
instruc 5
instruc 4
instruc 3
instruc 2
instruc 1
do_payroll(empN) processor
tN t3 t2 t1
Fig. 1.22: Parallel Computing
Virtually all stand-alone computers today are parallel from the hardware perspective:
• Multiple functional units (L1 cache, L2 cache, branch, prefetch, decode, floating-point,
graphics processing unit (GPU), integer, etc.)
• Multiple execution units/cores
• Multiple hardware threads
 Why Use Parallel Computing

1. The real world is massively parallel
2. Saves time and/or money
3. Solves larger/more complex problems; provides concurrency
4. Takes advantage of non-local resources
5. Makes better use of underlying parallel hardware
MEMORY BYTES
 Data: Data is defined as raw facts, such as figures, symbols and numbers that can be used for analysis.
 Information: Information is defined as a collection of data.

 Operating system (OS): An OS acts as an intermediary (providing communication) between the user of a computer
and computer hardware.
 Hardware devices: Input devices, system unit, output devices and memory devices are collectively known as
hardware devices.
 Buses: A bus can be defined as a set of wires/cables to carry binary information to or from input/output devices
and memory.
 The CPU interacts closely with primary storage or main memory, referring to it for both instructions and data.
 There are three basic components in the CPU register section—arithmetic logic unit, memory and control unit.
 Central processing unit is the brain of any computer system.
1.24
 Control unit controls all the hardware operations, i.e., input and output units, storage and processor, etc.
 The arithmetic logic units in computers are capable of performing addition, subtraction, division and
multiplication as well as some logical operations.
 The memory of a computer can hold program instructions, data values and the intermediate results of calculations.
 Memory Unit is an essential component for storing the programs and data executed by the CPU.
 The main memory of a computer is also known as RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory.
 External memory, which is sometimes called backing store or secondary memory, allows the permanent storage
of large quantities of data.
 Cloud computing, often referred to as “the cloud”, is the delivery of on-demand computing resources over the
internet on a pay-for-use basis.
 The numbers ‘0’ and ‘1’ are called binary digits.
 A buffer is a data area shared by hardware devices or program processes that operate at different speeds or
with different sets of priorities.
 Parallel computing is the use of two or more processors (cores, computers) in combination to solve a single problem.
 Memory card: A memory card can store various types of data, such as text, pictures, graphics, audio and video.
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Fill in the blanks.
(a) A program which acts as an interface between a user and hardware is called .................................. .
(b) A collection of 4 bits is called a .................................. .
(c) Binary number system has digits as .................................. and .................................. .
(d) A collection of 8 bits is called a .................................. .
(e) .................................. is a pointing device.
(f) .................................. is read-only memory that stores some pre-written instructions.
(g) .................................. is a new universal coding standard adopted by all new platforms.
(h) The .................................. in computers is capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations.
(i) .................................. controls all the hardware operations of a computer system.
(j) The expanded form of ISCII is ...................................................................................................... .
(k) A .................................. is a non-volatile high capacity storage device ranging from 1 GB to several
terabytes.
(l) .................................. memory speeds up access to data and instructions stored in RAM.
Answers: (a) Operating system (b) Nibble (c) 0, 1
(d) Byte (e) Mouse (f) ROM
(g) Unicode (h) ALU (i) Control unit
(j) Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (k) Hard disk
(l) Cache
2. State whether the following statements are True or False.
(a) Control unit sends control signals to ALU and memory for carrying out the required operations.
(b) A light pen is a pointing device that can be used to select anything on the computer screen by simply
pointing at it or for drawing figures directly on the screen.
(c) RAM operates much faster than cache memory.
(d) 1 GB is equal to 1024 KB.
(e) An operating system acts as an interface between the user, computer hardware and software.
(f) A computer has the capacity to perform calculations and other logical functions, whereas a calculator
only performs arithmetic and geometrical operations.
(g) A word is the maximum amount of data a CPU can process at once.
(h) An address bus carries data from one place to another in a computer system.
(i) Dot matrix printer uses laser technology to produce printed documents.
1.25
(j) The primary memory unit stores the data and instructions permanently.
(k) ROM is volatile in nature.
(l) External memory allows permanent storage of large quantities of data.
Answers: (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) False (e) True (f) True
(g) True (h) False (i) False (j) False (k) False (l) True
3. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
(a) What is the full form of IPO?
(i) Input Process Output (ii) Input Print Output
(iii) Internet Print Output (iv) Internet Process Output
(b) Which is the fastest memory device?
(i) RAM (ii) Register (iii) Blu ray disc (iv) Hard disk
(c) What is the full form of RAM?
(i) Read Access Memory (ii) Random Access Memory
(iii) Raw Access Memory (iv) Right Access Memory
(d) ROM is a
(i) Volatile memory. (ii) Non-volatile memory.
(iii) Both (i) and (ii) (iv) None of these
(e) What is information?
(i) Collection of data (ii) Collection of programs
(iii) Collection of instructions (iv) None of these
(f) Which of the following falls under utilities?
(i) Text editor (ii) Backup (iii) Disk defragmenter (iv) All of these
(g) Which of the following are the sub-units that make the CPU?
(i) Control unit (ii) ALU
(iii) Both (i) and (ii) (iv) None of these
(h) Which is/are the type(s) of OS?
(i) Single-user OS (ii) Multi-user OS (iii) Time-sharing OS (iv) All of these
(i) What is the full form of ISCII?
(i) International Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ii) Indian Script Code for Information Interchange
(iii) International Script Code for Information Interchange
(iv) None of these
(j) 1 TB is equivalent to:
(i) 210 bytes (ii) 210 MB (iii) 210 GB (iv) 210 KB
(k) Storage of 1 KB means the following number of bytes:
(i) 1000 (ii) 964 (iii) 1024 (iv) 1064
(l) One megabyte is equivalent to:
(i) 210 bytes (ii) 220 bytes
(iii) 230 bytes (iv) None of these
Answers: (a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (ii) (d) (ii) (e) (i) (f) (iv)
(g) (iii) (h) (iv) (i) (ii) (j) (iii) (k) (iii) (l) (iv)
SOLVED QUESTIONS
1. List the names of two components of CPU.
Ans. The names of two components of CPU are as follows:
• Control Unit • Arithmetic Logic Unit
2. What is an I-P-O cycle?
Ans. A computer takes input in the form of data and generates output in the form of information. This process
of converting data into some meaningful information is called information processing (I-P-O) cycle.
1.26
3. List all the functional components of a computer.
Ans. The functional components of a computer are as follows:
(a) Input Unit (b) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
(c) Output Unit (d) Memory Unit
4. Who invented the mouse?
Ans. Mouse is a pointing (Input) device that was developed by Douglas Engelart in 1963.
5. What are the two parts of main memory?
Ans. Two parts of main memory are as follows:
• Random Access Memory (RAM) • Read-Only Memory (ROM)
6. Why are the secondary storage devices required?
Ans. The secondary storage devices are required because of the following two reasons:
• The primary memory is finite and limited in size.
• In secondary storage, data and programs do not disappear when power is turned off.
7. Two devices used by the supermarket point-of-sale (POS) terminal are a bar code reader and a keyboard.
Name two other input/output devices used at the POS and give a use for each device.
Ans. (a) Monitor—used to display the information about the items purchased or sold.
(b) Printer—used for taking printout of the bill or invoice generated.
8. Given below are some features of two types of computer memories—RAM and ROM. List each feature
under RAM or ROM.
(a) Non-volatile memory
(b) Contents can’t be changed
(c) Stores data or files the user is currently working on
(d) Volatile memory
(e) Can be written to and read from
Ans. RAM: (c), (d), (e);
ROM: (a), (b)
9. What does a bus mean?
Ans. A bus is a group of conducting lines that carries data, address and control signals between CPU and memory.
10. Why is data bus bi-directional?
Ans. Data bus is bi-directional because same bus is used for data transmission from microprocessor to memory
location or input/output device and vice versa.
11. What is parallel computing?
Ans. Parallel computing is the use of multiple processors (CPUs) concurrently instead of using one processor
exclusively to solve a particular problem.
12. Describe the benefits of cloud computing.
Ans. The benefits of cloud computing are:
(a) Easy to maintain
(b) Increased security at a much lesser cost
(c) On-demand self-service by consumers
(d) Rapid scaling of capacity
(e) Resource pooling of physical and virtual resources
13. Six storage devices are described below. Name the storage device being described and also list the
appropriate category of storage.
(a) Optical media which use one spiral track; red lasers are used to read and write data on the media
surface; makes use of dual-layering technology to increase storage capacity.
(b) Non-volatile memory chip; contents of the chip cannot be altered; it is often used to store the start-
up routines in a computer (e.g., the BIOS).
(c) Optical media which use concentric tracks to store data; this allows read and write operations to be
carried out at the same time.
(d) Non-volatile memory device which uses flash memories (which consist of millions of transistors wired
in series on single circuit boards).
(e) Optical media which use blue laser technology to read and write data on the media surface.
(f) Magnetic disc with very large storage capacity; can be used to store vast amounts of data; mostly
fixed in computer cases and serves as the main storage device.
1.27
Ans. (a) DVD Offline Storage
(b) ROM Primary Memory
(c) DVD RAM Offline Storage
(d) Solid State Memory/Memory Card Offline Storage
(e) Blu-Ray Disc Offline Storage
(f) Hard Disk Secondary Memory.
14. A company is planning to have a videoconference. In its videoconferencing area, there are some
microphones, speakers and webcams. Describe the purpose of each of the devices.
Ans. Microphone: This device is used to input sound or the vocal input of the people speaking.
Speakers: These are needed so as to hear the sound/audio output from the computer.
Webcam: Webcam or web camera is needed to capture the video image of an ongoing activity.
15. What is the function of memory? What are its measuring units?
Ans. The memory temporarily holds the data and information during processing. The smallest unit of memory
is a byte (8 bits). A byte can store one character in binary form. Other measuring units are kilobyte (KB)
equal to 1024 bytes, Megabyte (MB) equal to 1024 KB, Gigabyte (GB) equal to 1024 MB and Terabyte
(TB) equal to 1024 GB.
16. A school newsletter contains text and images in it. The head teacher needs one thousand copies of this
newsletter. Give four reasons why a laser printer should be used rather than an inkjet or a dot matrix printer.
Ans. (i) High quality printouts—better than inkjet or dot matrix.
(ii) Fast printouts—faster than inkjet or dot matrix.
(iii) Prints very quietly—quieter than inkjet or dot matrix.
(iv) Cost per page is low—cheaper than inkjet or dot matrix.
17. What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
Ans. RAM refers to random access memory where both read and write operations can take place. But RAM
is a volatile memory; its contents are lost when power is turned off. ROM refers to read-only memory
where only read or write operation can take place. ROM is a non-volatile memory.
Both RAM and ROM are parts of the primary memory.
18. Give examples of application software and system software.
Ans. Application software such as Word processors (MS Word, OpenOffice.org-Writer), spreadsheet
program (OpenOffice.org Calc, MS Excel), database program (MS Access, OpenOffice.org Base) perform
productive tasks for users while system software such as operating systems (Windows XP, Vista),
interface with hardware systems.
19. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?
Ans. The difference between a compiler and an interpreter is described as follows:
Interpreter translates a program written in a high-level language into machine language by converting
and executing it line by line. The interpreter is very useful for error-debugging as it displays errors
while translating a program into machine language. It cannot execute a program until all the errors are
resolved.
Compiler works the same way as an interpreter. However, the main difference between an interpreter
and a compiler is that compiler converts the entire program into machine language in one go and also
reports all the errors in the program along with the line numbers. When all the errors are rectified, the
program is recompiled and after that the compiler is no longer needed in the memory.
20. Why are language processors used? List their types.
Ans. Programs written in a high-level language are required to be converted into machine language. This task
is accomplished by the language processor. The types of language processors are as follows:
(a) Assembler (b) Interpreter (c) Compiler
21. Why are secondary storage devices required?
Ans. The secondary storage devices are required because of the following two reasons:
• The primary memory is finite and limited in size.
• In secondary storage, data and programs do not disappear when power is turned off.
1.28
22. What is the difference between an address bus and a data bus?
Ans. The difference between an address bus and a data bus is as follows:
Address Bus: An address bus contains the address of the piece of memory or I/O devices to be read from
or written to. One wire is required for each bit, which means 16 bits will require 16 wires. A 16-bit binary
number allows 216 or 32,000 different numbers.
Data Bus: A data bus actually carries the data to be processed in the binary form. It carries the
information between the processor and various other external units, such as memory. Its typical size is
8 or 16 bits.
23. Explain the usage of the smart card reader.
Ans. We are aware of ATM cards that are used in ATM machines. ATM cards store data through magnetic
strips, which are pasted on the back of these cards. Magnetic strips hold much more data than printed
characters or bar codes per unit of space. These strips are not human-readable and are, therefore, used
to store confidential data. Moreover, it is almost impossible to create a duplicate copy of the cards
containing such strips. Special reader machines are required to decode the encoded data stored on these
magnetic strips.
The enhanced version of a card containing magnetic strips is called smart card. A smart card is embedded
with a microprocessor that can hold a certain amount of personal data in its memory. The special reader
machine that is used to decode the data on smart cards is known as smart card reader.
24. What is the difference between data and information?
Ans. The difference between data and information is as follows:
Data is defined as raw facts and figures such as “Tejas”,‘‘MBA’’,‘‘2013’’,‘‘ABC’’. This data does not have
any meaning when presented as such. However, this data can be organized or processed to transform
it into useful information.
Information is defined as a collection of data which is organized in a particular manner to generate
some meaning. For example, “Tejas passed MBA in 2013 from ABC” is the information that we got after
processing the data given above.
UNSOLVED QUESTIONS
1. Define a computer.
2. How does an ALU work?
3. Briefly explain the working of a control unit.
4. Define hardware and software.
5. What is an operating system?
6. What is software?
7. List some of the hardware in computer equipment.
8. Explain the types of operating systems with examples.
9. “Hardware is of no use without software and software cannot be used without hardware.” Explain.
10. How can software be classified? Name at least one software in each of the categories.
11. What is an operating system? Write names of any two popular operating systems.
12. Specify the measuring units of memory.
13. What are output devices? Give some examples.

14. List different types of impact printers.
15. Briefly explain the working of a laser printer.
16. What is the use of a light pen?
17. What do you understand by RAM and ROM?
18. Explain, in brief, the working of a touchscreen.
19. What are plotters? List different types of plotters.
20. Differentiate between private and public cloud.
21. What is the advantage of using a parallel processor?
22. What are secondary storage devices? Give examples. 1.29
23. What is the major difference between optical and magnetic discs?
24. What do you mean by a communication bus? List its types.
25. Define port along with some examples.
26. List the differences between a CD and a DVD.
27. Explain the statement, “Functioning of a computer is similar to the way the human brain functions.”
28. What is the role of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) with regard to smartphone communications processor?
29. Explain, in brief, the basic architecture of a computer.
30. What is an input unit? Give its significance.
31. List and briefly explain all the components of a CPU.
32. Why is a control unit referred to as the central controller of a computer?
33. Does an ALU work independently or in coordination with some other unit? Give reasons.
34. Compare data and information.
35. How does an output unit work? Give examples of some output devices.
36. What is the role of memory in the functioning of a computer?
37. List all the hardware components of a computer. Give their significance.
38. Explain various components of a computer system and show the relationship between them with the help
of a diagram.
39. Compare volatile memory and non-volatile memory.
40. Define primary storage devices. List their types.
41. What do you mean by a mouse? List its types.
42. What is a bar code? Why is a bar code reader used?
43. Explain, in brief, inkjet and bubble jet printers.
44. What is a plotter? Give the benefits and limitations of using plotters.
45. Explain any three types of input devices.
46. Explain any three types of output devices with their purpose.
47. Define VDU. Name its two types.
48. Give the difference between an impact and a non-impact printer.
49. Discuss the following devices:
(a) Light Pen (b) Graphic tablet (c) CD-ROM (d) DVD
50. What is the significance of address and data buses?
51. Explain, in brief, the difference between a serial port and a parallel port.
52. Define the following:
(a) USB (b) Phone port (c) Infrared port
53. Explain the block diagram of a mobile processor.
54. Describe the basic architecture and functioning of a computer.
55. Describe the terms hardware and software along with their components.
56. Explain plotters and their types.

57. Discuss the various categories of printers.
58. What do you mean by memory devices? Explain RAM and ROM.
59. Discuss the classification of digital computers.
60. Discuss secondary storage devices in detail.
61. What are memory cards? Discuss their types.
62. Explain the following:
(a) Assembler (b) Compiler (c) Interpreter
1.30

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PREETI ARORA

DOEACC ‘A’ level, M.Sc–IT, M.Tech–IT

First Edition 2019

All rights reserved.

Publication of Key to this book is strictly prohibited.

All disputes are subject to Delhi jurisdiction only.

Printed at: Rajiv Binding House, Delhi

• Unit 1: Computer Systems and Organization—Chapters 1 & 2

• Unit 2: Computational Thinking and Programming—Chapters 3 to 10

• Unit 3: Data Management (DM–1)—Chapters 11 & 12

• Unit 4: Society, Law and Ethics (SLE–1)—Chapter 13

Besides, Presentation on Python, Chapter-wise Program Codes, Practical

Unit 1: COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATION

Unit 2: COMPUTATIONAL THINKING AND PROGRAMMING

Unit 4: SOCIETY, LAW AND ETHICS — CYBER SAFETY

3. Computational Thinking and Getting Started with Python 3.1–3.22

8. Tuples and Dictionary 8.1–8.38

9. Introduction to Python Modules 9.1–9.26

10. Error and Exception Handling in Python 10.1–10.28

Shri Gulshan Kumar Arora

Smt. Kamlesh Arora

Thus, working of a computer can be expressed as an equation given below—

Data Processing Information

1.2 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Control Unit (CU)

Input Arithmetic Output

Fig. 1.4: Functional Components of a Computer System

Let us now discuss the most extensively used input devices.

10. Microphone: A microphone is an input device used to provide audio

11. Web Camera: A webcam is a camera that is connected to a computer. It

1.2.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

1.2.3 Memory Unit (MU)

an elementary unit of computer memory. :

The memory unit or main memory is divided into:

When the CPU requires certain data present

request to the cache [Fig. 1.8(a)], which stores

Fig. 1.8(b): Placement of Cache Memory inside CPU

1.2.4 Output Unit

as screen, is the most common device for displaying the output of

CTM: A Monitor is termed as both an Input as well as an Output device.

1.3 SECONDARY MEMORY

Fig. 1.10: Communication Bus System

1.5 MOBILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

Fig. 1.11: Mobile System Organization

Let us discuss each of these components one by one.

1.5.1 Mobile Processor

(b) Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

(a) Applications Processing Unit (APU)

(b) Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

(c) Communications Processing Unit

The major advantage of SoC architecture for mobile

1.5.4 Memory Unit

1.5.5 Power Management/Battery Management

1.6 SOFTWARE CONCEPTS

System Utility Application

Operating Language General Customized

Compiler Interpreter Assembler

Fig. 1.12: Classification of Computer Software

1.6.1 System Software

1.6.2 Application Software

1.6.3 Utility Software

files can be restored using backup software.

Fig. 1.13: Utility Software

1.7 CONCEPT OF OPERATING SYSTEM