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2 FUNCTIONS
2.1 FUNCTIONS
1. If f x x 3 1, then
(a) the value of f at x 1 is f 1 3 1 0.
(b) the value of f at x 2 is f 2 23 1 9.
(c) the net change in the value of f between x 1 and x 2 is f 2 f 1 9 0 9.
2. For a function f , the set of all possible inputs is called the domain of f , and the set of all possible outputs is called the
range of f .
x 5
3. (a) f x x 2 3x and g have 5 in their domain because they are defined when x 5. However,
x x
h x x 10 is undefined when x 5 because 5 10 5, so 5 is not in the domain of h.
5 5 0
(b) f 5 52 3 5 25 15 10 and g 0.
5 5
5
4. (a) Verbal: “Subtract 4, then square and add 3.”

(b) Numerical:
x f
x
0 19
2 7
4 3
6 7
5. A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A exactly one element called f x in a set B. Table (i) defines
y as a function of x, but table (ii) does not, because f 1 is not uniquely
defined.
6. (a) Yes, it is possible that f 1 f 2 5. [For instance, let f x 5 for all x.]
(b) No, it is not possible to have f 1 5 and f 1 6. A function assigns each value of x in its domain exactly
one value of f x
7. Multiplying x by 3 gives 3x, then subtracting 5 gives f x 3x 5.
8. Squaring x gives x 2 , then adding two gives f x x2 2.
9. Subtracting 1 gives x 1, then squaring gives f x x 1 2.

10. Adding 1 gives x 1,
taking the square root gives
x 1, then dividing by 6 gives f x x 1
.
6
x 2
11. f x 2x 3: Multiply by 2, then add 3. 12. g : Add 2, then divide by 3.

x 3
x2 4
: Square, then subtract 4, then divide by 3.
3
13. h x 5 x 1 : Add 1, then multiply by 5. 14. k 141
x
142 CHAPTER 2 Functions SECTION 2.1 Functions 142
3
15. Machine diagram for f x x 16. Machine diagram for f x .
x 2
1.
subtract 1,
1 then take 0 subtract 2,

3 take reciprocal, 3
square root
multiply by 3
subtract 1,
then take subtract 2,
2 1
square root _1 take reciprocal, _1
multiply by 3
subtract 1,
then take subtract 2,
5 2
square root 1 take reciprocal, _3
multiply by 3
17. f x 2 x 18. g x 2x 3
1 2
x g
x f x
3 3 3
x 3
1 2 1 1 2 2
0 8 0 2 3
2 1 2 1
1 1
2 0 3
2 3 3
2 1 2
3 0 1 3
2 1 2 5
19. f x x2 6; f 3 2 3
2 6 9 6 3; f 3 32 6 9 6 3;3 f 30 02 6
6; 9
2
2 1 2
1 1 6 1 6 8 23 .
f
2 2 4 4
20. f x x3 2x; f 3 2 2 8 4 2; f 3 2 1 1 2
3
f 0 03 2 0 0; f 1 2 1 1 1 9.
1
2 2 2 8 8
1
1 2x 1 2 1 2 5 1 2 1 2a
1
2 2
2
21. f x ; f 2 ; f ; f 2 0; f a ;
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 a 1 2a 1 2 a 1 3 2a
f a ; f a 1 .
3 3 3 3
x2 4 22 4 8 2 2 4 a2 5 4 x 2 x2 4
8 4
22. h x ;h 2 ;h ;h a ;h x ;
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
a 2 2 a2 4a 8 x x 4
4 4
h a 2 ;h x .
5 5 5 5
23. f x x2 2x; f 0 02 2 0 0; f 3 32 2 3 9 6 15; f 3 3 2 2 3

9 6 3;
1 1 2 1 1 2
f a a2 2 a a2 2a; f x x 2 2 x 2 .
a a a a2 a
x 2 2x; f
1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 5
24. h x x ;h 1 1 1 1 1 2; h 2 2 2 2 ;
x 2 1 2 2
2
2; h 2
1 1 1 1 1
h x 1 x 1 ;h x.
1 x x 1 x
x
x
1 1
1 x 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
1 1
25. g x ;g 2 ;g 1 , which is undefined; g ;
1 x 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 3
2 2
3 1
2
.
1 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 2 a 1 x 1 2 x2
2
a 1
g a ;g a 1 ;g x 1
a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 x2 1 x2
1 1
t 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 a 2
26. g t ;g 0; g 2 , which is undefined; g 0 1; g a ;
2 2 2 2 0 2 a 2
2
t
a2 2 2 a2 a 1 2 a 3
g a2 2 ;g a 1 .
a2 2 2 a2 4 a 1 2 a 1
27. k x x2 2x 3; k 0 02 2 0 3 3; k 2 2 2 2 3 ;k 2 2 2
2 3 3;
2
k 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2; k a 2 a 2 2 2 a 2 3 a2 6a 5;
2
k x x 2 2 x 3 x2 2x 3; k x2 2 x2 3 x4 2x 2 3.
x2
28. k x 2x 3 3x 2 ; k 0 2 0 3 3 0 2 0; k 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 27; k 3 2 3 3 3
3 2 81;
13 1; k a a a3 3a 2
k 1 2 3 1 a ; k2 x 2 x 3 3 x 2 2x 3
3 2 3x ;
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2
4
3 2
k x3 2 3 2x 9 3x 6 .
x3 x3
29. f x 2 x 1 f 2 2 2 1 2 3 6; f 0 2 1 2 1 2;
1 1 1 2 1
f 2 x1; ; f 2 2 1 2 1 2; f x 1 2 x 1 1 2
2 2 2
f x2 2 2 x2 2 1 2 x2 1 2x 2 2 (since x 2 1 0 ).
x 2 2 1 1
30. f x ; f 2 1; f 1; f x is not defined at x 0;

x 2 2 1 1
5 5 x2 1 x
f 5 1 since x 2 0, x 0; f .
5 x2 x x x
1; f x 2
5 x2 x2 1 x
31. Since 2 0, we have f 2 2 4. Since 1 0, we have f 1 1 2 1. Since 0 0, we

have
f 0 0 1 1. Since 1 0, we have f 1 1 1 2. Since 2 0, we have f 2 2 1 3.
32. Since 3 2, we have f 3 5. Since 0 2, we have f 0 5. Since 2 2, we have f 2 5. Since 3
2, we have f 3 2 3 3 3. Since 5 2, we have f 5 2 5 3 7.
33. Since 4 1, we have f 4 4 2 2 4 16 8 8. 2 1, we have
Since 3
2
f 3 3 3 2
2 3 . Since 1 , we have f 2 1 2 1.
2 2 3 91 Since
2 4 4
1 0 1, we have f 0 0. Since 25 1, we have f 25 1.
34. Since 5 0, we have f 3 5 5. Since 0 0 2, we have f 0 0 1 1. Since 0 1 2, we
have
f 1 1 1 2. Since 0 2 2, we have f 2 2 1 3. Since 5 2, we have f 5 2 2 9.
35. f x 2 x 2 2 1 x2 4x 4 1 x2 4x 5; f x f 2 x2 1 2 2 1 x2 1 4 1
x 2 6.
36. f 2x 3 2x 1 6x 1; 2 f x 2 3x 1 6x 2.
2
37. f x2 x2 4; f x [x 4]2 x2 8x 16.
x x f 6x 18 3 2x 6
38. f 6 18 2x x 2x 6
18; 3 3
3
3 3
39. f x 3x 2, so f 1 3 1 2 1 and f 5 3 5 2 13. Thus, the net change is f 5 f 1

13 1 12.
40. f x 4 5x, so f 3 4 5 3 11 and f 5 4 5 5 21. Thus, the net change is
f 5 f 3 21 11 10.
41. g t 1 t 2 , so g 2 1 2 2 1 4 3 and g 5 1 52 24. Thus, the net change is

g 5 g 2 24 3 21.
42. h t t 2 5, so h 3 3 2 5 14 and h 6 62 5 41. Thus, the net change is h 6 h 3
4 14 27.
43. f a 5 2a; f a h 5 2 a h 5 2a 2h;
f a h f 5 2a 2h 2a 5 2a 2h 5 2a 2h
2.
a h h h
h
44. f a 3a 2 2; f a h 3 a h 2 2 3a 2 6ah 3h 2 2;
f a h f 3a 2 6ah 3h 2 2 3a 2 2 6ah 3h 2
a 6a 3h
h h
h
f a h f 5 5
45. f a 5; f a h 0.
a h
5;
h
1 1
46. f a ; f a h ;
a h 1
1
a
1 1 a 1 a h 1
f a h f a h 1 a 1 a 1 a h 1 a 1 a
a h h 1
h h h
a 1 a h 1
.
1
h a 1 a h 1
a a h
47. f a ; f a h ;
a h 1
a 1
a h a a h a a a h 1
1
f a h f a h 1 a 1 a h 1 a 1 a h 1
a h a 1
h h
a h a 1 a a h
1 a2 a ah h a2 ah a
a h 1 a
1
h h a h 1 a 1
1
a h 1 a 1
2a 2 a h
48. f a ; f a h ;
a h 1
1
a
2 a h 2a 2h a 2a a h 1
2a 1
f a h f a
h a h 1 a 1 a h 1 a 1 a h 1
h a 1
h
2 a h a 1 2a a h
1 2a 2 2ah 2a 2h 2a 2 2ah 2a
a h 1 a h a h 1 a 1
1
h
2h 2
h a h 1 a 1 a h 1 a 1
49. f a 3 5a 4a 2 ;
f a h 3 5 a h 4 a h 2 3 5a 5h 4 a2 2ah h2
3 5a 5h 4a 2 8ah 4h 2 ;
f a h f 3 5a 5h 4a 2 8ah 4h 2 3 5a 4a 2
a h
h 3 5a 5h 4a 2 8ah 4h 2 3 5a 4a 2 5h 8ah 4h 2
h h
h 5 8a 4h
5 8a 4h.
h
50. f a a3; f a h a h 3 a3 3a 2 h 3ah 2 h3;
f a h f a3 3a 2 h 3ah 2 h3 a3 3a h2 3ah 2 h 3
a h h
h
h 3a 2 3ah h2
2 2
3a 3ah h .
h
51. f x 3x. Since there is no restriction, the domain is all real numbers, . Since every real number y is
three times the real number 1 y, the range is all real numbers
3
52. f x 5x 2 4. Since there is no restriction, the domain is all real numbers, . Since 5x 2 0 for all x,
5x 2 4 4 for all x, so the range is [4
53. f x 3x, 2 x 6. The domain is 2 6], f 2 3 2 6, and f 6 3 6 18, so the range is
[ 6 18].
54. f x 5x 2 4, 0 x 2. The domain is [0 2], f 0 5 0 2 4 4, and f 2 5 2 2 4 24, so the
range is
[4 24].
1
55. f x . Since the denominator cannot equal 0 we have x 3 0 x 3. Thus the domain is x x . In
3
x
interval notation, the domain is 3 3

1
56. f x . Since the denominator cannot equal 0, we have 3x 6 3x x 2. In interval notation, the
6
3x
domain i 2 2
x 2
57. f x . Since the denominator cannot equal 0 we have x 2 1 0 x2 1 x 1. Thus the domain is
1
x2
x x 1 In interval notation, the domain is 1 1 1 1 .

x4
58. f x . Since the denominator cannot equal 0, x 2 x 6 x 3 x 2 x 3 or x
x 6
x2 2.
In interval notation, the domain is 3 3 2 2

59. f x x 1. We must have x 1 0 x 1. Thus, the domain is [ 1
60. g x x2 9. The argument of the square root is positive for all x, so the domain is
3
61. f t t 1. Since the odd root is defined for all real numbers, the domain is the set of real numbers, .
62. g x 7 3x. For the square root to be defined, we must have 7 3x 0 7 3x 7 x. Thus the domain is
3
7
3 .
63. f x 1 2x. Since the square root is defined as a real number only for nonnegative numbers, we require that
1 2x 0 x 1 . So the domain is x x 1 . In interval notation, the domain is 1 .
2 2 2
64. g x x2 4. We must have x 2 4 0 x 2 x 2 0. We make a table:
2 2 2
2
Sign of x 2
Sign of x 2
Sign of x 2 x
2
Thus the domain i ] [2

2 x
65. g x . We require 2 x 0, and the denominator cannot equal 0. Now 2 x 0 x 2, and 3 x 0
3 x
x 3. Thus the domain is x x 2 and x , which can be expressed in interval notation as [ 2 3 3

x
66. g x x 1 . We must have x 0 for the numerator and 2x 2 x 1 0 for the denominator. So 2x 2 x 1 0
2x 2
2x 1 x 1 0 2x 1 0 or x 1 0 x 2 1 or x 1. Thus the domain is 02 1 2

1 .
4
67. g x x2 6x. Since the input to an even root must be nonnegative, we have x 2 6x 0 x x 6 0. We make
a table:
0 0 6
6
Sign of x
Sign of x 6
Sign of x x
Thus the domain i 0] [6 6
68. g x x2 2x 8. We must have x 2 2x 8 0 x 4 x 2 0. We make a table:
2 2 4
4
Sign of x 4
Sign of x 2
Sign of x 4 x
Thus the domain i ] 2 [4
3
69. f x . Since the input to an even root must be nonnegative and the denominator cannot equal 0, we have
x 4
x 4 0 x 4. Thus the domain i 4
x2
6 x
6 x 0 6 x. Thus the domain i 6
x 1 2
1
2x
2x 1 0 x 1 . Thus the domain is 1 .

2 2
x
72. f x 4
. Since the input to an even root must be nonnegative and the denominator cannot equal 0, we have
9 x2
9 x2 3 x 3 x 0. We make a table:
Interval 3 3
3 3
Sign of 3 x
Sign of 3 x
Sign of x 4 x
2
Thus the domain i 3 3
73. To evaluate f x divide the input by 3 and add3 2 to the result.

x 2 y
(a) f x (c)
3
3
(b) x f
x
4 3
2 1
6
8 1 x
8 3
10
3
74. To evaluate g x subtract 4 from the input and multiply the result by4 3 .
(a) g x x 4 3 3 x y
(c)
4
4 4
(b)
x g
x
1
4 02 1 x
3
6 2
8 3
75. Let T x be the amount of sales tax charged in Lemon County on a purchase of x dollars. To find the tax, take 8% of the
purchase price.
(a) T x y
(c)
8x
(b)
2 0 1
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 x
76. Let V d be the volume of a sphere of diameter d. To find the volume, take the cube of the diameter, then multiply b
and divide by 6.
(a) V d d3 66 (c) y
d3
(b)
x f x
4 2
2 3
32 5
4 3
6 36 113
256 10
8 3 268
1 x
1 if x is rational
77. f x The domain of f is all real numbers, since every real number is either rational or
5 if x is irrational
irrational; and the range of f is 1

.
1 if x is rational
78. f x The domain of f is all real numbers, since every real number is either rational or
5x if x is irrational
irrational. If x is irrational, then 5x is also irrational, and so the range of f is x x 1 or x is irrational

02 202
79. (a) V 0 50 1 20 50 and V 20 50 1 20 0. (c)
x V x
(b) V 0 50 represents the volume of the full tank at time t 0, and 0 50

V 20 0 represents the volume of the empty tank twenty minutes 5 25
later. 10 5
(d) The net change in V as t changes from 0 minutes to 20 minutes is 15 25
V 20 V 0 0 50 0 gallons. 20 0
80. (a) S 2 4 2 2 16 27, S 3 4 3 2 36

1 0.
(b) S 2 represents the surface area of a sphere of radius 2, and S 3 represents the surface area of a sphere of radius
3.
c 2 75c 2
81. (a) L 5c 10 1 6 m, L 75c 10 1 m, and
c2 c2
1
9c 2
L 9c 10 1 6 m.
c2
(b) It will appear to get shorter. x R

13 7 20 x
1 2
1 4
10
82. (a) R 1 2 mm, (b) 100
1 4 1 0 5
200
500
1000
13 7 10 0
R 10 4
1 66 mm, and
1 4 10
13 7 100 0 4
R 100 8 mm.
1 4 100 0
(b) They tell us that the blood

(c) The net change in R as x changes from 10 to 100 is flows much faster (about
R 100 R 10 1 8 1 66 8 mm. 5 times faster)
1 cm from the center
83. (a) 1 18500 0 25 12 4440,
than 1 cm from the
edge.
4 18500 0 25 42 1665.
(d) The net change in V as r changes from 1 cm to 5 cm is

V V 0 4440 4440 cm
(c)
r r
84. (a) D 2 3960 0 1 0 1 2 01 2 1 miles 0 4625
2 3960 0 2 0 2 2 1584 4 8 miles 1 4440

D 2 3885
3 2960
4 1665
5 0
(b) 1135 feet 1135 miles 15 miles. D 2 3960 215 5 2 1702 6 3

5280
15 miles
(c) D 7 2 3960 7 7 2 55489 235 6 miles
(d) The net change in D as h changes from 1135 ft (or 0 215 mi) to 7 mi is D 7 D 15 6 3
19 3 miles.
85. (a) Since 0 5,000 10,000 we have T 5,000 0. Since 10,000 12,000 20,000 we have
T 2,000 8 2,00 960. Since 20,000 25,000 we have T 25,000 1600 5 25,000
5350.
(b) There is no tax on $5000, a tax of $960 on $12,000 income, and a tax of $5350 on $25,000.
86. (a) C 75 75 15 $90; C 90 90 15 $105; C 100 $100; and C 105 $105.

(b) The total price of the books purchased, including shipping.
75x if 0 x 2
87. (a) T x
150 50 x 2 if x 2
(b) T 2 75 2 150; T 3 150 50 2 200; and T 5 150 50 2 300.

(c) The total cost of the lodgings.
15 40 x if 0 x 40
88. (a) F x 0 if 40 x 65
15 x 65 if x 65
(b) F 30 15 40 10 15 10 $150; F 50 $0; and F 75 15 75 65 15 10 $150.
(c) The fines for violating the speed limits on the freeway.
89. We assume the grass grows linearly.

h
0 W W W W t
90. T
0 t
91. T
60
50
0 5 10 t
150 CHAPTER 2 Functions SECTION 2.2 Graphs of Functions 150
92. P
1000
900
Population 800
(×1000)
700
600
0 1980 1990 2000 2010 t

Year
93. Answers will vary.
2.2 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

1. To graph the function f we plot the points x f x
x f x y
in a coordinate plane. To graph f x x2 2, we y
x
plot the 2 2
1
1 1 2 1
points x x2 2 . So, the point 3 32 2 3 7 is 1
0 1 x
0 2 0
1 1 1
on the graph of f . The height of the graph of f above the
2 2 2 2
x-axis when x 3 is 7.
2. If f 4 10 then the point 4 10 is on the graph of f .
3. If the point 3 7 is on the graph of f , then f 3 7.
4. (a) f x x 2 is a power function with an even exponent. It has graph IV.

(b) f x x 3 is a power function with an odd exponent. It has graph II.
(c) f x x is a root function. It has graph I.
(d) f x x is an absolute value function. It has graph III.
y y
x f x x x f x 4
2 2x
6 4 2 8
4 2 1 6
2 0 1 0 4 1
0 2 1 x 1 2 1 x
2 4 2 0
4 6 3 2
6 8 4 4
f x x
x
3,
y x 3 y
3 x 3 f x
3 6 x
,
2 5 2
0 0 x 5
0 3
1 1
1 5
1 2 1 x 1
2 1
2 1
3 0 3
5
4
0
5
5
1
9. 10.
y y
x f x x f x x2
4 x2 5 4 21
3 9 4 12
1 1
2 4 3 5
1x 1x
1 1 2 0
0 0 1 3
0 4
11. y 12.
y
x g x x 5 x g x x2 2x
2
5 1 16 _1 0 5 1 16
1 x 10
3 4 3 4
_5
2 1 2 1
1 0 1 0
_1 0 1 x
0 1 0 1
1 4 1 4
3 16 3 16
13. y 14.
y
x r x
4 10
x r x 1
3 3x 243 4
3 x 80
2 48 _1 0 1 x
2 15 _10
1 3
100
1 0
0 0
0 1
1 3
1 0 x 1 0
2 48
2 15
3 243
3 80
15. 16. 10
x g x x3 y
0
x g x x 1 x
3 8 3
2 1 27
2
1 8
1 9
5
0 1
0 8 x1
1 0
1 7
2 1
2 0
3 8
3 19
4 27
17. 18.
3 y y
x k x
3
x x k x
3 x
1 27 3 1
8 2
8 2
1 1 0 10 x 0 10 x
_1 _1
1 1
0 0
0 0
1 1
1 1
8 2
8 2
27 3
27 3
y x f x x
x f x 1
x 2 2 0
0 1
3 1
1 2 1
6 2
4 3 0 2 10 x
11 3
9 4 1
18 4
16 5
10 20 x 27 5
25 6
38 6
21. y 22. y
1 1
x C t x C t
t2 t 1
2 1 3 1 2
4 2 2
1 1 2 1 0 t
1 3
2 4 2 2
1 1
4 16 1
0 _1 0 1 t 1
2 2
1
4 16 0 1
1
2 4 1 1
2
1 1 2 1
3
2 1
4
23. 24.
x H x
y
2x x H x x
5 10
1 1
5 4
4 8
1
4 3
3 6
1
3 2
2 4 1x x
2 1
1 2
1 0
0 0
0 1
1 2
25. 26.
x G x x
y y
x x G x x
5 0
x
5 10
2 0
2 4
0 0
1 1
1 2
1 2 1x 1x
0 0
2 4
1 0
5 10
3 0
x f x 2x y x y
x f x
2 x
5 12
3 1
2 8
2 1
0 2 1 1
1 x 1 1 1 x
1 0
0 undefined
2 2
1 1
5 8
2 1
3 1
29. f x 8x x2
(a) [ 5 5] by [ 5 (b) [ 10 10] by [ 0 10]
5]
4 10
2
-4 -2 2 4 -10 -5 5 10
-2
-4 -10
(c) [ 2 10] by [ 5 (d) [ 10 10] by [ 00 100]

20]
20 100
10
-10 -5 5 10
-2 2 4 6 8 10 -100
The viewing rectangle in part (c) produces the most appropriate graph of the equation.
30. g x x2 x 20
(a) [ 2 2] by [ 5 (b) [ 10 10] by [ 0 10]
5]
4 10
2
-2 -1 1 2 -10 -5 5 10
-2
-4
-10
(c) [ 7 7] by [ 25 (d) [ 10 10] by [ 00 100]

20]
20 100
10
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 -10 -5 5 10
-10
-20 -100
31. h x x3 5x 4
(a) [ 2 2] by [ 2 (b) [ 3 3] by [ 10 10]
2]
2 10
1
-2 -1 1 2 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2 -10
(c) [ 3 3] by [ 10 (d) [ 10 10] by [ 0 10]

5]
5 10
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-5 -10 -5 5 10
-10 -10
32. k x 1 x4 x2
32
2 (b) [ 2 2] by [ 2 2]
(a) [ 1 1] by [ 1
1]
1 2
1
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 -2 -1 1 2
-1
-1 -2
(c) [ 5 5] by [ 5 (d) [ 10 10] by [ 0 10]

5]
4 10
2
-4 -2 2 4 -10 -5 5 10
-2
-4 -10
The viewing rectangle in part (d) produces the most appropriate graph of the equation.
0 if x 2 1 if x 1
33. f x 34. f x
1 if x 2 x 1 if x 1
y y
1 x 1 x
3 if x 2 1 x if x 2
35. f x 36. f x
x 1 if x 2 5 if x 2
y y
1 1
1 x 1 x
x if x 0 2x 3 if x 1
37. f x x 1 if x 0 38. f x 3 x if x 1
y y
1 1
1 x 1 x
1 if x 1 1 if x 1
39. f x 1 if 1 x 1 40. f x x if 1 x 1
1 if x 1 1 if x 1
y y
2
1
2
x 1 x
2 if x 1 1 x 2 if x 2
41. f x 42. f x
x 2 if x 1 x if x 2
y y
1 1
1 x 1 x
0 if x x 2 if x 1
43. f x 2 44. f x
1 if x 1
3 if x
2
y y
1 1
1 x 1 x
4 if x 2 x if x 0
45. f x x2 if 2 x 2 46. f x 9 x 2 if 0 x 3
x 6 if x 2 x 3 if x 3
y y
1
1 x
1
1 x
x 2 if x 1
47. f x
x2 if x 1
5
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-5
2x x 2 if x 1
48. f x The first graph shows the output of a typical graphing device. However, the actual graph
x 1 3 if x
1
of this function is also shown, and its difference from the graphing device’s version should be noted.
y
1
2
1 x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2
2 if x 2 1 if x 1
49. f x x if 2 x 2 50. f x 1 x if 1 x 2
2 if x 2 2 if x 2
51. The curves in parts (a) and (c) are graphs of a function of x, by the Vertical Line Test.
52. The curves in parts (b) and (c) are graphs of functions of x, by the Vertical Line Test.
53. The given curve is the graph of a function of x, by the Vertical Line Test. Domain: [ 3 2]. Range: [ 2].
54. No, the given curve is not the graph of a function of x, by the Vertical Line Test.
55. No, the given curve is not the graph of a function of x, by the Vertical Line Test.
56. The given curve is the graph of a function of x, by the Vertical Line Test. Domain: [ 3 2]. Range: 2 0 3].
57. Solving for y in terms of x gives 3x 5y 7 y 3x 7 . This defines y as a function of x.
5 5
58. Solving for y in terms of x gives 3x 2 y 5 y 3x 2 5. This defines y as a function of x.
59. Solving for y in terms of x gives x y 2 y x. The last equation gives two values of y for a given value of x. Thus,
this equation does not define y as a function of x.
60. Solving for y in terms of x gives x 2 y 1 2 4 y 1 2 4 x2 y 1 4 x2 y 1 4 x 2.
The last equation gives two values of y for a given value of x. Thus, this equation does not define y as a function of x.
1
61. Solving for y in terms of x gives 2x 4y 2 4y 2 2x y 2 2x 3. The last equation gives two values
of y for a given value of x. Thus, this equation does not define y as a function of x.
62. Solving for y in terms of x gives 2x 2 4y 2 3 4y 2 2x 2 3 y 1 2
2 2x 3. The last equation gives two
values of y for a given value of x. Thus, this equation does not define y as a function of x.
63. Solving for y in terms of x using the Quadratic Formula gives 2x y 5y 2 4 5y 2 2x y 4 0
2x 2x 2 4 5 2x 4x 2 80 x x2 20
y 4 . The last equation gives two values of y for a
10 5
2 5
given value of x. Thus, this equation does not define y as a function of x.

64. Solving for y in terms of x gives y 5 x y x 5 2 . This defines y as a function of x.
65. Solving for y in terms of x gives 2 x y 0 y 2 x This defines y as a function of x.
66. Solving for y in terms of x gives 2x y 0 y 2x. Since a a , the last equation gives two values
of y for a given value of x. Thus, this equation does not define y as a function of x.
67. Solving for y in terms of x gives x y3 y 3
x. This defines y as a function of x.
68. Solving for y in terms of x gives x y4 y 4 x. The last equation gives two values of y for any positive value of x.
Thus, this equation does not define y as a function of x.
69. (a) f x x2 c, for c 0, 2, 4, and 6. (b) f x x2 c, for c 0, , 4 , and 6.
c=4 c=2 c=_2 c=_4

10 10
c=6
8 8 c=0
6 6 c=_6
4 4
c=0 2
2
0 0
-4 -2 2 4 2 4
-2 -4 -2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10
(c) The graphs in part (a) are obtained by shifting the graph of f x x 2 upward c units, c 0. The graphs in part (b)
are obtained by shifting the graph of f x x 2 downward c units.
70. (a) f x x c 2 , for c 0, 1, 2, (b) f x x c 2 , for c 0, 1, 2, and 3.

and 3. c=0 c=1
10
8 c=2 c=_1 c=0
6 10
c=_2
4 8
c=3
2 6
c=_3 4
0
-4 -2 2 4 2
-2
-4 0
-4 -2 2 4
-6 -2
-4
-8
-10 -6
-8
-10
(c) The graphs in part (a) are obtained by shifting the graph of y x 2 to the right 1, 2, and 3 units, while the graphs in
part (b) are obtained by shifting the graph of y x 2 to the left 1, 2, and 3 units.
71. (a) f x x c 3 , for c 0, 2, 4, (b) f x x c 3 , for c 0, 2, 4, and 6.

and 6. c=2
10
c=6
8
6
c=_4 c=0
4
8
2
6
-8 -4 4 8 4
-2
2
-4
-6 0
-8 -4 4 8
-2
-8
-4
c=0 c=4 -6
-8
-10
c=_6 c=_2
(c) The graphs in part (a) are obtained by shifting the graph of f x x 3 to the right c units, c 0. The graphs in part (b)
are obtained by shifting the graph of f x x 3 to the lef c units, c 0.
72. (a) f x cx 2 , for c 1,2 1 , 2, and (b) f x cx 2 , for c 1, , 1 , and 2.

4.
2
c=1 c=4 c=2 10
10
8
8 c=1 6
6 1
c=_
2 4
4
2
2
0
0 -4 -2 -2 2 4
-4 -2 -2 2 4
-4 1
-4 c=__
2
-6
-6
-8
-8
-10
-10 c=_4 c=_2
(c) As c increases, the graph of f x cx 2 is stretched vertically. As c decreases, the graph of f is flattened.
When
c 0, the graph is reflected about the x-axis.
73. (a) f x x c , for c 1 , 1 , and 1 (b) f x x c , for c 1, 1 , and 1 .

.
3 2 4 6 3 5
1
c= _
2 c=1
2
2 1
c= _
c= _1 3
4
1 1 1
c= _ c= _
5
1 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-1
-2
3 x. As c increases, the graph of

(c) Graphs of even roots are similar to y x, graphs of odd roots are similar to y
c x becomes steeper near x
y 0 and flatter when x 1.
1 1
74. (a) f x , for n 1 and (b) f x , for n 2 and 4.
xn xn
3. 3
n=4
2
3
1
2
n=3 n=2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1
n=1 -1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2
-1
-3
-2
-3
(c) As n increases, the graphs of y 1 x n go to zero faster for x large. Also, as n increases and x goes to 0, the graphs of
y 1 x n go to infinity faster. The graphs of y 1 x n for n odd are similar to each other. Likewise, the graphs for n
even are similar to each other.
7
75. The slope of the line segment joining the points 2 1 nd 4 6 m 6 . Using the point-slope form,
6 1
4
2
we have y 7 x 2 y 7 x 7 y 7x 4 . Thus the function is f x 7 4

6 6 3 6 3 6x 3 for
2 x 4.
2 5 5
76. The slope of the line containing the points 3 2 and 6 3 is m 9 . Using the point-slope equation
3 9
3 6
5 5x 10 5 1 . Thus the function is f 5x 1 , for

of the line, we have y x 6 y x x
9 9 3 9 3 9 3
3 x 6.
77. First solve the circle for y: x 2 y2 9 y2 9 x2 y 9 x 2 . Since we seek the top half of the circle, we
choose y 9 x 2 . So the function is f x 9 x 2, 3 x 3.
78. First solve the circle for y: x 2 y2 9 y2 9 x2 y 9 x 2 . Since we seek the bottom half of the circle,
we choose y 9 x 2 . So the function is f x 9 x 2, 3 x 3.
0 5 80. We graph P
79. We graph T r for 10 r 100. As the for 1 10. As wind speed
1 3
balloon
r2
increases, so does power output, as expected.
is inflated, the skin gets thinner, as we would expect.
P
20,000
0.004
0.003
10,000
0.002
0.001
0 50 r 0 5 10
81. (a) E x (b) E

36 00 6 x 300 if 300 x 60
50
40
30
20
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 x

00 if 0 x 1 4.00
2 20 if 1 x
1 1 3.00
82. C x
40 if 1 x
2 2.00
00 if 9 x
2
0 1 2 x
P
9 if 0 x 1
1.00
0 if 1 x 2
83. P x
1 if 2 x 3 0.80
2 if 3 x 5 0.60
0.40
0.20
0 1 2 3 4 x
84. The graph of x y 2 is not the graph of a function because bot 1 1 nd 1 satisfy the equation x y 2 . The
graph of x y 3 is the graph of a function because x y3 x 1 y. If n is even, then both 1 1 and 1 1
satisfies the equation x n
y , so the graph of x n
y is not the graph of a function. When n is odd, y x 1 n is defined
for all real numbers, and since y x 1 n x y n , the graph of x y n is the graph of a function.
85. Answers will vary. Some examples are almost anything we purchase based on weight, volume, length, or time, for example
gasoline. Although the amount delivered by the pump is continuous, the amount we pay is rounded to the penny. An
example involving time would be the cost of a telephone call.
86. y y y
1 1 1
1 x 1 x 1 x
f x [[x]] g x h x [[3x]]
[[2x]]
1
The graph of k x [[nx]] is a step function whose steps are each wide.
n
87. (a) The graphs of f x x2 x 6 and g x x2 x 6 are shown in the viewing rectangle [ 10 10] by
[ 10
10].
10 10
-10 -5 5 10 -10 -5 5 10
-10 -10
For those values of x where f x 0 , the graphs of f and g coincide, and for those values of x where f x 0,
the graph of g is obtained from that of f by reflecting the part below the x-axis about the x-axis.
(b) The graphs of f x x4 6x 2 and g x x4 6x 2 are shown in the viewing rectangle [ 5 5] by [ 10
15].
10 10
-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
-10 -10
For those values of x where f x 0 , the graphs of f and g coincide, and for those values of x where f x 0,
the graph of g is obtained from that of f by reflecting the part below the x-axis above the x-axis.
(c) In general, if g x f x then for those values of x where f x 0, the graphs of f and g coincide, and
for those values of x where f x 0, the graph of g is obtained from that of f by reflecting the part below the x-axis
above the
x-axis.
y y
x x
y f x y g x
2.3 GETTING INFORMATION FROM THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

1. To find a function value f a from the graph of f we find the height of the graph above the x-axis at x a. From the
graph of f we see that f 3 4 and f 1 0. The net change in f between x 1 and x 3 is f 3 f 1
4 0 4.
2. The domain of the function f is all the x-values of the points on the graph, and the range is all the corresponding y-values.
From the graph of f we see that the domain of f is the interva and the range of f is the interval
7].
3. (a) If f is increasing on an interval, then the y-values of the points on the graph rise as the x-values increase. From the
graph of f we see that f is increasing on the interva 2 and 4 5
(b) If f is decreasing on an interval, then y-values of the points on the graph fall as the x-values increase. From the graph
of f we see that f is decreasing on the intervals 2 4 and 5 .
163 CHAPTER 2 Functions SECTION 2.3 Getting Information from the Graph of a Function 163
4. (a) A function value f a is a local maximum value of f if f a is the largest value of f on some interval
containing a. From the graph of f we see that there are two local maximum values of f : one maximum is 7, and it
occurs when x 2; the other maximum is 6, and it occurs when x 5.
(b) A function value f a is a local minimum value of f if f a the smallest value of f on some interval containing
a.
From the graph of f we see that there is one local minimum value of f . The minimum value is 2, and it occurs when
x 4.
5. The solutions of the equation f x 0 are the x-intercepts of the graph of f . The solution of the inequality f x 0
is the set of x-values at which the graph of f is on or above the x-axis. From the graph of f we find that the solutions of the
equation f x 0 are x 1 and x 7, and the solution of the inequality f x 0 is the interval [1 7].
6. (a) To solve the equation 2x 1 x 4 graphically we graph the y
functions f x 2x 1 and g x x 4 on the same set of

axes and determine the values of x at which the graphs of f and g
1
0 1 x
(b) To solve the inequality 2x 1 x 4 graphically we graph the functions f x 2x 1 and g x x 4

on the same set of axes and find the values of x at which the graph of g is higher than the graph of f . From the graphs
in part (a) we see that the solution of the inequality is 1
7. (a) h 2 1, h 0 1, h 2 3, and h 3 4.
(b) Domain: [ 4]. Range: [ 1 4].
(c) h 3 3, h 2 3, and h 4 3, so h x 3 when x ,x 2, or x 4.
(d) The graph of h lies below or on the horizontal line y 3 when 3 x 2 or x 4, so h x 3 for those values of x.
(e) The net change in h between x 3 and x 3 is h 3 h 3 4 3 1.
8. (a) g 3, g 2, g 0 2, g 2 1, and g 4 0.
(b) Domain: [ 4]. Range: [ 2 3].
(c) g 3. [Note that g 2 1 not 3.]
(d) It appears that g x 0 for 1 x 1 8 and for x 4; that is, for x 1 x 1 8 .
(e) g 0 and g 2 1, so the net change between x 1 and x 2 is 1 0 1.
9. (a) f 0 3 2 1 g 0 So f 0 is larger.
(b) f 3 1 2 5 g 3 So g is larger.
(c) f x g x for x 2 and x 2.
(d) f x g x for 4 x 2 and 2 x 3; that is, on the intervals [ 2] and [2 3].
(e) f x g x for 2 x 2; that is, on the interval 2 .
10. (a) The graph of g is higher than the graph of f at x 6, so g 6 is larger.

(b) The graph of f is higher than the graph of g at x 3, so f 3 is larger.
(c) The graphs of f and g intersect at x 2, x 5, and x 7, so f x g x for these values of x.
(d) f x g x for 1 x 2 and approximately 5 x 7; that is, on [1 2] and [5 7].
(e) f x g x for 2 x 5 and approximately 7 x 8; that is, on [2 5 and 7 8].
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“Did you find out who she was?”
“Esther Powel. Her grandfather is a friend of Professor Stark. He
did it to give her a chance.”
“Well she used it for all it was worth,” said Andrews.
CHAPTER V.
Esther was standing by the rim of a clear pool in the woods,
gazing down into the water. Her big hat was weighted with cockle
blooms that she had gathered in coming through the wheat. In this
natural mirror she could see that a stem here was too long, another
there was turned the wrong way to look well. With both hands to her
head she was intent upon regulating the effect to please her eye.
Turning her head first to one side, then another, she smiled at
herself, impulsive, always in motion, quick as a wren. The water was
so clear that one could see the last year’s leaves lying at its depths.
It was deep and sloped toward the center. Inverted it would look like
a mound where children are told that Indians are buried, when the
one can think of no other excuse for its grave-like appearance. This
pool went by the name of “Indian Well.” Esther had no thought but
that she was alone, until she saw an image, a serious young face,
reflected there, with soft, brown beard and hair, and deep eyes that
wore a languid, meditating look. He stooped and dipped his curved
hand into the surface and was raising it to his lips. Suddenly,
instinctively, she bounded to his side, dashing the water from his
hands before he could drink.
“Don’t you know there is fever in it?”
For a moment he looked at her in wonder.
“The fever,” he repeated, “what do you mean?”
“The germs of typhoid—I thought everybody knew that.”
“But you see I am not everybody,” he answered, laughing.
She looked at every feature of his face. “But didn’t you feel like it
the other night?”
This surprised him so that he had not made an answer when she
went on: “Everybody who has died of typhoid fever around here
drank water out of ‘Indian Well.’ This is where they got the germ.”
“I was never here before. You are very good to warn me.” He
looked at her and she seemed so sweet and beautiful as she stood
there, between him and danger. Whether real or imagined, her
motive was the same.
“Is your home near by?”
“I live with my grandpa in the white house on the road as you
came up.”
“I didn’t come by the road; I came through by the wood-path from
the Curtises. I’m spending the summer there. What a pity this lovely
spot is poisoned, I am sorry; I might see you here again but for that.
It makes a pretty tryst,” he said.
“Sorry? Why? You don’t know me.”
This pleased him. He had found a refreshing creature. At the
outset he had thrilled at the prospect.
“Don’t I? You played once where I had the pleasure of hearing
you. Your name is Esther—Esther Powel.”
“Yes, and I have seen your face before I saw it in the water. They
called you ‘Glenn Andrews’ when they gave you the medal.”
She slowly looked him over from head to foot, and smiled as if in
a trance of joy. It was all so wonderful, so strange—this hero’s
coming.
“But I am still ahead. You will never see me win laurels again,
perhaps, and I expect to hear you play many times.”
“Don’t be sure. It’s no use for me to play. People don’t seem to
care whether they hear it or not. I play for myself, because the
sounds from my violin seem to express what I feel.”
“But suppose I care?”
“Then I will play for you sometime, if we should meet again.”
“When could I get in your way?”
“Most any time.”
“Will you be home all summer?”
“Yes, and winter, too.” She laughed at his question.
“Let us sit down and rest a while together. I want to talk over the
pleasure that is in store for me.”
Little did he think as she agreed, and they sat down on an old
log, how much in later life and amidst different scenes, he was to
lament that circumstance. “I have always loved the country. It is so
true, so beautiful; I love it from the bottom of my heart.”
He lifted his face, drawing a deep breath; the air was clean and
sweet with the scent of growing things.
“Everything is beautiful that’s natural,” she said, touching the
beflowered hat. “I never even wear ‘bought’ flowers, because they
are only make-believes. I hate anything that is not sure-enough.”
“It’s a pretty idea. I wondered where you found this.”
“Just made it.”
She seemed to have grasped a good deal for her years.
“I see you have learned a way of your own in your travels.”
“Travels! I’ve never been out of this valley, but I have grandpa
and my mother and my dreams.”
“Your mother. I heard that your mother was dead,” he said,
quietly.
“She isn’t as long as I am living,” was her answer.
Glenn Andrews looked at her. There was wisdom in the
sentiment she expressed. All the childishness had passed out of her
face.
He hesitated, astonished. “I believe that, in a sense,” he said. “It
is my theory of fulfillment. What could spur us to higher destinies
than the belief that we were carrying out the hopes, the aims of
someone we loved—perpetuating their life through our own!”
“She wanted me to be a musician,” Esther began with a sudden
dimness in her eyes. “She was one until she had rheumatism in her
arms. I’ve strength and health to build on, something she lacked. My
mother was an invalid all her life after I was born.”
“Health is the most priceless gift in this world.”
For a time he forgot it was near the dinner hour. He was caught
by the witchery of the girl and the place.
He had expected to find nothing here but solitude and shade. The
adventure had been a delightful surprise to him.
As they got up from the log: “I shall expect you to keep your
promise about the music. Are you going my way?”
“No; mine is the opposite direction. I will play for you any time
because you want to hear me. Good-bye.”
Glenn Andrews looked after her, as she went her way. Here was
a study—a promise. All his life he had loved growth. Anything in the
course of development delighted and inspired him. He struck off up
the path that wound out of the woods into the field.
The scent of high summer was in the gold of the wheat. Running
his hands lightly over the bearded sheaves he whistled an air that
was to recall neither the genius that wrote it nor the hopes of his own
work, but the face of Esther Powel and the friendship thus begun, of
which he would never think lightly afterward.
CHAPTER VI.
The Curtis home had an ample territory over which extended
eight large rooms and as many half stories with dormer windows.
The big mock oranges locked antlers across the path that led from
the gate to the little square porch where the wood bees droned in
and out of the nests they had bored in the wooden posts.
Mr. Curtis was a jovial man, round of face, short of stature, and
given to hospitality. He had been all his days faithful to that laborious
outdoor occupation—farming. In his old age the prosperous
impression that everything made proved that he had filled his place
to some account.
Glenn Andrews, who had been his son’s comrade in life, was an
honored guest. His vacation, usually spent in travel, had been
claimed by the lonely parents this time. He was promised all manner
of recreations and indulgences. They hoped to send him back as
hardy as an Indian, his white face and hands bronzed as the leaves
in their turning. Broad hours and solitude. How welcome they were to
him! His place was sacred in this house, and no one was allowed to
disturb or criticise him. He had set apart a few hours each day for
work. He could not devote all his vacation to rest and pleasure. It
was not his nature. A memory of his strange, lonely boyhood came
to him with vivid distinctness, and the absolute despair, he suffered
at the possibility of never being able to achieve greatness in the
world. He wanted to see good results in his life. The whole intensity
of his spirit was bent on that one purpose. The world he would know,
and the men that live in it. His mind was full of daring conceptions
and ideals.
A wild grace permeated his personality, the strong and delightful
charm which was to make him a conqueror.
That morning Glenn ate breakfast with the family by lamplight. He
went back to his window afterwards and watched the sun rise. At this
season of the year the beauty of Virginia was at its height. He
delighted from the first in the splendid scenery and moody weather.
A haze of purple mist was lifting slowly from the mountains
between whose heart the valleys lay. The view was fresh with the
lusty color of midsummer. Exquisite perfumes, breath of young corn
and cut clover, came to him and grew sharper and sweeter as the
dawn opened wide. In nature he could see the warm heart of life,
tender, strong and true. In the distance stretched the wheat fields
studded over with yellow shocks, waiting for harvest-time. Later, as
Glenn Andrews passed out on his way to the woods, he saw the
lengthening of the table, the unusual hurry among the servants,
which was a sign that he was to have dinner that day in a harvest
home. Wheat threshing time was on. This lover of the sun, of long,
wandering strolls, took the way he had not been. It did not concern
him much which way he took to solitude. Wherever they met they
made friends—he and solitude. They were so much alike. Their
sympathies were so much akin. Both were full of deep nature, dignity
and intense self-possession; they could not but find comforting good-
fellowship. With solitude he could almost hear the voice of God, hear
it speaking, between him and his hopes. Returning, he stopped at
“Indian Well.” A long time he sat there, face to face with his own
heart and brain. He made notes at times in a small book, which he
kept always with him. The class poet and editor of the college
magazine had a right to drop into rhyme whenever he felt like it,
even though the indulgence might never be known to the world.
Glenn Andrews took out his second cigar, drew a whiff of its scent
and put it back in his pocket. In his self-denial there was the
compensation of looking forward. He smoked it that afternoon over
his work. The sun was striking aslant and was not far from setting.
Here was a broad hint to hurry if he cared to see them harvesting.
The engine sent its shrill whistling call for “wheat” as he leaned over
the fence. Dressed in a hunting suit of brown tweed with tan boots
laced from the ankle to the knee, his broad hat pulled forward to
shade his eyes, Glenn Andrews attracted notice. The field was alive
with toilers moving easily, swiftly, leaning in a hundred graceful
inclinations; some were loading their wagons, lifting and loosening
their shocks with a thrust of their pitch-forks, others unloading them
beside the thresher, clipping the twine that bound the bundles and
making a moving bridge of beaten gold as they fed it. The heated
engineer, with his oil-can, stood at the head of the monstrous steam
horse that had never lost its mysterious power to charm the negro.
Tagger often stopped to stare and wonder. The machinery belt,
smooth and glittering like a broad satin ribbon, industriously turning
on great wheels, made him dance, barefooted over the stubble, to
the music of its motion. Little imps, such as he, counted this day of
the year a holiday high above all others they had ever known.
The mule that was driven with a long lasso under the straw as it
fell had a half-dozen or more children to pull every time it went to the
stack. In spite of the dust and the chaff that covered their heads and
half stifled them, they gave a wild dart and leaped upon the heap as
it was hauled away. Sometimes the wind took a whirl and scattered
the straw, niggers and all broadcast along the field. Glenn Andrews’
heart beat lightly, the air thrilled with sounds, the music of the
harvesters and the hum of the thresher. There is nothing like life
under the open heaven, he knew. Glenn was a gypsy by nature.
“How is it turning out?” he asked, coming up to Mr. Curtis, who
was counting the loaded wagons that were filled with sacks of wheat,
starting off to be stored.
“Very good; the yield is something like sixteen bushels to the
acre. I’ll have about eighteen hundred altogether.” Glenn Andrews
looked up and saw a figure coming across the stubble—one that
stood out in delicate relief, slimmer, shapelier than the rest. She was
all in white; Mr. Curtis saw her, too.
“Here comes the fly-up-the-creek,” he said. “She looks like a
hearse horse with all those elder blooms on her head.” His speech
had no touch of spitefulness.
“I like her way; she is as wild and lawless as the wind, and as
free.” Glenn Andrews never thought or spoke of Esther without
defense.
“Yes, and as sprightly as they make ’em,” Mr. Curtis began. “She
never went to school a day in her life. Her mother taught her, and her
grandpa reads to her. But play the fiddle—she can play it to beat the
band. She just took it up first. She could catch any tune. A teacher
came along about two years ago who knew a little about the fiddle.
Mr. Campbell is very poor now. He let the lady board with him to give
Esther lessons while she was teaching in the district. She would not
practice, they say, but you never saw anybody learn like she did
without it.”
“What a pity she hasn’t a chance to keep on.”
“Yes, but she never will. The old man is failing; I don’t know
what’s to become of her when he’s gone. He worries over not being
able to give her a musical education. You’d never think it, he is so
quiet about it.”
“Has she no near relatives who would take her and help her to
get a start?”
“Only one, a nephew of the old man, but he married a plain,
common woman. His marriage was a shock to the family. If his was
made in heaven, as some folks believe in, I say the Lord had a
grudge against him. He started out with fine prospects, but he’s had
a lot of trouble. It looks like some folks can’t have anything but
trouble and children. He has a family of six. He ain’t more than
thirty.”
Glenn took a deep breath.
“With such a weight as that it is no wonder he is sore. I wish the
child did have some way to escape such a future. With a talent like
hers she could rise above the minor cares. The world already has
enough ill-paid drudges.”
With this he left Mr. Curtis to meet Esther.
“Can you show us anything prettier than this in your cities?” she
asked. Looking about her she thought it made the hardiest, happiest
scene in the world.
“No, I could only show you something different—new; to the
average mind it is unaccustomedness that charms. I like this
because it is new.” The world he had known seemed immeasurably
far off to them as they stood together there. Everything about her
touched him. Her true, simple nature, her strong, pure devotion to
her own ideals.
“You haven’t played for me yet.”
As he heard the engine blowing off the steam, he knew they were
rounding up; its work was done.
“No, and you didn’t want to hear me as much as you made out;
you forgot,” she said.
“I would like to hear you this minute.”
“Then come with me home.”
“But look at me: my face—my hands—these boots.”
Esther looked at him quickly. “You are vain.” Slipping her hand in
his, she gently pulled him a little way. “Oh, come on, what do you
suppose I care about dust. We have soap and water.”
He let her have her way, and allowed himself to be led.
The sun hung low in the sky as they started off, and was just
dropping behind the mountains when they reached the house. Faint
zones of pink and pearl flushed up, and everything was quickened—
glorified by the softening light.
“I’ve got a picture in my scrap book that looks like you.” Esther
stared Glenn Andrews full in the face as she spoke. “It is a picture of
Christ.”
CHAPTER VII.
“I like you in those high boots.” Esther put her foot on the tip of
one of them as she spoke.
“It was not so much vanity, as respect for your grandfather, that
made me want to appear at my best when I met him.”
“You see, he didn’t notice them. Why should you care, anyhow, if
I liked them.”
There was a certain charm in her contempt for risks and
consequences. A waiter was brought out clinking with glasses.
“This will not only prove your welcome, Mr. Andrews, but aid your
digestion as well,” Mr. Campbell said, as he came out of the hall to
join them.
Andrews filled his glass that yielded fragrance and soft fire. He
touched it to his lips. “This is excellent. Is it some of your own
make?”
“The grapes came from my vineyard.”
“I helped to make it—I strained it,” Esther interrupted, “but I never
tasted any in my life.” Mr. Campbell laid his hand on her head.
“This is to you—to your art.” Glenn Andrews motioned to her,
lifted his glass and sipped the wine, slowly realizing it was beautiful
to every sense. Esther stole into the parlor, and was playing her
violin before they knew it. They followed her in. It was an old-time
parlor with black, carved furniture, a slender legged center table,
polished as smooth as a mirror, holding a china vase of curious
design, in which leaned one long stemmed rose, as red as the wine
that had made their hearts large and soft. The walls were almost
hidden by family portraits that reached from the ceiling to the floor,
set in deep tarnished gilt frames. The carpet had a shred of tracery
suggesting a design—it might have been only a shadow of gorgeous
wreaths that had been worn away by dear feet that had long gone—
the whole faint impression still hallowed by their tread.
Esther loved her violin irregularly. This was a time when she
really needed it. They went in very quietly, hoping not to interrupt her.
The soft, tremulous tones that she had not meant to give, showed
that she was excited, unnerved. Just as Glenn was about to utter an
apology for the confusion, his face became serious and silent. He
was peculiarly sensitive to the influence of the violin. He was
conscious of a dreamy exaltation, and the awakening of a new
enthusiasm. The music had burst into a wild, passionate tenderness,
as though she was daringly investing all her dreams with life-
throbbing human life—the tone fairly voicing the longing of her soul.
It was infinitely touching, infinitely tender. A quick flush went up to
his forehead and died out again, as the music trembled into stillness,
and she lowered the violin, exhausted.
“You must be very proud of her,” Glenn turned to the old man, “I
think she has a future.”
“She ought to have a chance for it,” said Mr. Campbell. A glance
from Esther’s flushed face to the suddenly compressed lips of her
grandfather made Glenn understand that that was as near to
complaint as he ever came. He might have been impatient in his
days of strength, but on the coming of adversity this proud man had
learned to wait in silence. He seldom breathed a syllable of the
sorrow he bore on account of his hands being tied.
“Practice is half the battle; you ought to spend hours at it every
day,” Glenn said to Esther as she tossed her head.
“I don’t ever expect to study under anyone again. What’s the use
going half way when I know I can never go the other half?”
“But you will if you only have belief in yourself.”
Mr. Campbell was delighted as he listened. Here was someone
interested in his little girl. He trusted a kindliness so genuine, an
interest so evidently sincere.
A child’s soul is easily impressed, responsive to the first
panorama that passes before it. Mr. Campbell hoped Glenn Andrews
would come again.
CHAPTER VIII.
The next few weeks for Esther were transitions between content
and longing. The trees of the woodland, that had been her
playfellow, now had a rival. Of Glenn Andrews she had made a hero,
a king. She regarded him as a being to inspire wonder and mystery.
His simplest word or gesture spoke directly to the heart.
They took sweet wood rambles together. He had already begun
to realize that all solitary pleasures were selfish.
He rather looked forward to their meetings, although he did not
let her think they meant much to him.
“When do you want to see me again?” was usually his parting
question. If she said “to-morrow,” he could not come until the next
day, or later. To her it seemed that he took a pride in finding out
when she most wanted to see him—only to stay away at that
particular time. He held himself aloof—gave her room to expand.
Hers was a nature artistic to a painful degree—a nature nobly
expansive.
But within the limit of the country, amid entirely commonplace
people, her power of artistic perception had been of little value—
rather a burden than a delight.
One day, after she had urged Glenn Andrews to go with her to
where they would have a pretty view of a mountain waterfall, he had
refused, and she had gone alone. It was a long stroll, but she was
thirsting to see it. She resented his refusal, and so had gone alone.
Glenn watched her out of sight, then went back to his writing. He
was doing some of his strongest and most vigorous work.
Esther reached the mountain side, and stood a little way back to
keep the spray from wetting her dress. The breath of it was
refreshing. She took a pride in the mighty roar of the falls.
Its voice sounded so strong, so real. Its commanding majesty
held her. She repeated a name, its echo was drowned. Flowers,
ferns, great rocks, everything in its track was treated to the same
reckless inconsideration. Only the mist rose higher and higher as
though it would regain the height it lost when the waters made the
mighty leap, and dashed its very heart to pieces on the stones
below.
How she gloried in the daring of the mist. It was so light, and thin,
and quiet, but in its very silence there seemed to be strength.
It was gaining slowly, but she cheered it as she saw it ascending,
her eyes gleaming with excitement as she watched it. “I know you’d
like to slide down the falls.” A hand was laid upon her shoulder.
“I’d rather go up with the mist,” she answered Glenn Andrews, as
though she was neither surprised nor pleased by his sudden arrival.
“I got through my work earlier than I expected,” he began. “When
they told me how far it was, I thought it would be too late for you to
come home alone.”
If he expected her to thank him for the consideration, he was
disappointed. The wind that the falls generated had blown some of
the waves of her hair across her face. She carelessly brushed it back
with her hands. A strand of rebellious hair, that seemed
unmanageable, she pulled out and threw away.
“Stop that.” Glenn tapped her fingers lightly. “Haven’t I told you
not to do that? It’s a crime to ill use such hair as yours.”
Esther obeyed him, but could not resist the impulse to say: “You
may look like Christ, but you can act like the devil.”
She saw him drop his head and walk a few steps away.
“You might as well have come on with me if you were coming
anyhow.”
He did not look at her.
“I told you I would come, if you would wait until to-morrow. It was
a poem for you I wanted to finish.”
Esther went to his side, penitent; the act had lost its sharp
outlines to her.
“The words that you said someone would set to music for me?”
“Yes.”
“Let me see them, won’t you?”
“Certainly not.”
“Oh, do; I’m wild to read them.” Her eyes lost their unconcern as
she pleaded.
“You know I am in earnest when I say that you will not have that
pleasure. What’s the use teasing?”
He was drumming on a rock with his boot heel, as he leaned
against a shrub. The stream that caught the waterfall laughed and
lathered over its rocks as it flowed beside them. They were of the
most delicate tintings, pale lavenders, green, and pink and blue.
Glenn Andrews was gazing at them.
“Did you ever see such pretty shades as the rocks of mountain
regions take on? I’ve often wondered what caused their coloring.”
With an aggrieved air, Esther allowed the drift of interest to turn at
his bidding.
“I supposed rocks were alike the world over.”
“That’s because you only know your own beautiful ones; some
day you’ll see the ugly ones; then you needn’t bother to wonder what
made them so. Just kick them out of the way and forget them.”
“Is that what you do?”
“Yes, when they are not too big for me.”
“I don’t like the hurt, when I stump my toe on these pretty ones. It
teaches me to go around all I can. The jagged ones that I meet some
day needn’t think of being disturbed, if I can get around them.”
“But sometimes they block the road, what then?”
“I’d get somebody to help me over.”
“I hope you will have that good luck all your days, Esther.”
Glenn Andrews’ voice had a minor sweetness. The thought of
contrasting her vagrant childhood with the world she must one day
know, was singularly pathetic to him.
Stooping, he picked up a rock and cast it across the waters.
“Yes,” she said; “I was always lucky, that’s how grandpa came to
call me ‘God’s child.’”
“We’d better go now; it must be a good three mile walk.” Glenn
Andrews took particular care to note her mood as they went along,
the wild charm of her unstudied grace, the vibrating delight of life.
How much happier she was than if she had had her way.
CHAPTER IX.
It was the next Saturday before Glenn went again to see Esther.
Mr. Campbell entertained him on the verandah. He sat some time,
expecting every minute to see Esther come bounding out. Her
grandfather looked so worn when he came that Glenn felt it a sort of
imposition to allow him to talk long. Although their topic was of deep
interest, his shriveled features seemed to smooth out as Glenn told
him how rapidly Esther had advanced that summer.
“It is remarkable,” he said, “how she can take a piece and master
it by herself. What she most needs is encouragement; some one to
keep her interested and stimulated.”
“I had hoped to let her have lessons under the professor at the
University this year. It had been my calculation a long time until she
was taken sick with fever.” The haggard look came back to his face.
“The doctor fears it will go into typhoid.”
“You don’t mean that Esther is sick now?” Glenn stammered.
“She took to her bed the same evening she came back from the
falls and hasn’t been up since.”
“I didn’t know a word of it. I should have been over if I had known.
I should have come at once to see if I could do anything to help
either of you.”
Glenn’s steady mouth trembled. A tumult of memories crowded
upon him. He thought of the Indian Well, where their lives first came
together. Suppose she had breathed in the germs that day when she
tried to protect him.
“Let me stay and help you nurse her, Mr. Campbell, you look tired
and need rest. I am so strong and I have no ties to call me away.”
“You are very kind;” the rest was left unspoken, for a hand was
laid on his arm. Mr. Campbell made his expression excuse his
absence as he turned and followed the negro girl.
Presently when he came back Glenn got up hastily.
“Is she worse?”
“No, she wanted to know if it was not your voice that she heard.”
“May I see her, if it is not asking too much?”
His face was full of sorrow as the old man bowed and led the
way. “She wanted to see you.”
Esther’s eyes were closed; her head lay deep in the pillow, the
waves of her hair flowing back from the whiteness of her face.
“Esther,” he whispered very softly. She opened her eyes and her lips
broke in a smile. He held out both hands toward her and caught hers
in their double grasp, looking down in her face.
“How are you? I didn’t know until this minute that you were not
well. I came to take you to the one place we’ve never been,” he told
her.
“I thought maybe you had come to help me over the rock.” She
smiled faintly.
“Well, be very quiet; don’t worry about anything; we’ll do all that
for you. You know you promised to play the piece you learned last
week for me. Let’s see, it was to be at the spring; that was as close
as we dared venture to Indian Well, where we met.”
“Don’t give me out.” Her voice was weak and low. “I expect to do
that for your farewell; you must get back to college in time.”
“How do you know but that I had rather be detained; don’t run
any risk.” This seemed to please her.
“Is this better than the other life—the life among your friends?”
“This is sweeter, for I am looking forward to a lifetime with the
world.” She smiled and turned her head to rest it from the one
position she had kept too long.
“It will be a year before the world can get you; I am glad you have
decided to take another degree, although you seem to know enough
already.”
“I know enough to realize just how little I do know, but the special
course along lines that I am going to make my lifework is all that I
shall try to master yet. Everything has its turns; I’ll learn it all in time,
I hope.”
“And then you’ll be great.”
“More likely dead.”
“Most great people are.” Her lips suddenly quivered.
“You take it slow. I couldn’t bear to think of your dying.”
“You are talking too much now. You and your grandpa take a rest.
You both need it.”
“He must be tired after five nights and days, but you are
company. We can’t both leave you at once.”
“I’ll play host now; go to sleep. I’ll be with you all the time.”
“Grandpa, lie down over there on the lounge.”
When he had humored her she cuddled down contentedly and
went to sleep.
With a ministering tenderness, Glenn kept watch over her.
Typhoid fever was full of terrors to him. He hoped that her fever
was only due to the cold she had taken at the falls.
It was very penetrating. He had ached a little afterward and
thought it was from being saturated with the dampness that day.
Suppose the fear in her case was true. All that beautiful hair would
have to be shaved off. He jealously resented this, caressing her hair
as he looked at it. The doctor came later and said her condition was
better and that she would be out in a few days.
Glenn drew a breath of relief. He would stay during those few
days.
CHAPTER X.
Swinging her violin case by the handle, Esther started off
through the cornfield, stopping now and again to pull a spray of
morning glories that wreathed around the stalks to the tips of their
tassels. By the time she got in sight of the Curtis house there were
many of these branches trailing over her. It was still early. The heavy
dew had dampened the dust on her shoes. She tried to brush it off
with the leaves she had gathered, then bunching the blossoms of
bright color together she fastened them on her breast.
Just as she walked up Tagger was seated on the steps of the
back porch, getting Glenn Andrews’ boots in order for him. “Let me
have the brush a minute.” Esther took the brush, leaned over and
cleaned the mud off of her own shoes. Then she took up one of the
boots and began to polish it. A thrill of delight leaped through her at
the thought. She was working for him. When she put it down the boot
looked fresher and glossier than it could ever look under Tagger’s
care. There was a sniffling sound and Esther looked behind her.
Tagger stood scouring in his eyes with his shining fists, his small
body quivering with sobs.
“What’s the matter with you?”
“You’ll git my money,” he said through his gasps.
“Well, for heaven’s sake! you little scamp, I don’t want your
nickel.”
“’Tain’t no nickel,” he blurted out. “He gimme a quarter for turnin’
de cartwheel and standin’ on my head. Dat warn’t work; dat was
play.”
Esther’s voice echoed through the halls. When she stopped
laughing, she said: “You poor little mite, I hope he will give you the
half of his kingdom. Here, take the brush and earn your fortune.”
As Tagger took up the other boot, to finish it, Esther unclasped
the bunch of morning glories and tied them at the top of the one she

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Applied Calculus 7th Edition Berresford Solutions

h x x 10 is undefined when x 5 because 5 10 5, so 5 is not in the domain of h.

4. (a) Verbal: “Subtract 4, then square and add 3.”

7. Multiplying x by 3 gives 3x, then subtracting 5 gives f x 3x 5.

8. Squaring x gives x 2 , then adding two gives f x x2 2.

9. Subtracting 1 gives x 1, then squaring gives f x x 1 2.

11. f x 2x 3: Multiply by 2, then add 3. 12. g : Add 2, then divide by 3.

1 then take 0 subtract 2,

23. f x x2 2x; f 0 02 2 0 0; f 3 32 2 3 9 6 15; f 3 3 2 2 3

30. f x ; f 2 1; f 1; f x is not defined at x 0;

31. Since 2 0, we have f 2 2 4. Since 1 0, we have f 1 1 2 1. Since 0 0, we

39. f x 3x 2, so f 1 3 1 2 1 and f 5 3 5 2 13. Thus, the net change is f 5 f 1

41. g t 1 t 2 , so g 2 1 2 2 1 4 3 and g 5 1 52 24. Thus, the net change is

50. f a a3; f a h a h 3 a3 3a 2 h 3ah 2 h3;

interval notation, the domain is 3 3

x x 1 In interval notation, the domain is 1 1 1 1 .

In interval notation, the domain is 3 3 2 2

64. g x x2 4. We must have x 2 4 0 x 2 x 2 0. We make a table:

Thus the domain i ] [2

x 3. Thus the domain is x x 2 and x , which can be expressed in interval notation as [ 2 3 3

2x 1 x 1 0 2x 1 0 or x 1 0 x 2 1 or x 1. Thus the domain is 02 1 2

68. g x x2 2x 8. We must have x 2 2x 8 0 x 4 x 2 0. We make a table:

x 4 0 x 4. Thus the domain i 4

6 x 0 6 x. Thus the domain i 6

2x 1 0 x 1 . Thus the domain is 1 .

73. To evaluate f x divide the input by 3 and add3 2 to the result.

irrational; and the range of f is 1

irrational. If x is irrational, then 5x is also irrational, and so the range of f is x x 1 or x is irrational

(b) V 0 50 represents the volume of the full tank at time t 0, and 0 50

(d) The net change in V as t changes from 0 minutes to 20 minutes is 15 25

80. (a) S 2 4 2 2 16 27, S 3 4 3 2 36

(b) It will appear to get shorter. x R

(b) They tell us that the blood

(d) The net change in V as r changes from 1 cm to 5 cm is

2 3960 0 2 0 2 2 1584 4 8 miles 1 4440

(b) 1135 feet 1135 miles 15 miles. D 2 3960 215 5 2 1702 6 3

(c) D 7 2 3960 7 7 2 55489 235 6 miles

86. (a) C 75 75 15 $90; C 90 90 15 $105; C 100 $100; and C 105 $105.

(b) T 2 75 2 150; T 3 150 50 2 200; and T 5 150 50 2 300.

89. We assume the grass grows linearly.

0 1980 1990 2000 2010 t

93. Answers will vary.

94. Answers will vary.

95. Answers will vary.

2.2 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

2. If f 4 10 then the point 4 10 is on the graph of f .

3. If the point 3 7 is on the graph of f , then f 3 7.

4. (a) f x x 2 is a power function with an even exponent. It has graph IV.

(c) [ 2 10] by [ 5 (d) [ 10 10] by [ 00 100]

(c) [ 7 7] by [ 25 (d) [ 10 10] by [ 00 100]

(c) [ 3 3] by [ 10 (d) [ 10 10] by [ 0 10]

(c) [ 5 5] by [ 5 (d) [ 10 10] by [ 0 10]

60. Solving for y in terms of x gives x 2 y 1 2 4 y 1 2 4 x2 y 1 4 x2 y 1 4 x 2.

given value of x. Thus, this equation does not define y as a function of x.

Thus, this equation does not define y as a function of x.